Article(id=1228295809498808819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1676217600000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-13, revisedDate=1685894400000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770778141617, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770778141617, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770778141617, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770778141617, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228295801890336965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='2', pageStart='223', pageEnd='448', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770778139803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770949100774, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=352, endPage=364, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228295811046507013, articleId=1228295809498808819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Action mechanism of near-fault earthquake on shatter damage of stepped bedding rock cutting slope, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the southwest region of China, the construction of highways has resulted in the formation of many cutting slopes due to the special terrain conditions of the region. Therefore, the stability of highway cutting slopes under earthquake conditions has become a critical issue in the stability evaluation of highway engineering. In this research, the acceleration response of stepped bedding rock slopes is analyzed by conducting large-scale shaking table tests, and the seismic response of each platform is investigated.A ratio of acceleration amplification factor is proposed to characterize the differences in dynamic responses of various slope patterns and analyzes the seismic wave propagation in the slope using Snell’s law. The test reveals that the acceleration amplification factor of the slope exhibits an elevation amplification effect as the amplitude of the excitation increases. When the excitation amplitude exceeds 0.6g, the continuous accumulation of slope shattering damage and the enhancement of the filtering effect lead to a leveling off of the acceleration amplification factor with increasing elevation. Besides, slopes with uniform step width demonstrate better aseismic performance, while stress concentration is more likely to occur at the corners of each step, making them as key fortification sites. The analysis of the monitored acceleration data is consistent with the model damage patterns recorded by a high-speed camera during the shaking table tests. Based on the cumulative shattering damage process of the slope, four stages of damage are identified: shallow creep (0.1g~0.4g), local tension (0.4g~0.6g), accelerated deformation (0.6g~0.8g), and overall instability(0.8g~1.0g), exhibiting a slip-tensile damage mode. The research findings provide essential theoretical support and technical guidance for understanding the shattering damage mechanism and seismic fortification of rock slopes with complex formations and geological structures, and offer a reference for disaster prevention and mitigation measures for stepped bedding rock slopes in mountainous areas.

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中国西南部特殊的地形条件导致公路交通建设中不可避免地形成大量路堑边坡,地震作用下公路路堑边坡的稳定性问题俨然成为公路工程稳定性研究中的重点科学问题。通过大型振动台试验分析阶梯式顺层岩质路堑边坡的加速度响应,研究边坡各平台的地震动响应规律。提出加速度放大系数比表征不同坡表形式的动力响应差异,结合Snell定律分析地震波在边坡中的传播规律。结果表明:边坡加速度放大系数随激振幅值增加而表现出高程放大效应,当激振幅值超过0.6g时,因震裂损伤累积,坡体滤波效应增强,加速度放大系数随高程增长趋于平缓。均匀阶梯宽度的边坡抗震性能较好,阶梯阴角处易产生应力集中,应作为重点防护区域。试验中监测的加速度数据分析结果与高速摄像机记录的模型损伤结果相吻合。根据边坡的震裂累积破坏过程,可将破坏现象分为浅层蠕滑(0.1g~0.4g)、局部拉裂(0.4g~0.6g)、加速变形(0.6g~0.8g)和整体失稳(0.8g~1.0g)四个发展阶段,变形破坏模式总体表现为滑移-拉裂式。研究结果为复杂坡面与地质结构的震裂破坏机制及抗震设防提供了理论基础和技术支持,为山区阶梯式岩质路堑边坡的防灾减灾措施提供参考。

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冯文凯(1974—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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信春雷(1986—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809498808819, language=CN, label=图8, caption=模型中地震波传播示意图

注:图中实线为地震波传播路径,虚线为界面法线。

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Similarity relation for shaking table tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
属性相似参量量纲相似比
基本控制量加速度a[L][T]-2Ca= 1
尺寸L[L]CL= 25
密度ρ[M][L]-3Cρ= 1
推导控制量弹性模量E[M][L]-1[T]-2CE= 25
泊松比μ无量纲Cμ= 1
黏聚力c[M][L]-1[T]-2Cc= 25
内摩擦角φ无量纲Cφ= 1
应力σ[M][L]-1[T]-2Cσ= 25
应变ε无量纲Cε= 1
时间t[T]Ct= 5
位移d[L]Cd= 25
速度v[L] [T]-1Cv= 5
阻尼比ζ无量纲Cζ= 1
), ArticleFig(id=1228313049967292876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809498808819, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

振动台试验相似关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
属性相似参量量纲相似比
基本控制量加速度a[L][T]-2Ca= 1
尺寸L[L]CL= 25
密度ρ[M][L]-3Cρ= 1
推导控制量弹性模量E[M][L]-1[T]-2CE= 25
泊松比μ无量纲Cμ= 1
黏聚力c[M][L]-1[T]-2Cc= 25
内摩擦角φ无量纲Cφ= 1
应力σ[M][L]-1[T]-2Cσ= 25
应变ε无量纲Cε= 1
时间t[T]Ct= 5
位移d[L]Cd= 25
速度v[L] [T]-1Cv= 5
阻尼比ζ无量纲Cζ= 1
), ArticleFig(id=1228313050072150480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809498808819, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

The physical and mechanical parameters of prototype and model materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对比项目对比参数密度/(kg·m-3)弹性模量/GPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)泊松比
边坡岩体原型值26805.233025.620280.22
目标值26800.20931.025280.22
测定值25200.19621.152250.18
相似度94.03%93.74%88.98%89.29%81.82%
软弱夹层原型值19100.78156.8310250.36
目标值19100.03130.2732250.36
测定值18600.02560.3169220.35
相似度97.38%81.79%86.21%88.00%97.22%
), ArticleFig(id=1228313050193785305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809498808819, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

原型与模型材料的物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对比项目对比参数密度/(kg·m-3)弹性模量/GPa黏聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)泊松比
边坡岩体原型值26805.233025.620280.22
目标值26800.20931.025280.22
测定值25200.19621.152250.18
相似度94.03%93.74%88.98%89.29%81.82%
软弱夹层原型值19100.78156.8310250.36
目标值19100.03130.2732250.36
测定值18600.02560.3169220.35
相似度97.38%81.79%86.21%88.00%97.22%
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近断层地震动对阶梯式顺层岩质路堑边坡震裂损伤的作用机制
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信春雷 1, 3 , 李文惠 2, 3 , 冯文凯 1, 3 , 杨飞 3 , 廖军 3
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(2): 352-364
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(2): 352-364
近断层地震动对阶梯式顺层岩质路堑边坡震裂损伤的作用机制
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信春雷1, 3 , 李文惠2, 3, 冯文凯1, 3 , 杨飞3, 廖军3
作者信息
  • 1.成都理工大学地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室,四川 成都 610059
  • 2.四川交通职业技术学院建筑工程系,四川 成都 611130
  • 3.成都理工大学环境与土木工程学院,四川 成都 610059
  • 信春雷(1986—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

冯文凯(1974—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Action mechanism of near-fault earthquake on shatter damage of stepped bedding rock cutting slope
Chunlei XIN1, 3 , Wenhui LI2, 3, Wenkai FENG1, 3 , Fei YANG3, Jun LIAO3
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
  • 2. Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Sichuan Vocational and Technical College of Communications, Chengdu 611130, China
  • 3. College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.014
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中国西南部特殊的地形条件导致公路交通建设中不可避免地形成大量路堑边坡,地震作用下公路路堑边坡的稳定性问题俨然成为公路工程稳定性研究中的重点科学问题。通过大型振动台试验分析阶梯式顺层岩质路堑边坡的加速度响应,研究边坡各平台的地震动响应规律。提出加速度放大系数比表征不同坡表形式的动力响应差异,结合Snell定律分析地震波在边坡中的传播规律。结果表明:边坡加速度放大系数随激振幅值增加而表现出高程放大效应,当激振幅值超过0.6g时,因震裂损伤累积,坡体滤波效应增强,加速度放大系数随高程增长趋于平缓。均匀阶梯宽度的边坡抗震性能较好,阶梯阴角处易产生应力集中,应作为重点防护区域。试验中监测的加速度数据分析结果与高速摄像机记录的模型损伤结果相吻合。根据边坡的震裂累积破坏过程,可将破坏现象分为浅层蠕滑(0.1g~0.4g)、局部拉裂(0.4g~0.6g)、加速变形(0.6g~0.8g)和整体失稳(0.8g~1.0g)四个发展阶段,变形破坏模式总体表现为滑移-拉裂式。研究结果为复杂坡面与地质结构的震裂破坏机制及抗震设防提供了理论基础和技术支持,为山区阶梯式岩质路堑边坡的防灾减灾措施提供参考。

边坡工程  /  阶梯式岩质边坡  /  振动台试验  /  Snell定律  /  震裂损伤模式

In the southwest region of China, the construction of highways has resulted in the formation of many cutting slopes due to the special terrain conditions of the region. Therefore, the stability of highway cutting slopes under earthquake conditions has become a critical issue in the stability evaluation of highway engineering. In this research, the acceleration response of stepped bedding rock slopes is analyzed by conducting large-scale shaking table tests, and the seismic response of each platform is investigated.A ratio of acceleration amplification factor is proposed to characterize the differences in dynamic responses of various slope patterns and analyzes the seismic wave propagation in the slope using Snell’s law. The test reveals that the acceleration amplification factor of the slope exhibits an elevation amplification effect as the amplitude of the excitation increases. When the excitation amplitude exceeds 0.6g, the continuous accumulation of slope shattering damage and the enhancement of the filtering effect lead to a leveling off of the acceleration amplification factor with increasing elevation. Besides, slopes with uniform step width demonstrate better aseismic performance, while stress concentration is more likely to occur at the corners of each step, making them as key fortification sites. The analysis of the monitored acceleration data is consistent with the model damage patterns recorded by a high-speed camera during the shaking table tests. Based on the cumulative shattering damage process of the slope, four stages of damage are identified: shallow creep (0.1g~0.4g), local tension (0.4g~0.6g), accelerated deformation (0.6g~0.8g), and overall instability(0.8g~1.0g), exhibiting a slip-tensile damage mode. The research findings provide essential theoretical support and technical guidance for understanding the shattering damage mechanism and seismic fortification of rock slopes with complex formations and geological structures, and offer a reference for disaster prevention and mitigation measures for stepped bedding rock slopes in mountainous areas.

slope engineering  /  stepped rock slope  /  shaking table test  /  Snell’s law  /  shatter damage mode
信春雷, 李文惠, 冯文凯, 杨飞, 廖军. 近断层地震动对阶梯式顺层岩质路堑边坡震裂损伤的作用机制. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (2) : 352 -364 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.014
Chunlei XIN, Wenhui LI, Wenkai FENG, Fei YANG, Jun LIAO. Action mechanism of near-fault earthquake on shatter damage of stepped bedding rock cutting slope[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (2) : 352 -364 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.014
中国国土70%以上都是丘陵和山地,尤其是西南部呈现出地形起伏大、地质条件复杂和山坡岩体结构多变的特点[1-2]。同时,中国处于环太平洋地震带和欧亚地震带之间,呈现出地震活动频度高、强度大、震源浅、分布广等特点[3-4]。近年来发生的大地震均造成了极严重的地质灾害,如2008年汶川8.0级地震造成滑坡3314处,崩塌2394处,泥石流619处,不稳定边坡1656处[5-6]。诱发的大光包滑坡滑塌体积达7.42亿立方米,形成的堰塞湖坝高为690 m,是迄今为止世界范围内有记录的规模最大的地震诱发滑坡。2010年发生在青海玉树的7.1级地震共诱发了2036处地震滑坡,造成了2220人死亡及70人失踪。2013年4·20雅安地震触发的地质灾害总数达3000处。2017年8月8日,四川省北部的阿坝州九寨沟县漳扎镇境内发生6.5级地震,造成大量的山体滑坡。滑坡主要分布于九寨天堂、九寨沟国家地质公园内树正沟及熊猫海附近,滑坡总面积为8.37 km2。九寨沟国家地质公园区内地震诱发滑坡1022处,总面积为3.88 km2。2022年9月5日,四川省甘孜州泸定县发生6.8级地震,地震重灾区泸定县和石棉县境内共诱发有地质灾害隐患点565处,包括崩塌331处、滑坡234处,加剧了81处已有地质灾害隐患点的变形。其中,磨西台地两侧边坡由于临空面坡度较陡,岩土体在长期重力卸荷作用下形成纵向拉裂缝,受强震作用触发边坡发生大规模垮塌。近15年高烈度地震频发,地质灾害防治任务任重而道远。
“十四五”规划中明确指出,要实施高铁工程、高速公路、护坡堤岸、桥梁隧道等公共基础设施安全加固,稳步提升工程抗震防灾能力。现如今,大量岩土工程将建在西南部的强震区,这对基础设施的顺利建设和安全运营提出了更高的要求,岩土边坡的地震稳定性问题日趋突出[7]。对边坡动力响应规律和破坏机制的研究作为边坡动力稳定分析的基础,是重要的先决条件。边坡动力响应是多因素作用的结果,取决于地形地貌、地质构造和地层岩性等内在因素以及地震动的三要素等外部因素[8-10]。目前,地震作用下的边坡动力响应机制和稳定性的研究方法主要有现场调查法、理论分析法,数值模拟计算法和物理模型试验法[11-13]。其中,物理模型试验方法中的大型振动台模型试验可以模拟地震波直接作用于边坡的整个过程,对模型边坡的破坏过程进行直观地观测,并通过高精度数据采集仪器监测边坡内部动力参数的时空变异性。因此,振动台模型试验以其试验规模较大、可实时再现震害现象和可操作性强等优势被认为是目前探寻边坡震害机理最理想的研究手段[14-16]。加速度传感器是振动台试验最可靠的数据来源之一,现有的数据采集设备和元件能够保证高采样频率下时程响应数据的准确性。SONG等[17]通过加速度放大系数增量ΔMPGA研究不连续结构面岩质边坡在快速降水作用下的动力稳定性,研究结果表明,快速降水和地震协同作用使边坡坡面放大效应显著,加剧了边坡的变形。然而,试验监测方案中的加速度传感器仅反映地震动力作用下的各监测点位响应时程,须通过波在不同介质之间传播特性的Snell定律分析地震波在边坡中的传播规律,结合振动台试验中边坡的破坏现象,才能阐明岩质边坡模型的地震响应机制。FENG等[18]结合振动台试验中岩质边坡动力破坏模式和地震波传播理论,揭示了软硬互层的低倾角顺层岩质边坡的地震响应和破坏机理。将边坡破坏演化过程分为三个阶段,首先在坡顶和坡后缘出现些许张拉裂缝;而后,拉裂缝继续加深加宽,坡顶附近萌生新的剪裂缝;最终,坡顶附近的拉裂缝和剪裂缝相互连接贯通,边坡岩体沿破坏面滑动。
本文依托三(曲靖三宝)清(昆明清水)高速公路(K86+380~K86+740)区段的路堑边坡,根据坡体地质调查结果,将该顺层路堑边坡概化为含软弱夹层的阶梯式顺层岩质边坡模型。以边坡平台宽度为变量,设置两组试验工况,开展大型振动台物理模型试验。基于实时采集到的试验数据,定义加速度放大系数,探究阶梯式顺层岩质路堑边坡不同平台位置的加速度变化规律。通过Snell定律分析地震波在该模型场地内的传播路径,结合振动台试验中边坡的破坏现象,阐明阶梯式顺层岩质边坡模型的地震响应机制和震裂渐近损伤效应,进而探究阶梯式顺层岩质边坡原型在实际地震动力作用下的稳定性演化过程和失稳机理。
本文依托三清高速公路(K86+380~K86+740)区段的路堑边坡,开展大型振动台物理模型试验。该研究区段处在川滇断块和华南断块的边界附近,横穿小江活动断裂带,区域断裂构造发育,各体系构造活动强烈,具有继承性和多期复活的特点,如图1(a)所示。根据中国地震动参数区划图(GB 18306—2015)[19],该边坡工程所属区域地震动峰值加速度为0.3g,抗震设防烈度为8度。小江活动断裂带是青藏亚板块与南华亚板块部分边界的组成部分,是著名川滇菱形地块东南边界断裂。小江活动断裂带在长期活动过程中,曾经历压、张、扭不同力学性质的转化,沿带有最宽达500 m的断层破碎带,沿断面断层泥发育。第四纪晚期,断裂表现出强烈的左旋走滑特征。山脊、水系、地质地貌体等位移明显,最大左旋位移可达5~7 km。根据中国地震局提供数据显示,自2021年5月以来,川滇地块至少发生了7次5级以上的地震,这说明最近2年内川滇菱形地块处于强震活跃时期。
研究区段众多路段处于高原中低山构造陡斜坡地貌,路线经过山体斜坡地段,由西向东弧形展布。山体沿北东(N-E)往南西(S-W)向波状起伏,与线路近平行。边坡地形较陡,自然坡度为30°左右。根据钻孔取样可知,该段边坡主要为粉砂岩及砂岩,胶结程度较低,易被雨水冲刷流失。边坡开挖后在雨水浸润作用下,易产生崩滑现象,不利于边坡稳定。地层产状呈单斜构造,出露基岩为强风化砂岩,呈松散、淡黄色状,岩层产状为138°∠35°。场地未发现活动性构造,在自然状态下,该段边坡稳定性较好。
根据坡体附近的地质测绘结果,该路堑为顺层边坡。岩层产状对边坡稳定性极为不利,岩体节理裂隙发育,强风化岩层呈砂土状,中风化岩层部分呈碎块状。在地震等外部环境作用下,局部陡坡地段易发生掉块,出现边坡失稳。因此,建议对边坡进行阶梯式开挖,一方面卸载边坡内的应力,另一方面降低边坡的整体坡角,如图1(b)所示。
本系列振动台试验系统由成都理工大学地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室的地震模拟振动台实验室提供,如图2所示,该振动台设备由英国SERVOTEST公司生产,整个振动台系统由4 m×6 m大型振动台台面、4套竖向作动器及4套水平向作动器、1500L@28MPa油源、油源控制系统以及Pulsar激振输入控制系统组成。振动台最大负载为4.0×104 kg,满载水平向和竖向加速度分别为1.5g和1.0g,满载峰值水平向速度为1.5 m/s、竖向速度为1.2 m/s,最大水平向位移和竖向位移分别为300和150 mm。
根据振动台台面的尺寸,确定钢结构模型箱的尺寸为3.6 m×1.5 m×2.1 m(长×宽×高),如图3所示。该模型箱由钢板、型钢和有机玻璃构成。为减轻地震波在模型箱边界的反射,保证边坡模型与模型箱边界呈现连续的变形状态,在振动台试验中应设置柔性材料吸收地震波。柔性材料的弹性模量、密度和阻尼比确定后,最接近自由场振动响应的柔性材料厚度便已确定。综合考虑,最合适的柔性材料厚度为20 cm[20]。因此,本试验中在垂直振动方向的模型箱内侧设置20 cm厚聚苯乙烯泡沫板,模拟吸波材料。在平行激振方向的模型箱侧壁安装有机玻璃,一方面便于在试验过程中清楚地观察模型的破坏情况;另一方面,有机玻璃提供的光滑表面可以有效减小模型箱侧壁摩擦约束对试验的影响。
振动台试验要求保持模型和原型之间的相似性,模型试验应同时满足静力和动力条件下的相似关系。本文采用基于量纲分析法的Buckingham Π定理,由振动台台面尺寸确定原型和模型的几何相似比为CL=25。模型和原型处于同一重力场中,则重力加速度相似比为Ca=1。在振动台试验设计时,应保持原型和模型的重力场相似,这就要求在重力加速度相似比为1的前提下,原型和模型的密度也保持一致。因此,取原型和模型的密度相似比为Cρ=1。基于上述分析,本系列试验选取Lρa为基本控制量,作为其他参数的相似判据。本系列振动台试验的相似关系如表1所示。
为得到模型材料准确的物理力学参数,对现场取样的岩体进行一系列室内直剪试验、单轴压缩试验以及斜剪试验等,获取岩体和结构面的物理力学参数,如表2所示。基于边坡模型相似材料配比的正交试验结果,最终选取石膏、重晶石粉、石英砂、水和甘油质量配比为10∶35∶25∶14∶2,作为该系列试验中边坡模型岩体的相似材料最优配比。其中,重晶石粉和石英砂分别起到细骨料与粗骨料作用,石膏和水起到胶结作用,甘油起到保水作用。岩质边坡内部的结构面分布、发育程度以及力学性能控制着边坡的变形、强度和稳定性。因此,软弱夹层相似材料合理选取和配比对试验结果至关重要。根据室内物理力学试验的结果,选取黏土、重晶石粉和甘油作为边坡中软弱夹层的相似材料,质量配比为10∶25∶1。边坡模型的密度、弹性模量及黏聚力等物理量的目标值、实际测定值及相似度如表2所示,其中相似度定义为边坡模型的实际测定值与模型目标值之比。
阶梯式顺层岩质边坡模型的制作分为岩体、软弱夹层和基座三部分,模型填筑前,先在亚克力板上标定出边坡的外轮廓、夹层和基座位置,铺贴于模型箱的有机玻璃内侧,如图4(a)所示。模型制作过程中,首先用M5水泥砂浆和砖砌筑模型基座,便于控制边坡岩体和软弱夹层的角度,砌筑时砂浆饱满,保证基座稳定,如图4(b)所示。模型填筑时,将边坡相似材料按照比例均匀拌合,如图4(c)所示,根据体积控制原则自下而上分层填筑,每层填筑厚度控制在5 cm左右。岩体和夹层在整个制作过程中交替施作,如图4(d)所示,每层岩体和夹层表面用木板压实抹平,如图4(e)所示。为了保证模型岩体的均一性,每层砌筑完成后使用环刀法进行密度测试。模型填筑过程中需配合传感器的埋设和安装,将试验中所需加速度计和土压力盒埋设在方案设计的特定位置。为了保证传感器的正常运行,对传感器外围包裹保鲜膜和胶带作为防水处理,如图4(f)所示。在模型箱有机玻璃一侧每隔5 cm粘贴标记点,作为模型在激振过程中位置的参照点,如图4(g)所示;待模型成型后,为了保证模型材料达到设计强度,仍须将模型静置一段时间,再开展试验。在制作完成的阶梯坡面上绘制10 cm的网格线,网格线交点位置粘贴反光标,用以采集地震作用下边坡的位移,如图4(h)所示。整个模型的制作流程如图4所示。
根据坡体地质测绘成果,概化顺层路堑边坡为含软弱夹层的阶梯式顺层岩质边坡。以边坡平台宽度为变量,设置两组试验工况。为了使得研究成果更具有普适性,选取实际2 m的均匀平台边坡与8 m和2 m的组合平台边坡作为路堑边坡的坡表地貌,选取的阶梯宽度满足《公路路基设计规范》(JTG D30—2015)[21]中对阶梯式边坡平台宽度和通行功能的要求。根据试验确定的几何相似比为1∶25,设置均匀阶梯边坡模型的宽度均为8 cm,不均匀阶梯宽度的边坡模型第二级平台宽度为32 cm,其余平台宽度为8 cm。两组边坡模型的高度均为118 cm,设三级阶梯,每级阶梯高度设为22 cm。其中:阶梯宽度均为8 cm的边坡模型作为试验工况一;阶梯宽度不均匀的边坡模型作为试验工况二,两个模型的平面分布位置如图5(a)所示。此外,边坡模型中的软弱夹层厚度为0.5 cm,夹层与水平面夹角为35°,各夹层间距为15 cm。
根据试验研究目的,本次试验选取加速度计和土压力盒两种传感器,加速度计选用DM-JS型,量程为2g,频率范围为0~200 Hz,具有输出灵敏度高、低频响应好和几何尺寸小等特点,可直接与动态应变测试分析系统连接使用。土压力盒采用DMTY应变式微型传感器,规格为2 cm×0.48 cm。光滑面为受力面,另一面为支撑面。试验过程中,支撑面的着力点要牢固,确保土压力盒的位置和方向不发生偏移。两种传感器埋设在边坡模型各阶梯平台的阴角和阳角部位,如图5(b)所示。利用两类传感器分析地震动荷载作用下边坡不同高程处的动力响应,以期找到坡体的变形和破坏规律。试验工况加载过程中,通过高清摄像机实时记录边坡模型的响应状态。基于光学测量技术的三维数字图像(XTDIC)系统追踪地震荷载作用下边坡的位移。该系统包括两台分辨率为200万像素的高速摄像机,采集频率为50 Hz。XTDIC测量系统基于双目立体视觉技术,使用两台高速摄像机采集物体变形各阶段的实时图像。通过对坡面标记点的准确识别,实现标记点的立体匹配,利用编码标记点重建表面点的三维坐标和位移,计算边坡在多期地震作用下的变形过程。
本次试验选取汶川地震中近断层卧龙台站记录的强震东西向(E-W)分量,作为振动台台面输入的动力荷载,试验激振加载方向为水平X向,输入的X向地震波可以看作水平剪切波。压缩地震波的持时为原波持时的1/5,因此,振动台试验中地震波激振的时间为36 s。近断层地震在加速度时程中呈现出峰值较大的特点,如图6(a)所示,在速度时程中表现为长周期速度脉冲,并且脉冲的幅值大,与地震波的总持时相比时间较短,如图6(b)所示。试验中选择地震动输入时应注意地震动三要素和能量分布的不同,兼顾地震动是否有速度和位移脉冲的要素。近断层地震能量集中在脉冲持时段内,含脉冲的地震动造成近断层路堑边坡发生严重破坏。根据频谱分析,地震波能量在时域上主要集中在前10 s,在频域上主要集中于12 Hz,如图6(c)所示。为评估边坡模型受到不同激振幅值时的破坏发展过程,该系列振动台试验设置了6个加载工况,即按照0.1g、0.2g、0.4g、0.6g、0.8g和1.0g逐级加载,模拟边坡经历有感地震、小震、中震、强震、大震和巨震不同烈度的多期地震作用,研究边坡动力响应变化规律以及震裂损伤作用机制。每次工况加载完成后间隔20 min,观测并记录模型边坡的变形与破坏情况。在每次激振开始前均施加0.05g的白噪声,获取模型边坡在激振后的自振频率。试验加载次序如图6(d)所示。
地震惯性力是导致边坡变形失稳的重要原因,研究加速度的变化规律是评价边坡动力响应的基本指标。因此,本节以坡面水平向的加速度放大系数为研究对象,探究含软弱夹层阶梯式顺层岩质边坡不同平台位置的加速度变化规律和实时动力响应状态。定义加速度放大系数AAF(acceleration amplification factor)为各测点的水平加速度峰值与振动台面测点加速度峰值之比。图7(a)和(b)分别表示不同激振幅值下边坡各平台阴角和阳角的加速度放大系数变化曲线。从图中可以看出,两种工况的加速度放大系数沿着坡底到坡顶逐渐增大,坡顶处最大,即整体都表现出明显的高程放大效应。值得注意的是,图7(b)工况二坡顶处的加速度小于第一、二级阶梯,这是因为在激振时工况二会产生更大的惯性力,两者惯性力的差异主要体现在第二级阶梯处,工况二的第二级阶梯处比工况一的惯性力大,向前和向下作用于第一级阶梯,最终导致工况二中第一级阶梯被压溃。因此,反映在图7(b)中,即在第一级阶梯阳角处的加速度放大系数甚至超过了坡顶的加速度放大系数。还可以从变化趋势中看出,当激振幅值在0.2g~0.6g时,加速度放大系数随激振幅值的增加而增大,超过0.6g时,增长幅度趋于平缓,而后加速度放大系数随幅值的增加逐渐减小。这是因为随着地震作用次数的增加,边坡震裂损伤不断累积。坡体的剪切应变增大,使得边坡的自振频率降低,阻尼比增大。同时,由于软弱夹层的物理力学参数弱于岩体结构,地震波穿过软弱夹层时的频谱特性发生改变。随着激振幅值的增加,边坡沿着软弱夹层滑动的趋势逐渐显著,加剧了边坡中岩体地震动力响应的非线性特征,坡体的滤波作用增强。这一分析与0.6g时边坡模型开始出现可见的震裂变形现象一致。
为了更加清楚地展示两组工况中各平台位置抵御地震时加速度响应的差异,引入工况二与工况一各平台对应位置加速度放大系数比(ratio of acceleration amplification factor,RAAF)ξ来判断两种工况动力响应的相对大小,如下式所示:
ξ > 1时,说明工况二对应测点的加速度放大系数更大,动力响应更显著;反之,工况一对应测点的动力响应更显著。
图7(c)和(d)中可以看出,当激振幅值小于0.6g时,无论边坡阴角还是阳角,ξ总大于1,说明工况二对应测点的动力响应较工况一更显著,这是因为工况二在激振过程中第二级宽平台受到更大的地震惯性力,边坡有更明显向临空面一侧变形的趋势。此时,第二级阶梯阴角处承受更大的拉应力。当激振幅值超过0.6g时,ξ整体呈现小于1的规律,说明工况二对应测点的动力响应较工况一轻微,这是因为工况二在高能量地震激励后第二级阶梯阴角被拉裂,边坡进入加速变形阶段,其岩体内部结构较工况一更为碎裂,裂隙的交替张闭耗散了一部分地震能量,导致工况二放大系数减小。因此,不同的坡面形态影响地震波在坡内的传播规律,进而产生不同的地震动响应。以上分析表明均匀平台宽度的边坡具有较强抵御地震破坏的能力。
基于对加速度放大效应的分析,路堑边坡场地内的地震波传播特性与坡面形态和软弱夹层的存在有关。本节基于波在不同介质之间传播特性的Snell定律,研究地震波在阶梯式顺层岩质边坡中的传播规律。以工况二为例,绘制地震波在边坡场地内的传播示意图,如图8所示,探讨边坡在地震作用下的失稳机制。其中,Snell定律是指入射角θ1与透射角θ2正弦之比等于入射区域波速V1与透射区域波速V2之比,示意图如图8(a)所示,表达式为:
本次输入模型的地震动类型为水平向剪切波(SV波),初始入射方向垂直向上。地震波在边坡模型中依次经过岩体和软弱夹层,最终到达坡面发生反射。由于靠近边坡后缘侧下部存在基座,当地震波垂直入射时,部分波将通过基座与岩体的界面发生偏折。因此,根据地震波自模型底部入射到边坡岩体的传播路径,将边坡模型分为Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区,如图8(b)所示。由基座、岩体和软弱夹层三者的剪切模量关系可知,三者的剪切波速关系为V>V>V。根据Snell定律,地震波通过界面1由基座入射到岩体时入射角小于折射角,即α<β;地震波通过界面2由岩体入射到软弱夹层时入射角大于折射角,即β>γ。当地震波通过界面3从夹层进入岩体时,入射角小于折射角,即γ<δ。同理,地震波继续向上穿过岩体-界面-软弱夹层-界面-岩体,最终到达坡面发生反射,此时,反射角=入射角,即ηφ。此外,由于模型中夹层上下岩体属于同种材料,所以剪切波速相同,即β=δ
图8(b)所示,地震波在Ⅰ区斜坡段坡表发生向坡顶和阴角方向的反射,因此坡顶和边坡阴角部位是地震波能量汇集的部位。在Ⅰ区平台段,地震波沿着与垂直向上的入射方向呈一定角度向下传播;在Ⅱ区斜坡段,地震波在坡表同样发生向坡顶和阴角方向的反射;在Ⅱ区平台段,地震波向下沿着与入射波平行的方向传播至一定深度,与斜坡段的反射波叠加,形成复杂的应力场。这说明地震波在边坡岩土体中传播时,坡面形态将对波的传播路径产生影响,进而影响边坡的动力响应。同时,地震波在传播过程中遇到界面时将发生反射和折射,不同地震波还将叠加协同作用,导致岩土体张拉和剪切变形。
采用地震波传播理论,当入射SV波通过岩体和软弱夹层的界面时,会产生波场分裂现象,即同时产生反射SV波、反射P波、透射SV波和透射P波,如图8(c)所示。每个界面受到来自下层入射的SV波和P波以及上层底部反射的SV波和P波,各种类型的波相互汇聚形成复杂的应力场。因此,地震波通过界面传至坡表时,由于岩体阻尼对入射波有吸收作用以及应力波的反射机制,造成地震波能量的衰减效应,使得地震波传播路径较短位置处的能量损失少。因此,该阶梯式顺层岩质边坡的第一、二级阶梯坡表地震波能量比第三级阶梯和坡顶大,这加剧了边坡在第一、二级阶梯的破坏程度。
图8(b)所示,Ⅱ区相对高程较低的第一、二阶梯,地震波传至该部位能量损失较Ⅰ区的第三阶梯和坡顶少,坡面受到输入地震波激励作用而产生向临空面变形的趋势。值得注意的是,边坡阴角部位受到上部结构的约束较大,且岩体抗拉强度低。因此,在地震波持续拉-剪作用下,第二级阶梯应力集中的阴角处首先出现裂隙。随着激振烈度的提高,边坡的震裂损伤不断累积,岩体出现大量裂隙,动力非线性特性逐渐显现。然而,有一定张开度的裂隙,本身就是介质特性突变的部位,也将产生反射波并促进拉裂,使得岩体滤波效应逐渐增强。同时,剪切作用力还加剧了边坡第二级阶梯坡面的地震动响应强度。由于临空面的存在,入射波与反射波叠加产生趋表放大效应。因此第二阶梯阳角部位能量也较为集中,是易出现破坏的位置。同理,第一级阶梯阴角处在高能量地震波集中拉-剪作用下出现裂隙,该裂隙向下扩展贯通至第一夹层。在地震波的持续激励下,裂隙继续向深部扩展至第二夹层,此时,较大的地震惯性力和高能量地震波在多裂隙界面形成的应力场叠加作用,加剧了岩体损伤累积,导致裂隙的瞬时动力扩展,从而加速了边坡的破坏。最终,第一级阶梯沿着软弱夹层向下滑动并脱离坡体。综上所述,可以解释振动台试验中第二级阶梯破坏严重以及第一级阶梯处发生垮塌的现象。
图9展示了阶梯式岩质边坡随着输入地震波加速度幅值的增加而逐步破坏的发展过程,当激振加速度幅值为0.2g时,边坡尚未出现明显的裂隙。阶梯阴角是边坡地形陡缓变化的部位,极易产生应力集中。因此,该部位在地震波的拉-剪作用下最先产生破坏,在实际工程中须重点设防。当激振加速度幅值为0.6g时,瞬时的高能量激振加剧了阴角处的应力集中。随着坡高的增加,边坡表面的动力响应显著,即表现出明显的高程放大效应,在地震波张拉作用下造成工况一在第三级阶梯阴角处出现一条初始裂隙。边坡侧面岩体出现平行于夹层走向的剪切裂隙,如图9(a)所示;当激振加速度幅值达到0.8g时,坡体在地震波的反复拉-剪作用下,在各级阶梯阴角处均出现了张拉裂隙,边坡侧面临近坡表的软弱夹层两侧出现了大量与夹层走向平行的拉-剪裂隙,此时,剪切作用力更为集中地作用在边坡的阴角处,降低了边坡抗剪强度与边坡稳定性,如图9(b)所示;当输入加速度幅值为1.0g时,模型在地震波持续高强度剪切作用下,坡表裂隙持续加深、加宽,边坡侧面岩体裂缝发育密度增加。然而从坡体前部到后缘,裂缝的密度依次降低,说明地震波的横向剪切作用对底部岩体的改造作用明显,边坡有沿着软弱夹层向下滑动的趋势,如图9(c)所示。值得注意的是,虽然边坡在多期地震作用下坡体内部和坡表存在多处裂隙,整体稳定性较差,但边坡并未发生整体垮塌。这是因为边坡内部和坡表发展的裂隙在激振过程吸收了部分地震能量,岩体滤波效应增强,阻尼比增加,导致边坡出现“裂”而未“滑”、“松”而未“动”的震裂破坏。
相较于工况一,工况二表现出更加严重的破坏现象。当激振加速度幅值仅为0.2g时,第二级宽平台相较其他平台受到更大的惯性力,边坡有向临空面一侧发生变形的趋势。但由于此时地震波能量相对较小,边坡未出现明显裂隙。当激振加速度幅值为0.6g时,地震动力作用下的第二级阶梯阴角部位首先出现拉裂隙。同时,由于边坡受到高程放大效应的影响,在地震波拉-剪作用下模型侧面高程较大的位置岩体发育较多平行于软弱夹层走向的剪裂隙,并且有沿软弱夹层滑动的趋势,如图10(a)所示;这一破坏现象在实际坡面起伏的岩质边坡工程中经常出现,如青川县红光乡三元坝多级阶梯边坡在汶川地震后,裂缝沿着边坡陡缓变化部位扩展,即在边坡的阶梯阴角处发生拉裂变形,如图10(b)所示。当激振加速度幅值达到0.8g时,作用于第二级阶梯的地震惯性力更为显著,表现为第二级阶梯阴角处的张拉裂缝沿深度扩展,第二级阶梯坡面产生多条与初始裂隙横向接近平行的裂缝。由于临空面放大效应和地震惯性力的协同作用,第二级阶梯阳角位置的震裂变形表现出向坡外旋转和倾倒,具体表现为裂缝在往复振动过程中发展方向沿边坡临空面发生弯转,如图10(c)所示。这说明边坡陡立临空面对振动过程较为敏感,是易发生震裂变形甚至破坏的部位。相似的现象也出现在2008年汶川地震中的青川县房石镇马池梁边坡,从图10(d)中可以清楚地看到,坡体突出部位震裂裂缝变形强烈,裂缝顺边坡走向延伸时逐渐向边坡倾向方向弯转,即向弧形转化,反映了边坡稳定性逐渐恶化。边坡侧面岩体在激振催生的瞬时高能量拉-剪应力作用下出现与振动方向垂直的裂缝,裂缝呈拉裂性质,总体呈上宽下窄的楔形状,向下逐渐延伸,有些裂缝与平行夹层走向的剪切裂隙相互贯通呈网格状,使边坡内部结构更加碎裂,削弱了边坡的整体稳定性。激振加速度幅值达到1.0g时,边坡破坏发展过程如下:当地震波加载到第一次能量集中释放的第6 s时,由于第二级宽阶梯受到强地震惯性力作用有向下沿软弱夹层滑动的趋势,加之上部边坡结构在地震反复动力作用下不断挤压下部坡体,边坡侧面岩体的第一级阶梯阴角部位出现了垂直振动方向的裂隙;地震波加载至第12 s时,边坡侧面沿夹层走向发展的裂缝在地震波的拉-剪作用下不断张开闭合,且第一级阶梯坡表处的拉-剪裂隙在持续激振作用下宽度急剧增大并继续沿边坡内部扩展,第一级阶梯有沿软弱夹层滑动的趋势。值得注意的是,边坡后缘在循环往复的激振作用下逐渐被拉裂,向远离吸收边界的方向运动;加载第29 s时,在地震波持续张拉作用下,第一级阶梯被彻底拉裂,沿着软弱夹层快速向下滑动并脱离坡体。在裂缝拉开的瞬间碎裂的岩块掉入缝隙中,形成楔劈效应,使裂缝进一步扩展,如图10(e)所示。加载结束后,边坡后缘远离吸收边界8 cm,发生9 cm沉降,这说明边坡上部结构沿软弱夹层发生了滑动,震后的边坡模型各平台位置较初始状态均有一定程度的下错。汶川地震后有很多边坡后缘被拉裂,发生明显沉降,例如广元市朝天区西北乡高庙子斜坡在汶川地震的强烈作用下,坡体后缘产生50~120 mm贯通的张拉裂缝,后缘发生0.8~1.0 m的下沉,坡体上出现多处梯级张拉裂缝,如图10(f)所示。试验中两种边坡模型的最终破坏情况如图11所示。根据边坡的震裂累积破坏过程,可将破坏现象分为浅层蠕滑(0.1g~0.4g)、局部拉裂(0.4g~0.6g)、加速变形(0.6g~0.8g)和整体失稳(0.8g~1.0g)四个发展阶段。模型试验结果显示,变形破坏模式总体表现为滑移-拉裂式。
本文通过地震模拟振动台试验研究阶梯式顺层岩质边坡的地震响应机制和震裂损伤效应,选取两种不同宽度的阶梯平台边坡,基于实时采集的试验数据,分析阶梯式顺层岩质边坡不同平台位置的加速度变化规律,提出加速度放大系数比ξ表征两种边坡动力响应的相对大小,重点探讨不同坡面形态对应部位地震动响应的差异。通过Snell定律分析地震波在模型场地内的传播规律,结合振动台试验中边坡的破坏现象,阐明阶梯式顺层岩质边坡模型在多期地震下的动力响应机制。振动台试验详细地揭示了这两种阶梯状顺层岩质边坡的破裂演化过程和破坏模式,直观地反映了振动台试验结果与实际地震破坏现象的关系,有力地验证了传感器试验数据。
在一系列的振动台模型试验中,第一条初始裂缝均出现在阶梯的阴角部位,并依次在岩体中传播扩展,随着激振加速度幅值的提高,岩体沿软弱夹层滑动趋势明显。最终,在高能量地震动激励下,阶梯状顺层岩质边坡沿软弱夹层出现剪切滑移。边坡最终发生震裂破坏是地形地貌、地质构造、地层岩性以及地震动等多因素耦合作用的结果。文中试验监测数据和分析方法与试验加载时边坡的震裂渐近破坏过程相吻合。本研究选取阶梯宽度不同的两种边坡坡形来模拟人类活动和自然作用下边坡可能呈现的形态,如:路堑边坡、人工开挖的矿山以及自然作用下形成的黄土塬都呈现出阶梯状的特点。因此,选取的阶梯式顺层岩质边坡模型具有较为广泛的普适性。在试验中裂缝均最先出现在阶梯阴角处,说明阶梯阴角是抗震薄弱部位,在实际工程中应重点设防。综上所述,由于本文选取的边坡模型兼顾了人类活动和自然作用共同的影响,因此,论文研究成果对地震作用下的边坡工程既有实际的指导意义,也具有普遍性的示范应用价值。在未来进一步的研究中,还可通过改变边坡的地质结构、地形地貌和动力学参数,建立岩体物理力学参数与边坡破坏演化过程之间的关系,分析边坡地震响应机理。此外,关于软弱夹层的地震响应规律需要更多的试验和数值模拟来验证和探讨,特别是关于软弱夹层和边坡形态之间如何相互影响,需要进一步定量研究和参数化分析。
(1)通过对阶梯式顺层岩质边坡不同平台位置的加速度放大系数分析表明,边坡整体表现出明显的高程放大效应。当激振幅值在0.2g~0.6g时,加速度放大系数随幅值增加而增大;当激振幅值超过0.6g时,由于边坡震裂损伤不断累积,坡体的滤波作用增强,加速度放大系数的增加幅度趋于平缓。
(2)提出加速度放大系数比ξ判断两种边坡动力响应的相对大小,分析表明均匀阶梯宽度的边坡具有较强抵御地震破坏的能力。
(3)Snell定律研究地震波在阶梯式岩质边坡中的传播规律,地震波在边坡岩土体中传播时,坡面形态影响波在边坡中的传播路径,进而影响边坡的动力响应。地震波通过界面传至坡表时,由于岩体阻尼对入射波有吸收作用以及应力波的反射机制,造成地震波能量的衰减效应。
(4)根据边坡的震裂累积破坏过程,将破坏现象分为浅层蠕滑(0.1g~0.4g)、局部拉裂(0.4g~0.6g)、加速变形(0.6g~0.8g)和整体失稳(0.8g~1.0g)四个发展阶段。边坡变形破坏模式总体表现为滑移-拉裂式。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52108361; 41977252)
  • 四川省科技厅重点研发项目(23ZDYF2234)
  • 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室自主课题和开放基金资助项目(SKLGP2020Z001)
  • 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室自主课题和开放基金资助项目(SKLGP2020K018)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.014
  • 接收时间:2023-02-13
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-13
  • 修回日期:2023-06-05
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52108361; 41977252)
四川省科技厅重点研发项目(23ZDYF2234)
地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室自主课题和开放基金资助项目(SKLGP2020Z001)
地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室自主课题和开放基金资助项目(SKLGP2020K018)
作者信息
    1.成都理工大学地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室,四川 成都 610059
    2.四川交通职业技术学院建筑工程系,四川 成都 611130
    3.成都理工大学环境与土木工程学院,四川 成都 610059

通讯作者:

冯文凯(1974—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zdgcxb/CN/10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.014
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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