Article(id=1228295918479405612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295917908980268, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701273600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-30, revisedDate=1710259200000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770778167600, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770778167600, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770778167600, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770778167600, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228295917908980268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='3', pageStart='449', pageEnd='662', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770778167464, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770949125482, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229012967862235389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295917908980268, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229012967862235390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295917908980268, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=449, endPage=460, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228295918710092334, articleId=1228295918479405612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Tribo-dynamics characteristics on the valve camshaft in marine diesel engine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The camshaft is an important component that ensures the timely opening and closing of valve in marine diesel engines. Due to the poor contact lubrication state and excessive friction excitation,it is easy to cause larger interface torque on the camshaft. Considering the effects of transient excitation and interfacial friction,the tribo-dynamics model of the valve camshaft in V20 diesel engine is established. The forced vibration results of the camshaft are obtained,and the friction and lubrication performance of the cam-tappet pair is also analyzed under the fluctuating speed. The results show that,by thoroughly considering both the transient excitation and frictional excitation of each cam pair,the additional stress in each shaft section of the valve camshaft increases by about 4 MPa,while the transient speed fluctuation at the camshaft end increases by roughly ±30 r/min. Under the combined effects of speed fluctuation and surface roughness,the film thickness is dramatically reduced in some positions,especially in the cam base circle section where the film thickness decreases by about 0.3 μm. At the reverse motion position and nose of the cam,the temperature rise at the interface of the tappet exceeds the material’s scuffing temperature,thereby increasing the risk of scuffing wear.

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配气凸轮轴系是用于保证船用柴油机气门准时启闭的核心传动机构,因其凸轮轴系接触润滑状态恶劣、摩擦激励过大,易导致界面综合扭矩过大,从而出现凸轮轴系配气不均及接触疲劳等故障。考虑系统瞬变激励及界面摩擦影响,采用集中质量法建立了某V20型柴油机配气凸轮轴系摩擦动力学分析模型,获取了配气凸轮轴系强迫振动结果,并分析了转速波动工况下配气凸轮副的摩擦润滑特性。结果表明,综合考虑各凸轮副瞬变激励及摩擦激励作用,配气凸轮轴系各轴段附加应力增大约4 MPa,且轴端瞬时转速波动量提高约±30 r/min;转速波动加之粗糙度作用,使得配气凸轮副膜厚明显减小,特别是在凸轮基圆段内,膜厚降低约0.3 μm,接触润滑状态恶化;在凸轮副反向运动位置及桃尖处,挺柱界面温升超出材料胶合温度,易致胶合磨损失效问题。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
史修江(1989—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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华德良(1997—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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华德良(1997—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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华德良(1997—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2004., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228312957067653534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228312957076042144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, companyId=1228312957067653534, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Power and Energy Engineering,Harbin Engineering University,Harbin 150001,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228312957084430753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, companyId=1228312957067653534, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=哈尔滨工程大学动力与能源工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1228312961555558984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Simplified diagram of valve camshaft system, figureFileSmall=JhfPVEym+I8AgGnpVPSa4A==, figureFileBig=JmNCBygXz0Szk5rjq5znQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312961685582413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=图1, caption=配气凸轮轴系简化图, figureFileSmall=JhfPVEym+I8AgGnpVPSa4A==, figureFileBig=JmNCBygXz0Szk5rjq5znQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312961819800148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Analysis diagram of the force on the valve cam-tappet, figureFileSmall=2NJDJsnDg1fyHow7L/5FWg==, figureFileBig=XiN/ZJ+J3vVXdwMqQU4CUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312961937240664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=图2, caption=配气凸轮机构作用力分析图, figureFileSmall=2NJDJsnDg1fyHow7L/5FWg==, figureFileBig=XiN/ZJ+J3vVXdwMqQU4CUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312962071458398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Intake and exhaust cam lift and cylinder pressure curve, figureFileSmall=mY2P9+awUeR3taFDyJ234g==, figureFileBig=F/yM+wMY8D+6eJm7W+Bstw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312962180510310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=图3, caption=进排气凸轮升程及缸压曲线, figureFileSmall=mY2P9+awUeR3taFDyJ234g==, figureFileBig=F/yM+wMY8D+6eJm7W+Bstw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312962323116649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Analysis diagram of force on gear meshing, figureFileSmall=+eju9fVstSBM3z8KBw97Aw==, figureFileBig=KGwZYfhdmjb0H/va5PbdcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312962469917297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=图4, caption=齿轮副啮合激励力分析图, figureFileSmall=+eju9fVstSBM3z8KBw97Aw==, figureFileBig=KGwZYfhdmjb0H/va5PbdcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312962608329337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Kinematic analysis model of valve cam-tappet pair, figureFileSmall=nDPoTce7JMu0RGHMJEDblA==, figureFileBig=T87DD6T7lSd/oY3PnwXmrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312962717381245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=图5, caption=凸轮-挺柱副运动学分析模型, figureFileSmall=nDPoTce7JMu0RGHMJEDblA==, figureFileBig=T87DD6T7lSd/oY3PnwXmrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312962855793286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=3D sinusoidal roughness with variable wavelength, figureFileSmall=HyU81bxpHzuhlN1AJ3ARkw==, figureFileBig=kj+W/rXuF/0Q3LkZwmAi1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312962977428104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=图6, caption=三维可变波长正弦粗糙度, figureFileSmall=HyU81bxpHzuhlN1AJ3ARkw==, figureFileBig=kj+W/rXuF/0Q3LkZwmAi1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312963078091408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Flow chart of tribo-dynamics analysis for camshaft system, figureFileSmall=Urr2DWBJJQVwnni42tp/ow==, figureFileBig=hvthdmzuDvNm3zEFsRgnJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312963199726227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=图7, caption=凸轮副轴系摩擦动力学分析流程图

注:P为油膜压力;H为油膜厚度;为油膜温度。

, figureFileSmall=Urr2DWBJJQVwnni42tp/ow==, figureFileBig=hvthdmzuDvNm3zEFsRgnJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312963333943961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Variation of dynamics-kinematics parameters of valve cam pairs, figureFileSmall=RaY45dY+Ld0NKSKXPkWrog==, figureFileBig=I2pajP4CUjyLD7NPfjDfuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312964697092768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=图8, caption=配气凸轮副运动学-动力学参数变化, figureFileSmall=RaY45dY+Ld0NKSKXPkWrog==, figureFileBig=I2pajP4CUjyLD7NPfjDfuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312966710358699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Comparison of film thickness distribution, figureFileSmall=K0QDMO9KHq6Gti6bJjZHCg==, figureFileBig=VIf0f5/VbEF4H+CbD/legg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312966815216303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=图9, caption=油膜厚度分布比较, figureFileSmall=K0QDMO9KHq6Gti6bJjZHCg==, figureFileBig=VIf0f5/VbEF4H+CbD/legg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312966924268212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Variation of film thickness and friction force of valve cam-tappet pair, figureFileSmall=nMqur7l3qLUu/hiMsNMefg==, figureFileBig=XAq9su4OLC1rryYZXS3hiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312967029125817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=图10, caption=配气凸轮-挺柱副膜厚及摩擦力变化, figureFileSmall=nMqur7l3qLUu/hiMsNMefg==, figureFileBig=XAq9su4OLC1rryYZXS3hiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312967138177728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Variation of temperature rise on the tappet pairs surface, figureFileSmall=LWUdF79BBYsRPgbZ3cJWag==, figureFileBig=LmKQLHGg3M81WRnE/WSIjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312967259812550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=图11, caption=挺柱副表面摩擦温升变化, figureFileSmall=LWUdF79BBYsRPgbZ3cJWag==, figureFileBig=LmKQLHGg3M81WRnE/WSIjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312967394030282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Variation of load torque of intake and exhaust cams, figureFileSmall=oA5xiD2g7HWp10GnnLgaog==, figureFileBig=jpNhUH/JGFu+3vEY4S3NMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312967515665103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=图12, caption=进排气凸轮负载扭矩变化, figureFileSmall=oA5xiD2g7HWp10GnnLgaog==, figureFileBig=jpNhUH/JGFu+3vEY4S3NMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312967612134098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Instantaneous speed fluctuation at valve camshaft ends, figureFileSmall=ixhNGXTiRzS+6eEGbDPRSg==, figureFileBig=ia+N18OM110kPuTC0bi9xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312967733768921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=图13, caption=配气凸轮轴端瞬时转速波动, figureFileSmall=ixhNGXTiRzS+6eEGbDPRSg==, figureFileBig=ia+N18OM110kPuTC0bi9xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312969168220892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Additional stress in the valve camshaft, figureFileSmall=FjroLt+FsE38v/3ing3RDQ==, figureFileBig=6+3+SYVrESIzdrqlW7v+iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312969285661409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=图14, caption=配气凸轮轴段附加应力, figureFileSmall=FjroLt+FsE38v/3ing3RDQ==, figureFileBig=6+3+SYVrESIzdrqlW7v+iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312969424073443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Variation of film thickness of valve cam pairs under instantaneous speed fluctuation, figureFileSmall=DERkYTriwegMqaMRHYAUcg==, figureFileBig=tUrIZfi13mpn0a18DsjRaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312969566679785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=图15, caption=瞬时转速波动下配气凸轮副膜厚变化, figureFileSmall=DERkYTriwegMqaMRHYAUcg==, figureFileBig=tUrIZfi13mpn0a18DsjRaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312969692508912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Variation of temperature rise on tappet surface under instantaneous speed fluctuation, figureFileSmall=L/9MjI4bbzgekN7mCeE/tA==, figureFileBig=bc1TasRqoyTKbEuR0Qm9nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312969797366516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=图16, caption=瞬时转速波动下挺柱界面温升变化, figureFileSmall=L/9MjI4bbzgekN7mCeE/tA==, figureFileBig=bc1TasRqoyTKbEuR0Qm9nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312969906418425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Schematic diagram of dynamic test of valve camshaft system, figureFileSmall=7jx/fk8Uzc0EACYRtFSVrw==, figureFileBig=ACHE8a4r/K4J+j0kaQ7ZXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312970036441852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=图17, caption=配气凸轮轴系动力学测试示意图, figureFileSmall=7jx/fk8Uzc0EACYRtFSVrw==, figureFileBig=ACHE8a4r/K4J+j0kaQ7ZXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312970141299457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Comparison between simulated and measured rotational speeds of valve camshaft ends(time-domain), figureFileSmall=OzP4lApYbseXPHHbFnBU/g==, figureFileBig=qQPBHF16oPv1lId9lKp1YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312970229379844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=图18, caption=配气凸轮轴端仿真与测试转速对比(时域), figureFileSmall=OzP4lApYbseXPHHbFnBU/g==, figureFileBig=qQPBHF16oPv1lId9lKp1YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312970321654536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Comparison between simulated and measured rotational speeds of valve camshaft ends(frequency-domain), figureFileSmall=WdnU49fUgNJ1AKDHPHIKUw==, figureFileBig=3s+Z1JHlY1JR+/7nRNCYng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312970447483659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=图19, caption=配气凸轮轴端仿真与转速对比(频域), figureFileSmall=WdnU49fUgNJ1AKDHPHIKUw==, figureFileBig=3s+Z1JHlY1JR+/7nRNCYng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312970564924176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Operating parameters of cam-tappet pair

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称单位数值
基圆半径mm32
配气凸轮转速r/min845
弹簧预紧力N648
弹簧刚度N/mm32
集中质量kg1.429
), ArticleFig(id=1228312970678170390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

凸轮-挺柱副运行参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称单位数值
基圆半径mm32
配气凸轮转速r/min845
弹簧预紧力N648
弹簧刚度N/mm32
集中质量kg1.429
), ArticleFig(id=1228312970766250779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Contact parameters of verification analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称单位数值
接触半径mm4.06
接触长度mm13.7
滚子材料弹性模量GPa206
玻璃盘弹性模量GPa75.8
滚子材料泊松比0.3
玻璃盘泊松比0.25
润滑油黏度Pa·s0.57
黏压系数Pa-12.76×10-8
接触载荷N1552 (p0=0.73 GPa)
卷吸速度m/s0.696
), ArticleFig(id=1228312970879496991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

验证工作接触参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称单位数值
接触半径mm4.06
接触长度mm13.7
滚子材料弹性模量GPa206
玻璃盘弹性模量GPa75.8
滚子材料泊松比0.3
玻璃盘泊松比0.25
润滑油黏度Pa·s0.57
黏压系数Pa-12.76×10-8
接触载荷N1552 (p0=0.73 GPa)
卷吸速度m/s0.696
), ArticleFig(id=1228312971013714720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Verification of natural frequency on camshaft system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
固有频率/Hz
1阶2阶3阶4阶
测试值28.1767.94166.17215.98
仿真值28.7069.90169.40216.70
误差1.8%2.8%1.9%0.3%
), ArticleFig(id=1228312971143738146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

轴系固有频率验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
固有频率/Hz
1阶2阶3阶4阶
测试值28.1767.94166.17215.98
仿真值28.7069.90169.40216.70
误差1.8%2.8%1.9%0.3%
), ArticleFig(id=1228312971303121701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=EN, label=Tab. B1, caption=

Simplified table of torsional lumped parameters for camshaft systems

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序号名称惯量/(kg·m2)刚度/(MN·m·rad−1)序号名称惯量/(kg·m2)刚度/(MN·m·rad−1)
1B列驱动齿轮0.038760.1812A列驱动齿轮0.029450.18
2B列凸轮轴段100.0050.213A列凸轮轴段100.0050.2
3B列凸轮轴段90.00210.214A列凸轮轴段90.00210.2
4B列凸轮轴段80.00210.215A列凸轮轴段80.00210.2
5B列凸轮轴段70.00210.216A列凸轮轴段70.00210.2
6B列凸轮轴段60.00210.217A 列凸轮轴段60.00210.2
7B列凸轮轴段50.00210.218A列凸轮轴段50.00210.2
8B列凸轮轴段40.00210.219A列凸轮轴段40.00210.2
9B列凸轮轴段30.00210.220A列凸轮轴段30.00210.2
10B列凸轮轴段20.00210.221A列凸轮轴段20.00210.2
11B列凸轮轴段10.00213.2322A列凸轮轴段10.00212.64
), ArticleFig(id=1228312971424756521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918479405612, language=CN, label=表B1, caption=

凸轮轴系扭转集总参数简化表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号名称惯量/(kg·m2)刚度/(MN·m·rad−1)序号名称惯量/(kg·m2)刚度/(MN·m·rad−1)
1B列驱动齿轮0.038760.1812A列驱动齿轮0.029450.18
2B列凸轮轴段100.0050.213A列凸轮轴段100.0050.2
3B列凸轮轴段90.00210.214A列凸轮轴段90.00210.2
4B列凸轮轴段80.00210.215A列凸轮轴段80.00210.2
5B列凸轮轴段70.00210.216A列凸轮轴段70.00210.2
6B列凸轮轴段60.00210.217A 列凸轮轴段60.00210.2
7B列凸轮轴段50.00210.218A列凸轮轴段50.00210.2
8B列凸轮轴段40.00210.219A列凸轮轴段40.00210.2
9B列凸轮轴段30.00210.220A列凸轮轴段30.00210.2
10B列凸轮轴段20.00210.221A列凸轮轴段20.00210.2
11B列凸轮轴段10.00213.2322A列凸轮轴段10.00212.64
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考虑摩擦效应的船用配气凸轮轴系动力学特性研究
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华德良 , 史修江 , 施方鹏 , 卢熙群
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(3): 449-460
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(3): 449-460
考虑摩擦效应的船用配气凸轮轴系动力学特性研究
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华德良 , 史修江 , 施方鹏, 卢熙群
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨工程大学动力与能源工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001
  • 华德良(1997—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

史修江(1989—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Tribo-dynamics characteristics on the valve camshaft in marine diesel engine
Deliang HUA , Xiujiang SHI , Fangpeng SHI, Xiqun LU
Affiliations
  • College of Power and Energy Engineering,Harbin Engineering University,Harbin 150001,China
出版时间: 2025-03-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.001
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配气凸轮轴系是用于保证船用柴油机气门准时启闭的核心传动机构,因其凸轮轴系接触润滑状态恶劣、摩擦激励过大,易导致界面综合扭矩过大,从而出现凸轮轴系配气不均及接触疲劳等故障。考虑系统瞬变激励及界面摩擦影响,采用集中质量法建立了某V20型柴油机配气凸轮轴系摩擦动力学分析模型,获取了配气凸轮轴系强迫振动结果,并分析了转速波动工况下配气凸轮副的摩擦润滑特性。结果表明,综合考虑各凸轮副瞬变激励及摩擦激励作用,配气凸轮轴系各轴段附加应力增大约4 MPa,且轴端瞬时转速波动量提高约±30 r/min;转速波动加之粗糙度作用,使得配气凸轮副膜厚明显减小,特别是在凸轮基圆段内,膜厚降低约0.3 μm,接触润滑状态恶化;在凸轮副反向运动位置及桃尖处,挺柱界面温升超出材料胶合温度,易致胶合磨损失效问题。

配气凸轮轴  /  摩擦动力学  /  船用柴油机  /  扭转振动  /  附加应力

The camshaft is an important component that ensures the timely opening and closing of valve in marine diesel engines. Due to the poor contact lubrication state and excessive friction excitation,it is easy to cause larger interface torque on the camshaft. Considering the effects of transient excitation and interfacial friction,the tribo-dynamics model of the valve camshaft in V20 diesel engine is established. The forced vibration results of the camshaft are obtained,and the friction and lubrication performance of the cam-tappet pair is also analyzed under the fluctuating speed. The results show that,by thoroughly considering both the transient excitation and frictional excitation of each cam pair,the additional stress in each shaft section of the valve camshaft increases by about 4 MPa,while the transient speed fluctuation at the camshaft end increases by roughly ±30 r/min. Under the combined effects of speed fluctuation and surface roughness,the film thickness is dramatically reduced in some positions,especially in the cam base circle section where the film thickness decreases by about 0.3 μm. At the reverse motion position and nose of the cam,the temperature rise at the interface of the tappet exceeds the material’s scuffing temperature,thereby increasing the risk of scuffing wear.

valve camshaft  /  tribo-dynamics  /  marine diesel  /  torsional vibration  /  additional stress
华德良, 史修江, 施方鹏, 卢熙群. 考虑摩擦效应的船用配气凸轮轴系动力学特性研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (3) : 449 -460 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.001
Deliang HUA, Xiujiang SHI, Fangpeng SHI, Xiqun LU. Tribo-dynamics characteristics on the valve camshaft in marine diesel engine[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (3) : 449 -460 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.001
配气凸轮轴系作为柴油机曲轴主系统的重要分支,在运行过程中承受弹簧反作用力、零件动态冲击力及从动件摩擦阻力等。凸轮轴转速范围较大,基本维持在几百至数千转每分钟,且凸轮轴承受着复杂的扭转载荷,特别是对于多缸V型发动机,其细长凸轮轴更易发生扭转振动问题,导致疲劳破坏等情况发生。
当前研究主要聚焦于凸轮副光滑表面弹流润滑领域,ALAKHRAMSING等[1-3]建立了凸轮副有限长线接触润滑模型,研究表明,传统线接触模型低估了油膜压力,高估了最小薄膜厚度;AL-HAMOOD等[4]、JAMALI等[5]提出了凸轮与倒角从动件EHL模型,发现从动件轴向倒角对凸轮副润滑性能有很大影响,线性倒角可导致最大压力显著上升,油膜厚度极度变薄。
随着摩擦副润滑状态预测精度的不断提高,考虑表面粗糙度的相关研究陆续出现。UMAR等[6-7]发现由于粗糙峰接触作用,凸轮-挺柱副表面闪温升高会致使油膜失效,促进部件擦伤和磨损;TORABI等[8]利用ZHAO等[9]所提出的表面粗糙度模型,进行了相应混合润滑分析,发现采用滚子从动件时摩擦系数有所降低,使得最小油膜厚度增大,利于改善润滑性能。
当前,在凸轮轴系运动学、动力学模型构建等方面取得了较大进展。SAKA等[10]对配气凸轮轴扭振进行研究,发现扭振主要由凸轮与挺柱间周期性负载造成。BRUCE等[11]通过研究发现,凸轮轴扭振会致使配气机构产生噪声及凸轮轴疲劳断裂等问题。LI等[12]建立了供油凸轮轴弹性扭振模型,结果表明供油凸轮轴瞬态转速波动极易造成油泵压力不稳定和喷射正时不准确。孙鋆强[13]研究了从动件对凸轮轴扭转变形及其振动特性影响,并绘制了不同运动规律对凸轮轴扭振的影响曲线。TEODORESCU等[14]研究了凸轮轴扭振对配气机构动力学特性的影响,并获得了不同配气参数下的凸轮轴扭振特性。
现阶段关于包括摩擦效应在内的凸轮轴系动力学特性的研究越来越受关注。QIN等[15]研究了油膜刚度对配气机构动力学特性的影响,发现油膜刚度对高频域范围加速度响应具有明显影响。TSUHA等[16]研究表明,动力学分析中须包括油膜刚度,因其具有缓冲作用,可抵消系统中高频率范围过度振动。HU等[17]提出了考虑油膜刚度和赫兹刚度的配气机构弹性动力学模型,油膜刚度变化对凸轮副接触力影响较小,但对动态传动误差影响较大。GUO等[18]认为除凸轮及与挺柱接触应力外,其相对滑动产生的边界摩擦同样会对凸轮轴扭振产生影响。TARAZA[19]结合轴系弯扭振动模型及凸轮接触摩擦特性,分析了其对配气机构瞬态动力学的影响,但分析中仅假设摩擦系数为恒定,并未考虑工作过程瞬变摩擦激励影响。
综上所述,摩擦激励会明显影响配气凸轮轴系动力学行为,因此,本文提出考虑摩擦效应的船用柴油机配气凸轮轴系动力学求解模型,旨在进一步研究摩擦激励对轴系动力学振动特性的影响规律。本文以某V20型柴油机配气凸轮轴系为研究对象,并建立柴油机凸轮轴系相应多体动力学模型,通过Newmark积分法求解配气凸轮轴系强迫振动特性。本研究揭示了船用柴油机配气凸轮轴系摩擦学与动力学特性耦合关系,为凸轮轴系低摩擦设计及安全可靠运行提供理论指导。
本文研究对象为某V20型柴油机配气凸轮轴系,其中配气凸轮轴依靠正时齿轮系连接,如图1所示。配气机构的主要作用是控制进气门和排气门的开闭,从而确保柴油机在不同工况下正常工作。配气机构的主要组成部分包括:凸轮、挺柱、推杆及气阀等零部件,这些零部件协同工作,以确保柴油机在各种转速和负荷条件下都能有效地进行气体交换,从而保证柴油机性能和效率。
针对齿轮传动系统建模,需要考虑齿轮质量系统参数,包括转动惯量和激励力矩等。对凸轮轴系建模则需考虑凸轮轴段转动惯量以及凸轮副激励等。在柴油机凸轮轴系当量参数模型中,共分为22个惯量,其中惯量1和12代表各齿轮惯量,而惯量2~11和13~22则代表配气凸轮轴惯量。
船用内燃机配气机构运行过程中,各零部件运动形式较为复杂,为便于计算,将挺柱、推杆、摇臂及气阀质量等合并为单质量M 1,如图2所示。对于凸轮与挺柱间作用力F1的求解,主要包含气门弹簧力FT1、零件惯性力FN1及燃气作用力FG,具体求解式如下[20]
式中,FT1为气门弹簧力;FN1为零件惯性力;FG为燃气作用力;i为进排气指示参数,i=0表示进气,i=1表示排气。
式中,kr为摇臂比;F01为气门弹簧预紧力;ks1为气门弹簧刚度;hα1为配气凸轮升程。
式中,t为运行时间;α为凸轮转角;M 1为配气机构集中质量;ω0为配气凸轮角速度。
已知缸内燃气压力pg,且仅考虑燃气作用于气阀底面,因此可得到燃气作用力FG的变化情况:
式中,dv为气阀盘直径。
进排气凸轮升程及缸压曲线如图3所示。
配气凸轮轴旋转过程中,由于配气凸轮间断打开/关闭气门,且受到凸轮几何形状、配气相位等因素限制,使得配气凸轮与从动件的接触点不断变化,从而负载扭矩对凸轮轴动力学带来影响。
对于进/排气门机构的负载扭矩主要来源于惯性力、弹簧力和燃气力,且不考虑气门落座时气门座弹性反作用力及阻尼力,且排气机构需加载燃气力。由图2可知,凸轮与挺柱间作用力F1力臂为L,且。因此根据以上计算凸轮-挺柱副作用力以及作用力对应力臂,获取单个配气凸轮负载扭矩为:
齿轮副间齿面啮合力主要作用表现为扭矩激励,可根据基于轮体刚度的齿轮能量法修正刚度模型[21],以获取齿轮副啮合时变啮合刚度。本轴系中包含斜齿轮副,因此需建立斜齿轮啮合激励力求解模型,如图4所示。
齿轮传递误差采用简谐函数的形式建立[22]
式中,fm为齿轮啮合频率;e0为齿轮传递误差幅值;ϕ为初相位。
传递误差包含基节误差ff和齿形误差fpb,可根据统计学原理建立其与传递误差的关系[23]
在建立完齿轮时变啮合刚度及传递误差激励之后,可求得斜齿轮法向啮合力Fn。由于斜齿轮螺旋角,所产生啮合力作用在端面、径向及轴向。由于本文仅考虑齿轮扭转振动,因此齿轮啮合激励力在扭转方向上的计算公式可表示为:
式中,Ft为齿轮扭转方向激励力;k0为齿轮时变啮合刚度;α0为齿轮压力角;β0为齿轮螺旋角。
进一步,对于正时齿轮副负载扭矩可利用下式获取:
式中,Rc为齿轮基圆半径。
建立如图5所示的凸轮-挺柱副运动学分析模型,以获取配气凸轮曲率半径及凸轮-挺柱副表面速度,其中P1为瞬时接触点。
(1)瞬时曲率半径
对于从动件为平底挺柱的情况,配气凸轮曲率半径R1计算公式为[24]
式中,R1为配气凸轮曲率半径;R11为配气凸轮基圆半径;为几何加速度,
(2)瞬时表面速度
图5所建立坐标系,求得凸轮表面速度和挺柱表面速度为[24]
式中,u11为配气凸轮表面速度;u12为挺柱表面速度。
在传统凸轮-挺柱副接触润滑分析中,其粗糙度分布常常被视为二维线接触问题,即Reynolds方程通常涉及xy两个坐标,用以关注于流体流动在特定平面内的行为。然而,即使方程本身以二维形式呈现,也可将Reynolds方程与其他条件或假设结合起来,用以模拟流体在第三个维度(即z轴)上的行为。
随着摩擦副润滑状态预测精度的不断提高,考虑表面粗糙度的相关研究陆续出现,且大多数工程零件表面形貌是三维分布的。因此,本文主要考虑表面三维粗糙度,基于线接触混合润滑理论,建立凸轮副瞬时摩擦润滑特性求解模型。对接触区润滑状态进行三维模拟,有利于反映瞬态接触过程中的局部润滑细节,用以获取配气凸轮副间油膜特性及摩擦激励。
(1)考虑卷吸速度的雷诺方程
考虑凸轮副运行过程中的瞬变卷吸速度,采用如下三维线接触润滑雷诺方程[25]
式中,pf为流体压力;h为油膜厚度;η为润滑油黏度,由Roelands黏度公式计算;ρ为润滑油密度,由Dowson-Higginson密压公式计算;u为两表面间卷吸速度,且u=(u11+u12)/2。
(2)考虑曲率半径的膜厚方程
对配气凸轮副而言,复杂瞬变曲率是影响接触膜厚的重要因素,考虑曲率变化及弹性变形的油膜厚度方程如下:
式中,h0为初始膜厚;v(xyt)为弹性变形项;δ (xyt)为表面粗糙度分布;pc为粗糙接触压力;E′为综合弹性模量;(ζς)为弹性变形计算节点。采用离散卷积和快速傅里叶变换(DC-FFT)方法计算表面弹性变形。
xy方向上具有三维可变波长的正弦粗糙度,如图6所示,并可定义为:
式中,Rq表示正弦波幅值;wxwy分别表示xy方向的波长。
(3)考虑接触载荷的承载方程
凸轮副间瞬态接触载荷也是决定润滑性能的重要因素,润滑膜承载量及微凸体承载力应与凸轮副间单位接触载荷相平衡:
(4)考虑流变效应的摩擦方程
在凸轮-挺柱副实际运行过程中,界面摩擦会导致部分热量与温度发生耦合反应,进而影响润滑油的性能。由于其接触界面间润滑油性质极易受到温度影响,并且温度直接受到摩擦生热影响,表现出温度和摩擦的相互依赖性。摩擦热主要来源于油膜黏性剪切和微凸体接触,产生的热量可通过润滑油或固体本身传导带走。
此外,润滑油极限剪切应力是温度的函数,意味着界面摩擦受表面温度影响;而摩擦又决定界面热量生成,因此反过来对表面温度有显著影响。本文采用Bair-Winer流变模型[26]求解接触域内油膜摩擦力,并采用HE等[27]提出的修正Dowson模型预测极限剪切应力:
式中,τf为油膜剪切应力;为界面温度;σ为表面综合粗糙度,τL为极限剪切应力;G为极限剪切模量。此润滑油性能参数为压力和温度的函数。
当发生粗糙峰接触情况时,此时粗糙接触区的摩擦系数可假设为f,即可计算出在粗糙峰接触处剪切应力:τc = f·pc[28]。总摩擦是对整个区域的剪切应力积分得到,包括流体动压区和粗糙接触区,如文献[28]中详细描述的,用于评估混合EHL中摩擦特性:
基于快速移动线接触热源模型,并借助第二类Volterra积分方程,建立凸轮副界面温度计算模型[28-29]
式中,分别为凸轮和挺柱表面温度;Tb1Tb2为初始表面温度;ρ1ρ2为材料密度;c1c2为材料比热容;k1k2为材料导热系数;kf为润滑油导热系数;ξλ为温度计算节点。
通过上述计算获取了配气凸轮副摩擦力变化情况,且由图2可知,摩擦力Ff1力臂为R11 + hα1,因此,凸轮副摩擦扭矩为T f = Ff1·(R11 + hα1)。
根据以上计算凸轮-挺柱副作用力以及对应力臂,获取单个配气凸轮综合扭矩为:
本文研究对象为某V20型柴油机配气凸轮轴系,在实际工作过程中,各缸之间由于发火顺序不同,导致各凸轮副扭矩存在变化,因此必须将其考虑至扭振计算中。为方便表示各进排气凸轮副摩擦润滑状态及激励扭矩变化,下文中仅给出一组进排气凸轮副扭矩变化情况。对于本研究对象V20型柴油机配气凸轮轴系而言,以进气凸轮副为例,其发火顺序为[1 2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3](靠近飞轮端定义为1)。
根据已知凸轮轴各部分刚度、阻尼和转动惯量等参数,并基于配气凸轮负载扭矩激励条件,建立柴油机配气凸轮轴系扭振分析模型,且其轴系振动微分方程为:
式中,J为轴系系统集总惯量矩阵;C为轴系系统阻尼矩阵;K为轴系系统刚度矩阵;ϕ为凸轮轴系角位移向量;T为作用于系统的激励向量。其矩阵具体表达形式如附录A所示。当T = 0时,系统为自由振动,可以计算出轴系系统的模态和振型;当T≠0时,系统做强迫振动,且涉及到柴油机多种内部激励,因此可采用Newmark逐步积分法进行强迫振动分析。本文所采用V20型柴油机配气凸轮轴系,各轴段计算分析参数如附录B所示。
关于复杂凸轮副轴系摩擦动力学分析,其流程如图7所示。主要思路如下:对于进排气凸轮副而言,因其机构分布以及凸轮轮廓数据是一致的,首先建立单凸轮副运动及动力学特性分析模型,基于三维线接触混合润滑模型,获取凸轮副稳态转速下的摩擦润滑性能,为后续动力学计算提供输入条件;进一步,基于所建立凸轮副负载扭矩计算模型,分析单凸轮副综合负载扭矩变化情况,并考虑到各缸之间发火顺序不同,结合发火顺序将配气相位考虑至各进排气凸轮副扭矩计算中;然后,建立凸轮轴系扭转振动分析模型,并考虑连接齿轮系激励作用,结合凸轮轴系结构参数、刚度阻尼参数及激励扭矩等,进行凸轮轴系扭转振动分析,获取摩擦激励对于轴系扭转振动的影响程度;最后,基于凸轮轴系扭转振动获取凸轮副转速波动情况,并结合所建立的凸轮副摩擦润滑分析模型,分析转速波动对于凸轮副摩擦润滑的影响程度,与配气凸轮轴系动力学试验对比,以确保模型的准确性。
给出凸轮-挺柱副运行参数,如表1所示。
进一步求得配气凸轮副运动学-动力学参数变化情况,如图8所示。
图8(a)可知,对于进排气凸轮副曲率半径及卷吸速度而言,特别是在缓冲段进入基本段时,从最大值下降到最小值,导致表面运动状态急剧变化;由图8(b)可知,柴油机配气机构在运行时,进气凸轮-挺柱间的接触载荷在“桃尖处”达到最大值,但由于此处接触曲率半径较大,致使接触应力约为0.5 GPa,而排气凸轮-挺柱副则受排气压力影响,在气阀开启瞬间载荷最大,接触应力在“桃尖处”最大,约为0.8 GPa。
在进行数值分析之前,首先验证本文润滑数值求解程序的正确性。选取相同工况条件下的案例,且为了简化计算,将这种情况简化为半无限大平面与圆柱滚子接触的润滑模型。将通过模拟获取的油膜厚度与WYMER等[30]的试验及GUO等[31]计算获得膜厚进行比较。用于验证工作分析的接触参数如表2所示,将本文结果与文献结果进行对比,如图9所示。
图9分析可知,在接触区中心线上膜厚分布与参考文献中几乎相同,并且中心膜厚和最小膜厚数值相近,在一定程度上说明本文研究结果的数值模型既正确又可信。
上述已完成本文润滑模型的验证,且已获取配气机构凸轮副运动学及动力学变化,下面将开展配气凸轮副摩擦润滑分析。计算中用到润滑油黏度为0.08 Pa·s,密度为875 kg/m3,黏压系数2.2×10-8 Pa-1
图10给出了配气凸轮-挺柱副膜厚及摩擦力变化情况。由结果可知,受表面微观粗糙度影响,进气凸轮副膜厚最小为0.30 μm,而排气凸轮副最小膜厚为0.157 μm。进排气摩擦力均在桃尖附近达到最大值,且排气凸轮副摩擦力范围为120~350 N,较进气凸轮副表面摩擦力高约135 N,因其受气体压力影响接触载荷较大。
图11给出了挺柱副表面摩擦温升变化情况。由图11可知,在凸轮-挺柱副运行过程中,挺柱表面最大温升变化较为剧烈,在表面速度为零处(反向运动位置)及凸轮桃尖处出现温度极高点,计算结果趋势与文献[6]相吻合。上述位置出现极高温升原因主要有两点:(1)出现在挺柱表面速度为0位置,此处润滑油不能及时将热量携带;(2)出现在挺柱表面运动状态发生改变处,此时凸轮-挺柱间滑滚状态变化剧烈而产生过多摩擦热。
参考圆柱齿轮胶合承载能力计算方法国家标准第一部分:闪温法(GB/Z 6413.1—2003)[32],对进排气凸轮副进行胶合承载能力评价。凸轮副是否发生胶合除与表面温度有关系外,还与凸轮材料和润滑油特性紧密相关。而胶合承载能力计算国家标准闪温法[32]规定,润滑油-材料系统胶合温度有特定值TS,可以通过如下经验公式计算得到:
式中,TS为胶合温度;XW为材料组织系数,对于进行渗碳处理后材料组织系数按照渗碳淬火钢平均值(10%~20%)进行选取,XW=1.0;XL为润滑油系数,XL = 1.1η-0.05SF为发生胶合时的载荷级,且胶合载荷级在8~11之间变化,选取区间中间值SF=9.5。
通过上述经验公式(22)可求得发生胶合温度为331.5 ℃,而计算求得排气凸轮副温升最大约为251 ℃,低于发生胶合时的温度,因此发生胶合失效风险较低。
图12给出了运行周期内,考虑摩擦效应后进排气凸轮负载扭矩变化情况。此时注意到,由于摩擦力存在,致使负载扭矩在凸轮基圆与挺柱接触过程中不完全为零。
图12中还可以看出,法向作用力在产生负载力矩上起着至关重要的作用,在凸轮轮廓顶点处法线方向作用力矩会改变方向,对应于凸轮-挺柱接触点从轴线一侧移动到另一侧;值得注意的是,摩擦力矩方向不变,且摩擦力矩的存在使得在升程阶段总力矩值变大,降程阶段总力矩值变小。
图13给出了配气凸轮轴端(惯量11和22)瞬时转速波动情况。由图13可知,配气凸轮轴系转速转动范围较大位置,主要集中在轴系末端,即远离齿轮部位,且考虑摩擦激励后进排气凸轮轴端转速波动量最大可增加±30 r/min。
上述分析表明,由于轴系扭转振动影响,各凸轮轴间存在转速波动,这将会导致在轴系上存在附加扭矩,进而会在轴段产生相应附加应力。图14给出了配气凸轮轴段附加应力变化情况。通过对比两根凸轮轴的附加应力情况可以发现,排气凸轮轴附加应力水平较大,其扭转振动特性较进气凸轮轴恶劣,考虑界面摩擦激励后配气轴段附加应力增大约4 MPa。
凸轮轴系在运行过程中存在较为明显转速波动,从而会导致凸轮与挺柱表面卷吸速度存在瞬时波动。进一步,考虑配气凸轮副瞬时转速变化情况,并将其代入凸轮副摩擦润滑模型,获取瞬时转速波动下配气凸轮副油膜厚度变化情况。
上述已将三维正弦表面考虑至配气凸轮副摩擦润滑分析中,因此,图15中主要对比了瞬时转速波动对于配气凸轮副油膜厚度变化的影响。由图15可知,转速波动会导致卷吸速度产生变化,并加之粗糙度综合影响,使得油膜厚度减小约0.3 μm,尤其是在基圆段内,而桃尖位置处甚至出现零膜厚,导致凸轮-挺柱副间油膜厚度急剧恶化。
图16给出了瞬时转速波动下挺柱界面温升变化情况,并通过表面温升评价界面胶合失效程度。由于转速波动致使配气凸轮副间油膜厚度减小,且其表面滑滚比变化较为剧烈,从而在凸轮副反向运动位置及桃尖处,使得挺柱副温升超出材料胶合极限,界面胶合磨损失效风险增加。
上述已完成考虑摩擦激励下凸轮轴系扭转振动分析,进一步结合柴油机配气凸轮轴系动力学测试,以验证所建立凸轮轴系扭转振动模型准确性。图17给出了配气凸轮轴系动力学测试示意图,主要实现配气凸轮轴系自由振动(固有频率)与强迫振动(瞬时转速)测量。扭振传感器测点布置在配气凸轮轴端。
固有频率计算结果与测试结果对比如表3所示。由表3可知固有频率误差均小于3%,在可接受范围内,从而验证了所建立的柴油机配气凸轮轴系自由振动模型准确性。
对于凸轮轴转子动态转速测量,本文是在柴油机正时齿轮系中布置相应磁电转速传感器,对配气凸轮轴端齿轮转速进行测量,进一步反映凸轮轴瞬时转速变化。磁电传感器是利用磁性物体旋转时,其磁场相对于固定线圈产生相应电信号,便可进一步准确得到轴系转速变化等。而齿轮本身具有交替齿数特性,能够便于磁电转速传感器使用,从而捕捉从静态到高速旋转状态下的轴系动态转速,且其动态转速范围可覆盖0~3000 r/min。
在柴油机90%功率(转速稳定在1688 r/min)工况下进行稳态响应测试,测试配气凸轮轴系转速波动情况。对配气凸轮轴端瞬时转速仿真与测试结果进行验证分析,时域结果如图18所示。配气凸轮轴端瞬时转速波动计算值为±80 r/min,配气凸轮轴端测试转速波动结果±85 r/min,实机测试与计算结果基本吻合。
进一步,图19给出了瞬时转速仿真与测试结果转换至频域范围内的结果,发现频域范围内其测试值与仿真值频率成分一致,峰值分布体现出明显的轴频及其倍频特征,仅在部分轴频、倍频处存在幅值误差。
针对此幅值偏差现象,经过分析发现其主要原因是在实际测试流程中,柴油机轴系难免会出现一定程度的回旋振动。而轴系由于扭转振动与回旋振动的相互耦合作用,导致在输入能量层面产生了一定的差别,从而进一步影响到试验结果。综合考虑测试值和仿真值的差别及误差产生原因,可以认为实机测试值与仿真值基本吻合,模型可信度较高。
本文采用集总方法建立了配气凸轮轴系摩擦动力学模型,并考虑凸轮副接触摩擦激励影响,研究了柴油机配气凸轮轴系动力学特性。具体研究结论如下:
(1)由于考虑了摩擦激励,致使负载扭矩在配气凸轮基圆与挺柱接触过程中增大,且摩擦扭矩使得配气凸轮扭矩正幅值略大,阻碍升程阶段凸轮轴运动。
(2)排气凸轮轴附加应力高于进气凸轮轴附加应力,且考虑界面摩擦激励后配气轴端附加应力增大约4 MPa,轴端瞬时转速波动量约为±30 r/min。
(3)转速波动加之在粗糙度作用下,凸轮副接触膜厚明显减小,特别是在基圆段内膜厚降低约0.3 μm,在凸轮副反向运动及桃尖位置,挺柱副温升超出材料胶合极限,界面胶合失效风险增加。
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2025年第38卷第3期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.001
  • 接收时间:2023-11-30
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-30
  • 修回日期:2024-03-13
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    哈尔滨工程大学动力与能源工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001

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史修江(1989—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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