Article(id=1228295804419506578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1681660800000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-17, revisedDate=1688313600000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770778140406, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770778140406, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770778140406, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770778140406, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228295801890336965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='2', pageStart='223', pageEnd='448', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770778139803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770949100774, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=340, endPage=351, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228295804805382549, articleId=1228295804419506578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Shaking table test study on seismic performance of low-rise pavilion type ancient timber structure, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the seismic performance of low-rise pavilion-type ancient timber structure, shaking table tests were conducted on a 1: 6 scaled model of the Xi’an Bell Tower. The Kobe wave, Lanzhou wave and Wenchuan wave with the seismic intensity levels ranging from 7-degree frequently to 9-rarely were considered as input excitations. The dynamic characteristics, dynamic responses and energy consumption of the structure were identified. The test results indicate that, as the peak ground acceleration(PGA) increased, the natural frequency of the model structure decreased marginally, while the damping ratio increased significantly. The stiffness was not uniformly distributed along the height of the structure, with the smallest stiffness found at the Dougong storey on the external gold cylinder, which also experienced the maximum inter-story drift. The acceleration amplification factors of the model were generally less than 1, exhibiting obvious seismic reduction effects. Compared with modern structures, the plastic strain energy of the ancient timber structure was relatively small, which helps reduce structural damage.

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为研究低层楼阁式木结构古建筑的抗震性能,以西安钟楼为研究对象,制作了一个缩尺比例为1∶6的结构模型,并对其进行地震模拟振动台试验,试验选取Kobe波、兰州波和汶川波作为地震动输入,考虑了7度多遇至9度罕遇的烈度水平,最终分析得到了不同水准地震作用下结构的动力特性、动力响应及耗能的变化规律。试验结果表明:随着地震加速度峰值的增加,模型结构自振频率降幅较小,阻尼比增幅较大;结构的刚度沿高度分布不均匀,外金柱斗栱层的刚度最小,最大的层间位移角也发生在此处;加速度放大系数基本小于1,减震效果明显;与现代建筑结构相比,模型结构的塑性变形能占比较小,有利于减轻结构的损伤。

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谢启芳(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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王龙(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师。E-mail:

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Test result of Pinus sylvestris material

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材料参数平均值/MPa变异系数/%
顺纹抗压强度48.24.89
抗拉强度86.64.86
弹性模量1087017.21
横纹抗压强度4.522.70
弹性模量T66313.37
弹性模量R104319.28
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樟子松材性试验结果

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材料参数平均值/MPa变异系数/%
顺纹抗压强度48.24.89
抗拉强度86.64.86
弹性模量1087017.21
横纹抗压强度4.522.70
弹性模量T66313.37
弹性模量R104319.28
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The main similarity constants of the model

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物理量相似常数物理量相似常数
长度Sl1/6质量Sm1/54
弹性模量SE1刚度SF1/6
应力Sσ1频率Sf3
加速度Sa3/2时间St1/3
质量密度Sρ4阻尼Sc1/12
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模型主要相似常数

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物理量相似常数物理量相似常数
长度Sl1/6质量Sm1/54
弹性模量SE1刚度SF1/6
应力Sσ1频率Sf3
加速度Sa3/2时间St1/3
质量密度Sρ4阻尼Sc1/12
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Weight of additional mass in each area

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配重区域配重/kg
一层檐柱屋盖1584
二层楼面1740
二层檐柱屋盖1056
攒尖屋盖1920
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模型各区域配重质量

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配重区域配重/kg
一层檐柱屋盖1584
二层楼面1740
二层檐柱屋盖1056
攒尖屋盖1920
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Test conditions and loading sequence

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阶段序号工况峰值加速度/g备注
1WN-Ⅰ0.0350白噪声
2K-Ⅱ0.05257度多遇
3L-Ⅱ
4W-Ⅱ
5WN-Ⅱ0.0350白噪声
6K-Ⅲ0.10508度多遇
7L-Ⅲ
8W-Ⅲ
9WN-Ⅲ0.0350白噪声
10K-Ⅳ0.21009度多遇
11L-Ⅳ
12W-Ⅳ
13WN-Ⅳ0.0350白噪声
14K-Ⅴ0.30008度基本
15L-Ⅴ
16W-Ⅴ
17WN-Ⅴ0.0350白噪声
18K-Ⅵ0.60008度罕遇
19L-Ⅵ
20W-Ⅵ
21WN-Ⅵ0.0350白噪声
22K-Ⅶ0.93009度罕遇
23L-Ⅶ
24W-Ⅶ
25WN-Ⅶ0.0350白噪声
), ArticleFig(id=1228313052261580830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295804419506578, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

试验工况及加载顺序

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阶段序号工况峰值加速度/g备注
1WN-Ⅰ0.0350白噪声
2K-Ⅱ0.05257度多遇
3L-Ⅱ
4W-Ⅱ
5WN-Ⅱ0.0350白噪声
6K-Ⅲ0.10508度多遇
7L-Ⅲ
8W-Ⅲ
9WN-Ⅲ0.0350白噪声
10K-Ⅳ0.21009度多遇
11L-Ⅳ
12W-Ⅳ
13WN-Ⅳ0.0350白噪声
14K-Ⅴ0.30008度基本
15L-Ⅴ
16W-Ⅴ
17WN-Ⅴ0.0350白噪声
18K-Ⅵ0.60008度罕遇
19L-Ⅵ
20W-Ⅵ
21WN-Ⅵ0.0350白噪声
22K-Ⅶ0.93009度罕遇
23L-Ⅶ
24W-Ⅶ
25WN-Ⅶ0.0350白噪声
), ArticleFig(id=1228313052358049825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295804419506578, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Damping ratios of the model

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工况对应状态阻尼比/%
1阶2阶
WN-Ⅰ震前7.13.2
WN-Ⅱ0.0525g7.23.2
WN-Ⅲ0.105g7.43.1
WN-Ⅳ0.21g7.63.2
WN-Ⅴ0.3g8.23.4
WN-Ⅵ0.6g11.24.3
WN-Ⅶ0.93g14.14.9
), ArticleFig(id=1228313053754753063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295804419506578, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

模型阻尼比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况对应状态阻尼比/%
1阶2阶
WN-Ⅰ震前7.13.2
WN-Ⅱ0.0525g7.23.2
WN-Ⅲ0.105g7.43.1
WN-Ⅳ0.21g7.63.2
WN-Ⅴ0.3g8.23.4
WN-Ⅵ0.6g11.24.3
WN-Ⅶ0.93g14.14.9
), ArticleFig(id=1228313053960273965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295804419506578, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Dynamic lateral stiffness of structures on each floor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况对应状态动力抗侧刚度/(kN·mm-1
一层二层外金柱斗栱层攒尖屋盖层
WN-Ⅰ震前2.702.311.423.47
WN-Ⅱ0.0525g2.472.261.293.38
WN-Ⅲ0.105g2.322.201.233.24
WN-Ⅳ0.21g2.061.950.973.20
WN-Ⅴ0.3g1.911.720.852.84
WN-Ⅵ0.6g1.871.670.712.46
WN-Ⅶ0.93g1.731.520.662.31
), ArticleFig(id=1228313054069325876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295804419506578, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

各层结构的动力抗侧刚度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况对应状态动力抗侧刚度/(kN·mm-1
一层二层外金柱斗栱层攒尖屋盖层
WN-Ⅰ震前2.702.311.423.47
WN-Ⅱ0.0525g2.472.261.293.38
WN-Ⅲ0.105g2.322.201.233.24
WN-Ⅳ0.21g2.061.950.973.20
WN-Ⅴ0.3g1.911.720.852.84
WN-Ⅵ0.6g1.871.670.712.46
WN-Ⅶ0.93g1.731.520.662.31
), ArticleFig(id=1228313054182572087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295804419506578, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=

Maximum inter-story drift ratios of the model structure under earthquakes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震波PGA/g最大层间位移角
一层二层外金柱斗栱层攒尖屋盖层
Kobe波0.05251/23111/17941/5001/1138
0.10501/11941/12591/3851/863
0.21001/6991/5421/2031/744
0.30001/4361/3451/1101/303
0.60001/1771/1431/751/114
0.93001/1021/821/241/100
兰州波0.05251/18161/19131/3181/833
0.10501/8291/8461/1671/385
0.21001/4191/4001/891/278
0.30001/2841/2131/581/148
0.60001/1251/1241/411/91
0.93001/831/611/191/72
汶川波0.05251/8141/9911/1951/828
0.10501/4371/6171/1021/433
0.21001/2711/2401/751/209
0.30001/2041/1441/501/119
0.60001/1011/631/301/74
0.93001/601/391/181/49
), ArticleFig(id=1228313054316789820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295804419506578, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

地震作用下模型结构最大层间位移角

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震波PGA/g最大层间位移角
一层二层外金柱斗栱层攒尖屋盖层
Kobe波0.05251/23111/17941/5001/1138
0.10501/11941/12591/3851/863
0.21001/6991/5421/2031/744
0.30001/4361/3451/1101/303
0.60001/1771/1431/751/114
0.93001/1021/821/241/100
兰州波0.05251/18161/19131/3181/833
0.10501/8291/8461/1671/385
0.21001/4191/4001/891/278
0.30001/2841/2131/581/148
0.60001/1251/1241/411/91
0.93001/831/611/191/72
汶川波0.05251/8141/9911/1951/828
0.10501/4371/6171/1021/433
0.21001/2711/2401/751/209
0.30001/2041/1441/501/119
0.60001/1011/631/301/74
0.93001/601/391/181/49
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低层楼阁式木结构古建筑抗震性能振动台试验研究
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王龙 1, 2 , 胡宸瑜 2, 3 , 谢启芳 2 , 郑建国 1 , 李俊连 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(2): 340-351
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(2): 340-351
低层楼阁式木结构古建筑抗震性能振动台试验研究
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王龙1, 2 , 胡宸瑜2, 3, 谢启芳2 , 郑建国1, 李俊连1
作者信息
  • 1.机械工业勘察设计研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710043
  • 2.西安建筑科技大学土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 3.西南交通大学土木工程学院,四川 成都 610031
  • 王龙(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师。E-mail:

通讯作者:

谢启芳(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Shaking table test study on seismic performance of low-rise pavilion type ancient timber structure
Long WANG1, 2 , Chenyu HU2, 3, Qifang XIE2 , Jianguo ZHENG1, Junlian LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.China Jikan Research Institute of Engineering Investigations and Design, Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710043, China
  • 2.School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.013
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为研究低层楼阁式木结构古建筑的抗震性能,以西安钟楼为研究对象,制作了一个缩尺比例为1∶6的结构模型,并对其进行地震模拟振动台试验,试验选取Kobe波、兰州波和汶川波作为地震动输入,考虑了7度多遇至9度罕遇的烈度水平,最终分析得到了不同水准地震作用下结构的动力特性、动力响应及耗能的变化规律。试验结果表明:随着地震加速度峰值的增加,模型结构自振频率降幅较小,阻尼比增幅较大;结构的刚度沿高度分布不均匀,外金柱斗栱层的刚度最小,最大的层间位移角也发生在此处;加速度放大系数基本小于1,减震效果明显;与现代建筑结构相比,模型结构的塑性变形能占比较小,有利于减轻结构的损伤。

抗震性能  /  木结构古建筑  /  振动台试验  /  西安钟楼

To study the seismic performance of low-rise pavilion-type ancient timber structure, shaking table tests were conducted on a 1: 6 scaled model of the Xi’an Bell Tower. The Kobe wave, Lanzhou wave and Wenchuan wave with the seismic intensity levels ranging from 7-degree frequently to 9-rarely were considered as input excitations. The dynamic characteristics, dynamic responses and energy consumption of the structure were identified. The test results indicate that, as the peak ground acceleration(PGA) increased, the natural frequency of the model structure decreased marginally, while the damping ratio increased significantly. The stiffness was not uniformly distributed along the height of the structure, with the smallest stiffness found at the Dougong storey on the external gold cylinder, which also experienced the maximum inter-story drift. The acceleration amplification factors of the model were generally less than 1, exhibiting obvious seismic reduction effects. Compared with modern structures, the plastic strain energy of the ancient timber structure was relatively small, which helps reduce structural damage.

seismic performance  /  ancient timber structure  /  shaking table test  /  Xi’an Bell Tower
王龙, 胡宸瑜, 谢启芳, 郑建国, 李俊连. 低层楼阁式木结构古建筑抗震性能振动台试验研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (2) : 340 -351 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.013
Long WANG, Chenyu HU, Qifang XIE, Jianguo ZHENG, Junlian LI. Shaking table test study on seismic performance of low-rise pavilion type ancient timber structure[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (2) : 340 -351 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.013
中国古建筑具有极高的历史、文化、艺术和科学价值[1]。近年来中国地震频发,大量的地震灾害调查发现古建筑同样会遭受损伤,但是木结构古建筑的损伤相对较小[2-4],引起了众多学者对其抗震性能研究的兴趣,相关的研究也大量开展[5-9]
地震模拟振动台试验是研究结构抗震性能最直接、最重要的手段。隋龑等[10]采用振动台对单层殿堂式空间木构架缩尺比例模型进行了抗震性能研究,发现不仅柱脚与础石平置浮搁具有明显的隔震作用,而且柔性连接的榫卯节点和层叠复杂的斗栱也可以通过各部件之间的摩擦及挤压变形消耗地震能量,起到减轻结构震动响应的作用。王海东等[11]对传统穿斗式木构架结构与轻型木构架结构进行了对比振动台试验研究,发现由于柱脚浮搁及柔性连接榫卯节点的存在,穿斗式木构架结构减震耗能的效果更加明显。高大峰等[12]对西安城墙永宁门箭楼局部缩尺模型开展了振动台试验研究,发现其对短周期的地震动具有较好的减震、隔震作用。高永林等[13]对传统穿斗式木结构房屋缩尺模型进行了模拟振动台试验,发现该结构极易发生扭转,且其质量的分布决定着层间剪力分布。薛建阳等[14]对川西典型两层穿斗式民居进行了振动台试验研究,发现虽然浮搁柱脚的滑移可以衰减传入上部结构的地震能量,但是榫卯节点在振动过程中消耗的能量占主导作用。YEO等[15]对中国台湾地区传统穿斗式木构缩尺比例模型进行了振动台试验研究,发现对称斗栱的构架更容易产生震害,且斗栱震害主要从坐斗位置开始往上传递。周乾等[16]对故宫某单檐歇山式古建筑模型进行了振动台试验研究,发现结构榫卯节点的减震性能最好,斗栱次之,浮放柱底与柱顶石之间的摩擦耗能性能最弱。周中一等[17]以单檐庑殿古建筑为研究对象,总结了地震作用下柱顶石、围护墙与木构架间的相互作用及榫卯节点的变形规律。宋晓滨等[18]对七层传统楼阁式木塔模型进行了振动台试验研究,发现模型结构即使遭遇了罕遇地震,整体结构基本没有明显损坏迹象,具有优越的抗震性能;FUJITA等[19]对日本五重塔缩尺比例模型进行了振动台试验,研究发现即使模型最大层间位移角达到了1/37,结构仍然没有发生整体破坏,具有良好的变形能力。
上述研究主要集中在殿堂式结构、传统民居及高层楼阁式木结构古建筑,而对低层楼阁式结构的研究相对较少,这类建筑一般常见于各地的钟鼓楼,如西安钟楼、鼓楼,北京鼓楼以及南京鼓楼等。其中西安钟楼是中国目前现存钟楼中形制最大、保存最完整的一座,是低层楼阁式木结构古建筑中的典型代表。谢启芳等[20]对西安钟楼缩尺比例简化模型结构进行了地震模拟振动台试验,得到了模型结构在不同地震波、不同峰值加速度下的加速度响应、位移响应和破坏形态,但忽略了非结构构件(包括门、窗)的相互作用,并不能反映真实结构的抗震性能。薛建阳等[21]和袁建力[22]的研究也表明这些非结构构件能明显增大结构的抗侧刚度,减小层间位移角,提高结构的抗倒塌能力。
基于上述分析,在文献[20]的基础上制作包含墙体等非结构构件的1∶6西安钟楼缩尺比例模型,并进行振动台试验,分析其在地震作用下的破坏形态、动力特性、动力响应及其变化规律,全面了解西安钟楼的震动响应规律,以期为中国低层楼阁式木结构古建筑的修缮保护提供科学依据。
模型主要结构构件采用樟子松制作,其材性试验结果如表1所示。综合考虑振动台的性能参数,并依据相似理论[23],确定了模型结构主要相似常数,如表2所示。
按照西安钟楼的构造特征制作模型,最大限度地保持了模型的完整性。这种完整性表现在依据原型结构的连接方法制作所有斗栱和榫卯节点的前提下,将柱间墙对结构侧向刚度的贡献基于等效斜压杆理论进行等效,保证模型复合木板与原型结构柱间墙体的抗侧刚度满足刚度动力相似关系[24-27]。模型局部细节如图1所示。
为满足动力相似要求,需要对模型施加附加质量。原型结构楼面的荷载值为3.6 kN/m2[28],屋盖自重为4.096 kN/m2[29]。根据相似理论,缩尺模型每层质量应该为M为原型结构每层质量,而实际模型材料密度相似常数为1,所以每层需要补充的质量应该为。由于无法将质量块均匀地布置在构件上,所以将每层中缺失质量均匀放置于楼板和屋盖上,各区域的附加质量如表3所示。构(配)件组装完成后的试验模型如图2所示,原型结构如图3所示。
根据西安钟楼所在的场地类型、抗震设防烈度及结构自身动力特性,最终选定了2条自然波(Kobe波和汶川波)和1条人工波(兰州波)作为地震激励[30-31]图4为选取的地震波加速度反应谱与规范谱的对比曲线。试验中考虑了6种不同烈度水准的地震作用,按加速度峰值从小到大依次单向输入,地震波的输入顺序依次为Kobe波、兰州波、汶川波。此外,在试验开始及每级地震波作用后均对模型进行低峰值(0.035g)的白噪声激励,以获取模型结构自振频率、阻尼比等动力特性参数的变化规律。表4给出了试验的具体加载工况。
根据试验目的,在振动台台面、外檐柱柱顶标高、二层楼面、外金柱柱顶标高、斗栱最高点及屋盖等处布置加速度传感器及位移传感器,测定实际输入结构的地震激励及结构各层动力反应。试验中共布置加速度传感器15个,位移传感器10个,其详细布置方式如图5所示。
当输入的地震波加速度峰值小于0.105g时,模型结构仅发生轻微晃动,结构反应较小;随着输入地震波加速度峰值的逐渐增大,模型的晃动幅度明显增大,并伴随有因木材挤压而发出的嘎吱嘎吱的响声;当加速度峰值达到0.6g时,模型开始剧烈摇摆,可以明显地观察到结构层间错动现象。在整个试验过程中,汶川波作用下结构的位移响应最强烈,兰州波次之,Kobe波最小,主要是因为汶川波的频率与模型结构的频率比较接近。
在每个阶段试验结束后,观察模型结构的损伤情况。在7度多遇(0.0525g)以及8度多遇(0.105g)地震作用下构件未发现明显损坏;在9度多遇(0.21g)地震作用下,一层檐柱的额枋出现轻微拔榫;在8度基本(0.3g)地震作用下,一层檐柱斗栱的栌斗和散斗出现横纹劈裂裂缝,二层外檐柱额枋也出现拔榫现象;在8度罕遇(0.6g)地震作用下,外金柱和里金柱榫卯节点相继出现拔榫,雀替与额枋的下端完全脱离,外金柱上方部分斗栱的栌斗和散斗也开始出现横纹劈裂裂缝,同时部分横栱被压弯,甚至整个斗栱发生滑移;在9度罕遇(0.93g)地震作用下,部分木质墙板向平面外倒塌,主要是因为木质墙与柱枋没有设置连接件,仅靠挤压摩擦固定在外金柱之间,在地震作用下,木质墙与相邻的柱及枋挤压逐渐产生了不可恢复的变形,相互之间产生了间隙,接触不再紧密。直至试验结束,柱、枋等主要构件均未发现有明显损伤现象,模型结构主要损伤情况如图6所示。
在白噪声激励下,根据测点与激励点的频响函数,可以得到幅频曲线和相频曲线。幅频曲线上第一个峰值点对应的频率即为自振频率,并通过半功率宽带法得到自振频率对应的阻尼比;根据各测点的幅值比,结合相频曲线上的相位,得到对应的振型曲线[32]图7表5图8分别给出了不同阶段白噪声工况下模型结构的自振频率、阻尼比及振型曲线。
图7(a)可知,结构模型在较小的地震(0.0525g)作用后,其自振频率(1阶频率)比震前略高,主要原因是部分构件连接区域间存在的微弱间隙由于结构的轻微摆动而减小,一定程度上提高了模型各节点的转动刚度及木构架的抗侧刚度。随着地震烈度的增加(0.105g~0.21g),模型自振频率逐渐减小,此时虽没有观察到结构主要构件的开裂或破坏,但结构刚度在不断降低,主要是因为各构件连接区域内部在地震的反复作用下会产生挤压塑性变形,导致构件间空隙增大,节点的转动刚度也随之降低。经历了加速度峰值为0.3g的地震波作用后,结构频率降为初始频率的90%,降低幅度突然增大,说明部分结构构件出现了一定的损伤。至9度罕遇地震作用后,模型的自振频率仅比初始值降低了约25%,说明整体结构损伤较小。整个结构自振频率的变化过程与观察到的模型损伤情况基本保持一致。由图7(b)可知,模型结构的2阶频率变化趋势与自振频率基本保持一致,在输入加速度峰值为0.0525g的地震波后先升高,随后逐渐降低,但2阶频率的下降幅度较1阶频率更小,最终相较于震前仅降低了8.6%。
表5可以发现,模型结构1阶阻尼比的变化范围在7.1%~14.1%之间,具有较强的耗能能力。在小震(0.0525g~0.21g)作用下,由于结构几乎没有出现明显损伤,1阶阻尼比增幅相对缓慢;在9度多遇(0.21g)地震作用后,1阶阻尼比相较于起始阶段只增加了0.5%左右;随着强震的施加(0.3g~0.6g),模型的1阶阻尼比开始迅速增加;至试验结束(0.93g地震作用后),1阶阻尼比增加了将近一倍,主要是因为整个结构随着强震的作用开始进入非线性状态,结构的非线性变形不仅会增加体系的耗能,更会引起木构件连接处的摩擦耗能迅速增加,两者综合引起了结构1阶阻尼比的快速增长。而2阶阻尼比远小于1阶阻尼比,变化范围在3.2%~4.9%之间,整体也呈上升趋势。
根据传递函数的分析结果,确定地震作用前后结构前3阶振型变化,如图8所示。1阶振型呈倒三角形分布,在攒尖屋盖处幅值最大;2、3阶振型结构分别在一层、二层处幅值最大。
图9给出了白噪声WN-Ⅵ试验工况下得到的滞回曲线。从图中可以看出,白噪声工况下的层间滞回曲线形状比较狭窄,基于这种形状特点,可以用线性回归拟合等效抗侧刚度,其物理意义为将每层结构视为单自由度体系[33-34],将质量等效集中于端部的抗侧刚度。虽然此刚度不是结构的真实刚度,但它可以在一定程度上反映结构的抗侧能力。
表6给出了各工况下结构的动力抗侧刚度,从表中可以看出:模型结构的刚度沿高度分布不均匀,攒尖屋盖的刚度最大,一层、二层次之,外金柱斗栱层的刚度最小。主要是因为一、二层柱架结构的柱子间嵌入了木质墙板,形成了有效的柱间支撑,相较于裸木构架,抗侧刚度得到了显著提高[35];对于攒尖屋盖结构,由于其檩和椽子的纵横交错,整体性相对较好,再加上附加质量的约束,进一步提高了屋盖结构的刚度;而外金柱斗栱层制作时未考虑各斗栱之间的风栱板,相当于移除了栱间支撑,一定程度上削弱了原结构的抗侧刚度。除此之外,随着地震动强度的不断增加,各层的刚度都逐渐变小,说明随着地震动强度的增加,结构的损伤在不断累积,其中斗栱层刚度下降得最严重,下降幅度接近54%,与试验中能明显观察到斗栱层的损伤相一致。因此在后续的研究中需要考虑风栱板等非结构构件对整体结构的影响。
为了能够定量评价结构的减震能力,以台面实测最大加速度绝对值为参考标准,将结构模型在同一工况下的一层测点(A4)、二层测点(A8)、外金柱斗栱测点(A10)、攒尖屋盖测点(A10)的加速度峰值与台面测点(A1)的实测峰值相除,可以得到同一工况下模型各测点动力响应的加速度放大系数,如图10所示。
从图中可以看出,不同地震波引起的结构加速度放大系数沿高度分布的规律基本一致:结构一层加速度放大系数(β1)急剧减小,主要是柱底隔震以及榫卯节点减震共同作用的结果;加速度放大系数在结构二层最小,结构的榫卯节点减震起到了关键性作用;外金柱上部斗栱层的加速度放大系数(β3)大于结构二层的加速度放大系数(β2),说明与斗栱同一高度的核心木构架及桁架影响了斗栱的减震作用;攒尖屋盖上部加速度放大系数(β4)最大,与较大的屋盖质量和刚度有关。整个结构的加速度放大系数最大值在1左右,表明整体结构具有较好的减震能力。
除此之外,随着地震激励强度的增加,模型结构各层的加速度放大系数均呈现出减小的趋势,但减小的幅度明显降低。在Kobe波的作用下,输入加速度峰值由0.0525g升至0.3g时,模型结构各层的加速度放大系数分别下降了31.8%(一层)、35.7%(二层)、47.4%(外金柱斗栱层)和40.6%(攒尖屋盖层);而输入加速度峰值由0.3g升至0.93g时,模型结构各层的加速度放大系数仅分别下降了27.2%(一层)、27.8%(二层)、17.4%(外金柱斗栱层)和4.0%(攒尖屋盖层),相似的规律也出现在兰州波和汶川波作用的情况下,如图10(b)和(c)所示。这与结构的损伤累积有关,虽然地震作用下构件间的挤压不断发生,但是在前期地震作用下部分木材不可恢复的塑性变形已经形成,后续这部分变形将不再消耗地震能量,因此整体的减震能力减弱。
图11为不同地震工况下模型结构相对于台面的最大位移,可以发现在不同地震波作用下,模型结构位移反应曲线的形状基本一致,呈倒三角分布,类似1阶振型,且模型各层最大位移随着地震强度的增加而增大。汶川波位移反应最大,Kobe波最小,与试验中观察到的现象一致;在加速度峰值不超过0.3g前,整个模型最大相对位移分别为19.59 mm(汶川波)、17.52 mm(兰州波)和8.04 mm(Kobe波),整体偏小,相差不大;当加速度峰值达到0.6g后,模型相对位移曲线外倾趋势突然增大,在0.93g时最大相对位移达到了87.43 mm(汶川波)、62.27 mm(兰州波)和47.52 mm(Kobe波),但试验结束仍能恢复原位,几乎不存在残余变形,结构整体性仍良好,说明结构具有良好的变形能力和复位能力。
结构在地震作用下的层间位移角是评价结构破坏程度的重要标志,层间位移角过大可能会引起结构的倒塌。表7为模型结构在不同地震波作用下各结构层的最大层间位移角。由表7可知,模型结构各层的层间位移角存在如下关系:外金柱斗栱层>二层>一层>攒尖屋盖层,与等效抗侧刚度的分布规律相反。
在汶川波作用下,当输入加速度峰值达到0.93g时,模型结构构架层的最大层间位移角为1/39,已经接近《古建筑木结构维护与加固技术标准》[36]中对木结构古建筑残损点限值的规定(1/30),但木构架无明显损坏,更没有出现可能发生倒塌的迹象。外金柱斗栱层的层间位移角最大更是达到了1/18,此时也仅仅是栌斗和散斗出现裂缝,斗栱并没有发生歪闪。隋龑等[37]和周乾等[38]的研究也发现即使斗栱层的最大层间位移角达到了1/16和1/14,斗栱仍然具有较强的承载力,没有完全发生破坏。说明楼阁式木结构古建筑强大的变形能力是其具有较强抗震性能的重要因素,但是如何能够合理地确定木构架和斗栱在地震作用下的最大层间位移角限值有待于进一步的研究。
除此之外,在0.3g地震波的作用下攒尖屋盖层的层间最大层间位移角达到了1/119,已经远超现代建筑结构弹性层间位移角限值(钢筋混凝土框架结构为1/550,多层钢结构为1/250[39])。由于这类结构屋盖层的瓦面、脊件等块体之间黏结性能较差,所以在强烈的地震作用后往往会发现这些薄弱部位发生破坏[2-4]
地震作用下,结构的破坏与地震输入能量及结构自身的耗能能力有关。地震输入结构的能量(EI)主要由三部分构成:结构动能(EK)、结构阻尼能(Eξ)以及结构变形能,且结构变形能又包含弹性变形能(EE)以及塑性变形能(EP[40],如下式所示:
将振动台模型简化为4质点模型,分别代表一层、二层、外金柱斗栱层以及攒尖屋盖,按Rayleigh阻尼方法计算结构的阻尼耗能以及塑性变形能[41-42]图12给出了结构地震能量反应历程,发现结构总的输入能近似等于结构的阻尼和塑性变形耗散的能量,如下式所示:
主要是因为结构在地震能量反应历程中,结构弹性变形能和结构动能只参与能量的转换,几乎不消耗能量,而结构的塑性变性能以及阻尼耗能是随时间推移逐渐累积的变量。
图13给出了模型结构在三种地震波作用下塑性变形能与输入能之比(Ep/EI)的均值变化趋势,由图可知,在初始阶段,结构的塑性变形能占比接近0,随着地震加速度峰值的增加,结构的塑性变形能所占的比例逐渐增加。因为结构的塑性变形能与结构的损伤密切相关,说明结构的损伤也在不断累积。除此之外,与现代建筑结构[4143]相比,其塑性变性能增幅相对较慢,在地震加速度峰值位于0.25g~0.35g时,现代结构的塑性变形能所占的比例已经开始超过阻尼耗能,而对于本模型这种情况要推迟到地震加速度峰值超过0.6g之后,一定程度上从耗能的角度揭示了木结构古建筑在地震作用下损伤较小、抗震能力较强的原因。
通过对西安钟楼1∶6缩尺模型进行地震模拟振动台试验研究,得出如下结论:
(1)西安钟楼具有优越的抗震性能。模型结构在经历了强烈的地震作用后损伤较小,除局部榫卯节点发生拔榫,部分斗栱的栌斗和散斗发生横纹劈裂外,主体结构仍然完好;模型结构中与结构损伤密切相关的塑性变形能占比也远远小于现代建筑。除此之外,非结构构件的墙体与木构架间连接较弱,在地震作用下会逐渐损伤,甚至倒塌退出工作,因此有必要采取适当的加固措施加强非结构构件与木构架间的联系,提升整体结构的稳定性。
(2)模型结构频率变化小,耗能能力强。结构在经历加速度峰值为0.93g(9度罕遇)地震用后,自振频率仅下降了25%,总体衰减幅度较小,再次表明了结构的损伤较轻。但整体结构阻尼比大幅度增加,在地震加速度峰值达到0.6g(9度罕遇)后,阻尼比可达到10%以上,有效地增加了结构的阻尼耗能,提高了结构的抗震性能。
(3)模型结构刚度沿高度分布不均匀。攒尖屋盖由于其特殊构造刚度较大,对地震力有明显放大作用,屋盖上附的琉璃瓦、金顶等可能会存在一定的安全隐患;由于忽略了风栱板的侧向支撑作用,使得外金柱斗栱层刚度最小,层间位移角较大,损伤也相对较大,成为整个结构的薄弱层。
(4)模型结构的减震作用明显,加速度放大系数介于0.4~1.4之间。各层加速度放大系数最小值位于二层,说明非结构构件的墙体并没有限制榫卯节点耗能减震作用的发挥。此外,外金柱斗栱层由于核心木构架及桁架的影响,加速度放大系数较二层稍大,其减震作用没有得到充分发挥。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42277151)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52478143)
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2025年第38卷第2期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.013
  • 接收时间:2023-04-17
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-17
  • 修回日期:2023-07-03
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42277151)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52478143)
陕西省“高层次人才特殊支持计划”科技创新领导人才项目(TZJH001)
国机集团青年科技基金培育项目(2024-PY-19)
作者信息
    1.机械工业勘察设计研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710043
    2.西安建筑科技大学土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
    3.西南交通大学土木工程学院,四川 成都 610031

通讯作者:

谢启芳(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zdgcxb/CN/10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.013
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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