Article(id=1228295809003876708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1676304000000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-14, revisedDate=1682956800000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770778141499, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770778141499, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770778141499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770778141499, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228295801890336965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='2', pageStart='223', pageEnd='448', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770778139803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770949100774, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=268, endPage=278, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228295809352003948, articleId=1228295809003876708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Fatigue performance of steel anchor box in cable-stayed bridges considering joint action of vehicle and temperature under vortex-induced vibration of stay cable, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to evaluate the fatigue performance of the steel anchor box (SAB) when its stay cable experiences large-amplitude vortex-induced vibration (VIV) under in-service condition, continuous monitoring was conducted on a long-span cable-stayed bridge. The acceleration of the stay cable undergoing VIV and the stress at the SAB details were measured. The characteristic of stay cable vibration, as well as the stress at the SAB details due to VIV of the stay cable, vehicles loading, and thermal effects, were investigated in both time and frequency domains. Hence the loading mechanisms of VIV, vehicle loading, and thermal effects on the SAB were discussed. Based on the nominal stress method, the fatigue performance of the SAB under the joint action of VIV, vehicle loads and thermal effects were evaluated. The results show that the significant vibration of stay cable, characterized by the high-order multi-mode VIV, dominated by in-plane vibration with peak frequencies between the fifth and the seventeenth modes, occurring within a mean wind speed range of 2 m/s to 9 m/s, with observed maximum in-plane peak acceleration of 25 m/s2.Thermal effects significantly contribute to the maximum stress range at the SAB details, although they only generate one stress cycle per day. Compared to the thermal action, the stress range generated by the passage of vehicles is relatively low, but trucks produce a large number of loading cycles. The inertial force generated by VIV of the stay cable applies very low stress to the SAB, making its effects on stress and fatigue negligible. It is concluded that the fatigue evaluation of the steel anchor box should consider the thermal effects. However, even when considering the combined effects of VIV loading, thermal effects and vehicle loading, the fatigue life at the critical details of the SAB—specifically the deck-side welds of the upper and lower plates to the outer web, as well as both weld ends of the bearing plate to the outer web of the steel box girder—exceeds 100 years. Therefore, the fatigue performance of the SAB under in-service conditions meets the bridge design requirements, even with large-amplitude VIV of the stay cable.

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为评价运营状态下斜拉桥拉索发生大幅涡激振动时的钢锚箱疲劳性能,连续监测了某大跨斜拉桥发生涡激振动的某拉索振动加速度和钢锚箱构造细节应力,在时/频域内研究了该拉索的振动特性,以及拉索涡激振动、车辆加载和温度作用对钢锚箱构造细节应力的贡献,探究了这三种荷载对钢锚箱的加载机制,评价了这三种荷载联合作用下钢锚箱的疲劳性能。研究发现,试验斜拉索在风速2~9 m/s之间发生了明显的风致振动,观测到的面内最大加速度峰值达25 m/s2,为多模态参与的高阶涡激振动,面内振动明显大于面外,主振模态出现在拉索第5~17阶。温度作用虽每天仅产生一个应力循环,但在钢锚箱构造细节上产生的最大应力幅明显大于车辆应力幅;虽然车辆通行产生的应力幅较小,但一辆货车通行产生一个应力幅,应力循环次数大;拉索涡激振动惯性力施加在钢锚箱上,但在构造细节上观测到的应力水平极低,因此可完全忽略拉索涡激振动对钢锚箱应力和疲劳的影响。研究认为,钢锚箱疲劳评价需考虑温度作用,但受拉索涡激振动、通行车辆和温度作用的联合加载,在钢锚箱疲劳最不利的顶板和底板与钢箱梁外腹板焊缝桥面端,以及承压板与外腹板焊缝两端的四个构造细节处,疲劳寿命均明显大于100年。因此即使拉索发生涡激振动,该在役钢锚箱疲劳性能也满足桥梁设计要求。

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祝志文(1968—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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Washington,D.C.:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials,2017., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228313049958904263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, awardId=51878269, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51878269), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1228313050067956175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, awardId=52278509, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52278509), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228313040647548985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228313040651743290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, companyId=1228313040647548985, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Department of Civil and Intelligent Construction Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228313040660131900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, companyId=1228313040647548985, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 汕头大学土木与智慧建设工程系,广东 汕头 515063)]), AuthorCompany(id=1228313040744017983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228313040752406592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, companyId=1228313040744017983, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Hubei Communications Planning and Design Institute Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430051, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228313040756600898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, companyId=1228313040744017983, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 湖北省交通规划设计院股份有限公司,湖北 武汉 430051)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1228313044850241771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Elevation layout of bridge and test location (Unit:m), figureFileSmall=ekzzI7uXhYNmGHq7he4VQg==, figureFileBig=cWug1TgKomBJz09LmZ/V2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313044955099378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=CN, label=图1, caption=大桥立面布置和试验位置(单位:m), figureFileSmall=ekzzI7uXhYNmGHq7he4VQg==, figureFileBig=cWug1TgKomBJz09LmZ/V2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313045047374071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Layout of cross section of steel box girder (Unit:cm), figureFileSmall=RZ5AlnTbm9UIuXLv3YGAmg==, figureFileBig=zAkeDKZsZ2VtvzvkJUnXxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313045139648763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=CN, label=图2, caption=钢箱梁横截面布置(单位:cm), figureFileSmall=RZ5AlnTbm9UIuXLv3YGAmg==, figureFileBig=zAkeDKZsZ2VtvzvkJUnXxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313045248700671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Structural layout of steel anchor box and strain gauges arrangement, figureFileSmall=JJEWuajVlaj8zeFnF3gzNA==, figureFileBig=0LCBBxYZb1lSMg9Su2Kvrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313045345169669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=CN, label=图3, caption=钢锚箱结构布置及应变片布置

注:应变片1-1~1-7布置在外腹板钢锚箱侧;应变片1-8布置在承压板下侧。

, figureFileSmall=JJEWuajVlaj8zeFnF3gzNA==, figureFileBig=0LCBBxYZb1lSMg9Su2Kvrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313045437444360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Test arrangement, figureFileSmall=yPHBFdR/G+mac5NI0UtCig==, figureFileBig=rvRCRGUpAtUEcmvo04hx5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313045559079177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=CN, label=图4, caption=试验布置, figureFileSmall=yPHBFdR/G+mac5NI0UtCig==, figureFileBig=rvRCRGUpAtUEcmvo04hx5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313045651353870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Acceleration time-history and frequency spectrum of stay cable, figureFileSmall=69E0RduRWJ3GI0S8zAOQvw==, figureFileBig=JjA2e17Vr9AnqZmW4MGK8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313045760405781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=CN, label=图5, caption=拉索加速度时程及其频谱, figureFileSmall=69E0RduRWJ3GI0S8zAOQvw==, figureFileBig=JjA2e17Vr9AnqZmW4MGK8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313045840097563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Variation of in-plane acceleration peak of stay cable with average wind velocity and main vibration mode, figureFileSmall=F43WNpu88+ALPlruE3bJJA==, figureFileBig=ANFTSQH/GS9hVabNOwxCiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313045936566557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=CN, label=图6, caption=拉索面内加速度峰值随平均风速和主振模态的变化, figureFileSmall=F43WNpu88+ALPlruE3bJJA==, figureFileBig=ANFTSQH/GS9hVabNOwxCiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313046033035554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Stress time-history at weld end between bearing plate and outer web, figureFileSmall=2fjAxXH7szekqgU4Cf6Xbw==, figureFileBig=PkG+oyEaR7t4HbBjS3iq0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313046163058985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=CN, label=图7, caption=承压板与外腹板焊缝端部应力时程, figureFileSmall=2fjAxXH7szekqgU4Cf6Xbw==, figureFileBig=PkG+oyEaR7t4HbBjS3iq0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313046276305200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Stress time-history at center of weld between bearing plate and outer web, figureFileSmall=7/2miinYE3SRbVfjV43Okg==, figureFileBig=LouOistVjFSOiM+nuc62cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313046376968502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=CN, label=图8, caption=承压板与外腹板焊缝中部应力时程, figureFileSmall=7/2miinYE3SRbVfjV43Okg==, figureFileBig=LouOistVjFSOiM+nuc62cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313046490214718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Typical stress time-history in short-time at details of steel anchor box under passing vehicles, figureFileSmall=Bt2Ni7+lC7pWuOLycL9BcA==, figureFileBig=/lK/hZW6tjPY5FWGVmuOiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313046607655237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=CN, label=图9, caption=钢锚箱构造细节在货车通行下的典型短时应力时程, figureFileSmall=Bt2Ni7+lC7pWuOLycL9BcA==, figureFileBig=/lK/hZW6tjPY5FWGVmuOiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313046699929929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Stress time-history at weld detail between upper and lower plates to outer web, figureFileSmall=cQYYrhrm3jVR9ewtOJtQlg==, figureFileBig=0ABKqGZKsZgJGMAB1yIiBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313046804787535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=CN, label=图10, caption=顶板和底板与外腹板焊缝构造细节应力时程, figureFileSmall=cQYYrhrm3jVR9ewtOJtQlg==, figureFileBig=0ABKqGZKsZgJGMAB1yIiBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313046918033747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Time-frequency plots of acceleration and stress when stay cable without vortex-induced vibration, figureFileSmall=+V4+Ag6BQerO2upcxH6tSA==, figureFileBig=aJQQKiRksgiPjGSxoz6hjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313047043862871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=CN, label=图11, caption=拉索未发生涡激振动时的加速度和应力时频图, figureFileSmall=+V4+Ag6BQerO2upcxH6tSA==, figureFileBig=aJQQKiRksgiPjGSxoz6hjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313047140331867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Time-frequency plots of acceleration and stress at details of steel anchor box when stay cable with vortex-induced vibration, figureFileSmall=nbM7RWRsk8h352+ruXjLtA==, figureFileBig=egE9L07/Z+2J3+7vLjsUGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313047249383780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=CN, label=图12, caption=拉索发生涡激振动时的加速度和钢锚箱构造细节应力时频图, figureFileSmall=nbM7RWRsk8h352+ruXjLtA==, figureFileBig=egE9L07/Z+2J3+7vLjsUGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313047371018604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=7-day measured stress time-history of fatigue critical 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Basic parameters of test stay cable

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直径/m成桥索力/kN长度/m与水平面倾角/(°)基频/Hz
0.1072258137.6682.20.98
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试验拉索基本参数

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直径/m成桥索力/kN长度/m与水平面倾角/(°)基频/Hz
0.1072258137.6682.20.98
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Basic parameters of steel anchor box

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构件名称长/mm宽/mm厚/mm
顶板83245830
底板87945830
承压板84047830
钢箱梁外腹板32
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钢锚箱基本参数

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构件名称长/mm宽/mm厚/mm
顶板83245830
底板87945830
承压板84047830
钢箱梁外腹板32
), ArticleFig(id=1228313049598194092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Fatigue evaluation results of each measuring point of steel anchor box

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应变片编号最大应力幅/MPa疲劳寿命/年常幅疲劳极限/MPa
实测剔除温度作用实测剔除温度作用
1-131.53.650112.2无限17.9
1-228.17.0无限无限69.0
1-324.56.4无限无限69.0
1-445.010.72740.3无限17.9
1-533.07.119020.7无限17.9
1-647.75.38190.8无限17.9
1-721.06.8无限无限69.0
1-833.55.4无限无限69.0
), ArticleFig(id=1228313049703051699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295809003876708, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

钢锚箱各测点疲劳评价结果

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应变片编号最大应力幅/MPa疲劳寿命/年常幅疲劳极限/MPa
实测剔除温度作用实测剔除温度作用
1-131.53.650112.2无限17.9
1-228.17.0无限无限69.0
1-324.56.4无限无限69.0
1-445.010.72740.3无限17.9
1-533.07.119020.7无限17.9
1-647.75.38190.8无限17.9
1-721.06.8无限无限69.0
1-833.55.4无限无限69.0
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拉索涡振下考虑车辆和温度联合作用的斜拉桥钢锚箱疲劳性能
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祝志文 1 , 颜爽 1 , 丁望星 2 , 廖原 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(2): 268-278
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(2): 268-278
拉索涡振下考虑车辆和温度联合作用的斜拉桥钢锚箱疲劳性能
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祝志文1 , 颜爽1, 丁望星2, 廖原2
作者信息
  • 1. 汕头大学土木与智慧建设工程系,广东 汕头 515063
  • 2. 湖北省交通规划设计院股份有限公司,湖北 武汉 430051

通讯作者:

祝志文(1968—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Fatigue performance of steel anchor box in cable-stayed bridges considering joint action of vehicle and temperature under vortex-induced vibration of stay cable
Zhiwen ZHU1 , Shuang YAN1, Wangxing DING2, Yuan LIAO2
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Civil and Intelligent Construction Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
  • 2.Hubei Communications Planning and Design Institute Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430051, China
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.006
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为评价运营状态下斜拉桥拉索发生大幅涡激振动时的钢锚箱疲劳性能,连续监测了某大跨斜拉桥发生涡激振动的某拉索振动加速度和钢锚箱构造细节应力,在时/频域内研究了该拉索的振动特性,以及拉索涡激振动、车辆加载和温度作用对钢锚箱构造细节应力的贡献,探究了这三种荷载对钢锚箱的加载机制,评价了这三种荷载联合作用下钢锚箱的疲劳性能。研究发现,试验斜拉索在风速2~9 m/s之间发生了明显的风致振动,观测到的面内最大加速度峰值达25 m/s2,为多模态参与的高阶涡激振动,面内振动明显大于面外,主振模态出现在拉索第5~17阶。温度作用虽每天仅产生一个应力循环,但在钢锚箱构造细节上产生的最大应力幅明显大于车辆应力幅;虽然车辆通行产生的应力幅较小,但一辆货车通行产生一个应力幅,应力循环次数大;拉索涡激振动惯性力施加在钢锚箱上,但在构造细节上观测到的应力水平极低,因此可完全忽略拉索涡激振动对钢锚箱应力和疲劳的影响。研究认为,钢锚箱疲劳评价需考虑温度作用,但受拉索涡激振动、通行车辆和温度作用的联合加载,在钢锚箱疲劳最不利的顶板和底板与钢箱梁外腹板焊缝桥面端,以及承压板与外腹板焊缝两端的四个构造细节处,疲劳寿命均明显大于100年。因此即使拉索发生涡激振动,该在役钢锚箱疲劳性能也满足桥梁设计要求。

斜拉索  /  疲劳  /  涡激振动  /  钢锚箱  /  车辆加载  /  温度作用

In order to evaluate the fatigue performance of the steel anchor box (SAB) when its stay cable experiences large-amplitude vortex-induced vibration (VIV) under in-service condition, continuous monitoring was conducted on a long-span cable-stayed bridge. The acceleration of the stay cable undergoing VIV and the stress at the SAB details were measured. The characteristic of stay cable vibration, as well as the stress at the SAB details due to VIV of the stay cable, vehicles loading, and thermal effects, were investigated in both time and frequency domains. Hence the loading mechanisms of VIV, vehicle loading, and thermal effects on the SAB were discussed. Based on the nominal stress method, the fatigue performance of the SAB under the joint action of VIV, vehicle loads and thermal effects were evaluated. The results show that the significant vibration of stay cable, characterized by the high-order multi-mode VIV, dominated by in-plane vibration with peak frequencies between the fifth and the seventeenth modes, occurring within a mean wind speed range of 2 m/s to 9 m/s, with observed maximum in-plane peak acceleration of 25 m/s2.Thermal effects significantly contribute to the maximum stress range at the SAB details, although they only generate one stress cycle per day. Compared to the thermal action, the stress range generated by the passage of vehicles is relatively low, but trucks produce a large number of loading cycles. The inertial force generated by VIV of the stay cable applies very low stress to the SAB, making its effects on stress and fatigue negligible. It is concluded that the fatigue evaluation of the steel anchor box should consider the thermal effects. However, even when considering the combined effects of VIV loading, thermal effects and vehicle loading, the fatigue life at the critical details of the SAB—specifically the deck-side welds of the upper and lower plates to the outer web, as well as both weld ends of the bearing plate to the outer web of the steel box girder—exceeds 100 years. Therefore, the fatigue performance of the SAB under in-service conditions meets the bridge design requirements, even with large-amplitude VIV of the stay cable.

stay cable  /  fatigue  /  vortex-induced vibration  /  steel anchor box  /  truck loading  /  thermal action
祝志文, 颜爽, 丁望星, 廖原. 拉索涡振下考虑车辆和温度联合作用的斜拉桥钢锚箱疲劳性能. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (2) : 268 -278 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.006
Zhiwen ZHU, Shuang YAN, Wangxing DING, Yuan LIAO. Fatigue performance of steel anchor box in cable-stayed bridges considering joint action of vehicle and temperature under vortex-induced vibration of stay cable[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (2) : 268 -278 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.006
斜拉桥造型美观、施工方便、跨越能力大,是大跨桥梁常用的结构形式。这种桥型由主梁、斜拉索和索塔组成,其中,主梁由斜拉索多点弹性支承,因而斜拉索将承担作用在主梁上的大部分荷载,并将这些荷载传递给索塔,故斜拉索是斜拉桥的重要受力构件。由于拉索具有质量轻、柔度大和阻尼低的特点,且长斜拉索在自重作用下会产生一定的垂度,从而降低了拉索的刚度,在交通荷载、风和雨等外部激励作用下,极易发生如参数振动、涡激振动和风雨振等多种形式的风致振动[1-2]。斜拉索涡激振动是由于风流经斜拉索产生的尾流漩涡脱落频率等于或接近拉索固有频率而被激发的。一方面,因大气边界层内风速随离地高度的增大而增大,而斜拉索塔端高、梁端低,自然风流经倾斜的拉索将在拉索不同高度处产生不同频率的漩涡脱落,即往索塔方向涡脱频率不断增大;另一方面,大跨斜拉桥拉索基频低而模态密集,沿拉索纵向发生的不同频率漩涡脱落可能与斜拉索的多个结构模态接近,从而诱发斜拉索多个频率同时发生涡激振动[3]。因斜拉索基频较小,研究表明,当拉索发生明显的涡激振动时,其卓越频率往往较大,即通常激发的是拉索的高阶单模态,甚至是多模态参与的高阶振动[3];此外,拉索振动位移峰值较小,小于拉索直径,且远小于拉索风雨振振幅[4],但由于发振模态较高,拉索高频振动的较大模态加速度可能会产生较大的涡激振动惯性力。该惯性力垂直于拉索轴线,通过拉索锚固端施加在钢锚箱上,因此,拉索涡激振动将会在钢锚箱上产生波动加载作用,这种作用可能会导致钢锚箱发生疲劳开裂。
斜拉桥钢锚箱为全焊结构,它受拉索锚固集中力作用,荷载大且受力复杂,焊接构造细节应力集中导致局部应力大[5]。目前,在设计索力作用下,钢锚箱静载性能的有限元和模型试验已有较多研究[6],但国内外开展的斜拉桥钢锚箱疲劳性能研究不多。包立新等[7]开展了南京长江二桥南叉桥钢锚箱的疲劳试验和有限元分析。LIN等[8]对某单塔双跨式斜拉桥钢锚箱开展了有限元分析和疲劳足尺模型试验,得出钢锚箱能承受200万次循环疲劳加载的结论,但并没有给出钢锚箱应力大小及其分布。需要指出,基于实桥交通流开展的钢锚箱疲劳研究非常少。吴其等[9]开展了荆岳长江大桥跨中钢锚箱在桥面随机车流加载下的应力幅实测,评价了钢锚箱的疲劳性能。祝志文等[10]现场实测了某斜拉桥的拉索涡激振动和钢锚箱构造细节的应力时程,但仅有三天的数据,没有开展疲劳评价,也没有考虑温度作用对构造细节应力幅和疲劳的影响。
钢锚箱受桥面活载在拉索上产生的较大索力幅作用,将在应力集中的构造细节上产生较大的应力幅。另外斜拉桥为高次超静定结构,太阳辐射将在斜拉桥上产生空间分布的温度场和温度梯度,可能在钢锚箱上产生温度热效应和热应力幅。因此,如同时考虑桥面通行货车加载、拉索涡激振动加载和温度作用三种荷载,三者的叠加效应可能会在斜拉索钢锚箱焊接构造细节上产生较大的应力幅,影响钢锚箱的疲劳性能。然而,目前未见考虑上述三种荷载联合作用下钢锚箱疲劳性能研究的相关报道,也没有关于上述三种荷载对钢锚箱作用机制的研究。
某主跨为816 m的双塔不对称混合梁斜拉桥的立面布置如图1所示。主跨和北边跨主梁采用PK断面钢箱梁,主梁高为3.8 m,宽为38.5 m,桥面横坡为2%,如图2所示。大桥横桥向为锚固104对高强度平行钢丝斜拉索的H形预应力混凝土索塔,钢箱梁上顺桥向标准索距为15 m,斜拉索下端锚固在主梁外腹板外侧的钢锚箱上,钢锚箱藏于风嘴内。大桥主桥为西北-东南走向,桥轴线为北偏西42°。
钢锚箱结构由顶板、底板、承压板和内/外侧板等构件组成,其中顶板、底板和承压板分别与箱梁外腹板焊接,内/外侧板平行于外腹板并分别与顶板、底板和承压板焊接,由此形成上部开口的箱型结构。研究表明,钢锚箱以剪-弯联合受力的方式将斜拉索索力传递给主梁,其中,钢锚箱顶板、底板和承压板是主要的受力构件。
实桥现场观测发现,北塔北侧下游JB01号拉索(见图1,后称之为试验拉索)在干索状态下长时间频繁地出现明显振动。该拉索没有安装外置阻尼器,但在其钢导管内安装了减震橡胶圈,拉索结构参数如表1所示,其中拉索成桥索力和基频均通过实桥测量确定。
图3为试验拉索梁端钢锚箱结构布置。可见,拉索集中力作用在承压板上,部分传递到顶板和底板,再通过顶板、底板和承压板与钢箱梁外腹板的连接焊缝传递到钢箱梁外腹板,并最终传递给主梁。钢锚箱采用Q345qD钢,主要构件结构参数如表2所示。
通过在桥梁上布置传感器,结构监测系统能自动记录、传输和存储数据,并可对环境参数和结构响应开展分析,因此在大跨桥梁上有着广泛应用。本文采用的监测仪器主要有螺旋桨风速仪、加速度计和应变片,如图4所示。其中,螺旋桨风速仪安装在主跨跨中距桥面5 m高度处,可获得跨中桥面的风速和风向;加速度计采用TST143A02P双向加速度传感器,安装在试验拉索距桥面6.22 m高度处,采样频率为100 Hz,通过数据采集系统可得到该拉索的面内和面外振动加速度时程;应变片采用日本共和生产的UFLA-2-11-3LT箔基温度自补偿应变片,采样频率为100 Hz,布设在需要重点关注的钢锚箱焊接构造的应力集中处,如承压板与钢箱梁外腹板连接焊缝的两端和两侧,顶板和底板与钢箱梁外腹板焊缝的桥面端等,如图3(a)所示,所有单轴应变片均垂直于焊缝,并距焊缝焊趾6 mm。所有采集数据通过光纤传到大桥健康监测室,保存在电脑上,可远端控制数据采集并开展分析。
图5(a)给出了系统监测到的2018年2月10日拉索连续12 h加速度时程。其振动加速度经历了先增大后减小的过程,面内和面外加速度峰值均有明显变化,最大值分别为24.7和2.5 m/s2,即面内加速度峰值明显大于面外。图5(b)和(c)分别为2018年2月10日14∶30后,东风风速为6.6 m/s时,拉索面内短时加速度时程及其频谱,对应的加速度峰值达24 m/s2;且拉索为多模态振动,主要参与模态为拉索第11~13阶的高阶模态,其中第12阶参与能量最大,本文称为主振模态,频率为11.72 Hz,明显高于拉索基频0.98 Hz,因此拉索发生了多模态参与的高阶涡振。
图6统计了长期监测到的拉索面内加速度峰值与平均风速和主振模态的关系(统计时长为5 min,只统计了面内加速度峰值≥2 m/s2的数据)。可见,拉索振动先随平均风速的增大而增大,在平均风速为6.5 m/s左右时,加速度峰值达到最大,此后,加速度峰值随平均风速的增大而逐渐减小,表现出涡激振动的限幅特征[2]。拉索面内振动模态分布在第5~17阶之间,对应频率范围为4.90~16.66 Hz;在第13阶模态(12.70 Hz)左右加速度峰值最大,即涡激振动未见低于第5阶和高于第17阶的拉索模态。
因参数振动往往激发的是拉索2倍基频内某一频率的系统内共振[11],故发生的不是参数振动。此外,风雨振在同时满足一定风速、风向相对偏角、雨量的条件下才会发生,且拉索风雨振主要激发的是拉索前几阶模态振动[2],而本文拉索为干索,因而该拉索振动也不是风雨振。综前所述,本文监测到的拉索振动为多模态参与的高阶涡激振动。
监测系统同时监测了桥梁运营状态钢锚箱多个构造细节的应变响应,并根据钢锚箱钢材的弹性模量2.06×105 MPa将应变时程转换成应力时程,分析这些构造细节的应力大小和变化特征。
图7(a)和(c)分别给出了承压板与外腹板焊缝右侧端部应变片1-1和1-2的24 h实测应力σ随时间t的变化,该监测时段包含图5拉索大幅涡激振动的时段(后续其他应变片24 h应力时程为同次测量,均包含图5时段)。可见,其快速变化的应力叠加在一个随时间整体趋势性变化的曲线上。多天同一构造细节应力监测数据显示,当前后两天太阳辐射和气温基本相同时,经过一天后这种趋势性应力变化在两天同一时刻基本能回到相同的起点,即每天产生一个应力循环,因此,该应力循环是由于日照引起桥梁温度变化导致的,在钢锚箱构造细节上产生大的应力幅,如图7所示,即温度作用应力幅明显大于车辆通行桥面和拉索涡激振动共同作用产生的应力幅。如剔除实测应力时程中的温度作用,将分别得到如图7(b)和(d)所示的仅包含车辆通行桥面和拉索涡激振动共同作用产生的应力,本文称之为剔除温度作用应力。此时,应变片1-1和1-2应力水平很低。图7(e)给出了承压板与外腹板焊缝左侧端部应变片1-6的24 h实测应力时程,其温度作用应力幅增大,剔除温度作用应力时程如图7(f)所示,与右侧构造细节类似,该应力水平也很低,小于5 MPa。可见在车辆加载和拉索涡激振动的共同作用下,承压板与外腹板焊缝构造细节应力幅水平很低,明显低于温度作用应力幅。
图8(a)和(c)分别为承压板与外腹板焊缝中部应变片1-7和1-8的24 h实测应力时程,可见温度作用产生了很大的应力幅。剔除温度作用应力分别如图8(b)和(d)所示,可见应力水平仍很低。与图7中承压板焊缝两端相比,可见其中部应力水平略高,但拉压应力均小于5 MPa。
图9(a)和(b)为同时记录的承压板与外腹板焊缝构造细节应变片1-1、1-2、1-6和1-7、1-8在货车通行下的典型短时应力时程。虽然焊缝中部构造细节的应力响应大于焊缝两端,但货车通行产生的应力幅均较小。此外,虽然一辆货车有多个车轴,但这些应变片在一辆货车通行下均仅产生一个应力循环,无法分辨货车轴组和单轴,显然,这是桥梁主要受力构件的活载响应特征。
研究表明,钢锚箱主要受力构件均存在不同程度的应力集中,其中,钢锚箱顶板和底板与外腹板焊缝桥面端处最为明显,该处往往是钢锚箱构造细节应力最大位置[6]。从疲劳构造细节分类来看[12],由于顶板和底板是焊接在钢箱梁外腹板上的较长连接件,因此,在顶板和底板与外腹板焊缝桥面端处会产生明显的应力集中,拉索涡激振动加载,桥面通行货车加载和温度作用可能会在该构造细节上产生较大的应力响应。图10(a)和(c)为该构造细节的24 h实测应力时程,可见在这两个位置上均产生了较大的应力响应,不仅温度作用应力大,剔除温度作用应力(图10(b)和(d))也稍高于承压板与外腹板焊缝;另外,顶板与外腹板焊缝应变片1-4的应力水平高于底板与外腹板焊缝应变片1-5的应力水平。
图10(e)和(f)分别给出了钢锚箱顶板与外腹板焊缝中部应变片1-3的24 h实测应力和剔除温度作用应力。可见,该应变片应力以压应力为主,且应力水平低于应变片1-4,即在钢锚箱顶板与外腹板焊缝构造细节上,其桥面端应力响应大于其中部,这也与模型试验的结论一致[5]图9(c)为同时记录的顶板和底板与外腹板焊缝构造细节应变片1-3、1-4和1-5在货车通行下的典型短时应力时程。与24 h应力时程类似,可见在该焊缝构造细节上,顶板的应力响应大于底板,桥面端的应力响应大于中部。同样,这些应变片在一辆货车通行下均仅产生一个应力循环。
为揭示拉索涡激振动惯性力对钢锚箱的加载机制和构造细节应力特征,需就运营状态下该拉索是否发生涡激振动的情况展开对比分析。
图9可见,钢锚箱所有应变片在一辆货车通行下均只显示一个应力循环,这些短时应力时程曲线都存在细微的波动,这些波动是涡激振动激励还是测量噪声导致的结果,需进一步对应力时程进行频谱分析来予以判别。图11(a)给出了监测系统获得的180 s拉索面内加速度时程,可见加速度峰值很小,拉索未发生涡激振动。钢锚箱应力响应较大的构造细节处,即钢锚箱应变片1-5的应力时程如图11(b)所示。该时程包含前面的无货车通行和后续的有货车通行时段。取无货车通行(30~60 s)和货车通行(75~105 s)两个时段,分别对加速度时程和应力时程进行频谱分析,其归一化频谱如图11(c)~(f)所示。
图11(c)和(e)可见,当拉索没有发生涡激振动时,其响应表现为湍流风作用下的抖振特征,湍流随机激励激发起了拉索自基频以上众多模态的广泛响应,相邻峰值频率之差等于基频;显然,有/无货车通行桥面,拉索响应频谱并无明显差别,说明货车通行并不激发拉索额外的模态响应。另外,由图11(d)可见,虽然拉索的抖振响应包含众多模态,但因加速度很小,钢锚箱应力时程未见明显的频率峰值;而即使货车通行,钢锚箱应力时程同样未见明显的频率峰值,如图11(f)所示。
拉索涡激振动将产生振动惯性力,其大小受模态频率、振幅和质量的影响。因拉索在锚固端处具有较大的抗弯刚度,当拉索发生涡激振动时,拉索端部的弯曲会将振动惯性力施加在钢锚箱上;若涡激振动显著,钢锚箱构造细节的应力响应时频图应体现拉索涡激振动加载的特征。
下面考虑拉索发生涡激振动的情况。同样取180 s时长,图12(a)和(b)分别为拉索面内加速度时程和应变片1-5应力时程。同样取应力时程的无货车通行时段(30~60 s)和货车通行时段(150~180 s),并对这两个时段的加速度时程和应力时程进行频谱分析,如图12(c)~(f)所示。可见,在无货车通行时段,拉索以第13和第14阶模态为主发生涡激振动,钢锚箱应力响应频谱同样包含拉索涡激振动的第13和第14阶模态,因此拉索涡激振动在钢锚箱上施加了激励,只是其激励产生的应力幅太小,如图12(b)所示。在货车通行时段,拉索以第13阶模态为主发生涡激振动,钢锚箱应力响应频谱同样包含拉索涡激振动的第13阶模态。因此,即使货车通行,拉索仍在钢锚箱上施加了涡激振动惯性力激励,只是和货车通行产生的应力相比,涡激振动加载产生的应力幅很小,如图12(b)所示。拉索有/无涡激振动时钢锚箱构造细节应力的时频对比表明,涡激振动时,钢锚箱构造细节应力响应存在拉索涡激振动的频率成分,说明拉索涡激振动产生的惯性力施加在钢锚箱上,但从钢锚箱构造细节的应力响应时程可见,其应力水平极低,明显低于货车通行在钢锚箱构造细节上产生的应力,也明显低于构造细节的温度应力。由于疲劳寿命与应力幅的三次方成反比[12],因此,拉索涡激振动产生的应力以及对钢锚箱的疲劳影响完全可忽略。
名义应力法被广泛应用于钢桥的疲劳评定中。本文依据美国桥梁设计规范[12],采用名义应力法对钢锚箱进行疲劳评价。桥面货车通行和温度作用对钢锚箱为变幅加载,因此需先基于雨流计数法对实测应力时程进行统计计数以获得构造细节的应力谱,再将应力谱中的最大应力幅(Sr,max)与构造细节对应疲劳等级的常幅疲劳极限进行比较,若常幅疲劳极限≥最大应力幅,则构造细节的疲劳寿命为无限;否则,构造细节为有限疲劳寿命。需根据Miner准则将变幅应力幅转化为等效应力幅,再根据等效应力幅和构造细节S-N曲线计算其疲劳寿命。
Miner准则表达式为:
式中,ni为应力幅Si作用的应力循环次数;NiS-N曲线中应力幅Si对应的常幅加载疲劳寿命;为应力幅Si造成的损伤度;D为总损伤度,当D≥1时,构造细节疲劳失效。
规范[12]中名义应力法对应的S-N曲线为:
式中,A为常数,依据规范[12]指定构造细节等级选用;mS-N曲线的斜率,取为3.0;S为应力幅;N为疲劳加载次数。
基于式(1)可获得与变幅加载所产生的疲劳损伤相等的某常幅应力幅Sr,eq(即等效应力幅);由式(2)确定与等效应力幅相对应的应力循环次数N0,分别如下式所示:
这样,可通过雨流计数法获得一定时段内构造细节的应力谱,评价构造细节的疲劳性能和疲劳寿命。
另外,目前国内外规范并无钢锚箱构造细节疲劳等级的规定,也无研究建议相关的疲劳等级。为此,本文将钢锚箱顶板、底板和承压板看作是焊在钢箱梁外腹板上的构件,因顶板、底板和承压板与钢箱梁外腹板的连接焊缝沿受力方向的长度远大于钢锚箱外腹板厚度的12倍或100 mm,且顶板、底板和承压板的厚度大于25 mm,根据美国桥梁设计规范[12]疲劳条文,顶板、底板和承压板三者与外腹板焊缝端部构造细节的疲劳等级为E´,对应的常幅疲劳极限为17.9 MPa,其他构造细节疲劳等级对应的常幅疲劳极限如表3所示。
为反映工作日和周末交通流量的变化,监测系统连续采集了钢锚箱构造细节7天应力时程,这些时程包含了拉索涡激振动加载、桥面车辆加载和温度作用。从上述分析可知,拉索涡激振动对钢锚箱动力加载完全可忽略,因此,无需关注拉索是否发生涡激振动。为此,本文采用雨流计数法对7天应力时程进行统计分析,可分别得到各个构造细节的实测应力谱和最大应力幅,并将温度作用导致的应力缓慢上升和下降当作趋势性予以剔除,得到剔除温度作用后的应力谱和应力幅,如表3所示。可见温度作用在钢锚箱构造细节上均产生了较大的应力幅,其中,钢锚箱承压板与外腹板焊缝左侧端部最大,最大应力幅达47.7 MPa;顶板和底板与外腹板焊缝桥面端应力幅也较大,顶板侧应力幅大于底板侧,且桥面端大于中部。由表3可见,如剔除温度作用,构造细节应力幅均由通行桥面货车产生,此时钢锚箱全部构造细节的最大应力幅显著降低,其中,顶板与外腹板焊缝桥面端最大,最大应力幅为10.7 MPa,其他构造细节的最大应力幅均小于10 MPa。说明拉索涡激振动和桥面通行车辆共同加载产生的应力幅相对较小,温度作用对钢锚箱构造细节应力影响较大。
图13给出了疲劳最不利构造细节7天实测应力时程,显示出了温度作用特征。由于每天温度有高有低,每天温度作用在钢锚箱上产生的应力幅有可能不同,但均较大,因此钢锚箱疲劳评价需考虑温度作用效应。
顶板和底板与外腹板焊缝桥面端,以及承压板与外腹板焊缝下端三个构造细节的疲劳等级最低,但应力幅较大,因此是钢锚箱的疲劳敏感构造细节,采用雨流计数法获得这些位置的7天实测应力谱如图14所示。通常认为,小于常幅疲劳极限1/4的应力幅不会对构造细节的疲劳寿命产生影响[9]。因此,1-4、1-5和1-6三个应变片应力幅小于4.5 MPa的部分未予考虑。虽然承压板焊缝左侧端部构造细节的最大应力幅最大,但其应力循环次数远小于钢锚箱顶板和底板桥面端,其中钢锚箱顶板焊缝桥面端的应力循环次数最多,达到4238次。图14各个测点应力谱中,高于表3中剔除温度作用的最大应力幅及以下的应力谱,应力幅总数为7,表明温度作用每天产生一个应力循环。
如不考虑温度作用,由表3可知,钢锚箱所有测点的最大应力幅均明显低于各构造细节疲劳等级对应的常幅疲劳极限,因此钢锚箱疲劳寿命为无限。但如前所述,钢锚箱疲劳评价需考虑温度作用,此时,因应变片1-2、1-3、1-7和1-8实测应力的最大应力幅均明显低于对应构造细节的常幅疲劳极限,因此其疲劳寿命将是无限的。相反,其余构造细节的实测最大应力幅均大于对应构造细节的常幅疲劳极限,因此其疲劳寿命将是有限的。对有限寿命构造细节,基于S-N曲线计算的各构造细节疲劳寿命如表3所示,各测点的疲劳寿命均明显大于桥梁的设计寿命(100年)。可见,温度对钢锚箱应力有影响,但其影响仍很有限。基于实测应力,考虑拉索涡激振动、通行车辆和温度作用的联合加载,该在役钢锚箱疲劳性能满足桥梁设计要求。
基于监测系统获得的拉索振动加速度和钢锚箱主要构造细节应力时程,研究了拉索涡激振动对钢锚箱的加载机制,评价了车辆、拉索振动和温度作用联合加载下钢锚箱的疲劳性能,主要结论如下:
(1)试验斜拉索在常遇风速2~9 m/s之间发生了明显的振动,为高阶多模态涡激振动,面内振动明显大于面外,涡激振动模态出现在拉索第5~17阶,观测到的面内最大加速度峰值约为25 m/s2,加速度峰值对应的主振模态为第13阶。
(2)温度作用虽每天仅产生一个应力循环,但在钢锚箱构造细节上产生的应力幅明显大于车辆通行应力幅,因此钢锚箱疲劳性能评价需考虑温度作用。
(3)顶板和底板与钢箱梁外腹板焊缝桥面端,以及承压板与外腹板焊缝的两端,四处应力响应较大,一辆货车通行下钢锚箱所有构造细节上均仅产生一个应力循环。
(4)拉索涡激振动时,钢锚箱构造细节应力响应存在拉索涡激振动的频率成分,说明涡激振动惯性力施加在钢锚箱上,但涡激振动产生的应力水平极低,显著低于货车通行在钢锚箱构造细节上产生的应力,因此,拉索涡激振动在钢锚箱上产生的应力以及对钢锚箱的疲劳影响完全可忽略。
(5)试验钢锚箱顶板和底板与钢箱梁外腹板焊缝桥面端,以及承压板与外腹板焊缝的两端的疲劳寿命为有限,但疲劳寿命均显著大于100年,其他构造细节的疲劳寿命为无限,因此,考虑拉索涡激振动和温度作用下,该在役斜拉桥钢锚箱疲劳满足100年桥梁设计要求。
因目前国内外规范无钢锚箱构造细节的疲劳等级规定,今后将结合既有钢锚箱结构和构造,开展疲劳试验和断裂力学分析,系统研究钢锚箱疲劳失效机理,并确定钢锚箱不同构造细节的疲劳等级,用于钢锚箱疲劳研究和抗疲劳设计。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51878269)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52278509)
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2025年第38卷第2期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.006
  • 接收时间:2023-02-14
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-14
  • 修回日期:2023-05-02
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51878269)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52278509)
作者信息
    1. 汕头大学土木与智慧建设工程系,广东 汕头 515063
    2. 湖北省交通规划设计院股份有限公司,湖北 武汉 430051

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祝志文(1968—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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