Article(id=1228295809842741750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1678204800000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-08, revisedDate=1685376000000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770778141698, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770778141698, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770778141698, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770778141698, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228295801890336965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='2', pageStart='223', pageEnd='448', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770778139803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770949100774, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=403, endPage=410, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228295811080061448, articleId=1228295809842741750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Analytical and experimental research on sorting of launching noise source of underwater platflorm, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To gain a deeper insight into the sorting of main launching noise sources in underwater weapons, different sub-noise sources and their contribution to the overall radiation noise are analyzed through both analytical and experimental research, focusing on the typical gas-water tank launching device trial model. The acoustic transmission channels of launching noise include hull structure and the seawater-connected domain formed by the pipeline system through which the weapons travels. In the concluded thirteen sub-noise sources, the primary components include 4 structural vibration noises and one impact vibration noise. The former are caused by gas tank seat vibration, tank cylinder wall vibration, torpedo tube wall vibration and piston axial fluctuating force source, all of which radiate noise through two transmission channels. The impact vibration is induced by the piston striking the end wall of the tank and radiates noise mainly through the connected domain. The jet noise radiated by the tube exit flow is comparable to the radiation noise of a quasi-quiet submarine in navigation and makes less contribution to the overall launching noise. The airborne noise of the launching device presents broadband white noise with stepwise elevation, mainly concentrated in high-frequency band, with minimal contribution to the structural vibration noise. The vertical vibration of the gas tank seat and the radial vibration of the tank cylinder wall are significantly affected by the piston’s startup and end crash. The instantaneous vertical impact peak value is one order of magnitude higher than a typical ship diesel engine’s periodic vibration. The radial vibration pulse peak of the tube wall is corresponded to the moment of the piston’s end crash. The ranking of the average vibration levels for the three vibration sources is as follows: gas tank seat vibration, tank cylinder wall vibration, and tube wall vibration.

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为了解析水下平台发射噪声的主要声源排序,以典型气水缸发射装置试验样机为对象,对发射噪声子声源及其贡献度进行了理论分析和试验测量。发射噪声传递通道包括船体结构通道和发射管路形成的海水连通域通道。13项子声源中,主要子声源包括气水缸机脚振动、水缸筒壁振动、发射管壁振动和活塞轴向脉动力源4项结构振动噪声以及活塞与端盖撞击引起的1项冲击振动噪声。前者经两条通道传播,后者以海水连通域传播为主。射流噪声不是主要子声源。舱室空气噪声表现为存在阶跃的白噪声,高频段能量较为集中,对结构振动噪声贡献较小。气水缸机脚垂向振动和水缸筒壁径向振动幅值受活塞始端和终端撞击作用影响显著,水缸和气缸的机脚垂向振动瞬时冲击峰值较主柴油机振动大1个量级;发射管壁径向振动脉冲峰值时刻与活塞终端撞击作用对应;三者平均振级排序是:气水缸机脚振动、水缸筒壁振动和发射管壁振动。

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杨琼方(1984—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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水下平台发射噪声声源排序的理论分析和试验验证
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杨琼方 1 , 张晓平 2 , 张明敏 3
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(2): 403-410
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(2): 403-410
水下平台发射噪声声源排序的理论分析和试验验证
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杨琼方1 , 张晓平2, 张明敏3
作者信息
  • 1.海军工程大学动力工程学院,湖北 武汉 430033
  • 2.海军工程大学舰船综合电力技术国防科技重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430033
  • 3.海军工程大学电子工程学院,湖北 武汉 430033

通讯作者:

杨琼方(1984—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Analytical and experimental research on sorting of launching noise source of underwater platflorm
Qiongfang YANG1 , Xiaoping ZHANG2, Mingmin ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Marine Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory for Vessel Integrated Power System Technology, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
  • 3.College of Electronic Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.019
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为了解析水下平台发射噪声的主要声源排序,以典型气水缸发射装置试验样机为对象,对发射噪声子声源及其贡献度进行了理论分析和试验测量。发射噪声传递通道包括船体结构通道和发射管路形成的海水连通域通道。13项子声源中,主要子声源包括气水缸机脚振动、水缸筒壁振动、发射管壁振动和活塞轴向脉动力源4项结构振动噪声以及活塞与端盖撞击引起的1项冲击振动噪声。前者经两条通道传播,后者以海水连通域传播为主。射流噪声不是主要子声源。舱室空气噪声表现为存在阶跃的白噪声,高频段能量较为集中,对结构振动噪声贡献较小。气水缸机脚垂向振动和水缸筒壁径向振动幅值受活塞始端和终端撞击作用影响显著,水缸和气缸的机脚垂向振动瞬时冲击峰值较主柴油机振动大1个量级;发射管壁径向振动脉冲峰值时刻与活塞终端撞击作用对应;三者平均振级排序是:气水缸机脚振动、水缸筒壁振动和发射管壁振动。

发射噪声  /  冲击振动噪声  /  结构振动噪声  /  射流噪声

To gain a deeper insight into the sorting of main launching noise sources in underwater weapons, different sub-noise sources and their contribution to the overall radiation noise are analyzed through both analytical and experimental research, focusing on the typical gas-water tank launching device trial model. The acoustic transmission channels of launching noise include hull structure and the seawater-connected domain formed by the pipeline system through which the weapons travels. In the concluded thirteen sub-noise sources, the primary components include 4 structural vibration noises and one impact vibration noise. The former are caused by gas tank seat vibration, tank cylinder wall vibration, torpedo tube wall vibration and piston axial fluctuating force source, all of which radiate noise through two transmission channels. The impact vibration is induced by the piston striking the end wall of the tank and radiates noise mainly through the connected domain. The jet noise radiated by the tube exit flow is comparable to the radiation noise of a quasi-quiet submarine in navigation and makes less contribution to the overall launching noise. The airborne noise of the launching device presents broadband white noise with stepwise elevation, mainly concentrated in high-frequency band, with minimal contribution to the structural vibration noise. The vertical vibration of the gas tank seat and the radial vibration of the tank cylinder wall are significantly affected by the piston’s startup and end crash. The instantaneous vertical impact peak value is one order of magnitude higher than a typical ship diesel engine’s periodic vibration. The radial vibration pulse peak of the tube wall is corresponded to the moment of the piston’s end crash. The ranking of the average vibration levels for the three vibration sources is as follows: gas tank seat vibration, tank cylinder wall vibration, and tube wall vibration.

launching noise  /  impact vibration noise  /  structural vibration noise  /  jet flow noise
杨琼方, 张晓平, 张明敏. 水下平台发射噪声声源排序的理论分析和试验验证. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (2) : 403 -410 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.019
Qiongfang YANG, Xiaoping ZHANG, Mingmin ZHANG. Analytical and experimental research on sorting of launching noise source of underwater platflorm[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (2) : 403 -410 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.019
声隐身性能是水下航行器的核心技术性能,包括稳态辐射噪声和瞬态辐射噪声两类声学指标。常见考核工况下,稳态辐射噪声通常有三大来源:结构噪声、推进器噪声和流噪声。其中,流噪声在引入水滴形线型并在围壳前端增加填角抑制马蹄涡后,得到了显著改善,航速低于10节时对辐射噪声的贡献相对最小[1]。主推进器由四叶导管桨发展为6叶小侧斜桨,进一步演变为7叶大侧斜桨甚至泵喷后,临界航速(推进器空化初生航速)显著提升[2],无空化噪声已大幅降低[3]。结构噪声在航速4 kn或6 kn(1 kn=1.852 km/h)工况下最受关注。历经单层隔振、双层隔振、浮筏隔振以及气囊隔振技术更新[4],增强低噪声设备考核标准以及改善消声瓦吸声与透声性能后[5],单机辐射噪声和整舱结构噪声已基本达到准安静型甚至安静型平台标准。该技术状态下,稳态辐射噪声进一步抑制的突破口在于声纹特征提取后的针对性治理以及声学顶层设计两方面。瞬态辐射噪声通常与特殊工况相对应,如紧急上浮、下潜操纵时诱导的流噪声和推进器噪声、紧急加速时引起的推进器空化噪声、雷弹发射时产生的发射噪声等,幅值较大,发射噪声尤其如此,亟需治理。解析发射噪声主要声源排序有助于提升治理措施成效,做到有的放矢。
以常见气水缸装置某陆上试验样机为对象,测量发射过程中振动加速度、流体脉动压力、射流噪声和空气噪声等关键参量,结合理论分析,量化排序声源辐射声功率贡献度,为发射噪声治理提供理论和数据支撑。
水下平台的发射装置多为液压平衡式气水缸发射装置,其理论最大发射深度趋向于极限工作深度。工作原理是[6]:以高压气源为源动力,气缸活塞运动带动水缸活塞轴向运动并在水缸内建立起高压水,高压水进入发射水舱后经滑套阀涌入发射管底部,推进武器出管。其中,高压水水压变化由活塞运动控制,活塞运动终端与水缸端盖之间存在撞击作用。对象出管后,管口跟随流体形成射流,主射流束穿过防波孔直至流入舷外海水,结束发射过程。
与舱内机械设备不同的是,气水缸装置中水缸部件不仅安装于耐压壳体外的首部甲板平台结构上,而且浸泡于海水中。水缸内部水体、发射水舱内高压水、发射管内高压水以及发射管出口外的海水构成海水连通域。发射噪声的声学传递通道除船体结构外,还包括海水连通域,如图1所示。
一方面,因水缸活塞运动全程均位于海水连通域的水体环境中,包括运行终端与水缸端盖之间发生撞击作用时也是如此;另一方面,水缸内部高压水激励筒壁振动以及发射管内部高压水激励管壁振动辐射发声时,也位于海水连通域环境中。再者,因水缸活塞运动为轴向变速运动,全程具有加速度,起始端和终止端的加速度幅值极大,发声机理上可以等效为紧致脉动偶极力源在管道内变速运动发声。即使忽略活塞与水缸筒壁的弹性影响,该脉动力源也会显著辐射发声[7],其水声信道同样以海水连通域通道为主。因此,两条声学传递通道应同等重视,不宜主观上仅考虑结构声学通道的噪声治理。该观点与文献中发射噪声源分析时重点考虑结构声学通道有所不同。例如,文献[68]将主要噪声源归纳为活塞组件激励隔板振动、发射管壁激励耐压壳体振动从及雷体跟随流体冲击非耐压壳体振动,声学通道均为船体结构。
上述考虑实际上已经将发射噪声的主声源区定位于水缸和发射管部位,涵盖了撞击产生的冲击振动噪声、活塞脉动力源辐射发声、高压水激励水缸筒壁和发射管壁诱导的结构振动噪声。那么,该分析是否合理呢?文献[9]对发射噪声源进行了解读,将发射噪声归纳为瞬态噪声,分解为冲击振动噪声、结构振动噪声和射流噪声三部分。分析各子声源的激励力来源时,除了未包含射流噪声、增加了活塞脉动力源辐射噪声外,本文与文献[9]都强调了冲击振动噪声和结构振动噪声成分。但是,不同的是,一方面,本文将冲击振动的主要诱因归结于活塞与端盖之间的直接撞击作用,而文献[9]主要归因于开防波板、开前盖以及活塞缓冲机构的冲击作用,声亮点部位不同;另一方面,本文强调无论是冲击振动噪声还是结构振动噪声,其声学传递通道都是船体结构通道和海水连通域通道并行、共有,而文献[68]仅突出了船体结构通道,声信道不同。直观来看,活塞与端盖之间的撞击作用既直接辐射噪声并经海水连通域通道传播至舷外,也诱导水缸结构产生显著的垂向和径向振动作用,进而经船体结构通道向舷外辐射发声,即冲击振动噪声的声源响应是两条声学通道共同作用的综合效果。结构振动噪声同样如此。因此,上述分析是合理的。
理论界定辐射噪声的主要声源时,既可以根据声学传递通道来定位,也可以直接由驱动力来定位,如撞击作用、机脚垂向振动、筒壁径向振动等。
理论上,发射噪声的原始驱动力是活塞运动。活塞运动所带来的活塞与筒壁之间的摩擦作用、高压水激励筒壁产生的径向形变作用、活塞与水缸端盖之间的撞击作用、筒体结构机脚的垂向振动作用、高压水激励发射管壁产生的径向形变作用、高压水推动对象出管时与发射管壁之间的摩擦和碰撞作用、对象出管时头部与流体之间的剪切作用、对象出管后管口射流束与周围流体之间的剪切作用、部分射流对轻壳体的冲击作用以及跟随流体拍击发射管端盖和防波板的冲击作用,都可以作为发射噪声的子声源。为了便于排序,可以依据声学传递通道的差异进一步分类。分类时,遵从已有习惯,尽量保持大类属性不变。
参照文献[9]中的发射噪声描述,将上述子声源按照驱动力归类,分为冲击振动噪声、结构振动噪声和流噪声三大类声源,如图2所示。结构振动噪声中,由于活塞质量和刚度较大,轴向脉动力直接辐射发声的同时活塞表面还存在流-固耦合振动噪声,尽管理论上幅值较小,但也将其归属为结构振动噪声;高压气瓶持续释放高压空气推动气缸活塞轴向运动时,存在显著的舱室空气噪声,进一步激励船体结构产生二次结构振动噪声,但通常声辐射效率非常低;发射水舱舱壁结构因额外增加了众多加强筋,且舱壁直接与耐压壳体固连,其质量和刚度远大于相对独立的水缸筒壁和发射管壁,因此,在受激于与幅值大小相当的高压水激励作用下,其结构形变以及诱导产生的振动响应相比于水缸筒壁和发射管壁而言均为小量;此外,理论分析出管射流冲击非耐压壳体产生的振动响应同样为小量,理由是:文献[10]数值计算得出,对象出管速度为12.5 m/s时,跟随流体产生的射流束主体穿过了防波板开孔,仅有少量散开流体冲击轻壳体后在腔室内产生回旋流动,因为此时船体通常仍处于航行状态,轻壳体外部存在较大的轴向压差阻力,相当于为轻壳体增加了较大附加质量,进而显著抑制了轻壳体内部少量流体轴向激励产生的振动响应。所以,理论上结构振动噪声较为合理的主要子声源包括气水缸机脚振动、水缸筒壁振动、发射管壁振动和活塞轴向脉动力源4部分,声辐射传递同时包含船体结构和海水连通域两条通道。
与之对应,流噪声中对象头部剪切流体发声与头部形状直接相关,如平头和尖头差异显著,且发射管出口射流噪声主要与射流速度相关,流噪声直接经海水连通域向外传播。当头部为流线形几何时,壁面湍流脉动压力较低,直接辐射噪声较小,可暂不考虑。冲击振动噪声中,无论是发射管壁摩擦、碰撞还是防波板的振荡发声,都存在较大的随机性,难以直接控制,可认为是发射系统的固有属性。因此,以噪声治理为导向的主要声源着重考虑活塞与端盖之间的撞击作用即可,其传播途径也以海水连通域为主。
综上所述,理论分析气水缸装置发射噪声的主要子声源有6项,其中,结构振动噪声4项、冲击振动噪声和流噪声各1项,抑制发射噪声时针对上述主要子声源即可。
从驱动力的角度分析,主要子声源中的冲击振动噪声和结构振动噪声之间具有一定的关联性,均由活塞轴向运动产生。如果活塞轴向运动速度和位移能够实时可控,比如引入电磁力,那么发射噪声就可能被极大地抑制。此外,还需证明射流噪声不是最主要子声源,否则,就需要重点关注射流噪声降噪,治理才能有效。
对象出管时,因安全出管速度限制,高压水能量绝大部分转化为发射对象的出管动能,仅有少部分剩余能量存在于管口跟随流体形成的射流束之中。因射流束的涌动效应以及与周围流体之间的剪切混合非常迅速,容易让人根据视觉效果将射流束认定为最主要子声源。对此,业内也确实存在着意见分歧,如文献[9]中阐述:“射流辐射噪声为单极子噪声源,声压幅值最高,远场辐射能力强,是最主要的噪声源”;而文献[11]中计算表明,“武器出管后喷流噪声的声能量主要集中于100 Hz以内,且100 Hz以内的喷流噪声级略大于同频率的海洋环境噪声,对总发射噪声的贡献是较低的”,两种结论正好相反。
为了找到明确答案,首先分析亚音速射流噪声的发声机理。射流噪声主要是由于射流束核与周围流体之间大的速度梯度而出现的剪切、混合作用发声[12-13],表现为宽带噪声,靠近射流束核的剪切层外小尺度涡主要贡献高频噪声,湍流混合区的大尺度涡主要贡献低频噪声[13-14],且噪声大小主要与射流速度相关,具有明显的声指向性。HORAKOVA等[15]采用商用软件Fluent计算得到射流速度100 m/s时的空气射流噪声总声压级为96.8 dB(16 Hz—20 kHz频带),当射流速度增加至150 m/s时总声压级增加至119.4 dB,基本满足已知经验中射流噪声与射流速度的8次方成正比的变化规律。
其次,从射流噪声的等效声源来看[16]:射流剪切噪声(shear noise)分量主要表现为四极子声源,主要贡献低频噪声且影响射流噪声的指向性,而射流自噪声(self noise)分量主要表现为单极子声源,主要贡献宽带噪声。因单极子声源的声辐射效率更高,若将发射时高压水的瞬间释放涌动对应为单极子声源,或者是对象出管后,将射流在防波板以外区域的流动等效为单极子声源,其与发射管出口至防波板之间轴向区域内的射流剪切作用共同构成总的发射流噪声,即使射流速度达到对象航速50节的极限状态,其马赫数也仅为0.017,属于极低马赫数流动,总的辐射声能量较小。
最后,从定量表达式来看,噪声与振动专著中阐述[17]:亚音速射流远场声强理论表达式为,其中,ρsρ0分别为声源区流体密度和周围流体密度,U为射流速度,D为喷口直径,c为声速,r为测点距离。可知,亚音速射流辐射噪声与射流速度的8次方成正比,与喷口直径的2次方成正比。射流速度增加1倍后,射流噪声理论增加24 dB;管径增加1倍后,射流噪声理论增加6 dB。因此,主观上判断,当出管射流速度低于13 m/s时,射流噪声不会成为发射噪声的最主要子声源。为了证明这一判断,在全消声水池中完成了模型尺度喷管的瞬态水射流噪声试验测量。
消声水池长10 m、宽6 m、深5 m,信噪比适中时,最低有效频率约400 Hz,低于400 Hz的测量数据仅作参考。消声水池自由声场性能测试校准结果表明:声源位于水池一端时,距离声源1~2.5 m处测点,不同测点之间的噪声衰减量与自由声场传播规律所得值之间的偏差小于1 dB,满足精度要求。水射流噪声试验平台由高压气瓶、控制气阀、水缸、管道、流量计、截止阀和50 mm口径的喷口组成,与气水缸发射装置中瞬态射流的产生方式一致。喷口固定于消声水池池壁一端,试验中通过支撑构件确保水下管路和喷口稳定、无振颤,喷口中心距水面2.4 m,如图3所示。测量得到消声水池背景噪声谱如图4所示,总声压级为73.1 dB,与典型开阔湖试验测量环境相当。测量结果为:射流速度为安全出管速度9 m/s时,射流噪声为111 dB;速度达到标准要求12.5 m/s时,射流噪声为119.4 dB,基本满足8次方的变化规律。依据射流噪声与喷口直径的变化规律,可推断得出实际尺寸喷口在速度为12.5 m/s时,射流噪声约为140 dB,如图4所示。可知,射流噪声量值仅与准安静型平台航行时稳态辐射噪声相当,远小于当前发射噪声值,不会成为发射噪声的最主要子声源。
为了验证上述发射噪声主要子声源的理论分析结论,并就子声源对发射噪声的贡献度进行排序,在实验室条件下建立气水缸装置的发射系统试验平台并完成相应测试,如图5所示。为便于重复发射试验,以闭式循环系统代替实际开式发射系统。水缸由水缸前端、水缸筒壁和水缸后端三部分组成,三者共用单层基座,基座与地面采用螺栓连接。气缸基座为肘板支撑结构,与实际环境较为接近。水缸筒壁壁厚22 mm、发射管壁厚16 mm。假海筒用于模拟防波板外部的海域环境,假海筒中能够测量发射管出口处流体脉动压力和辐射噪声。理论上,若假海筒满足开阔自由声场条件,假海筒中测点能够直接衡量发射噪声总声源级大小,且直接对应为海水连通域声学传递通道所传播的声能量。实际上,限于对象的接收制动需要,假海筒中充满钢柱结构,如图6所示,且筒壁回声与混响严重,基本不具备声学测量条件,只能通过发射管出口处的流体脉动压力间接判断射流噪声幅值大小,无法直接反映相关子声源的声学贡献量。
对该试验系统而言,气缸活塞、水缸活塞和对象出管运动与实际一致。尽管用于固定基座的地面刚度远大于实际船体弹性结构,但气水缸机脚的垂向振动、水缸筒壁的径向振动以及发射管壁的径向振动,三者之间相对大小主要取决于活塞运动规律及其产生的高压水变化规律,基座连结方式之间的差异可暂不考虑。基于此,试验中主要测量机脚、筒壁和管壁的振动加速度信号,并以单机设备振级的方式近似评估结构振动噪声大小。因假海筒内水听器测量效果较差,仅以气水缸附近活塞运行终端径向测点的空气声级计信号间接衡量冲击振动噪声大小。显然,该空气声信号中包含了高压气瓶持续排气噪声分量,并且因闭式循环系统管壁的声屏蔽作用以及基座螺栓对水缸结构轴向和横向位移的限制作用,使得该空气声略低于实际舱室中空气声大小。
测量时,振动加速度传感器采用PCB 352C34压电式加速度计,量程为±490 m/s2;脉动压力传感器选用全浸没式PX709GW压力传感器,绝对压力范围为5~1000 psi;空气声级计采用CRY2120U瞬态声级计,采样速率为48 kHz。多路信号由NI采集器同步采集,终端界面显示由Labview软件搭建完成,如图7所示。测量前,振动加速度计经标准振动台校准。测量时,水缸前端两个机脚和水缸后端两个机脚分别布置有振动加速度传感器,对应实际水缸结构的4个机脚;在水缸筒壁不同角度方位和轴向位置处布置3个加速度计,气缸机脚布置4个加速度计,发射管壁布置2个加速度计。依据《舰船设备噪声、振动测量方法》测量规范,振动与空气噪声信号测量前对背景信号进行多次测量。机脚垂向和筒壁径向的典型背景振动信号如图8所示。将图8中的时域信息转化为频域后发现,平均背景振级的峰值低于92 dB,较典型水下平台四冲程柴油机的机脚振级至少低30 dB,属于较理想的平台振动测量环境。
确认结构振动和冲击振动噪声作为瞬态发射噪声的主要声源后,多次重复测量气水缸发射装置在给定出管速度下的机脚振动、筒壁振动、发射管壁振动和发射管外流体的脉动压力信号,经平均后截取与对象出管时段一致的有效数据进行分析。发射状态包括水放和对象出管两种。水放意思为发射管内充满水,水体作为被推对象。对象发射出管时,直径为533 mm,对象与发射管内壁之间的间隙为2 mm。水放与对象发射出管动作结束后,活塞回程同样由高压气推动,仅运行初始端和终止端对调,高压气释放规律一定时,活塞始端和终端的撞击作用不会显著改变,使得发射和回程阶段的结构振动和冲击振动响应基本相当。
测量得到水放和对象发射出管时发射管出口处的流体脉动压力信号如图9所示。可知,在水放工况下平衡静态压力略高于对象发射出管状态,表明管内存在对象时对海水连通域压力传递存在一定的阻碍作用。发射管内充满的水体以及对象出管时均产生一定的压力增量,出管后由于流体的跟随运动使得压力降低,特别是对象存在时,壁面流体的附着作用使得泄压幅度较为明显,而且该惯性作用一定程度上会抑制出管后射流与筒内钢柱之间的冲击作用,但随后的周期性往复涌动幅度也会更大。从脉动压力幅值来看,无论是水放还是对象出管,出管阶段的脉动压力均小于0.02 MPa,仅相当于2 m水深的静压作用能量,无法辐射显著的流噪声,与前述消声水池射流噪声测量结果相对应。
测量得到对象发射出管状态下气水缸附近的空气噪声如图10所示。可知,活塞启动滞后于气缸排气,活塞出现轴向合外力并被移动时空气噪声出现阶跃,噪声增量约20 dB。在整个活塞运行过程中,空气噪声表现出明显的白噪声宽带谱特征,高频段能量较为集中,幅值较小的白噪声宽带激励船体结构振动时,辐射噪声能量较小,与主要子声源理论分析时认定其为次要因素一致。
测量得到对象出管状态下气缸机脚、水缸前端机脚以及水缸后端机脚的振动加速度信号如图11所示。可知,水缸前端机脚的垂向振动脉冲与活塞始端对应,水缸后端机脚的垂向振动脉冲与活塞终端撞击作用对应。活塞行程结束后,水缸机脚在循环系统内水流的冲击作用下还会出现小的振动脉冲。持续排气作用下,气缸机脚垂向振动响应能量分布较宽,振动信号包络谱形如反抛物线曲线,与膛压曲线的变化规律类似。无论是气缸机脚还是水缸机脚,瞬时冲击峰值均达到约40g,较前期已经测得的同平台中主柴油机机脚的周期性振动大1个量级,表明活塞运动及撞击作用引起的振级能量显著。尽管此时机脚无隔振器安装,使得垂向振级对于弹性船体结构略偏高,但该振源诱导的船体结构振动噪声将显著大于低航速状态下主动力装置振动诱导的航行辐射噪声,如主柴油机和主推电机,与当前瞬态发射噪声十分突出相对应。
发射系统中设备形成的海水连通域通道内,测量得到水缸筒壁和发射管壁的径向振动加速度信号如图12所示。可知,径向冲击响应的持续时间约0.9 s,历时较短。水缸筒壁两束径向振动脉冲分别与活塞运行起始端和终止端对应,且终止端的振动幅值显著更大,约为活塞运行中间阶段振动幅值的4倍,达到20g。在发射管壁振动信号中,首个振动脉冲信号的时刻正好对应于对象发射启动瞬间,理论分析为对象与管壁导轨之间的摩擦所致。活塞运行终端出现撞击作用时,水缸筒壁和发射管壁均表现出振动强脉冲信号,且发射管壁振动幅值仅为水缸筒壁的一半,约10g。尽管发射管壁厚度略小于水缸筒壁,但其轴向长度更长,即使进口处径向激励力更小,也可能使得管壁出口处出现更强的流-固耦合振动响应。因此,考虑该海水连通域内的声学传播时,需同时考虑水缸筒壁和发射管壁的径向激励作用。从振动时域信号分析,抑制活塞行程两端的结构振动以及撞击作用,将是控制该装置发射噪声振源的关键,且抑制终止端的冲击振动相对更为有效。
综上所述,从振动加速度瞬时峰值估算辐射声功率判断,结构振动噪声中4个主要子声源的排序为:水缸机脚垂向振动、气缸机脚垂向振动、水缸筒壁径向振动、发射管壁径向振动,与前述理论分析基本一致。限于测量条件,活塞轴向受力无法测量,无法直接评估活塞脉动力源的辐射噪声大小。因结构振动子声源的振动脉冲信号均与活塞终端撞击作用相关,使得冲击振动经海水连通域向外辐射发声与结构振动两者之间的相对强弱无法直接判断,分析发射噪声源时需将两者共同考虑,或者是在改善假海筒内的声学测量环境后,在试验系统中直接评估海水连通域内的结构振动与冲击振动的综合响应,作为发射噪声的主声源。
以气水缸发射装置为对象,从理论分析和陆上样机试验两个角度分析了发射噪声的主要子声源排序,结论如下:
(1)发射噪声声学传递通道既包括船体结构通道,也包括水缸、发射水舱、发射管内高压水以及发射管出口以外的海水构成的海水连通域传递通道。
(2)发射噪声的主要子声源包括结构振动噪声4项和冲击振动噪声1项。其中,结构振动噪声包括气水缸机脚振动、水缸筒壁振动、发射管壁振动和活塞轴向脉动力源,其声辐射同时包含船体结构和海水连通域两条通道;冲击振动噪声主要源自活塞与端盖之间的撞击作用,其传播途径主要是海水连通域。
(3)当前出管速度条件下,射流噪声不是发射噪声主要子声源。对象出管时,气水缸附近的空气噪声在活塞启动时出现阶跃,噪声增量达到20 dB。活塞运行过程中空气噪声表现为白噪声宽带谱特征,高频段能量较为集中。
(4)水缸机脚垂向振动脉冲信号与活塞启动和终端撞击作用对应,气缸机脚垂向振动在持续排气期间振动响应能量分布较宽,振动信号包络谱呈现反抛物线变化规律。气水缸机脚的垂向瞬时冲击峰值较前期已测得的平台主柴油机机脚的周期性振动大1个量级;水缸筒壁径向振动脉冲也与活塞运行起始端和终止端对应,且终端振动幅值更大;发射管壁径向振动脉冲与对象和管壁导轨之间的摩擦以及活塞运行终端撞击作用对应;三者振动响应的排序是:气水缸机脚振动、水缸筒壁振动和发射管壁振动。
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2025年第38卷第2期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.019
  • 接收时间:2023-03-08
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-08
  • 修回日期:2023-05-30
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    1.海军工程大学动力工程学院,湖北 武汉 430033
    2.海军工程大学舰船综合电力技术国防科技重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430033
    3.海军工程大学电子工程学院,湖北 武汉 430033

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杨琼方(1984—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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