Article(id=1228295811176526210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1690819200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-01, revisedDate=1693238400000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770778142017, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770778142017, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770778142017, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770778142017, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228295801890336965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='2', pageStart='223', pageEnd='448', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770778139803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770949100774, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=393, endPage=402, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228295811453350287, articleId=1228295811176526210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Narrowband active control algorithm with frequency estimator design, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The narrowband active control system is suitable for controlling low-frequency harmonic noise. In practical applications, the problem of reference signal mismatch caused by the rapid frequency changes of the original noise will seriously degrade the performance of the narrowband active control system. Existing frequency estimation algorithms often struggle to balance the speed, accuracy, and computational complexity required to track the actual frequency. This paper proposes a Notch-HAQSE frequency estimation algorithm for narrowband active control, which extracts any number of line spectrum frequency components from the reference sensor signal by combining a notch filter with a high-precision single-frequency estimation algorithm based on DFT coefficients (HAQSE). The synthesized reference signal is sent to the controller to complete secondary signal updating. Simulation and experimental results show that, compared with other frequency estimation methods used in active control, the proposed method accurately identifies and rapidly tracks multiple frequencies while significantly reducing computational complexity. It effectively addresses the problem of reference signal mismatch and multi-line spectrum vibration noise control.

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窄带主动控制系统适用于控制低频谐波噪声。在实际应用中,由于原始噪声频率快速变化导致的参考信号失调问题会使窄带主动控制系统性能严重下降,而现有的频率估计算法往往难以兼顾跟踪实际频率的速度、精度与计算复杂度。本文提出一种Notch-HAQSE频率估计窄带主动控制算法,通过陷波滤波器与基于DFT系数的高精度单频估计算法(HAQSE)组合来提取参考传感器信号中任意数量的线谱频率成分,并合成参考信号送入控制器完成次级信号更新。仿真和试验结果表明,与现有的应用于主动控制的其他频率估计方法相比,提出的方法能准确识别和快速跟踪多个频率,并大幅度降低了计算复杂度,较好地解决了参考信号失配问题和多线谱振动噪声控制问题。

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侯宏(1966—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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肖翔鹏(1999—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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肖翔鹏(1999—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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肖翔鹏(1999—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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Algorithm complexity analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统结构复杂度
Fx-ARE-LMSFx-CANF-LMSFx-DFT-LMS
I×J×K×M×N=1×1×1×32×256192004111364435
I×J×K×M×N=1×1×1×64×1024142336642867219603
I×J×K×M×N=3×2×2×32×10248693761341849659223
I×J×K×M×N=4×3×3×32×102425681922135654480300
), ArticleFig(id=1228313056514601700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295811176526210, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

算法复杂度分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统结构复杂度
Fx-ARE-LMSFx-CANF-LMSFx-DFT-LMS
I×J×K×M×N=1×1×1×32×256192004111364435
I×J×K×M×N=1×1×1×64×1024142336642867219603
I×J×K×M×N=3×2×2×32×10248693761341849659223
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带有频率估计器的窄带主动控制算法设计
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肖翔鹏 1 , 程愉凯 2 , 侯宏 1 , 王谦 3
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(2): 393-402
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(2): 393-402
带有频率估计器的窄带主动控制算法设计
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肖翔鹏1 , 程愉凯2, 侯宏1 , 王谦3
作者信息
  • 1.西北工业大学航海学院,陕西 西安 710072
  • 2.西北工业大学自动化学院,陕西 西安 710129
  • 3.中国船舶重工集团公司第七〇五研究所,陕西 西安 710076
  • 肖翔鹏(1999—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

侯宏(1966—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Narrowband active control algorithm with frequency estimator design
Xiangpeng XIAO1 , Yukai CHENG2, Hong HOU1 , Qian WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
  • 2.School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
  • 3.The 705 Research Institute, China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, Xi’an 710076, China
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.018
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窄带主动控制系统适用于控制低频谐波噪声。在实际应用中,由于原始噪声频率快速变化导致的参考信号失调问题会使窄带主动控制系统性能严重下降,而现有的频率估计算法往往难以兼顾跟踪实际频率的速度、精度与计算复杂度。本文提出一种Notch-HAQSE频率估计窄带主动控制算法,通过陷波滤波器与基于DFT系数的高精度单频估计算法(HAQSE)组合来提取参考传感器信号中任意数量的线谱频率成分,并合成参考信号送入控制器完成次级信号更新。仿真和试验结果表明,与现有的应用于主动控制的其他频率估计方法相比,提出的方法能准确识别和快速跟踪多个频率,并大幅度降低了计算复杂度,较好地解决了参考信号失配问题和多线谱振动噪声控制问题。

窄带主动控制  /  低频谐波噪声  /  参考信号失配  /  陷波滤波器  /  DFT系数  /  频率估计

The narrowband active control system is suitable for controlling low-frequency harmonic noise. In practical applications, the problem of reference signal mismatch caused by the rapid frequency changes of the original noise will seriously degrade the performance of the narrowband active control system. Existing frequency estimation algorithms often struggle to balance the speed, accuracy, and computational complexity required to track the actual frequency. This paper proposes a Notch-HAQSE frequency estimation algorithm for narrowband active control, which extracts any number of line spectrum frequency components from the reference sensor signal by combining a notch filter with a high-precision single-frequency estimation algorithm based on DFT coefficients (HAQSE). The synthesized reference signal is sent to the controller to complete secondary signal updating. Simulation and experimental results show that, compared with other frequency estimation methods used in active control, the proposed method accurately identifies and rapidly tracks multiple frequencies while significantly reducing computational complexity. It effectively addresses the problem of reference signal mismatch and multi-line spectrum vibration noise control.

narrowband active control  /  low-frequency harmonic noise  /  reference signal mismatch  /  notch filter  /  DFT coefficients  /  frequency estimation
肖翔鹏, 程愉凯, 侯宏, 王谦. 带有频率估计器的窄带主动控制算法设计. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (2) : 393 -402 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.018
Xiangpeng XIAO, Yukai CHENG, Hong HOU, Qian WANG. Narrowband active control algorithm with frequency estimator design[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (2) : 393 -402 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.018
各种机械设备的运转、螺旋桨的旋转都会产生复杂的低频线谱噪声。水下航行器动力系统产生的振动将向水中辐射线谱,这种线谱不仅能量大,而且传播距离远,已成为对方实施目标检测与追踪的主要特征。线谱噪声的能量集中于有限的频率,具有典型的窄带噪声特性。在许多应用中,传统窄带主动噪声控制(narrowband active noise control,NANC)系统可有效抑制低频窄带噪声[1-2]
在NANC系统中,常使用非声学传感器如加速度计等获取主噪声的基频,然后通过波形合成产生参考信号,所产生的正弦参考信号由相应的自适应滤波器进行处理,以产生用于消除主噪声的次级信号。当参考频率与实际噪声频率一致时,NANC系统可以有效地消除目标噪声。在许多实际应用中,由于频率估计误差和主噪声的时变特性,将导致参考信号频率与目标噪声频率失调(frequency mis-match,FM)。当频率失调率超过1%时,NANC系统的性能就会严重下降甚至完全失效[3],因此准确的频率估计方法和消除FM问题是研究NANC系统的重要方向[4-5]
自适应在线频率补偿方法是解决FM问题的主要研究方向。XIAO等[6]提出了一种通过建立二阶AR模型的频率估计方法,其结构简单且能够在一定程度上对FM进行有效补偿。在此基础上,YAO等[7]对NANC系统设计了一种基于最小平均p-功率( LMP)结合自回归(AR)模型的频率校正算法,该算法简单可行,在大步长下具有良好的性能,但存在跟踪FM的范围小和跟踪速度慢等缺点。自适应陷波滤波器(adaptive notch filter,ANF)方法具有带宽控制和跟踪窄带干扰频率的优点。张庆伟等[8]将级联ANF方法应用于多线谱主动隔离中,实现了多个频率的准确辨识,并有效抑制振动噪声。然而,随着频率的升高,级联ANF方法的性能会下降,并且多频估计时较高振幅的频率分量会影响其他较低振幅频率分量的估计。BAGHA等[9]提出了一种滤波加权频率傅里叶线性组合最小均二乘(FX-WFLC-LMS)算法,能够适应主噪声中的频率和振幅变化,但是当跟踪多个不正交的频率信号时,频率估计器会跟踪到不准确的频率上。此外,随着通道数量的增加,计算复杂度会急剧上升。以上方法都是基于迭代的估计方法,因此存在误差积累的现象。HAN等[10]提出了一种基于贝叶斯估计的频率估计方法,可以快速获得准确的频率和频率分量数量,但计算复杂度太高,在硬件中难以实现实时计算。另外,除了提高频率估计的准确度之外,GONG等[11]还提出了一种黄金分割搜索( GSS )和虚拟系统相结合的步长优化算法,通过估计频率和改变步长来消除FM的影响,但处理FM的范围有限。
现代谱估计方法虽然频率分辨率高,但其计算量大,不适合实时处理。基于FFT频谱频率估计方法成为实时频率估计一个重要的方向[12]。为了消除信号频谱位于非整数点时频谱能量产生泄露造成的频率估计误差,张勇强等[13]提出了基于汉宁窗和双线谱的频率估计方法,在较低信噪比情况下,该方法能得到很高的频率估计精度,但需要设置的参数过多,不满足实际工程需求。SERBES等[14]提出了一种离散傅里叶变换(discrete Fourier transform,DFT)系数估计方法,通过引入基于DFT插值的迭代估计器,仅需要两次迭代就能准确估计单频信号,而且无需进行参数设置。
在此方法的基础上,本文提出了一种基于Notch-HAQSE频率估计方法的窄带滤波-X最小均方算法(Fx-DFT-LMS)。该算法通过DFT系数法对频率进行单一估计,再用陷波滤波器将该频率分量分离,重复操作以获得多个频率的估计。提出的算法能够对NANC系统中的多个频率进行准确快速地估计,而且不存在频率振荡和误差积累。此外,算法具有简单的参数设置和较低的计算复杂度,便于进行硬件实现。通过大量的仿真和实验表明,本文提出的算法能够快速准确地估计和跟踪信号频率,并有效地抑制低频振动噪声。
考虑一个多线谱叠加信号:
式中,n为离数时间;A为信号的振幅;f为频率;Fs为采样频率;ϕ为相位;v(n)为方差为σ2的加性白噪声。对s(n)求N点FFT并储存频谱最大值处的位置
信号的频率可以表示为:
式中,δ∈[-0.5,0.5]为估计频率残差;N为FFT点数。HAQSE算法使用两次迭代获得对δ的准确估计,第一次迭代使用下式获得残差频率的无偏估计
其中:
第一次迭代结果进行第二次迭代获得更为精细的残差频率估计
其中:
式中,S0.5S-0.5S+qS-q为多线谱叠加信号s(n)在处的DFT系数;j为虚数单位,。当q的选择为时,算法性能渐近达到克拉美-罗下界(Cramer-Rao lower bound,CRLB)。
最终的频率估计值由下式给出:
在式(2)中,一次FFT运算量为Nlog2N次乘法,取(1∶N/2)点频谱的模值需要N次乘法。4次DFT需要4×2N次乘法,计算δ1需要5次乘法,计算δ2需要8次乘法,HAQSE算法总共计算量为Nlog2N+9N+13次乘法。
HAQSE算法是一种单频估计算法,然而在主动控制中,多频噪声信号更加常见。基于此提出了一种Notch-HAQSE算法,其能够实现对实数信号中多个频率的准确估计和跟踪。
陷波滤波器是一种带阻滤波器,可迅速地使某一频率输入信号衰减,并在几乎不影响其他频率的情况下剥离出目标频率分量。简单的二阶陷波滤波器可以由下式表示:
式中,f为阻带中心频率;r为陷波常数,0决定阻带范围与衰减特性,r值越大3 dB带宽越窄。陷波滤波器在不同r值下的幅频特性与相频特性如图1所示。
假设一个由加速度传感器采集到的噪声信号x=[x(0) x(1) … x(N-1)]T含有I个频率分量f=[f1fI]T图2给出Notch-HAQSE频率估计算法流程示意图。例如,输入噪声含有3个不同幅值的频率分量f1f2f3,第一次估计时HAQSE算法会识别出幅值最大的频率分量f2,以f2为中心频率自动构造一个二阶陷波滤波器H1(z)对信号进行滤波,将f2从原始输入噪声中滤除。以同样的方法估计f1,以此类推,直到最后一个频率被估计。综上所述,Notch-HAQSE算法的流程为:
(1)预先设定待估计的线谱数量为I
(2)应用HAQSE算法获取当前时刻信号中能量最大的线谱频率信息并应用陷波滤波器滤除此频率。
(3)重复过程I次,即可得到此时刻能量最大的I根线谱的频率信息,用于合成主动控制算法所需要的参考信号。
提出的算法相较于其他频率估计算法有以下优势:
(1)大多数频率估计算法存在偏差效应,即不同频率分量之间相互影响从而降低估计精度。然而,通过陷波滤波器的滤波作用,该算法消除了已估计频率的影响,使得算法在估计其他频率时不受此频率的干扰,并最终消除了偏差效应带来的误差。
(2)提出的算法不需要设置额外的参数。经过设置固定的FFT点数与陷波滤波器参数等参数后,该算法即可适用于所有多谐波信号的估计,不需要进行任何调参。
(3)由于陷波滤波器的带宽非常窄,几乎只对目标频率产生过滤作用,因此该算法对于非常接近的频率分量不会受到滤波的影响,从而保证了对相近频率的估计精度。
本节将提出的Noctch-HAQSE多频率估计算法与窄带FxLMS算法结合,由于提出的算法本质上是一种DFT系数估计方法,因此为了简便将其简称为Fx-DFT-LMS算法。图3展示了Fx-DFT-LMS算法结构,下面将对所提出算法的一些变量进行说明。
假设具有正弦特性的初级噪声d(n)为:
式中,xai (n)和xbi(n)表示合成参考信号,信号频率由Notch-HAQSE算法从非声学传感器(加速度计)测得的同步信号中得到:
式中,x=[x(0) x(1) … x(N-1)]T含有I个频率分量f=[f1fI]T的加速度计测得的信号,因此xai(n)和xbi(n)可以表示为:
式中,
次级源输出信号为:
误差传感器测的信号为次级源输出信号与初级噪声信号的叠加,误差信号e(n)可以表示为:
式中,为待测系统次级通路S(z)的冲激响应序列,M为次级通路S(z)的阶数。
用于更新第i个滤波器权值的F-xLMS算法表示为:
式中,μi为用于第i个频率通道自适应算法的步长因子。为由参考信号与次级通道估计模型Ŝ(z)卷积得到的滤波-x信号,可表示为:
式中,为次级通道估计模型的冲激响应序列,通常可以使用离线辨识法得到。
使用乘法次数来考量算法计算复杂度。考虑一个I×J×K多通道窄带主动控制系统,其中I表示线谱信号的数量,J表示次级源的数量,K表示误差传感器的数量。滤波-x信号为参考信号与次级路径的卷积过程,贡献了主要的计算量。当次级通路S(z)的阶数为M时,计算一个时刻的卷积需要M次乘法,当存在J×K个次级路径和两路参考信号(sin,cos)时,共需要2×I×J×K×M次乘法。两个权值更新需要2×I×J×(K+1)次乘法,信号输出则需要2×I×J次乘法。
除本文提出的算法外,还引入了基于二阶自回归模型频率估计算法(ARE)和基于级联自适应陷波器频率估计算法(CANF)进行对比分析,它们的组合结构分别被称为Fx-ARE-LMS算法和Fx-CANF-LMS算法。从表1中可以看到,这三种算法的计算复杂度存在较大差异。随着通道数和估计频率数的增加,Fx-ARE-LMS算法和Fx-CANF-LMS算法的计算复杂度迅速提高,而提出的算法在系统结构发生变化前后一直保持较低的计算复杂度。除了较低的计算成本外,由于本文提出的算法是基于FFT的计算过程,因此更加适合在硬件上实现,例如DSP等。
通过研究发现,提出的算法的收敛性很大程度上取决于FM的取值、信噪比的大小和FFT点数的取值。因此本节仿真将探讨所提出的算法参数对频率估计性能的影响。本文所有仿真采样频率Fs均设置为10 kHz,假设初级噪声为一个含有频率f1=300 Hz、f2=370 Hz的谐波信号,相应频率噪声信号幅值为ap=[1.0,0.5]、bp=[-0.5,0.1],设噪声长度为15 s,分别在5 s和10 s处发生两次频率突变。通过改变信噪比(SNR)、FM和FFT点数三个参数来考察系统参数对算法性能带来的影响。
首先,对信号叠加从0 dB到50 dB信噪比的白噪声,分别计算频率失调程度FM为5%、10%、20%和50%下平均频率估计误差的大小。从图4(a)可以看到,随着FM值的增加,频率估计误差随之变大;同时,随着信噪比SNR的增加,频率估计误差随之降低。从整体上来看,提出的算法对环境具有较强的抗干扰能力,即使具有超过20%的FM仍在较低信噪比下表现出良好的估计精度。理论上,当信噪比较高时,该算法可以处理任何程度的频率失调而不增加复杂性,是对现有窄带主动控制系统的一个很好的改进。当信噪比低于10 dB,同时FM范围大于20%时,提出的算法的频率估计结果开始出现较大误差。
图4(b)中展示了算法在设置不同的FFT点数N时在多频率估计过程中的表现。结果表明此算法受频率分辨率影响,当N取较小值时,算法跟踪真实频率速度越快,估计精度越低;当N取较大值时,算法跟踪真实频率速度越慢,估计精度越高。通过大量的仿真计算,发现当4≤Fs/N≤32时,能够保证算法的收敛性。在实际使用时需要合理设置采样频率Fs和采样点数N,尽量选择一个适中频率分辨率来权衡精度与速度,这样能提高算法的效率,使主动控制系统实现更好的降噪效果。
在本节中将提出的算法与其他两种应用于主动控制中频率估计算法的性能进行比较。本仿真给出三种算法的频率跟踪性能与FM为5%的情况下NANC系统的降噪性能。初级噪声信号含3个频率分量f1=700 Hz、f2=800 Hz、f3=900 Hz,并叠加信噪比为20 dB的白噪声。相应频率噪声信号幅值为ap=[3.0,1.0,0.5]、bp=[1.0,-0.5,0.1]。初级噪声信号在第10 s时产生5%频率突变,即3个频率分量突变后改变为fm1=735 Hz、fm2=840 Hz、fm3=945 Hz。Fx-DFT-LMS算法中,FFT点数N设置为1024,陷波器参数r设置为0.97。Fx-ARE-LMS算法中,频率估计器更新步长分别设置为μa1=1×10-5μa2=2×10-5μa3=3×10-5。Fx-CANF-LMS算法中,级联自适应陷波器的更新步长分别设置为μc1=1×10-3μc2=1×10-3μc3=1×10-3,各陷波器参数rc均设置为0.94。图5给出了三种频率估计算法的跟踪性能对比图。图6给出了三种频率估计算法下NANC系统的频域收敛性能对比图。
图5所示,所提出的算法有快速稳定的跟踪性能,在整个跟踪过程中产生较小的频率波动且独立于频率值的影响。ARE算法和CANF算法在此条件下同样能实现多个频率的跟踪,但是它们的参数调节过程比较繁琐。另外ARE算法和CANF算法本质上是一种基于迭代的算法,不可避免地存在误差积累的现象,即前一时刻频率产生估计误差,会叠加到下一时刻的估计中,因此ARE算法和CANF算法在整个跟踪过程中频率会有一定程度的波动,并且ARE算法在频率突变后还会出现逐渐衰减的频率振荡,这些都会对系统的稳定性造成影响。与两者不同的是,所提出的算法具有更强的鲁棒性,面对不同频率或不同幅值的初级信号,即使不改变参数也能快速地跟踪真实频率值。
通过图6可以看出在窄带主动控制系统中三种频率估计算法的性能表现。Fx-ARE-LMS算法和Fx-ANF-LMS算法在频率发生突变后会出现失稳现象,其均方误差不能收敛到发生频率突变前的水平。另一方面,在发生频率突变后一小段时间内误差信号的频率是难以估计的,所以算法估计的频率将会产生大幅波动,即会引起更大的FM,并严重影响窄带主动控制系统的收敛性能。相比之下,所提出的Fx-DFT-LMS算法在系统产生FM后能迅速跟踪真实频率,使噪声残差收敛到无FM时的水平。所提出的算法与误差信号本身独立,不存在误差积累现象,因此在多频估计的应用场景下与窄带主动控制系统更加匹配。
结合以上的仿真分析,提出的Fx-DFT-LMS算法在多频线谱跟踪和抑制振动噪声方面兼顾了精度、速度与稳定性等优点。但值得注意的是,Fx-DFT-LMS算法是一种基于参考传感器采集信号进行频率分析的窄带主动控制算法,它适用于传感器测量误差较小的应用场景。而Fx-ARE-LMS算法和Fx-ANF-LMS算法是基于误差信号进行频率估计的方法,此类算法的优势在于参考信号的获取来源于误差信号中的信息,可以减弱传感器本身由于老化带来的频率失调问题,这是本文提出的算法所不具备的。
本节仿真验证算法在频率接近时的收敛性能。初级噪声信号含2个频率分量f1=200 Hz、f2=220 Hz,并叠加信噪比为10 dB的白噪声。相应频率噪声信号的幅值为ap=[3.0,1.0]、bp=[1.0,-0.5]。初级噪声信号在第10 s时产生5%频率突变,即2个频率分量改变为fm1=210 Hz、fm2=231 Hz。Fx-DFT-LMS算法中,FFT点数N设置为2048,陷波器参数r设置为0.97。Fx-ARE-LMS算法中,参考信号频率估计器更新步长分别设置为μa1=2×10-7μa2=1×10-7。Fx-CANF-LMS算法中,级联自适应陷波器的更新步长分别设置为μc1=9×10-7μc2=1×10-3,各陷波器参数rc均设置为0.96。其他设置与2.2节中保持一致。图7(a)给出了三种算法在待估计频率非常接近的情况下的跟踪性能,图7(b)为其在频率突变附近频率的细化图。
图7所示,所提出的算法在估计相近频率和在频率突变后均能够快速跟踪真实频率,估计的频率值与真实值几乎完全一致。图8(a)在时域上振动噪声残余信号衰减90%以上,性能表现优于Fx-ARE-LMS算法和Fx-CANF-LMS算法。图8(b)为频域上频率发生突变后处于fm1fm2处的线谱功率谱密度,提出的算法在目标线谱处仍有6~9 dB的衰减,而其他两种算法在相近频率条件下降噪性能较差。综上表明提出的算法在高噪声环境下,对相近的线谱噪声具有更强的降噪能力。
与估计多个相距较远的频率相比,ARE算法和CANF算法在处理相近频率问题时无法得到令人满意的收敛结果。首先,在估计相近频率时,这两种算法会出现频率估计结果偏离另一个频率真实值的情况;其次,估计结果存在大幅频率振荡,这种快速振荡对窄带主动控制系统的稳定性产生极大影响,如图8所示,导致难以有效对目标线谱进行控制。这种现象产生的原因可以从两个方面考虑:首先,在低信噪比环境下误差会较大,加之迭代算法的误差积累效应会进一步降低算法的精度;其次,这两种算法从误差信号中提取并跟踪目标频率时,当两个频率值较远时,不同频率信号分量互相正交,因此两个频率在估计时不会相互影响。然而,当两个频率值非常接近时,其正交性降低,导致算法无法将其分离,因此在估计多个频率时出现错误偏移或不稳定振荡的情况。
为进一步验证算法可行性,本研究使用激振器对圆柱壳体结构施加点振动激励,如图9所示。主要振动噪声由500 Hz和700 Hz双谐波信号组成,为了模拟实际电机的变速过程,在噪声信号输出的第5 s频率产生5%的频率突变,即目标频率变化为525 Hz和735 Hz。振动信号通过B&K4513B加速度计进行采集,采用TI公司的 DSP320F28335芯片进行运算。振动主动控制系统整个控制环路的时延是系统因果控制必须考虑的因素。根据对系统的监测,算法实时计算一个数据样本点需要4 μs,即当采样频率小于25 kHz可以满足实时处理需求。AD、DA及模拟电路的时延远小于控制信号的变化频率,可忽略不计。算法中采样频率设置为10 kHz,归一化最小均方(NLMS)法用于白噪声离线估计次级路径,阶数设为64阶。LMS算法收敛因子设为0.0001,Fx-DFT-LMS算法中FFT点数N设置为2048,陷波器参数r设置为0.9,待估计频率数设定为2,以跟踪振动信号中能量最高的两个线谱信号。
图10展示了Fx-ARE-LMS算法的频域振动抑制性能。原始测量得到的振动信号如图中蓝色曲线所示,从图中可以看到信号在第5 s左右发生了频率和幅值的改变。可以看出在振动信号发生FM之前,目标谱线处有15 dB以上功率谱密度衰减,但发生FM之后目标谱线处只有5 dB以下功率谱密度衰减,同时在其他频段产生了非期望的振动干扰。结果表明在5%的FM下Fx-ARE-LMS算法在线谱估计和振动噪声抑制方面的表现并不理想。
Fx-DFT-LMS算法对输入的原始振动信号同时进行频率估计与主动控制,残差信号如图11(a)中红色曲线所示,算法在噪声产生的极短时间内完成了收敛,当发生频率突变后,算法在较短时间内又重新回到收敛状态,且幅值降低90%以上。Fx-DFT-LMS算法跟踪振动噪声频率过程如图11(b)所示,算法预设两个频率估计器,估计器1会对当前时刻能量最大的线谱进行频率识别,估计器2次之。由于圆柱壳结构不同位置处对不同频率的激励响应不一致,在频率突变时刻之前,圆柱壳体测点处500 Hz线谱响应值更大,频率估计器1准确估计了500 Hz线谱成分;在频率突变时刻之后,测点处735 Hz线谱响应值更大,因此频率估计器1转而跟踪735 Hz线谱成分并完成准确估计,频率估计器2反之。Fx-DFT-LMS算法在频域上的降噪效果如图12所示,两根目标噪声线谱在频率突变前、后均有20 dB以上的衰减,验证了算法的有效性。从结果可以看出,Fx-DFT-LMS算法在面对实际频率变化的振动信号时能实现快速跟踪,同时兼顾了低运算复杂度和高计算精度,为窄带有源控制系统提供了包含准确频率信息的参考信号,实现了快速有效的振动噪声抑制。
本文提出了一种基于Notch-DFT频率估计的窄带有源控制算法,它通过HAQSE单频估计与陷波滤波器的组合计算,可以准确分离和估计多频信号的频率。此外,提出的算法可以包容任何多频信号程度的FM且不需要改变参数值与计算量,只需要原始信号或者滤波后的信号满足目标谱线能量大于噪声的频谱能量的前提就可以实现大噪声或者相近频率情况的噪声抑制,显著改进了传统的窄带噪声控制系统。与其他算法相比,该算法在计算精度与算法复杂度均有优势,更加适用于以DSP等硬件为载体的有源噪声控制系统。另一方面,虽然提出的算法对强线谱噪声有较好的抑制作用,但对瞬态噪声等宽频噪声抑制方面没有令人满意的效果。因此未来的工作将致力于真实样机的振动控制实验,并改进算法应用在宽窄带混合噪声的主动控制系统中。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12174314)
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2025年第38卷第2期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.018
  • 接收时间:2023-08-01
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-01
  • 修回日期:2023-08-29
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(12174314)
作者信息
    1.西北工业大学航海学院,陕西 西安 710072
    2.西北工业大学自动化学院,陕西 西安 710129
    3.中国船舶重工集团公司第七〇五研究所,陕西 西安 710076

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侯宏(1966—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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