Article(id=1228295806877368741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709308800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-02, revisedDate=1717603200000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770778140992, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770778140992, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770778140992, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770778140992, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228295801890336965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='2', pageStart='223', pageEnd='448', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770778139803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770949100774, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=260, endPage=267, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228295807217107376, articleId=1228295806877368741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Structural damage identification enabled by the non-parametric Bayesian method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Clustering analysis is a commonly used unsupervised method in data processing. However, the difficulty in accurately determining clustering parameters limits the application of this method in structural damage identification. To address this issue, a non-parametric Bayesian clustering method is proposed in this study, which combines structural modal parameters for structural damage identification and quantitative analysis, thereby expanding the application range of the non-parametric Bayesian model.First, the natural excitation method is used to extract the natural frequency from the measured vibration data of the structure.Then, the non-parametric Bayesian clustering method is employed to cluster the data. Finally, maximum likelihood heteroscedastic Gaussian process regression and Bayesian factors are combined to quantitatively analyze the clustering results for damage quantitation analysis. The results of the damage identification method are verified by the actual engineering case of Yonghe Bridge in Tianjin. The results show that this method can accurately cluster the natural frequency data and identify the different damage states of the structure without the need to pre-set clustering parameters.

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聚类分析是数据处理中常用的无监督方法,而聚类分析参数较难精准确定,限制了该方法在结构损伤识别中的应用。为解决该问题,本文提出了一种非参数贝叶斯聚类方法,结合结构模态参数开展结构损伤识别和定量分析,拓展了非参数贝叶斯模型的应用范围。所提方法采用自然激励技术处理结构实测振动数据以得到固有频率,通过非参数贝叶斯聚类方法对数据进行聚类,最终结合极大似然异方差高斯过程和贝叶斯因子对聚类结果进行损伤定量分析。通过天津永和桥实际工程案例对所提损伤识别方法的结果进行验证,结果表明,该方法能够在不提前设置聚类参数的情况下,对结构自振频率数据进行精准聚类分析,进一步对结构不同损伤状态进行识别。

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王其昂(1986—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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Reproducibility research and Bayesian factor analysis in quantitative research:a case study of rural education rate of return in China[D]. 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Bayesian dynamic prediction and monitoring of bridge dynamic response[D]. 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基于非参数贝叶斯方法的结构损伤识别研究
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王其昂 1 , 王浩博 1 , 周明利 2 , 孙发源 2 , 倪一清 3 , 吴子燕 4 , 丁安驰 1 , 李健朋 1 , 李文磊 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(2): 260-267
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(2): 260-267
基于非参数贝叶斯方法的结构损伤识别研究
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王其昂1 , 王浩博1, 周明利2, 孙发源2, 倪一清3, 吴子燕4, 丁安驰1, 李健朋1, 李文磊1
作者信息
  • 1.中国矿业大学深地工程智能建造与健康运维全国重点实验室,江苏 徐州 221008
  • 2.徐州市交通工程总承包有限公司,江苏 徐州 221003
  • 3.香港理工大学土木及环境工程学系,香港
  • 4.西北工业大学力学与土木建筑学院,陕西 西安 710072

通讯作者:

王其昂(1986—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Structural damage identification enabled by the non-parametric Bayesian method
Qi’ang WANG1 , Haobo WANG1, Mingli ZHOU2, Fayuan SUN2, Yiqing NI3, Ziyan WU4, Anchi DING1, Jianpeng LI1, Wenlei LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China
  • 2.Xuzhou Traffic Engineering General Contracting Co., Ltd., Xuzhou 221003, China
  • 3.Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
  • 4.School of Mechanics, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.005
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聚类分析是数据处理中常用的无监督方法,而聚类分析参数较难精准确定,限制了该方法在结构损伤识别中的应用。为解决该问题,本文提出了一种非参数贝叶斯聚类方法,结合结构模态参数开展结构损伤识别和定量分析,拓展了非参数贝叶斯模型的应用范围。所提方法采用自然激励技术处理结构实测振动数据以得到固有频率,通过非参数贝叶斯聚类方法对数据进行聚类,最终结合极大似然异方差高斯过程和贝叶斯因子对聚类结果进行损伤定量分析。通过天津永和桥实际工程案例对所提损伤识别方法的结果进行验证,结果表明,该方法能够在不提前设置聚类参数的情况下,对结构自振频率数据进行精准聚类分析,进一步对结构不同损伤状态进行识别。

结构健康监测  /  损伤识别  /  非参数贝叶斯  /  贝叶斯因子  /  模态参数

Clustering analysis is a commonly used unsupervised method in data processing. However, the difficulty in accurately determining clustering parameters limits the application of this method in structural damage identification. To address this issue, a non-parametric Bayesian clustering method is proposed in this study, which combines structural modal parameters for structural damage identification and quantitative analysis, thereby expanding the application range of the non-parametric Bayesian model.First, the natural excitation method is used to extract the natural frequency from the measured vibration data of the structure.Then, the non-parametric Bayesian clustering method is employed to cluster the data. Finally, maximum likelihood heteroscedastic Gaussian process regression and Bayesian factors are combined to quantitatively analyze the clustering results for damage quantitation analysis. The results of the damage identification method are verified by the actual engineering case of Yonghe Bridge in Tianjin. The results show that this method can accurately cluster the natural frequency data and identify the different damage states of the structure without the need to pre-set clustering parameters.

structural health monitoring  /  damage identification  /  non-parametric Bayesian  /  Bayesian factor  /  modal parameter
王其昂, 王浩博, 周明利, 孙发源, 倪一清, 吴子燕, 丁安驰, 李健朋, 李文磊. 基于非参数贝叶斯方法的结构损伤识别研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (2) : 260 -267 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.005
Qi’ang WANG, Haobo WANG, Mingli ZHOU, Fayuan SUN, Yiqing NI, Ziyan WU, Anchi DING, Jianpeng LI, Wenlei LI. Structural damage identification enabled by the non-parametric Bayesian method[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (2) : 260 -267 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.005
通过结构健康监测系统获取结构响应数据,基于监测数据开展结构损伤评估,是目前结构健康监测领域的研究热点之一[1-2]。结构健康监测数据具有数量多、噪声大等特点[3-4],且土木工程结构的工作状态一般较为复杂,较难提前人为对数据的分布形式进行合理推断[5-6]。聚类是常用的机器学习无监督方法,可将数据按照数据结构存在的特性进行分类,适合处理无法提前进行标注的数据模式识别问题,如K-均值聚类[7]、高斯混合模型[8]、支持向量聚类[9]等。聚类方法在结构损伤识别中的应用也受到了高度关注,如ALAMDARI等[10]通过改进K-均值聚类方法对某钢拱桥发生的裂缝损伤及传感器故障进行识别;ZHOU等[11]使用层次聚类方法识别某自由梁模型的截面损伤,可免于对结构基准状态的设定;CURY等[12]使用多种聚类方法开展了预应力混凝土箱梁桥试验模态分析,并评估其结构健康状态;VESPIER等[13]运用聚类方法对交通事件和结构响应数据进行分析,识别出正常和异常模式,从而实现对结构健康状态的监测和评估。
然而,聚类方法也存在一定局限性,特别是在参数设置方面。不同参数设置会对聚类效果产生较大影响[14],因此针对不同数据结构需要采用不同的算法。
非参数贝叶斯方法可较好地解决聚类模型中的参数设置问题,该方法可将观察到的数据作为条件,获得可以解释这组数据的最佳模型。非参数贝叶斯方法并不依赖特定的参数形式,较适用于数据量较大且具体分类情况未知的聚类问题,如数据处理与分类[15]、机械故障诊断[16-17]、样本对比、结构损伤评估等问题。DA SILVA等[18]将基于Dirichlet过程的非参数贝叶斯模型用于医学图像分类,验证了该模型的适用性。WOOD等[19]通过使用Dirichlet过程混合模型,提出了一种非参数贝叶斯方法来进行尖峰分类。XIAO等[20]针对地震数据和煤矿灾害数据更新过程中存在的建模和估计问题,提出了非参数贝叶斯方法来处理复杂性和不确定性问题,无需预定义参数分布,可适应数据不同特征。LEE等[21]提出了一种非参数贝叶斯网络方法,克服了传统贝叶斯网络的限制,能够更准确地预测系统运行的可靠性。在样本对比中,PEREIRA等[22]提出了一种基于贝叶斯非参数框架的成对样本检验方法,避免了传统方法对数据分布的严格假设。在结构损伤评估领域,JIANG等[23]利用非参数贝叶斯假设检验,通过试验数据和模型预测值的差异,得到评估系统辨识准确性的贝叶斯因子评价指标,并以此开展损伤概率评估。而LINDLEY等[24]提出了一种从概率角度自动识别声发射事件的聚类方法,引入了Dirichlet过程的非参数贝叶斯方法,提供了更敏感的损伤识别方法。
基于此,本文采用一种非参数贝叶斯模型聚类方法,对结构健康监测得到的数据进行建模分析。该方法可以实现在不规定聚类参数的情况下,对结构健康监测数据进行自动聚类分析。本文采用天津永和桥的实际监测数据,使用自然激励技术(natural excitation technique,NExT)方法处理实测加速度数据,获得其固有频率,利用非参数贝叶斯方法对其进行聚类分析,并结合极大似然异方差高斯过程(most likely heteroscedastic Gaussian process,MLHGP)和贝叶斯因子的结构损伤定量分析,实现对结构损伤的精准识别。
传统贝叶斯方法用于高维度聚类问题中需要事先对聚类的个数进行指定,而现实中的高维度聚类问题往往缺少聚类个数的准确信息,可通过采用基于无限维度高斯混合模型的非参数贝叶斯模型进行聚类分析的方法来解决该问题。
无限维度高斯混合模型的基本形式[25]为:
式中,i=1,2,…,其中N表示多元正态分布,μiσi分别为均值和方差;wi为混合模型中不同高斯分布所占的比例权重,且满足条件wi≥0,,即权重向量非负,加权为1。
FERGUSON[26]验证了Dirichlet过程的后验仍是Dirichlet过程,可降低工程应用推理复杂度。Dirichlet过程的定义为在可测空间Ω上存在随机概率分布G,正实数α为超参数,该概率分布G满足以下条件:对于可测空间进行任意有限分割得到的A1,…,Ak均符合[GA1),…,GAk)]~Dir[αG0A1),…,αG0Ak)],其中Dir为Dirichlet分布,那么概率分布G服从基分布G0和超参数α的Dirichlet过程(DP),记作G~DP(αG0)。以Dirichlet过程为先验分布的无限维度高斯混合模型为  yi~N(yiμΣ);  μΣ~GG~DP(αG0);  G0(μΣ)=N(μmB)•W(Σ-1rR),其中,yi为高斯混合模型,μm为两个不同分布的均值向量,ΣB为两个不同分布的协方差矩阵,r为自由度,R为尺度矩阵,W为威沙特分布。
首先建设一个多项式分布集合π,组成集合的每一个πk表示该数据点属于分类k的概率,k=1,2,3,…,K,其中,K表示分类个数,同时满足。结构的每个状态都由一个对应的高斯分布来定义,其均值为μk,方差为Σk。对于每一个点xi,可以得到,其中ci~Mult(π),Mult为多项式分布。该方法需确定模型的参数,包括分类个数K、混合比例π以及聚类参数{μ1,…,μKΣ1,…,ΣK}。可以使用一个总的参数向量来表示,即Θ={Kπμ1,…,μKΣ1,…,ΣK},而θk={πkμkΣk}。可采用期望最大化方法确定参数θk,借助贝叶斯信息准则或Akaike信息准则对K进行确定。
分层有限高斯混合模型可在贝叶斯基础上进行推理,可对参数θ1~K(即所有分类k=1,…,K的参数θk)给出更稳定的估计,并允许使用Dirichlet过程先验对K进行概率选择。
首先,在聚类参数μkΣk上设置先验值。为便于推理,先验设置为与高斯分布共轭。高斯分布是似然分布,在均值上的先验是多元高斯分布,而在协方差上的先验是逆威沙特分布。先验分布超参数为μ0k0Σ0v0,通常将它们组合在一个先验分布聚类参数H上:
式中,NIW为先验分布超参数联合分布;IW为逆威沙特分布。
为了对混合比例π和聚类参数进行贝叶斯推断,必须设定另一个先验。可以选择多项式分布的先验共轭,这个多项式分布是由超参数α控制的Dirichlet分布。可以取K→∞的极限,形成无限高斯混合模型,其形式为ci |π~Mult(π),π~Dir(α)。该建模方式的优点在于只需要指定超参数,而不需要调整阈值或进行校准。通过后验预测分布p(xi|D-i)给出每个参数的后验分布,点xi给出了其余观测数据的可能性,可以对新数据进行评估。这里采用折叠吉布斯采样解决方案。
对于高斯基函数的情况,吉布斯采样程序如下:数据最初被分配到随机的聚类中,然后在每次迭代中选择一个数据点进行评估,如果是已分配聚类的,则重新进行评估。这个点将从它当前的聚类赋值ci中删除,并更新该聚类的参数。如果该数据点是分配给该聚类的唯一点,则销毁该点,并更新聚类的总数K。对于每个分类,k=1,…,K,即数据点从聚类K中提取的先验可能性被评估。先验是Dirichlet过程先验,对于现有的聚类先验信息为:
式中,n为数据点总数。
可以看出,先验似然是由超参数α和当前分配给该聚类的点数Nik决定的。超参数α鼓励聚类增长,增大α将更有可能出现更多的聚类。当观测到n个数据点时,共轭更新计算如下式所示:
更新计算后可得:
式中,S为样本均值周围的方和矩阵,
对于每个现有聚类,即k=1,…,K,通过计算先验和似然来解释新聚类k*的产生。这些可能性被边际可能性缩放,便可以求得点i的聚类赋值ci的多项分布,从这个分布中采样一个聚类赋值ci,采样点被分配给这个聚类,该聚类是一个现有的聚类或是一个新的聚类。如果这个点被添加到现有的聚类中,那么该聚类的参数将根据式(4)进行更新。如果该点被分配给一个新的聚类,该聚类将通过NIW先验初始化,并根据式(4)将该点添加到其中。聚类总数也被更新,K=K+1。
可以通过对数据进行非线性回归求解贝叶斯因子,如果回归曲线形式及其均值与健康数据下的回归曲线形式和均值相近,即可认为数据处于健康状态[27]。通过高斯过程可有效解决非线性回归问题,回归建模为si=f(ti)+εi,其中,si为目标量,ti为自变量,εi为误差。但实际工程中由于环境改变或传感器自身影响,监测数据的离散程度和噪声较大[28]。采用一般的高斯过程对噪声变化较大的数据进行回归处理会出现较大偏差,本研究采用极大似然异方差高斯过程(MLHGP)[29]处理方差存在较大变化的数据,如下式所示:
式中,gi表示噪声水平;q为样本容量;j表示样本点数量。
为量化结构损伤程度,引入贝叶斯因子作为判定结构损伤程度的标准。贝叶斯因子是贝叶斯检验假设指标[30],衡量了数据对于支持或反对某个假设的程度。贝叶斯因子的具体构造方法为:首先对实际数据和回归数据之间的残差进行计算,并将得到的结果认定为服从高斯分布的随机变量,然后对其进行贝叶斯假设检验,对于零假设H0,残差的均值在0附近,即数据与健康数据基本无差异,则可认定结构为健康状态;对于备择假设H1,残差均值不为0,则可认定结构为有损状态。贝叶斯因子定义为两个假设的后验概率似然比:
式中,D表示证据因子。
通过计算贝叶斯因子的值,可以对结构的损伤程度进行定量分析,如参考Jeffreys的假设检验准则,可将损伤标准定义为:贝叶斯因子的值在1~3区间对应“有微小损伤”;3~10区间对应“有实质性损伤”;10~100区间对应“有较为严重的损伤”;>100对应“完全损坏”。
天津永和桥是中国大陆第一座斜拉桥(见图1),由于车辆荷载远大于设计预期,永和桥跨中主梁底部在2006年出现了最大宽度达2 cm的裂缝,且斜拉索出现了严重腐蚀。桥梁于2008年12月至2009年5月期间进行了一次维修,在此次维修前,为桥梁设计了以加速度传感器为主要组成部分的SHM系统。SHM系统中结构动力响应系统完整记录了天津永和桥从健康状态到损伤状态期间的振动数据(2008年1月至7月),作为结构健康监测损伤识别Benchmark基准模型。
在永和桥桥面板上安装了14个单轴加速度计,加速度方向均为竖直向下(见图2z方向);在天津侧桥塔顶部安装一个双轴加速度计,记录水平面纵桥向和横桥向两个方向的加速度响应(见图2xy方向)。此外,系统还包括风速仪、温度传感器、车道上的动态称重系统,以及关键位置的应变与温度光纤光栅传感器。
2008年8月,桥梁被发现存在损伤,其损伤程度可以确认是随着时间的推移逐渐发展的,而SHM系统记录了2008年1月至7月桥梁的加速度数据。天津永和桥结构主要存在两处损伤,第一处损伤位于主梁的闭合段处,闭合段开裂严重,钢筋发生裸露;第二处损伤位于桥墩处,桥梁限位装置发生偏移,且发生钢筋拉断损伤。两处损伤位置均处于图2中的1、2号加速度传感器附近。
固有频率是反映桥梁损伤的较为精确的模态参数,在桥梁结构出现损伤时会出现较为明显的变化,因此常被用于结构损伤识别中。目前对于固有频率的求解方法主要有快速傅里叶变换方法、自然激励技术(NExT)方法等。本文选取的分析数据均为环境激励下的振动响应,可视为高斯白噪声。对于不同环境参数,比如温度会对模态参数产生影响,本文主要选用的数据为每一天同一时间段的数据,以尽量消除温度的影响,提高损伤识别可靠性。基于此,本文选择NExT方法对桥梁固有频率数据进行求解。通过NExT方法得到固有频率数据需要较为平稳的加速度数据,而桥梁运行过程中的加速度数据在车辆运行较多的时间段内往往存在较大扰动,因此选取的分析数据基本取自当日凌晨或午夜。
采用NExT方法对2008年1月1日(后文所有日期均为2008年时间)0时永和桥加速度数据进行处理后得到1~7阶固有频率,依次为0.3601、0.5524、0.9491、1.0315、1.0895、1.2573、1.4923 Hz。
天津永和桥的准确先验信息为1月17日桥梁处于健康状态,在7月31日例行检查时,桥梁已经被发现存在实质性损伤。本研究将非参数贝叶斯模型应用于固有频率数据进行聚类分析,通过聚类分析结果判断桥梁在损伤程度逐渐发展过程中存在的不同状态,从而验证算法的有效性。
图3为对1、3和7阶固有频率数据进行非参数贝叶斯聚类分析的结果。将聚类结果按出现时间顺序依次命名为聚类1、聚类2、聚类3、聚类4,并分别标记为绿色圆形、红色矩形、紫色叉形、蓝色十字形。
图3(a)为1阶固有频率数据的聚类结果,在1月1日和1月17日,数据均被归为聚类1。在2月3日出现聚类2,但仍有部分聚类1的结果存在。在4月9日出现少量聚类3。5月31日之后,聚类结果全部为聚类3,最终在6月16日出现了聚类4。
图3(b)为3阶固有频率的聚类结果,前期聚类1、聚类2出现的规律与图3(a)类似。在图3(a)和(b)中,6月16日固有频率的数据特征、变化形式与此前不同,非参数贝叶斯聚类方法可以对这种数据变化进行精准识别。
图3(c)为7阶固有频率的聚类结果。在4月9日和5月5日的聚类结果中,图3(c)中该段时间聚类3含量相较于图3(b)中更少,但比图3(a)中更多。而在其他时间段,7阶固有频率数据的聚类结果与3阶固有频率数据的聚类结果基本相同。
根据以上固有频率聚类结果可以发现,非参数贝叶斯模型将不同阶固有频率数据都分为了4类。2月3日、4月9日、6月7日的聚类分析结果表明,该时间段同时存在两类聚类结果,表明结构处于损伤状态变化阶段。图3(d)为3组固有频率数据的三维展示结果,不同颜色代表7阶固有频率数据的不同聚类结果。由图可知,3组固有频率数据之间存在着正相关关系,其中,聚类1和聚类4的分布较为独立,而聚类2和聚类3的分布相对集中,非参数贝叶斯模型对这两种形式的数据均可以精确聚类。
对不同阶固有频率数据之间的具体相关性分析通过图4进行展示,图4为3阶和7阶固有频率之间的相互关系,为了体现相互关系,将所有的数据均进行归一化处理。
通过图4发现,在结构逐渐发生破坏的过程中,不同固有频率整体都呈现逐渐下降的趋势。而在图4(a)的3阶固有频率自相关关系中,1月1日和1月17日健康状态下的数据与后面时间段的分界非常明显,类似现象也出现在了图4(d)中的7阶固有频率自相关关系中。而对于2月3日至6月7日时间段的固有频率数据,由图4(a)可以发现,在1阶固有频率中,聚类2整体固有频率数值明显比聚类3整体固有频率数值大,而在图4(d)的7阶固有频率中,聚类2和聚类3的整体固有频率数值基本没有差异,该段时间内固有频率最小值甚至出现在聚类2中。这种现象说明,非参数贝叶斯模型并不是单纯通过数值的大小对数据进行聚类,而是结合了数据的变化形式。
对于不同阶固有频率数据的聚类结果差异的定量分析由图56进行展示。图5中,1阶与3阶固有频率聚类结果整体差异率为8.12%。1阶固有频率数据聚类结果主要在2月3日、4月9日、5月5日和5月18日与其余两阶固有频率数据聚类结果存在差异。1阶聚类结果在2月3日出现部分误判,同时,结构在4月9日至5月18日期间处于结构状态改变时期,因此出现了聚类2和聚类3同时存在的现象。不同阶固有频率数据聚类结果总体差异较小,整体相同率最低也可达91.78%,说明通过非参数贝叶斯方法对不同阶固有频率数据进行聚类分析得到的结果较稳定。
图6中采用7阶固有频率数据聚类结果进行损伤定量分析。由图6可知,按时间顺序,结合结构损伤发展情况,可以将聚类1、聚类2、聚类3、聚类4分别定义为四种状态水平。根据天津永和桥已知信息,聚类1为健康状态、聚类4为有实质性损伤状态,聚类2与聚类3为中间损伤过渡状态。
为验证通过非参数贝叶斯聚类分析对固有频率数据进行处理所得聚类结果的精确性,可以通过贝叶斯因子对结构损伤状况进行定量分析,首先采用基于非参数贝叶斯模型的MLHGP模型对已知为健康状态的1月1日和1月17日固有频率数据进行回归分析,将所得回归模型设定为零假设条件H0。然后对需要进行检验时期的固有频率数据进行回归分析,其回归模型越接近健康状态下回归模型,则认为结构越趋向于健康状态;其回归模型越偏离健康状态下回归模型,则认为结构越趋向于损伤状态[31]。求得各阶贝叶斯因子结果如图7所示,得到2月3日、6月7日、7月31日的1阶、3阶、7阶固有频率数据回归模型贝叶斯因子,贝叶斯因子越大,证明其回归模型与健康状态下回归模型的偏离度越高。
图7中,1阶固有频率数据所得贝叶斯因子随着结构损伤的发展而呈现上升趋势,但其数值低于3,判定为微小损伤状态。3阶、7阶固有频率数据所得贝叶斯因子随着结构损伤的发展也呈现上升趋势,在6月7日之前,其数值均小于3,判定为微小损伤状态,7月31日贝叶斯因子数值在3~10区间,判定此时桥梁结构出现实质性损伤。对于不同阶固有频率数据的贝叶斯因子结果,在2月3日和6月7日,对于结构损伤状态的判定是统一的,均认为结构处于微小损伤状态,在7月31日,1阶固有频率数据所得贝叶斯因子并没有反映出结构实质性损伤问题,这是由于高阶固有频率对损伤敏感度更高,在出现损伤时对高阶固有频率数据进行分析所得结果也更精准,在频率聚类分析中也出现类似规律。
对于损伤位置的确定,可结合MLHGP回归模型和桥梁不同部位固有频率数据进行分析得到贝叶斯因子,从而进一步实现桥梁损伤定位分析。首先需要对桥梁整体结构进行子区域划分。可结合监测传感器的安装位置、结构特点,将桥梁整体结构划分为6个子区域,具体如图8所示,每个子区域均包含部分加速度传感器。
已知7月31日时桥梁结构出现实质性破坏,因此采用该时段数据开展损伤定位。对每个子区域的加速度数据采用NExT方法解析得到该节点处的固有频率数据,并对1月1日健康状态下的固有频率数据进行求取;然后对所得健康状态下的固有频率数据采用MLHGP方法进行回归分析,将所得回归模型设定为零假设条件H0;最终得到不同子区域贝叶斯因子结果如图9所示。
图9可知,子区域1贝叶斯因子为19.1,远高于其他子区域的贝叶斯因子。说明在6个子区域中,桥梁系统最有可能发生损伤的位置在子区域1处。实测桥梁损伤也出现在子区域1处,在1号、2号传感器附近,其闭合段开裂严重、桥墩破坏且钢筋拉断,验证了基于贝叶斯因子的损伤定位分析的准确性。
本文提出了一种基于非参数贝叶斯聚类模型结合模态参数的结构损伤识别方法。以天津永和桥结构健康监测系统实测数据为研究背景,提取其1阶、3阶、7阶固有频率,利用固有频率数据聚类结果,结合贝叶斯因子损伤指标对损伤程度进行量化。基于损伤识别及量化结果,得到如下结论:
(1)通过非参数贝叶斯模型进行聚类分析后,可以明确数据形式是否发生变化,即使数据数值差异不大,由于变化规律不同,非参数贝叶斯模型也可以对其进行精确聚类分析。
(2)对不同阶固有频率数据进行聚类分析时,非参数贝叶斯模型的聚类结果基本一致,符合结构损伤发展规律;通过聚类结果定量分析发现,不同固有频率数据聚类结果总体差异小,说明聚类结果稳定且精准。通过固有频率数据自相关关系图也可以发现,在结构损伤程度变化过程中,3种不同固有频率数据均可反映结构损伤情况。
(3)通过结合基于非参数贝叶斯方法的MLHGP和贝叶斯因子对桥梁结构进行损伤定量分析,结果与通过非参数贝叶斯模型对固有频率数据聚类分析的结果一致,证明通过非参数贝叶斯模型结合结构模态参数可实现对结构损伤的精确识别。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51708545)
  • 中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2019M652006)
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2025年第38卷第2期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.005
  • 接收时间:2024-03-02
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-02
  • 修回日期:2024-06-06
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51708545)
中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2019M652006)
作者信息
    1.中国矿业大学深地工程智能建造与健康运维全国重点实验室,江苏 徐州 221008
    2.徐州市交通工程总承包有限公司,江苏 徐州 221003
    3.香港理工大学土木及环境工程学系,香港
    4.西北工业大学力学与土木建筑学院,陕西 西安 710072

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王其昂(1986—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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