Article(id=1228295812518703546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1686585600000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-13, revisedDate=1689868800000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770778142337, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770778142337, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770778142337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770778142337, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228295801890336965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='2', pageStart='223', pageEnd='448', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770778139803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770949100774, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=331, endPage=339, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228295812829082060, articleId=1228295812518703546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Calculation of the transverse natural frequency of single-pile foundation for offshore wind turbines considering water-pile-soil interaction, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper presents a simplified structural model for continuous variable cross-section single-pile foundations of offshore wind turbines, considering the water-pile-soil interaction, using the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. The simplified model is solved using the differential transform method to obtain the transverse vibration control equation. The investigation focuses on the impact of tower diameter, transition section height, water-added mass, impeller-nacelle assembly mass, and the stiffness of three springs on the transverse natural frequency. The results show that the influence of the bottom diameter of the variable cross-section tower on the natural frequency is greater than that of the top diameter. In offshore wind turbine installations with greater water depths, the effect of water-added mass on the structural natural frequency cannot be overlooked. The transverse natural frequency of the wind turbine decreases as the impeller-nacelle assembly mass increases. The sensitivity of the soil modulus to the spring stiffness is ranked as follows: horizontal spring > coupling spring > rotational spring. Similarly, the sensitivity of the natural frequency to the spring stiffness is ranked as: coupling spring > horizontal spring > rotational spring. When variations occur in the soil modulus, the primary influence on the natural frequency is predominantly exerted by the horizontal spring and the coupling spring.

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采用Euler-Beroulli梁理论,提出一种考虑水-桩-土相互作用的连续变截面海上风机单桩基础的结构简化模型,运用微分变换法求解简化模型横向振动控制方程。基于塔筒直径、连接段高度与水体附加质量、叶轮-机舱组件质量和三弹簧刚度对横向自振频率展开研究。研究表明,变截面塔筒底部直径对自振频率的影响大于顶部直径对自振频率的影响;水深较深时,水体附加质量对远海风机结构自振频率的影响不能忽略;风机横向自振频率随叶轮-机舱组件质量的增大而减小;弹簧刚度对土体模量敏感性大小为:水平弹簧>耦合弹簧>旋转弹簧;自振频率对弹簧刚度敏感性大小为:耦合弹簧>水平弹簧>旋转弹簧;土体模量发生变化时,主要通过水平弹簧和耦合弹簧影响自振频率。

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余云燕(1968—),女,博士,教授。E-mail:
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journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295812518703546, language=CN, label=图7, caption=弹簧刚度对自振频率的影响曲线, figureFileSmall=/xp0+4Pv0qcfbZGru4hsuA==, figureFileBig=wqdzwvy3HWETyyOCN229ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313062420181879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295812518703546, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Spring stiffness formula for flexible pile[8]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土体类型KLKLRKR
均质
非均质非线性
线性
), ArticleFig(id=1228313062533428091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295812518703546, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

柔性桩的弹簧刚度公式[8]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土体类型KLKLRKR
均质
非均质非线性
线性
), ArticleFig(id=1228313062613119869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295812518703546, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Spring stiffness formula for rigid pile[8]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土体类型KLKLRKR
均质
非均质非线性
线性
), ArticleFig(id=1228313062713783170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295812518703546, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

刚性桩的弹簧刚度公式[8]

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土体类型KLKLRKR
均质
非均质非线性
线性
), ArticleFig(id=1228313062810252167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295812518703546, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Basic transformation theorem of DTM

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原函数变换函数
f(r)=y(rz(r)F(k)=Y(kZ(k)
f(r)=cy(r)F(k)=cY(k)
F(k)=(k+1)(k+2)…Y(k+n)
f(r)=y(r)z(r)
f(r)=rn
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DTM基本变换定理

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原函数变换函数
f(r)=y(rz(r)F(k)=Y(kZ(k)
f(r)=cy(r)F(k)=cY(k)
F(k)=(k+1)(k+2)…Y(k+n)
f(r)=y(r)z(r)
f(r)=rn
), ArticleFig(id=1228313063003190157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295812518703546, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Wind turbine structure input parameters[1122]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规格参数/单位Lely A2Irene Vorrink
MR/t3235.7
mt/t31.4437
Lt/m41.551
Dt/m1.91.7
Db/m3.23.5
Lc/m4.63.8
Dc/m3.73.5
tt/m1214
E/GPa210210
ρ/(kg·m-378507850
KL/(GN·m-10.520.58
KLR/GN-2.74-3.25
KR/(GN·m·rad-123.6329.67
), ArticleFig(id=1228313063087076241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295812518703546, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

风机结构输入参数[1122]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规格参数/单位Lely A2Irene Vorrink
MR/t3235.7
mt/t31.4437
Lt/m41.551
Dt/m1.91.7
Db/m3.23.5
Lc/m4.63.8
Dc/m3.73.5
tt/m1214
E/GPa210210
ρ/(kg·m-378507850
KL/(GN·m-10.520.58
KLR/GN-2.74-3.25
KR/(GN·m·rad-123.6329.67
), ArticleFig(id=1228313063170962326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295812518703546, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Calculation results and errors of the first-order lateral natural frequency

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风机实测频率/Hz本文三弹簧结果ARANY三弹簧结果[11]本文固接结果ARANY固接结果[11]
频率/Hz误差/%频率/Hz误差/%频率/Hz误差/%频率/Hz误差/%
Lely A20.6340.6390.790.6431.410.70811.670.71312.46
Irene Vorrink0.5460.5490.550.5521.100.5846.960.5836.78
), ArticleFig(id=1228313063284208538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295812518703546, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

一阶横向自振频率计算结果与误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风机实测频率/Hz本文三弹簧结果ARANY三弹簧结果[11]本文固接结果ARANY固接结果[11]
频率/Hz误差/%频率/Hz误差/%频率/Hz误差/%频率/Hz误差/%
Lely A20.6340.6390.790.6431.410.70811.670.71312.46
Irene Vorrink0.5460.5490.550.5521.100.5846.960.5836.78
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考虑水-桩-土相互作用的海上风机单桩基础横向自振频率计算
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余云燕 1 , 陶婧衍 1 , 孔嘉乐 1 , 李永鹏 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(2): 331-339
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(2): 331-339
考虑水-桩-土相互作用的海上风机单桩基础横向自振频率计算
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余云燕1 , 陶婧衍1, 孔嘉乐1, 李永鹏2
作者信息
  • 1.兰州交通大学土木工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730070
  • 2.甘南藏族自治州交通运输局,甘肃 甘南 747000

通讯作者:

余云燕(1968—),女,博士,教授。E-mail:
Calculation of the transverse natural frequency of single-pile foundation for offshore wind turbines considering water-pile-soil interaction
Yunyan YU1 , Jingyan TAO1, Jiale KONG1, Yongpeng LI2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 2.Transport Bureau of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gannan 747000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.012
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采用Euler-Beroulli梁理论,提出一种考虑水-桩-土相互作用的连续变截面海上风机单桩基础的结构简化模型,运用微分变换法求解简化模型横向振动控制方程。基于塔筒直径、连接段高度与水体附加质量、叶轮-机舱组件质量和三弹簧刚度对横向自振频率展开研究。研究表明,变截面塔筒底部直径对自振频率的影响大于顶部直径对自振频率的影响;水深较深时,水体附加质量对远海风机结构自振频率的影响不能忽略;风机横向自振频率随叶轮-机舱组件质量的增大而减小;弹簧刚度对土体模量敏感性大小为:水平弹簧>耦合弹簧>旋转弹簧;自振频率对弹簧刚度敏感性大小为:耦合弹簧>水平弹簧>旋转弹簧;土体模量发生变化时,主要通过水平弹簧和耦合弹簧影响自振频率。

海上风机  /  弹簧地基  /  自振频率  /  大直径单桩  /  微分变换法

This paper presents a simplified structural model for continuous variable cross-section single-pile foundations of offshore wind turbines, considering the water-pile-soil interaction, using the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. The simplified model is solved using the differential transform method to obtain the transverse vibration control equation. The investigation focuses on the impact of tower diameter, transition section height, water-added mass, impeller-nacelle assembly mass, and the stiffness of three springs on the transverse natural frequency. The results show that the influence of the bottom diameter of the variable cross-section tower on the natural frequency is greater than that of the top diameter. In offshore wind turbine installations with greater water depths, the effect of water-added mass on the structural natural frequency cannot be overlooked. The transverse natural frequency of the wind turbine decreases as the impeller-nacelle assembly mass increases. The sensitivity of the soil modulus to the spring stiffness is ranked as follows: horizontal spring > coupling spring > rotational spring. Similarly, the sensitivity of the natural frequency to the spring stiffness is ranked as: coupling spring > horizontal spring > rotational spring. When variations occur in the soil modulus, the primary influence on the natural frequency is predominantly exerted by the horizontal spring and the coupling spring.

offshore wind turbine  /  spring foundation  /  natural frequency  /  large-diameter single pile  /  differential transform method
余云燕, 陶婧衍, 孔嘉乐, 李永鹏. 考虑水-桩-土相互作用的海上风机单桩基础横向自振频率计算. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (2) : 331 -339 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.012
Yunyan YU, Jingyan TAO, Jiale KONG, Yongpeng LI. Calculation of the transverse natural frequency of single-pile foundation for offshore wind turbines considering water-pile-soil interaction[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (2) : 331 -339 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.012
海上风电由于其风速高、风向稳定、占地面积小以及噪声低等优点,成为优质的可再生能源。截至目前,中国海上风机累计装机容量约40 GW[1],海上风电容量居全球第一。然而,中国海上风机开发技术总体滞后于欧洲,缺乏适用于中国海洋环境下的海上风机结构设计理论,因此,海上风机结构设计仍面临严峻挑战。
截至2020年,欧洲已建成的海上风机超过80%采用单桩基础,中国已建或在建的海上风电项目,超过70%的风机也采用单桩基础[2]。单桩基础因维修便利、施工简单、受力明确等原因,已成为海上风电场建设中应用最广泛的基础形式。
风机在运营过程中会受到涡轮机转动产生的1P频率和叶片扫掠塔筒产生的2P/3P频率影响。一旦发生频率偏移,系统自振频率接近1P或2P/3P频率,会导致结构动态响应放大,产生过大位移,将对结构稳定性产生不利影响。为了避免系统共振,通常采用“软-刚”模式[3]使自振频率介于1P和2P/3P频率带之间。因此,设计过程中需要对大直径单桩基础风机结构的横向自振频率进行精确计算。
在风机前期设计中,考虑桩-土相互作用可以准确求解结构横向自振频率。目前,单桩式风机结构的桩-土相互作用可以采用表观固定法、耦合弹簧法和分布弹簧法模拟。其中,席义博等[4]通过有限元数值模拟,采用表观固定法建立考虑基础刚度弱化的等截面风机模型,并进行不同基础刚度条件下风机的动力响应分析。ZAAIJER[5]推导了底端刚性固定模型、非耦合弹簧模型和耦合弹簧模型的结构动力特性,分析表明把桩-土相互作用等效为泥线处的耦合弹簧模型结果更精确。BHATTACHARYA等[6]、ADHIKARI等[7]和SHADLOU等[8]将上部结构考虑为集中质量和等截面杆系统,桩-土相互作用简化为泥面处施加的水平和旋转弹簧,建立柔性地基条件下计算风机结构自振频率的解析公式,并与模型试验和有限元计算结果进行对比。ARANY等[9-11]在BHATTACHARYA的理论基础上将地基作用简化为水平、旋转和耦合弹簧模型,推导了海上风机自振频率的闭合解。杨春宝等[12]采用多段均匀梁组合方式将风机塔筒等效为变截面梁,并将桩-土相互作用简化为线性分布弹簧,基于传递矩阵和有限元模态分析方法分别计算有阻尼系统的风机自振频率。
研究表明水对结构动力响应有一定影响[13],部分学者对水-结构相互作用开展了一系列分析。其中,赵密等[14-15]发现在海上桩基设计中考虑水-桩-土相互作用是非常必要的,并基于杨春宝的理论,建立附加水质量的解析计算方法。许成顺等[16]采用OpenSees有限元平台,探讨水体附加质量对钢管桩自振频率的影响,认为水体附加质量对钢管桩自振频率影响显著。任文渊[17]采用ADINA进行数值模拟,建立风机、基础、水、海床的三维计算模型,分析了风电基础结构的静力和考虑流固耦合的动力响应,结果表明水层显著降低结构的高阶频率。田树刚等[18]采用有限元方法,考虑流固耦合效应,对近海风机支撑体系的自振频率和振型进行计算分析。
综上所述,以往研究通常将风机塔桶截面简化为等截面梁,忽略风机塔筒变截面特性,致使频率计算结果不精确;或将风机塔桶结构划分为多段均匀梁,此方法虽然能计算风机各阶自振频率,但求解过程中系数冗杂。针对上述问题,本文将风机塔筒简化为连续变截面梁,引入微分变换法(differential transform method,DTM)将非线性控制方程变换成代数方程进行求解[19],解决了四阶变系数控制方程难以求解的计算难点。通过DTM建立质量块-连续变截面梁-等截面梁组合模型,在考虑水-桩-土相互作用的基础上,提出一种大直径单桩海上风机系统横向自振频率的求解方法,并进一步研究塔筒直径、连接段高度、叶轮-机舱组件质量和三弹簧刚度等参数对风机结构自振频率的影响规律。
由桩-土相互作用提供给桩顶的刚度简化为水平KL,耦合KLR和旋转KR三个独立弹簧,可用如下刚度矩阵表示:
式中,KLKLRKR分别为柱顶的水平、耦合和旋转弹簧刚度;FxM分别为柱顶的水平力和弯矩;uθ分别为柱顶的位移和转角。对于均质土体、线性土体以及非线性土体的三弹簧刚度计算式均不相同,并且弹簧刚度大小与桩径、桩长、桩的模量和土体泊松比、土体模量等参数有关。文献[8]分别给出了柔性桩和刚性桩的弹簧刚度公式,结果如表12所示。
风机单桩基础结构简化模型如图1所示,考虑叶轮-机舱组件质量产生的轴向力作用,塔筒简化为连续变截面梁,连接段考虑为等截面梁,水体附加质量添加至连接段上,基础简化为三弹簧模型。基于Bernoulli-Euler梁理论建立塔筒横向振动方程[20]
式中,yt(xt)为梁(即塔筒)横向位移;x为沿梁轴线坐标;t为时间;I(x)和A(x)分别为x截面处塔筒的惯性矩和面积;Lt为塔筒高度;Lc为连接段高度;P为修正后的风机轴向力,P=(MR+Cmmt)g[9],其中MR为风机转子和轮毂集中质量,Cm为质量矫正因子,取值为0.24,mt为塔筒质量;Eρ分别为风机结构的弹性模量和材料密度。
建立连接段横向振动方程:
式中,yc(xt)为梁(即连接段)横向位移;IcAc分别为连接段的截面惯性矩和截面面积;ma为水引起的附加质量。
图1tt为塔筒壁厚;Dt为塔筒顶部截面直径;Db为塔筒底部截面直径,引入截面变化系数,则塔筒直径、截面惯性矩和截面面积可分别表示为:
本文将结构-水相互作用产生的动水压力视为部分水体质量与结构加速度的乘积,部分水体质量称附加质量ma,表达式[14]如下:
式中,m0为结构刚性运动引起的附加质量;Dc为连接段直径;ρw为水体密度。
根据力平衡和位移协调,连接段底部边界条件表示为:
塔筒顶部边界条件表示为:
式中,It为塔筒顶部截面惯性矩。
引入DTM将式(2)和(3)这类变系数微分方程转换为代数递推方程,将式(6)和(7)等边界条件转化为代数方程组,通过求解代数方程的解来获得微分方程的解,解决了数学求解问题。微分变换及微分逆变换分别表示为[21]
式中,k表示函数f(r)对自变量r的求导阶数;r0取为任何正整数。
表3列出了本文计算中用到的DTM变换定理。
当梁作自由振动时,其解有如下形式:
式中,Y(x)为梁的横向振动函数;ω为梁横向自由振动圆频率;
引入无量纲系数,并代入式(2)、(6)和(7)中,无量纲处理后有:
连接段顶部和塔筒底部边界为:
式(11)~(15)中的无量纲参数为:
。根据DTM变换法则,控制方程式(11)和(12)可转换为:
连接段底部边界条件表示为:
塔筒底部与连接段顶部边界表示为:
式中,N为泰勒级数的展开项数。
塔筒顶部边界条件表示为:
式中,Q(k)、W(k)、P(k)和D(k)分别为I(ξ)、Yt(ξ)、A(ξ)和Yc(ε)的微分变换式。
根据边界条件式(18),令:
将式(18)和(21)代入连接段位移函数递推式(17)中,所得结果代入连接段与塔筒的边界条件式(19)中,得到塔筒位移函数初值并代入塔筒位移函数递推式(16),最后将结果代入式(20)中,得到频率特征方程为:
式中,为迭代N次求出的含有自振频率ω的多项式,要使上式有非零解,则系数矩阵行列式为零,即
利用MATLAB求解式(23),得到梁自振频率。
以文献[11]和[22]中的风机规格为例,具体参数如表4所示,将参数代入上述模型中,求解风机系统一阶横向自振频率。在DTM中,展开项数N的取值决定自振频率的收敛性和精度,N越大计算精度越高,但计算耗时越长。为了在计算效率和精度之间取得平衡,绘制不同展开项数N下的频率变化曲线,结果如图2所示。由图2可知,随着展开项数增加,自振频率在初始阶段突然下降,随后缓慢上升并逐渐趋于稳定;当N=14时,Lely A2风机和Irene Vorrink风机的计算误差|ωN+1-ωN|均为0.5‰,小于容许误差,即计算精度满足要求;当N≥14时,频率变化率基本为0,即自振频率收敛。因此,本文取展开项数14次进行频率计算。
为验证算法正确性和地基模型简化方法正确性,将本文计算频率和ARANY计算结果[11]分别与实测频率对比并计算相对误差,结果见表5。由表5可知,本文三弹簧DTM算法自振频率最大误差为0.79%,与实测频率基本吻合,而文献[11]采用的传递矩阵法计算结果误差较大,说明在求解风机横向自振频率问题上,采用DTM方法有效且精度高。对比表5中三弹簧模型频率与固接模型频率可知,三弹簧模型误差小且精度满足要求,故将地基简化为三弹簧模型(柔性地基)的方式能有效模拟海上单桩风机系统的桩-土相互作用。
在海上风机结构的设计和研究过程中,进行自振频率敏感性分析有助于指导设计优化、评估系统稳定性,这对于确保风机安全运行至关重要。本文基于Lely A2风机尺寸,定量分析了塔筒直径、连接段高度、叶轮-机舱组件质量和三弹簧刚度等因素变化对风机系统一阶横向自振频率的影响规律。
为定量分析塔筒直径变化对自振频率影响,定义塔筒顶部直径与底部直径比值为锥率βD,绘制塔筒直径变化对自振频率的影响曲线,如图3所示。其中,0.59为Lely A2风机锥率,βD变化产生三种工况:工况一,塔筒顶部直径Dt保持1.9 m不变,塔筒底部直径Db从3.2 m增加至4.4 m,即βD<0.59;工况二,塔筒顶部直径Dt和底部直径Db分别以1.9 m和3.2 m为基准同时变化,即βD=0.59;工况三,塔筒顶部直径Dt从1.9 m增加至3.1 m,塔筒底部直径Db保持3.2 m不变,即βD>0.59。
图3可知,工况一中风机自振频率从0.639 Hz增加到0.955 Hz;工况二中风机自振频率从0.639 Hz增加到0.862 Hz;工况三中风机自振频率从0.639 Hz增加到0.655 Hz。对比三种工况可以看出,当其余参数保持不变,随着底部直径Db增大,自振频率显著增加;随着顶部直径Dt增大,自振频率变化幅度很小。在塔筒直径两个控制截面中,自振频率对底部直径十分敏感,而顶部直径变化对自振频率影响很小。因此,在风机设计时,只要确保塔筒顶部直径满足一定要求即可,关键在于选取塔筒底部直径。
随着能源紧缺日益严峻,海上风机必将向深海和大型化方向发展,要求桩基础和上部结构能在更深的水体环境中稳定运行[23],这直接影响到连接段高度和水体附加质量的大小。当考虑水体附加质量时,随连接段高度增加,水体附加质量增大,而连接段高度增加和水体附加质量增大均导致自振频率降低,二者之间存在叠加效应。为厘清连接段高度和有无水体附加质量对自振频率的影响,现绘制未考虑水体附加质量和考虑水体附加质量两种情况下连接段高度变化对自振频率的影响曲线,如图4所示。
图4可知,以连接段高4.6 m为基准,逐渐增加至44.6 m。未考虑水体附加质量时,自振频率减小了42.2%;考虑水体附加质量的情况下,自振频率减小了49.5%。当连接段高度较小时,水体附加质量对自振频率影响不显著;而连接段高度超过20 m后,两条曲线呈现分离趋势,水体附加质量对系统自振频率的影响逐渐显现。因此,在风机设计阶段,近海风机在水深较浅时可以忽略水体附加质量影响,但远海风机需考虑水体附加质量对自振频率偏移的影响。
考虑不同功率涡轮机质量,即叶轮-机舱组件质量大小对自振频率的影响,结果如图5所示。由图5可知,随着叶轮-机舱组件质量增大,自振频率减小。当叶轮-机舱组件质量增大至50 t后,曲线斜率也逐渐减小,说明叶轮-机舱组件质量对风机自振频率的影响程度逐渐降低。因此,在设计过程中为保证风机安全性,通过合理增重可以降低叶轮-机舱组件质量对自振频率的影响。
本文采用三弹簧地基模型,桩-土相互作用通过改变三种弹簧刚度大小影响风机自振频率,为厘清三弹簧刚度变化对自振频率的影响机理,进行如下理论分析。现已知Lely A2风机场地最上层为软黏土,其下为致密砂层,由文献[24]可知土体模量在5~50 MPa之间。根据表1公式,计算出不同土体模量下三种弹簧刚度大小,由此绘制土体模量变化对弹簧刚度的影响曲线,如图6所示。
图6可知,随土体模量从5 MPa增加至50 MPa,水平弹簧刚度KL由0.27 GN/m增加到1.67 GN/m;耦合弹簧刚度KLR由-1.17 GN减小到-3.71 GN;旋转弹簧刚度KR从21.24 GN·m/rad增加到39.56 GN·m/rad。分析表明,土体模量对水平弹簧刚度影响最大,耦合弹簧刚度次之,旋转弹簧刚度影响最小。
图7描绘了风机横向自振频率随三种弹簧刚度变化规律。当其他参数保持不变,随着水平弹簧刚度KL增加,自振频率迅速增加,当KL增加至0.95 GN/m后,自振频率增长幅度基本保持不变。说明KL越小对自振频率影响越大,而KL增大至一定程度后,对自振频率影响不大。当其他参数保持不变,减小耦合弹簧刚度KLR时,自振频率先缓慢减小,当KLR达到-2.63 GN后,自振频率急剧减小,共减小了45.5%。说明KLR较大时对自振频率影响较小,随KLR减小频率变化幅度急剧增大,耦合弹簧刚度KLR对自振频率有衰减作用。随旋转弹簧刚度KR增加,频率从0.62 Hz增加至0.68 Hz,增大了9.7%,且KR增大至32 GN·m/rad后,自振频率增大趋势变缓慢;说明旋转弹簧刚度KR较小时对自振频率影响较大;相反,KR较大时对自振频率影响较小。上述分析表明:耦合弹簧刚度对自振频率偏移影响最显著,其次是水平弹簧刚度,最后为旋转弹簧刚度。
综上,三种弹簧刚度对土体模量敏感性顺序为:水平弹簧>耦合弹簧>旋转弹簧;风机系统横向自振频率对三种弹簧刚度敏感性顺序为:耦合弹簧>水平弹簧>旋转弹簧。综合分析可知,采用三弹簧地基模拟桩-土相互作用时,土体模量发生变化,主要通过三种弹簧中的水平弹簧和耦合弹簧影响风机系统横向自振频率。
本文基于Euler-Bernoulli梁振动理论,采用微分变化法,充分考虑塔筒变截面特性和水-桩-土间的相互作用,提出单桩式海上风机的横向自振频率求解计算方法,进一步分析了塔筒直径、连接段高度和水体附加质量、叶轮-机舱组件质量对单桩式海上风机横向自振频率的影响,并厘清地基模量通过三弹簧刚度对自振频率的影响机理,得出以下结论:
(1)本文算法频率计算结果与实测频率吻合良好,说明采用DTM求解四阶变系数微分方程原理简单,结果精度高,适用性强,为解决此类问题提供了一种有效方法。
(2)底部直径对横向自振频率影响程度更高;风机横向自振频率对连接段高度更敏感,当连接段高度超过20 m后,水体附加质量对风机自振频率影响不能忽略;随叶轮-机舱组件质量增大,风机自振频率逐渐减小,当叶轮-机舱组件质量增加至50 t后,其敏感性逐渐下降。
(3)随土体模量增加,水平和旋转弹簧刚度增加,耦合弹簧刚度减小,其中土体模量对水平弹簧刚度影响程度最大,耦合弹簧刚度次之,旋转弹簧刚度最小;风机自振频率随水平弹簧刚度和旋转弹簧刚度增加而增大,随耦合弹簧刚度减小而减小,其中耦合弹簧刚度对自振频率偏移影响最显著,水平弹簧刚度次之,旋转弹簧刚度较小。综上,土体模量变化主要通过水平弹簧和耦合弹簧影响自振频率。
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.012
  • 接收时间:2023-06-13
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-13
  • 修回日期:2023-07-21
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甘肃省科技计划资助项目(23JRRA854)
作者信息
    1.兰州交通大学土木工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730070
    2.甘南藏族自治州交通运输局,甘肃 甘南 747000

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余云燕(1968—),女,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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