Article(id=1228295808588640586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1677168000000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-24, revisedDate=1686240000000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770778141400, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770778141400, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770778141400, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770778141400, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228295801890336965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='2', pageStart='223', pageEnd='448', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770778139803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770949100774, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=365, endPage=374, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228295808886436186, articleId=1228295808588640586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Vehicle dynamics behavior of heavy-haul wagon vehicle under emergency braking conditions, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When braking is applied to a heavy-haul train, the dynamic behavior of the train becomes more complex compared to when there is no braking, which poses significant challenges to the safety of train operations. In order to study the vehicle dynamics behavior at the maximum coupler force of a heavy-haul train under emergency braking conditions, a vehicle-track and longitudinal-vertical coupled dynamic model, considering the effects of shoe friction braking, is established with a 25 t axle heavy-haul wagon from China as the research object. On this basis, this study systematically examines the impact of varying running speeds and adhesion conditions on the dynamic wheel-rail interaction and vehicle vibration response during emergency braking. The results show that under braking conditions, the brake shoe pressure and longitudinal coupler force exacerbate the wheel-rail dynamic interaction and cause changes in the displacement of the under-rail structure. The low adhesion condition has a significant effect on the longitudinal interaction of the wheelsets, leading to a sharp increase in the longitudinal creep rate and wear number, thus increasing the risk of wheel slip and wear. This effect is more pronounced at low speeds. Moreover, the low adhesion condition and longitudinal coupler force significantly affect both the rotational and longitudinal motion of the wheelsets, leading to increased wheelset vibration and deterioration of vehicle dynamics.

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重载列车实施制动时,列车车辆所表现出的动力学行为比无制动情况下更加复杂,这给列车行车安全带来了极大的考验。为研究紧急制动条件下重载列车最大车钩力处的车辆动力学行为,以中国25 t轴重重载货车为研究对象,建立考虑闸瓦摩擦制动的重载货车车辆-轨道纵垂耦合动力学模型。基于此,系统地研究了车辆在紧急制动时,不同运行速度和黏着状态对轮轨动态作用和车辆振动响应的影响。结果表明:紧急制动条件下,闸瓦压力及纵向车钩力会加剧轮轨动力相互作用,同时导致轨下结构的位移发生变化;低黏着状态对轮对纵向相互作用影响显著,导致纵向蠕滑率和磨耗数急剧增加,加剧车轮打滑和车轮磨损的风险,且低速下的影响更大;此外,低黏着状态及纵向车钩力对轮对旋转和纵向运动均有显著影响,导致轮对振动加剧,动力学性能恶化。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王志伟(1991—),男,博士,讲师。E-mail:
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刘开忠(1999—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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刘开忠(1999—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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articleId=1228295808588640586, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=闸瓦制动), Keyword(id=1228313054073520178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295808588640586, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=动力学行为), Keyword(id=1228313054182572088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295808588640586, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=轮轨相互作用)], refs=[Reference(id=1228313060239147299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295808588640586, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=刘鹏飞, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘鹏飞.纵向冲动作用下重载列车与轨道动态相互作用研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2015., articleTitle=纵向冲动作用下重载列车与轨道动态相互作用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228313060302061862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295808588640586, doi=null, 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Different wheel-rail adhesion state parameters[21]

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轮轨黏着状态参数
abcd
潮湿条件0.541.20.290.29
干燥条件0.541.211
), ArticleFig(id=1228313059396092160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295808588640586, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同轮轨黏着状态参数[21]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轮轨黏着状态参数
abcd
潮湿条件0.541.20.290.29
干燥条件0.541.211
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Comparison results of wheel-rail vertical force

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对比内容参考文献数值/kN本文仿真数值/kN相对误差/%
无轨道激励119.6118.31.09
美国五级轨道不平顺激励168.3162.83.27
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轮轨垂向力对比结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对比内容参考文献数值/kN本文仿真数值/kN相对误差/%
无轨道激励119.6118.31.09
美国五级轨道不平顺激励168.3162.83.27
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Maximum vertical displacement of the structure under the rail at 80 km/h

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
型号工况钢轨垂向位移/mm轨枕垂向位移/mm道床垂向位移/mm
轮对1惰行1.2500.7090.544
制动1.2940.7300.547
轮对2惰行1.2520.7110.544
制动1.2340.7010.539
轮对3惰行1.2470.7100.545
制动1.2720.7120.543
轮对4惰行1.2520.7090.543
制动1.1960.6940.537
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80 km/h速度下轨下结构垂向位移最大值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
型号工况钢轨垂向位移/mm轨枕垂向位移/mm道床垂向位移/mm
轮对1惰行1.2500.7090.544
制动1.2940.7300.547
轮对2惰行1.2520.7110.544
制动1.2340.7010.539
轮对3惰行1.2470.7100.545
制动1.2720.7120.543
轮对4惰行1.2520.7090.543
制动1.1960.6940.537
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紧急制动条件下重载货车车辆动力学行为研究
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刘开忠 1 , 王志伟 1, 2 , 张卫华 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(2): 365-374
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(2): 365-374
紧急制动条件下重载货车车辆动力学行为研究
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刘开忠1 , 王志伟1, 2 , 张卫华1
作者信息
  • 1.西南交通大学轨道交通运载系统全国重点实验室,四川 成都 610031
  • 2.西南交通大学机械工程学院,四川 成都 610031
  • 刘开忠(1999—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王志伟(1991—),男,博士,讲师。E-mail:
Vehicle dynamics behavior of heavy-haul wagon vehicle under emergency braking conditions
Kaizhong LIU1 , Zhiwei WANG1, 2 , Weihua ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
  • 2. School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.015
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重载列车实施制动时,列车车辆所表现出的动力学行为比无制动情况下更加复杂,这给列车行车安全带来了极大的考验。为研究紧急制动条件下重载列车最大车钩力处的车辆动力学行为,以中国25 t轴重重载货车为研究对象,建立考虑闸瓦摩擦制动的重载货车车辆-轨道纵垂耦合动力学模型。基于此,系统地研究了车辆在紧急制动时,不同运行速度和黏着状态对轮轨动态作用和车辆振动响应的影响。结果表明:紧急制动条件下,闸瓦压力及纵向车钩力会加剧轮轨动力相互作用,同时导致轨下结构的位移发生变化;低黏着状态对轮对纵向相互作用影响显著,导致纵向蠕滑率和磨耗数急剧增加,加剧车轮打滑和车轮磨损的风险,且低速下的影响更大;此外,低黏着状态及纵向车钩力对轮对旋转和纵向运动均有显著影响,导致轮对振动加剧,动力学性能恶化。

车辆-轨道耦合动力学  /  重载货车  /  闸瓦制动  /  动力学行为  /  轮轨相互作用

When braking is applied to a heavy-haul train, the dynamic behavior of the train becomes more complex compared to when there is no braking, which poses significant challenges to the safety of train operations. In order to study the vehicle dynamics behavior at the maximum coupler force of a heavy-haul train under emergency braking conditions, a vehicle-track and longitudinal-vertical coupled dynamic model, considering the effects of shoe friction braking, is established with a 25 t axle heavy-haul wagon from China as the research object. On this basis, this study systematically examines the impact of varying running speeds and adhesion conditions on the dynamic wheel-rail interaction and vehicle vibration response during emergency braking. The results show that under braking conditions, the brake shoe pressure and longitudinal coupler force exacerbate the wheel-rail dynamic interaction and cause changes in the displacement of the under-rail structure. The low adhesion condition has a significant effect on the longitudinal interaction of the wheelsets, leading to a sharp increase in the longitudinal creep rate and wear number, thus increasing the risk of wheel slip and wear. This effect is more pronounced at low speeds. Moreover, the low adhesion condition and longitudinal coupler force significantly affect both the rotational and longitudinal motion of the wheelsets, leading to increased wheelset vibration and deterioration of vehicle dynamics.

vehicle-track coupling dynamics  /  heavy-haul wagon  /  brake shoe  /  dynamic behavior  /  wheel-rail interaction
刘开忠, 王志伟, 张卫华. 紧急制动条件下重载货车车辆动力学行为研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (2) : 365 -374 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.015
Kaizhong LIU, Zhiwei WANG, Weihua ZHANG. Vehicle dynamics behavior of heavy-haul wagon vehicle under emergency braking conditions[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (2) : 365 -374 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.015
为改善中国铁路货运运输能力低下的现状,亟需发展更高速度、更长编组和更大轴重的重载列车。然而,这给列车的制动性能和车辆动力学性能带来了严峻的挑战。随着列车编组和轴重增加,实施制动时列车的纵向冲动和轮轨动态相互作用会更加剧烈,从而间接加剧轮轨磨耗,严重时甚至会导致车辆脱轨、轨道变形等一系列安全问题[1]。近年来,中国重载铁路列车脱轨事故偶有发生,如因暴雨天气影响,大秦线曾在一周内连续发生两起脱轨事故,对行车安全构成了严重威胁。这些安全事故很大程度上是受列车运行时动态特性恶化影响所致,且与列车制动行为密切相关[1]。因此,开展重载列车车辆制动条件下的动力学行为研究,系统分析车辆和轨道结构振动特性,以此为列车安全运营提供理论支撑,对于确保重载列车行车安全意义重大。
目前,围绕重载列车制动动力学已开展了大量研究,主要集中在纵向动力学行为和轮轨相互作用等方面。例如,赵旭宝等[2]建立了详细的空气制动系统模型,研究了紧急制动工况下缓冲器特性对列车纵向冲动的影响。晏新凯等[3]利用空气制动系统与列车纵向动力学联合仿真模型,探究了不同再生制动力的分布对列车纵向动力学行为的影响。CRǍCIUN等[4-5]讨论了列车运行阻力对制动过程中列车纵向冲动的影响。ZOU等[6]通过建立重载列车纵向动力学模型,分析了车钩和缓冲器的动力学行为。然而,上述研究均将车辆考虑为质点,无法反映车辆真实的振动行为和运动状态。为此,LIU等[7-8]建立了重载列车-轨道耦合动力学模型,分析了紧急制动条件下直线线路和曲线线路上车辆的纵向冲动、车钩动力学行为以及轮轨相互作用等问题。DURALI等[9]分析了紧急制动条件下列车的蛇行运动稳定性和脱轨安全性。BURGELMAN等[10]分析了制动条件下列车通过道岔或急弯时的运动稳定性,并建立了一种估算脱轨系数的方法来快速评估脱轨风险。刘鹏飞等[11-12]分析了不均衡闸瓦制动力矩作用下列车车辆的转向架动力学行为以及车辆在通过曲线时的动力学特性,为制动系统的维修和改进提供参考。张凯龙等[13]和曹云强等[14]分别分析了不均衡制动力作用下重载货车和重载机车的轮轨动态相互作用。刘鹏飞等[15]分析了不同制动操纵策略对重载机车轮轨动力作用的影响。杨润芝等[16]建立了车辆-轨道系统刚柔耦合动力学模型,分析了不同多边形阶次和不同制动工况对轮对和制动盘的振动特性的影响。以上研究表明,列车在制动条件下会表现出极其复杂的动力学行为,会加剧列车的纵向冲动以及轮轨的垂向冲击。
总的来说,上述研究主要集中于制动条件下列车的纵向动力学行为以及轮轨的垂向作用,对制动工况下车辆自身的动力学特性和轮轨纵向相互作用的研究较少,也通常未考虑轮轨黏着条件的影响。为此,本文建立考虑闸瓦制动系统的重载货车车辆-轨道纵垂耦合动力学模型,详细考虑了闸瓦摩擦和车辆-轨道系统的相互作用,能够有效反映制动过程中车辆-轨道系统振动特性和运动行为。然后,通过与现有模型及试验数据对比分析,验证了所构建模型的准确性。基于此,系统研究了紧急制动条件下车辆-轨道系统动态特性,并探究了初始制动速度和轮轨黏着特性对车辆系统动力学行为的影响,以期为车辆安全运行提供理论指导。
基于传统车辆-轨道耦合动力学理论[17],建立考虑闸瓦制动系统的重载货车车辆-轨道纵垂耦合动力学模型,如图1所示。
货车动力学模型考虑车体、摇枕、侧架、轮对以及闸瓦等刚性部件。闸瓦通过弹簧阻尼装置与转向架相连,仅考虑垂向自由度,其余部件均考虑纵向、垂向和点头运动,车辆模型总计25个自由度。详细考虑了转向架的垂向以及纵向非线性特性[17]
本文在传统车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型基础上考虑了闸瓦的运动,闸瓦通过弹簧-阻尼装置与转向架连接,其运动方程表示为:
考虑闸瓦运动后的前/后侧架的运动方程表示为:
纵向:
沉浮:
点头:
式中,MpMt分别为闸瓦、侧架的质量;Ity为侧架绕y轴的转动惯量;分别为第i个闸瓦、侧架的垂向加速度;为第i个侧架的纵向加速度;为第i个侧架的点头加速度;lt为转向架定距的一半;Hbt为摇枕质心到侧架质心的垂向距离;Htw为侧架质心到轮对质心的垂向距离;R为车轮半径;Fvi为闸瓦i与侧架之间的作用力;Fpi为闸瓦i施加的制动力;FxfiFzfi分别为作用在轮对i的一系悬挂纵向、垂向力;Fxti分别为作用在转向架i的二系悬挂纵向、垂向力;g为重力加速度。
轨道系统动力学模型采用三层钢轨-轨枕-道床-路基有砟轨道[17]。钢轨通过连续弹性离散点支撑的欧拉-伯努利梁模拟,轨枕和道床均视为刚体。
轮轨相互作用包括轮轨垂向力和纵向蠕滑力的求解。其中,轮轨垂向力采用Hertz非线性弹性接触理论进行计算[18]。考虑轨道不平顺激励的影响,轮轨垂向弹性压缩量为:
式中,Zwj(t)、Zr(xwjt)和Z0(t)分别为t时刻轮对j的垂向位移、对应的钢轨垂向位移和轨道高低不平顺激励。最终,得到轮轨垂向力表达式[19]
式中,G为轮轨接触常数,表示为:
轮轨纵向蠕滑力表示为:
式中,μ为轮轨黏着系数,通过下式计算[20]
式中,参数abcd由钢轨表面状态决定;Δslip为车轮旋转速度和车辆移动速度之间的差值,表示为:
式中,为车轮旋转角速度;v为车辆行驶速度。表1为不同轮轨黏着状态参数,图2为轮轨黏着特性曲线。
由于重载列车制动系统结构复杂,本文将基础制动装置简化为通过弹簧阻尼装置与转向架相连的闸瓦摩擦块与轮对之间的相互作用模型,如图3所示,图中,Q为轮的中心点,ω为车轮旋转转角速度,N为来自钢轨的垂向作用力,BB'分别为车轮受到的制动力。
每块闸瓦的闸瓦压力可以表示为[22]
式中,dz为制动缸直径;pz为空气压力;ηz为基础制动装置计算传动效率;γz为制动倍率;nz为制动缸数;nk为闸瓦数。
闸瓦摩擦系数为[22]
根据式(11)和(12),可以计算得到单片闸瓦压力产生的力矩为:
本文选用紧急制动时闸瓦压力最大的情况,式(11)中各参数的取值参考文献[22]。经计算可得每片闸瓦在紧急制动时压力为21.63 kN。设置紧急制动条件下闸瓦压力从0到最大值的时间为15 s,如图4所示。
为了解决因系统自由度过于庞大而导致的计算效率较低的问题,本文采用“翟方法”[17]进行快速求解,其具体形式为:
式中,Xn分别为位移、速度、加速度矩阵;αβ为控制积分方法特性的独立参数,通常均取为0.5;Δt为积分步长;下标“n”、“n-1”和“n+1”分别表示当前步t=nΔt时刻、上一步t=(n-1)Δt时刻和下一步t=(n+1)Δt时刻。
为反映重载货车实际制动时的情况,根据文献[1]中的建模方法,建立了传统重载列车质点模型。采用编组形式为“1×HXD2+105×C80”的万吨重载列车进行仿真计算,车钩缓冲器为MT-2型,考虑10 mm车钩间隙。
本文设置万吨重载列车平道紧急制动工况,制动波传递速度为300 m/s,列车初始制动速度为80和50 km/h,所得到的最大纵向车钩力随车辆位置分布的趋势如图5所示。计算所得车钩力变化规律与文献[1]基本吻合,保证了分析结果的正确性。
图5可知,列车在进行紧急制动时,最大纵向车钩力产生的位置位于列车的中后部,大致在第67节货车附近。提取第67节货车处的车钩力数据(如图6所示),将其作为外界激励输入到重载货车车辆-轨道纵垂耦合动力学模型中进行仿真分析。
为验证所建立的重载货车车辆-轨道纵垂耦合动力学模型的正确性,选择文献[23]中25 t轴重重载货车以80 km/h的速度直线运行的工况,分别对比无轨道激激励和在美国五级轨道不平顺激励下的轮轨垂向力,结果如表2所示。
可以发现,在无轨道激励和轨道不平顺激励两种情况下,本文仿真结果与文献结果的相对误差均小于4%。
此外,对重载列车轴箱振动加速度进行测试,加速度传感器位置如图7所示。图8为车辆80 km/h运行时轮对1垂向振动加速度试验结果和仿真结果的对比,其加速度有效值分别为18.7和17.1 m/s2,二者误差在10%以内。此外,两者的频谱对比结果也非常相似。因此,建立的模型具有较好的准确性和可靠性,可用于后续研究。
为对比紧急制动对轮轨动态相互作用和车辆振动的影响,利用建立的重载货车车辆-轨道纵垂耦合动力学模型进行仿真分析。设定初始速度80和50 km/h紧急制动、80和50 km/h惰行四种仿真工况,采样频率为5000 Hz。紧急制动工况下0~3 s车辆惰行,3~27 s施行制动,19~23 s进入低黏着路段,其他时间对应干燥路段。对比分析轮轨垂向力、纵向蠕滑力、纵向蠕滑率、磨耗数、轨下结构变形以及车辆振动等动态响应。
图9为四种工况下轮对1和4轮轨垂向力的动态响应。可以看出,在紧急制动过程中,轮对1发生了明显的增载现象,轮对4发生了明显的减载现象。在80和50 km/h两种紧急制动情况下,当闸瓦压力达到最大后,轮对1对应的轮轨垂向力均值分别增加了5.20%和5.69%。轮对4对应的轮轨垂向力均值分别减少了5.28%和5.68%。两种速度下轮对1和4增减程度不同是因为闸瓦摩擦系数不同导致的制动力大小不同所产生的。此外,在车辆以80 km/h实施紧急制动时,轮对1和4垂向力波动更为剧烈,这是由于轨道不平顺在高速运行时影响更大。所以,80 km/h速度下轨道不平顺所产生的影响更大,而50 km/h速度下制动力所产生的影响更为突出。由于车辆前后受到纵向车钩力的影响,车钩力处于加载-卸载之间相互转换时会使车体点头角显著增大,从而使得轮轨力出现较大的波动。此外,车辆通过低黏着路段时,轮轨垂向力所受的影响不显著。由于轮对1和4的增/减载现象最为明显,后续着重对比分析这两者之间的差异。
图1011分别为紧急制动工况下轮对1和4的纵向蠕滑力和纵向蠕滑率的时程曲线。结果表明,车辆在惰行时,轮对1和4的纵向相互作用差别不大。在紧急制动时,随着制动力的增大,轮对1和4出现差异。在闸瓦压力达到最大后,80和50 km/h两种速度下,轮对1的轮轨纵向力标准差分别为102.45和25.79 N,轮对4的轮轨纵向力标准差分别为122.36和29.47 N。因此,以80 km/h进行紧急制动时,轮对纵向力的波动更加剧烈,在50 km/h时则几乎无差别。此外,当车辆通过低黏着路段时,黏着系数和轮轨力的改变导致了纵向蠕滑力的增大,车钩纵向力也会使蠕滑力出现小幅波动。
在低黏着路线上,以80 km/h实施紧急制动时,轮对1和4最大纵向蠕滑率分别为0.43%和0.47%,以50 km/h实施紧急制动时,分别为1.22%和1.31%。低速下的蠕滑率更大,轮对1和4的蠕滑率最大值分别增加了183.72%和178.72%。因此,低黏着条件和低行驶速度对纵向蠕滑率影响显著,过大的蠕滑率会造成车轮打滑甚至脱轨,制动时需要重点关注。
进一步,采用轮轨磨耗数来评估紧急制动对轮轨踏面磨损情况的影响。磨耗数表达式为[24]
式中,TxTy分别表示纵向和横向蠕滑力;γxγy分别表示纵向和横向蠕滑率。由于车辆在直线路面运行,这里仅考虑纵向蠕滑力和纵向蠕滑率。
图12为80和50 km/h速度下采取紧急制动时,轮对1和4的磨耗数变化情况。可以发现,两种速度下磨耗数差异明显,且施加制动力后磨耗数急剧增加。在80 km/h时,轮对1和4的磨耗数最大值分别为29.72和32.35 N,50 km/h时的磨耗数最大值分别为87.09和96.13 N。随着制动时间增加,差异也会更大。因此,在低速下磨耗数的变化更大,受到轮轨黏着条件的影响也更大。
上述分析可知,紧急制动引起了轮轨接触力变化,这会直接影响到轨道结构的振动。图13为车辆在紧急制动时钢轨、轨枕和道床的垂向位移响应。表3为80 km/h紧急制动时轨下结构的垂向位移最大值。
表3可知,在80 km/h紧急制动时,轮对1处的轨下结构垂向位移最大,轮对4处的垂向位移最小。轮对1位置对应的钢轨、轨枕和道床垂向位移分别增加了3.50%、2.96%和0.55%,轮对4位置对应的分别减少了4.68%、2.16%和1.12%。这是因为紧急制动引起的轮轨垂向力变化而导致的。此外,对比轮对1和4所在位置处钢轨、轨枕和道床的垂向位移间距发现,紧急制动工况下的间距比惰行工况下的间距更大,且最大增量为8.3 mm。这是由于车轮施加制动压力时,同一转向架的两个轮对闸瓦压力相反,导致其纵向距离变大。
因受到轨道不平顺的影响,速度较高时车辆的轮轨相互作用会更剧烈和复杂,后续着重讨论80 km/h速度等级下车辆的动力学行为。
图14为80 km/h紧急制动工况下轮对1和4纵向、转动以及垂向振动加速度随速度变化曲线。轮对1和4的纵向加速度标准差分别为0.32和0.34 m/s2,转动方向分别为1.02和1.11 rad/s2,垂向分别为10.14和10.57 m/s2。轮对4振动较轮对1略微剧烈一些,转动加速度差异明显。纵向和转动方向加速度结果表明,轨面黏着状态会影响轮对转动和纵向振动,而对垂向振动则无明显影响。在车辆通过低黏着路段时,车轮纵向和转动加速度会产生更加剧烈的振动。此外,纵向车钩力对轮对转动和纵向加速度影响较大,车钩力拉-压转换阶段引起了加速度的剧烈振荡。
图15~17分别为车体、转向架1和轮对1的纵向和点头加速度响应。由图15~17可知,车体和转向架加速度主要受到纵向车钩力的影响,车钩力的转换会造成车体、轮对点头和纵向加速度以及转向架纵向加速度发生剧烈振荡。对于轮对纵向和旋转加速度而言,在闸瓦压力施加后,轮对振动会更加剧烈,然后随车速下降振动程度减弱。此外,轮轨低黏着状态也会使轮对振动加剧。综上所述,纵向车钩力、轮对低黏着状态和闸瓦压力均会恶化车辆动力学行为,给列车运行安全带来不利影响。
基于车辆-轨道耦合动力学理论,考虑闸瓦-踏面界面摩擦作用,本文建立了考虑闸瓦制动系统的重载货车车辆-轨道纵垂耦合动力学模型。在验证模型有效性后,系统地研究了车辆在紧急制动情况下的动力学行为,主要结论如下:
(1)紧急制动条件下,闸瓦压力明显加剧了轮轨动力作用,使不同轮对出现了增/减载现象,同时导致轨下结构的位移也产生了变化,其中轮对1和4的增/减载现象最明显。
(2)紧急制动条件下,低黏着状态对轮轨纵向相互作用影响显著。车辆通过低黏着路段时,纵向蠕滑力剧烈波动,纵向蠕滑率和磨耗数也急剧增加,车轮打滑以及车轮磨损的风险增大,威胁行车安全。此外,轮对4受到低黏着状态的影响大于轮对1,且速度越低,轮对间的差异越明显。在车辆动力学行为评估及运用维护时,需考虑制动带来的不同轮对磨耗差异的影响。
(3)紧急制动条件下,闸瓦压力和低黏着状态对车辆振动响应影响较大。其中,闸瓦压力对车辆结构垂向、纵向和点头方向的振动加速度均会产生影响,低黏着状态导致轮对的转动和纵向振动加速度显著加剧,从而导致车辆系统动力学性能恶化,需重点关注。
(4)紧急制动条件下,纵向车钩力对车辆动力学特性影响显著。车钩力在拉-压转换中会引起车辆各部件点头和纵向加速度剧烈波动,同时会导致轮轨相互作用加剧。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52205217)
  • 四川省自然科学基金资助项目(2022NSFSC1964)
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2025年第38卷第2期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.015
  • 接收时间:2023-02-24
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-24
  • 修回日期:2023-06-09
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52205217)
四川省自然科学基金资助项目(2022NSFSC1964)
作者信息
    1.西南交通大学轨道交通运载系统全国重点实验室,四川 成都 610031
    2.西南交通大学机械工程学院,四川 成都 610031

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王志伟(1991—),男,博士,讲师。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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