Article(id=1228295805262557417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1682352000000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-25, revisedDate=1687968000000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770778140607, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770778140607, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770778140607, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770778140607, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228295801890336965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='2', pageStart='223', pageEnd='448', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770778139803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770949100774, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=249, endPage=259, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228295806504071411, articleId=1228295805262557417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Numerical method of coupling vibration and collision characteristics between slender rotating rod string and produced fluid, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the problem of contact between the slender rods and tubes immersed in fluid, a numerical method is established to model the coupling vibration and collision between slender rotating rods and the produced fluid, based on the overset mesh technique. The outer annulus fluid domain is divided into two overset subregions: a background mesh and a component mesh. The interpolation formula is derived to transfer fluid field boundary information in each overset region. The subdomain method is used to solve the coupling between the produced fluid domain and the rod solid domain. Additionally, the transfer method of physical variables and a normalized convergence criterion are established for the coupling interface. A coupling simulation device for a vertical rotating rod and produced fluid is established, and the numerical simulation results are compared with experimental results to validate the correctness of the numerical method presented in this paper. The coupled vibration and collision characteristics between the slender rods and tubes are studied under different fluid viscosities and rotational velocities. The results show that as fluid viscosity increases, the influence of viscous resistance on the motion of the rod becomes more pronounced, leading to lower contact pressure and reduced vibration. As the rotational speed of the rod increases, the vibration becomes more intense, the influence of torsional deformation on the rod’s motion becomes more significant, the normal acceleration during collision decreases, and the contact pressure decreases accordingly. When the collision occurs between the rods and tubes, the acceleration at each point of the rod changes abruptly, and the vibration intensity increases.

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针对浸没在流体中细长杆管柱间相互接触问题,基于嵌套网格技术,建立了细长旋转杆管柱与采出液耦合振动和碰撞的数值求解方法。将外环空流体域分为相互嵌套的子区域:背景网格和组件网格,推导了各嵌套区域流场边界传递信息的插值计算公式,采用分域方法对采出液流体域与杆柱固体域耦合进行求解,并建立了物理量传递方法和归一化收敛准则。搭建了垂直旋转杆柱与采出液耦合模拟实验装置,并将数值模拟结果和实验结果进行比较,验证了本文数值方法的正确性。研究了不同流体黏度、杆柱旋转速度条件下细长杆管柱间耦合振动与碰撞特性,结果表明:流体黏度越大,杆柱运动受流体黏性阻力的影响越明显,碰撞时的接触压力越小,振动越小;杆柱转速越大,振动越剧烈,杆柱受扭转变形的影响越明显,碰撞时的法向加速度越小,接触压力因此减小;当管柱间发生碰撞时,杆柱任意一点加速度发生突变,振动加剧。

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岳欠杯(1983—),女,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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Daqing:Northeast Petroleum University,2019., articleTitle=Study on numerical analysis method of solid to solid collision coupling with fluid, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228313077117022296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295805262557417, awardId=52374034, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52374034), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1228313077196714073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295805262557417, awardId=11972114, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(11972114), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1228313077263822938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295805262557417, awardId=LH2022E018, language=CN, fundingSource=黑龙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LH2022E018), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228313069173010440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295805262557417, xref=null, 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Comparison of numerical results and experimental results of radial plane displacement of rod

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测点位置x方向位移/mm
平均值绝对误差幅值绝对误差
4.65 m数值计算-1.080.12-1.730.08
实验结果-1.20-1.91
12.60 m数值计算-0.580.09-1.49-0.02
实验结果-0.67-1.51
测点位置y方向位移/mm
平均值绝对误差幅值绝对误差
4.65 m数值计算0.81-0.04-1.790.09
实验结果0.85-1.98
12.60 m数值计算0.23-0.022.210.03
实验结果0.252.19
), ArticleFig(id=1228313076714369107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295805262557417, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

杆柱径向平面位移数值计算结果和实验结果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点位置x方向位移/mm
平均值绝对误差幅值绝对误差
4.65 m数值计算-1.080.12-1.730.08
实验结果-1.20-1.91
12.60 m数值计算-0.580.09-1.49-0.02
实验结果-0.67-1.51
测点位置y方向位移/mm
平均值绝对误差幅值绝对误差
4.65 m数值计算0.81-0.04-1.790.09
实验结果0.85-1.98
12.60 m数值计算0.23-0.022.210.03
实验结果0.252.19
), ArticleFig(id=1228313076781477972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295805262557417, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Boundary conditions and physical parameters of rod

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参数数值参数数值
杆柱弹性模量/GPa200流体密度/(kg·m-3998
泊松比0.3底端轴向力/N300
杆柱密度/(kg·m-37800排量/(m3·h-10.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228313076848586837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295805262557417, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

杆柱边界条件及物理参数

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参数数值参数数值
杆柱弹性模量/GPa200流体密度/(kg·m-3998
泊松比0.3底端轴向力/N300
杆柱密度/(kg·m-37800排量/(m3·h-10.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228313076911501398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295805262557417, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

The verification of grid independence

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数量/万个计算时间/h耦合界面流体侧轴向力/N与166.96万网格模型轴向力误差/%
66.7046.4-0.56442.42
74.8353.3-0.50226.77
83.4565.2-0.46818.18
98.6978.4-0.45214.14
113.2289.6-0.4021.52
166.96128.4-0.3960
), ArticleFig(id=1228313076974415959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295805262557417, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

网格无关性验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数量/万个计算时间/h耦合界面流体侧轴向力/N与166.96万网格模型轴向力误差/%
66.7046.4-0.56442.42
74.8353.3-0.50226.77
83.4565.2-0.46818.18
98.6978.4-0.45214.14
113.2289.6-0.4021.52
166.96128.4-0.3960
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细长旋转杆管柱与采出液耦合振动与碰撞数值方法研究
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岳欠杯 , 王笑笑 , 王岗 , 李辉 , 徐燕璐
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(2): 249-259
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(2): 249-259
细长旋转杆管柱与采出液耦合振动与碰撞数值方法研究
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岳欠杯 , 王笑笑, 王岗, 李辉, 徐燕璐
作者信息
  • 东北石油大学机械科学与工程学院,黑龙江 大庆 163318

通讯作者:

岳欠杯(1983—),女,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Numerical method of coupling vibration and collision characteristics between slender rotating rod string and produced fluid
Qianbei YUE , Xiaoxiao WANG, Gang WANG, Hui LI, Yanlu XU
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.004
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针对浸没在流体中细长杆管柱间相互接触问题,基于嵌套网格技术,建立了细长旋转杆管柱与采出液耦合振动和碰撞的数值求解方法。将外环空流体域分为相互嵌套的子区域:背景网格和组件网格,推导了各嵌套区域流场边界传递信息的插值计算公式,采用分域方法对采出液流体域与杆柱固体域耦合进行求解,并建立了物理量传递方法和归一化收敛准则。搭建了垂直旋转杆柱与采出液耦合模拟实验装置,并将数值模拟结果和实验结果进行比较,验证了本文数值方法的正确性。研究了不同流体黏度、杆柱旋转速度条件下细长杆管柱间耦合振动与碰撞特性,结果表明:流体黏度越大,杆柱运动受流体黏性阻力的影响越明显,碰撞时的接触压力越小,振动越小;杆柱转速越大,振动越剧烈,杆柱受扭转变形的影响越明显,碰撞时的法向加速度越小,接触压力因此减小;当管柱间发生碰撞时,杆柱任意一点加速度发生突变,振动加剧。

流固耦合振动  /  旋转杆柱  /  振动与碰撞  /  嵌套网格  /  分域方法

To address the problem of contact between the slender rods and tubes immersed in fluid, a numerical method is established to model the coupling vibration and collision between slender rotating rods and the produced fluid, based on the overset mesh technique. The outer annulus fluid domain is divided into two overset subregions: a background mesh and a component mesh. The interpolation formula is derived to transfer fluid field boundary information in each overset region. The subdomain method is used to solve the coupling between the produced fluid domain and the rod solid domain. Additionally, the transfer method of physical variables and a normalized convergence criterion are established for the coupling interface. A coupling simulation device for a vertical rotating rod and produced fluid is established, and the numerical simulation results are compared with experimental results to validate the correctness of the numerical method presented in this paper. The coupled vibration and collision characteristics between the slender rods and tubes are studied under different fluid viscosities and rotational velocities. The results show that as fluid viscosity increases, the influence of viscous resistance on the motion of the rod becomes more pronounced, leading to lower contact pressure and reduced vibration. As the rotational speed of the rod increases, the vibration becomes more intense, the influence of torsional deformation on the rod’s motion becomes more significant, the normal acceleration during collision decreases, and the contact pressure decreases accordingly. When the collision occurs between the rods and tubes, the acceleration at each point of the rod changes abruptly, and the vibration intensity increases.

fluid-structure coupling vibration  /  rotational rod and tube  /  vibration and collision  /  overset mesh  /  subdomain method
岳欠杯, 王笑笑, 王岗, 李辉, 徐燕璐. 细长旋转杆管柱与采出液耦合振动与碰撞数值方法研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (2) : 249 -259 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.004
Qianbei YUE, Xiaoxiao WANG, Gang WANG, Hui LI, Yanlu XU. Numerical method of coupling vibration and collision characteristics between slender rotating rod string and produced fluid[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (2) : 249 -259 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.004
在油井开采过程中,细长杆柱浸没在与油管构成的狭长环空流体中做高速运动,由于杆柱细长且柔性大,以及受各种力的作用,其运动为自转和公转的复合,并与油管内壁产生碰撞和振动。细长杆柱在油管内旋转,由于环空内采出液对杆柱作用力沿井深时刻变化,使得杆柱出现跳离和碰撞油管内壁现象,这是一种环空旋流与旋转细长杆耦合振动问题。而杆管柱相互间跳离与碰撞使得杆管的运动与应力处于脉动交变循环状态,降低了杆管柱连接螺纹的预紧力,加剧杆管柱偏磨、脱扣、断裂等井下事故。近年来,国内外学者对杆管柱流固耦合进行了模态及动力学研究。任锐等[1]考虑了套管和水泥浆的耦合振动特性,基于Euler-Bernoulli梁理论和Hamilton变分原理推导了套管与水泥浆耦合振动控制方程,采用有限元方法计算了套管在水泥浆条件下的振动特性。王明杰等[2]针对具有超细长比特征的全井钻柱,加入钻柱与井壁的碰撞模型,运用有限元节点迭代法,探讨了气体钻井钻具的失效机理。樊洪海等[3]根据充液管道流固耦合振动模型,推导了适用于气井完井管柱的流固耦合振动四方程模型,采用特征线法及线性插值方法进行数值求解。刘巨保等[4]针对细长管与流体相互作用的流固耦合问题,建立固体域正常求解和流体域分段求解的分区耦合模型,描述了耦合界面信息传递方法,该方法应用于钻采工程中的抽油杆柱和钻柱等结构的流固耦合分析。曹银萍等[5]以完井管柱为研究对象,在ANSYS Workbench中建立完井管柱的有限元模型,对流体和固体设置流固耦合交界面,分析了流固耦合作用对完井管柱固有频率的影响。LONGATTE[6]对管柱流固耦合问题的时间推进算法进行了研究,为管柱耦合动力学分析指明了一种思路。以上学者对石油钻采管柱的力学特性和振动机理进行了深入的研究,极大地推动了管柱流固热耦合动力学的发展。对环空采出液中作旋转运动的杆管柱,一般是通过流体网格的反复重构来满足管柱旋转运动与碰撞的复杂边界[7],这往往会引起流体网格畸变或离散网格几何不守恒,导致管柱流固耦合研究中未能考虑管管之间接触碰撞动力学行为。本文引入嵌套网格能够避免计算中流体网格反复重构导致的流体网格畸变或离散网格几何不守恒问题,该方法通过嵌套网格技术将运动的固体拆分成几个独立的子区域,各个子区域独立生成网格,彼此嵌套,固体的运动带动子区域网格一起运动,从而实现对固体运动的数值模拟。由于子区域之间的网格相互独立,仅通过嵌套边界进行信息交换,不涉及网格的变形、重构,能够避免网格畸变等问题,有效提高网格质量,更好地解决浸没在流体域中固体变形以及固体间接触碰撞等复杂问题。
为了研究井筒内旋转杆管柱动力学特性,建立了垂直旋转细长杆管柱与采出液耦合模拟实验装置,如图1所示。实验装置外筒为透明有机玻璃管,外径为73 mm,内径为50 mm,高度为20 m;内杆柱为无缝钢管,外径为27 mm,内径为21 mm,总长度为20.7 m。该实验装置划分为5大系统:悬挂系统、旋转驱动系统、杆柱系统、井底模拟系统、测试系统,可实现内杆柱的上提、下放、旋转及流体介质循环等功能。悬挂系统由轴承、提环、进水接头、悬挂体等部分组成,上联钢丝绳,下接旋转系统,其作用相当于大钩和水龙头,既可上提、下放杆柱来调节初始压力的大小,也可将水、油等模拟采出液导入杆柱进行循环流动。旋转驱动系统由皮带轮、变频器、电机、卡瓦等部分组成,卡瓦锁紧内杆柱,工作状态下,电机通过皮带轮、卡瓦驱动内杆柱旋转,由变频器进行无极变速,可进行不同转速的旋转运动。内杆柱有一定长度的花键段,在旋转过程中转盘可通过花键传递扭矩,这样在杆柱旋转时,杆柱与皮带轮之间的轴向位移不干涉,即转盘只传递给内杆柱扭矩,而不影响内杆柱的轴向位移。井底模拟系统装有激振器、力传感器等部件,内杆柱在旋转时,激振器产生的激振力模拟杆柱工作载荷,并通过力传感器来监测压力的大小。
根据实验装置建立旋转钻柱与采出液耦合动力学模型如图2所示。该模型由固体域(旋转杆柱及井筒)、外环空流体域(记为)、内流体域(记为)组成,并采用如下假设:
(1)井筒固体域简化为刚体;
(2)杆柱固体域为理想弹性杆,且横截面形状始终不变;
(3)流体以水为研究对象,且假定水是有黏性,不可压缩的。
模型边界的条件为:
(1)外环空流体域边界条件为:环空流体沿井筒内壁流动为不滑移壁面(记为),与杆柱相接触的交界面为流固耦合边界(记为),速度入口(记为),压力出口(记为);
(2)内流体域边界条件为:与杆柱相接触的交界面为流固耦合边界(记为),速度入口(记为),压力出口(记为);
(3)杆柱固体域边界条件及载荷为:杆柱采用简支梁约束,上端平动自由度被约束,转速为ns,下端轴向自由度释放,施加初始轴向力FN;杆柱在运动过程中与流体相互作用,与外环空流体和内流体接触的边界均为流固耦合边界(记为),同时又与井筒发生碰撞,其边界为固体与固体接触非线性边界。
本文综合CFD(computational fluid dynamics)和CSD(computational structure dynamic)求解方法实现旋转杆柱与采出液耦合动力学求解,旋转杆柱为固体域,采用ANSYS Workbench软件求解,环空采出液及管内流体为流体域,采用Fluent软件求解,基于Delphi编程软件实现流体域和固体域界面信息数据映射、传递,满足流体与固体耦合界面的位移协调、力平衡等条件。采用CFD方法对流体域求解时,为避免网格畸变,如图3所示,使用嵌套网格方法对内外流体域进行求解,其基本思路为:在外环空流体域内建立两套网格,分别为背景网格和组件网格,背景网格为连续流体域,将组件网格嵌入到背景网格中;在内流体域中建立六面体网格,同时建立固体网格,固体浸没在流体中发生运动,组件网格和内流体域网格随固体的运动而运动,这样避免了内外流体域网格的重构,提高了计算效率。如图4所示,背景网格所表示的流体域记为,组件网格所表示的流体域记为,内流体域记为,在嵌套网格方法中需要计算三个流体域的控制方程,为确定外环空流体域的物理边界,在计算时采用挖洞来标记物理边界,采用重叠最小化来确定背景网格和组件网格计算范围,以提高计算效率。
连续性方程为:
式中,ρ为密度;v为速度矢量。
动量守恒方程为:
式中,f为体积力矢量;p'为修正压力,μequ为流体的有效黏度,μequ=μ+μtμμt分别为流体动力黏度和湍流黏度。本文使用湍流模型SST k-ωk-ω模型和k-ε模型是两个常见的湍流模型,k-ω模型对近壁面区域的边界条件有良好的处理能力,但在自由剪切流区域受来流的影响较大,因此在该区域不及k-ε模型。而SST k-ω模型用k-ω模型处理近壁面边界层区域的流动,用k-ε模型处理自由剪切流区域的流动,综合了k-ω模型在近壁区计算和k-ε模型在远场计算的优点,同时避免了k-ω模型在自由剪切流区域对入口参数过于敏感的不足,并在湍流黏性系数的定义中考虑了湍流剪切应力的输送过程,使其应用更加广泛,其湍流黏度公式为:
式中,kω通过湍动能方程和湍动能耗散率方程求得;S为应变速率;a1为常数,取值为0.31;α*F2分别为:
式中,y为场点到最近壁面的距离。
外环空流体域背景网格的离散方程[8]为:
式中,Af1Bf1Cf1Df1Gf1分别为背景网格流体域的质量、对流、压力、损耗、连续矩阵;分别为背景网格流体域的加速度、速度矢量;为单元节点速度矢量;pf1Ff1分别为背景网格流体域的压力、流体力矢量;Hf1为背景网格流体域的边界速度矢量。
其边界条件为:
式中,为背景网格的外壁面边界;分别为外流体域速度入口和压力出口边界;为背景网格中与组件网格嵌套的内边界;uout为外流体域在入口处的流速;pout为外流体域在出口处的压力;为外流体域入口处、出口处的单位法向量。
外环空流体域组件网格的离散方程为:
式中,Af2Bf2Cf2Df2Gf2分别为组件网格流体域的质量、对流、压力、损耗、连续矩阵;分别为组件网格流体域的加速度、速度矢量;为单元节点速度矢量;pf2Ff2分别为组件网格流体域的压力、流体力矢量;Hf2为组件网格流体域的边界速度矢量。
其边界条件为:
式中,为组件网格中与固体的耦合边界;分别为外流体域速度入口和压力出口边界;为组件网格中与背景网格嵌套的外边界;ds为外流体域耦合边界处固体位移矢量。
内流体域的离散方程为:
式中,Af3Bf3Cf3Df3Gf3分别为内流体域的质量、对流、压力、损耗、连续矩阵;分别为内流体域的加速度、速度矢量;为单元节点速度矢量;pf3Ff3分别为内流体域的压力、流体力矢量;Hf3为内流体域的边界速度矢量。
其边界条件为:
式中,nf为流体域单位法向量;为内流体域与固体的耦合边界;分别为内流体域速度入口和压力出口边界。
在计算环空流体域背景网格、组件网格的过程中,需要传递嵌套边界条件,因此,要对组件网格与背景网格在嵌套边界处的物理信息进行插值,如图5所示。选取嵌套边界处任意一对单元,记为单元1234,单元abcd;若将单元1234的信息传递给单元abcd,则单元1234记为供体单元,单元abcd记为受体单元,其插值方法[9]如下:
式中,为单元中心流速;为单元中心速度梯度;Φ为限制器函数[10],使用Venkatakrishnan方法计算;上标“acceptor”和“donor”分别表示受体单元和供体单元;rad为供体单元中心到受体单元中心的距离矢量。
基于上述模型及方法,建立环空流体域嵌套网格计算框图,如图6所示,其具体过程为:
(1)建立背景网格和组件网格,并设置其边界条件,对模型进行初始化;
(2)对背景网格的固体位置处进行挖洞,根据重叠最小化原则确定背景网格和组件网格的范围,基于式(9)对嵌套边界处的受体单元进行插值,此过程为背景网格与组件网格的装配。
(3)将装配后的背景网格和组件网格赋予新的边界条件,并求解各自流体域方程,当前迭代步结束。
(4)下一迭代步在当前迭代步求解的流体域中直接进行背景网格和组件网格的装配,重复(2)、(3)两步。
杆柱碰撞的动力学方程[11]为:
式中,MKKc(t)、C分别为固体的质量矩阵、刚度矩阵、接触刚度矩阵和阻尼矩阵;Fc(t)为碰撞时的接触力;Fs(t)为结构外载荷向量;ds为固体节点位移矢量。
位移协调条件:
力平衡条件:
由于流体网格与固体网格在耦合边界处不匹配,需将耦合界面处的信息进行插值,其具体插值算法如下。
当传递数据为位移时,采用节点-单元的非守恒插值,如图7所示。
根据等参元形函数可得Wis =Nis (ξη),Wis为固体侧单元isis=1,2,3,4)节点的权重系数,Nis为固体侧单元is节点在P'点处的等参元形函数,ξη为局部坐标。权重系数生成后,流体侧节点的数据由下式求得:
式中,分别为流体侧节点x方向位移和固体侧单元is节点x方向位移;yz方向的位移计算方法类似,最后可得流体侧节点位移向量:
式中,WFSI=[W1  W2  W3  W4]T为权重系数矩阵;为固体侧单元节点位移向量。
当传递数据为力时,采用单元-单元的守恒插值,如图8所示。
图8可得Wif为与固体侧单元相交的流体侧if单元的权重系数,为流体侧if单元面积,Sif为固体侧单元与流体侧if单元相交部分的面积;权重系数生成后,固体侧单元的数据由下式求得:
式中,为固体侧单元x方向所受的力;为流体侧if单元x方向所受的力;固体侧单元yz方向受到的力的计算方法类似,最后可得耦合界面流体侧单元对固体侧单元施加的载荷向量:
式中,
固体侧单元载荷生成后又由于固体域采用有限单元法,所以需要将单元上的载荷转化为节点上的载荷,方法如下:
对于给定的单元,对节点值的贡献是通过将单元处的值除以该单元的节点数来计算的,每个节点的值为相邻的单元对该节点值贡献的叠加,如下式所示:
式中,为固体域单元节点载荷向量;为与该节点相邻的单元载荷向量;mi为该单元的节点数;n为耦合界面流体侧或固体侧的节点数。
将所有节点载荷拼装代入式(13)得到浸没在流体中的杆柱碰撞的动力学方程:
式中,Ff(t)为流固耦合界面上的流体力。
在流固耦合计算的任一时间步中,耦合界面传递的力、位移信息都需反复迭代,当结果收敛后方能进入下一时间步计算,其迭代的归一化收敛准则为:
式中,RMS表示界面物理量的均方根值;下标“ifs”表示耦合界面流体侧或固体侧的ifs节点;ε0为收敛容差;t为当前时间步;jk为当前时间步内的耦合迭代步数;ξjk(t)为当前耦合迭代步中施加的界面物理量;ξnew(t)为从流体域或固体域界面获得的新物理量,max|ξnew(t)|、min|ξnew(t)|、分别为当前迭代步中获得的所有新物理量的绝对值的最大值、最小值和平均值;流固耦合界面物理量为ξ(t)=[d(t)  F(t)],其中,d(t)、F(t)分别为流体域或固体域在耦合界面处的位移、力向量;α为松弛因子。为保证交错迭代的数值稳定性,下一个耦合迭代步传递的界面物理量为:
为验证上述数值计算方法的正确性,基于图1所建立的实验装置对浸没在流体中的旋转杆柱与管柱的振动与碰撞进行实验,具体参数为:杆柱内外介质为水,流量为1 m3/h,杆柱上端旋转速度为100 r/min。在杆柱上测点为4.65和12.60 m(距杆柱顶部)处设置位移传感器,16通道,采集频率可达100 kHz,可测得杆柱振动过程中两测点在径向平面内xy方向位移,并与数值计算结果进行对比。为提高数值计算结果的精度,流体域全部划分成结构网格,横截面如图9所示,位移曲线如图1011所示,对比数值如表1所示。
图1011表1所示,位移平均值绝对误差最大值在4.65 m测点的x方向,其值为0.12 mm;幅值绝对误差最大值在12.60 m测点的x方向,其值为0.08 mm。杆柱径向平面位移模拟结果与实验结果比较,两个方向位移平均值和幅值基本接近,两个方向位移波动周期基本相同。从幅值和趋势上看,数值模拟的结果与实验结果基本吻合。
基于上述数值计算方法,本小节将研究流体黏度、转速对细长旋转杆柱耦合振动与碰撞的影响规律,计算参数如表2所示。表中,外筒外径、内径、长度分别为73 mm、50 mm、10 m;内旋转杆柱外径、内径、长度分别为27 mm、21 mm、10 m;弹性模量和泊松比均为200 GPa和0.3;固体密度为7800 kg/m3;流体密度为998 kg/m3;底端轴向力为300 N,排量为0.5 m3/h。为方便观察到管柱间碰撞动力学行为,计算初始时刻在距杆柱底端4 m处加一x方向的横向扰动力,其有限元模型如图3所示。在进行数值分析前需对网格进行无关性验证,其网格数与轴向力数值对比如表3所示。
表3可知,网格数量由66.7万增加到166.96万,计算得到的耦合界面流体侧轴向力数分别为-0.564、-0.502、-0.468、-0.452、-0.402、-0.396 N,其计算时间由46.4 h增加到128.4 h,但当网格数量达到113.22万时,其轴向力为-0.402 N,与网格数量为166.96万的轴向力-0.396 N比较接近,其计算时间为89.6 h,因此,此模型的网格数量取113.22万比较理想。
当杆柱转速为6.28 rad/s,流体黏度分别取0.001、0.0025、0.005、0.0075和0.01 Pa·s时,细长旋转杆柱耦合振动与碰撞的影响规律如图12~14所示,流体涡量场云图如图15所示。
图12(a)可知,初始时旋转杆柱与管壁碰撞时接触压力数值较大,由于能量的损失,在后续的碰撞中,杆柱与管壁接触压力数值逐渐减小,当黏度为0.001 Pa·s时,初始碰撞接触压力数值为1.52 MPa,在杆柱与管壁后续碰撞中,其数值逐渐减小。且随着流体黏度的增大,能力损失越多,因此碰撞接触压力数值随着流体黏度的增加减弱越快。由图12(a)还可知,由于流体黏性阻力的影响,流体黏度越大,杆柱与管壁发生第一次碰撞的时间越延后。由图12(b)可知,随着流体黏度的增大,杆柱与井壁最大接触压力数值逐渐减小,当黏度取0.001、0.0025、0.005、0.0075、0.01 Pa·s,初次碰撞时,杆柱与井壁的接触压力依次为1.52、1.39、1.36、1.19、1.16 MPa。
图13可知,杆柱在不同流体黏度下的运动轨迹基本类似,运动轨迹范围不同,随着流体黏度的增加,杆柱的运动轨迹范围逐渐减小,这是由于杆柱与管壁发生碰撞的过程中伴随能力损失,随着黏度的增大,其能量损失越大,因此,随着流体黏度的增大,其杆柱运动轨迹范围逐渐减小。
图14可知,在不同流体黏度下,由于能量损失,距杆柱底端4 m处的加速度整体呈下降趋势,即振动不断衰减,当管柱间发生碰撞时,在碰触点处杆柱加速度产生突变,振动加剧,加剧程度受黏度影响:黏度为0.001 Pa·s时加速度突变程度最大,可达15 m/s2;黏度为0.01 Pa·s时加速度突变程度最小,其值为5 m/s2;碰撞结束后加速度继续减小直至趋于平缓。由图14还可知碰撞点处杆柱加速度始终受黏度影响,在0.3~0.4 s间黏度为0.001 Pa·s时的加速度变化范围在1.7 m/s2左右,而黏度为0.01 Pa·s时的加速度变化范围仅有0.95 m/s2,黏度越大,加速度变化范围越小。
图15可知0~0.09 s杆柱在管柱环空流体内作旋转运动时,距底端5.35 m处杆柱出现涡动,使附近的流体域产生涡量场,同时又挤压管柱内壁面附近的流体,使之产生相反的涡量场;在0.1725 s时由于杆柱与管壁发生接触碰撞,此时涡量场受杆柱旋转的影响,图15(c)中蓝色区域范围要较大些,而红色区域在尾迹出现分离现象,到了0.26 s时杆柱反弹出现了涡脱落现象。
当流体黏度为0.01 Pa·s,杆柱转速分别取9.42、12.56、15.7、18.84和21.98 rad/s时,细长旋转杆柱耦合振动与碰撞的影响规律如图1617所示,流体涡量场云图如图18所示。
图16(a)可知,杆柱旋转转速为9.42 rad/s时,杆柱与管柱内壁碰撞时间持续了0.0125 s,当转速增加到18.84 rad/s时,其碰撞时间仅持续了0.0025 s,随着转速的增大,杆柱与管柱内壁间的碰撞状态逐渐由滚动摩擦转变为弹性碰撞。由图16(b)可知,杆柱转速增大,杆柱受扭转变形的影响使得杆柱与井筒间的碰撞逐渐由正碰撞转变为斜碰撞,当杆柱转速由9.42 rad/s增加到21.98 rad/s,杆柱法向加速度由15.1 m/s2减小到-48.3 m/s2,对应图中的接触压力随之降低,当转速为21.98 rad/s时杆柱在扭转变形的影响下未发生接触碰撞。
图17(a)可知,杆柱在管柱环空流体内作旋转运动时,距杆柱底端5.35~5.45 m处会产生涡动现象,且随着转速的增加,杆柱运动轨迹范围增大。由17(b)可知转速越大,碰撞点处杆柱加速度越大,振动越剧烈,当杆柱与管柱内壁间发生碰撞时,碰撞点处杆柱加速度产生突变,转速为9.42 rad/s的突变程度最大,可达7.75 m/s2,转速为18.84 rad/s的突变程度最小,其值为4 m/s2,突变程度和接触压力正相关。
图18可知,环空流体的涡量场分布受杆柱低转速的影响,当杆柱转速为9.42 rad/s时,杆柱截面上、下部分的环空流体涡量场不一致,出现不同方向的涡量场。如图18(a)所示,杆柱截面上端流体涡量场为红色,下端涡量场为蓝色,且随着转速的增加,涡量场受杆柱转动的影响越来越大,杆柱下端涡量场的蓝色区域逐渐扩大,涡量场红色区域逐渐缩小,当转速达到21.98 rad/s时红色区域几乎消失。
本文采用理论分析和实验相结合的方法,对细长旋转杆管柱与采出液耦合振动与碰撞特性开展了数值分析,得出如下结论:
(1)基于嵌套网格和分域求解算法,建立了井筒内浸没在流体中的旋转杆柱力学模型,考虑杆柱旋转运动与油管产生碰撞的复杂动边界,将杆柱内流体域离散为六面体网格,环空流体域离散为相互嵌套的背景网格和组件网格,采用二阶精度插值方法推导两套网格间边界条件信息插值计算公式,采用计算流体动力学方程描述整个流体域;将杆柱固体域离散为三维实体网格,采用结构动力学方程描述杆柱固体域。依据流固耦合界面几何协调以及载荷平衡条件,推导了耦合界面物理量传递公式和归一化收敛准则,从而形成细长杆柱与采出液耦合振动与碰撞的数值计算方法。
(2)设计和搭建了垂直旋转杆柱和内外流体耦合系统模拟实验装置,并将数值结果与实验测点位移结果进行比较,两者吻合较好。
(3)对不同流体黏度、不同杆柱旋转速度下细长旋转杆管柱与采出液耦合振动与碰撞特性进行研究,结果表明:流体黏度越大,杆柱运动受流体黏性阻力的影响越明显,碰撞时的接触压力越小,振动越小;杆柱转速越大,振动越剧烈,杆柱受扭转变形的影响越明显,碰撞时的法向加速度越小,接触压力因此减小;当管柱间发生碰撞时,杆柱任意一点加速度发生突变,振动加剧。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52374034)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(11972114)
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LH2022E018)
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2025年第38卷第2期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.004
  • 接收时间:2023-04-25
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-25
  • 修回日期:2023-06-29
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52374034)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(11972114)
黑龙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LH2022E018)
作者信息
    东北石油大学机械科学与工程学院,黑龙江 大庆 163318

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岳欠杯(1983—),女,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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