Article(id=1228295804092350863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1674144000000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-20, revisedDate=1687708800000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770778140328, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770778140328, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770778140328, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770778140328, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228295801890336965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='2', pageStart='223', pageEnd='448', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770778139803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770949100774, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=420, endPage=431, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228295804318843281, articleId=1228295804092350863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Acceleration characteristics of double taper blade-casing system considering the coaxiality errors of the curvic couplings, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the assembly process of an aero-turboshaft engine, the coaxiality errors of the curvic couplings are an important technical index, significantly affecting the performance and service life of the whole system. This study takes the turbine blade-casing of an aero-turboshaft engine as an example. The coaxiality errors (including both positional and orientation errors) of the curvic couplings are introduced into the clearance function of the blade tip-casing, the nonlinear dynamic model of a rotating taper-blade casing system is then proposed based on the Hamilton variational principle and the Galerkin method. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified using ANSYS software. Two different acceleration functions are proposed: Function 1 assumes a constant acceleration value, while Function 2 adopts a cosine wave form for acceleration. The effects of different coaxiality errors of the curvic couplings on the transient response during both acceleration functions are further investigated using Newmark-β numerical method.Simulation results show that an increase in the coaxiality error of the curvic coupling leads to a reduction in the minimum clearance between the blade tip and casing, resulting in a more serious amplitude amplification induced by blade-tip casing rubbing. Compared with Function 1, Function 2 enables the system to pass through the critical speed more quickly, which advances the start time of rubbing. In addition, the maximum rubbing force and penetration depth can be effectively reduced due to the effects of the deceleration, weakening the rising and jumping phenomena in the system.

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在航空涡轴发动机装配过程中,端齿同轴度误差是一个重要的技术指标,对整机系统的性能和使用寿命有重要的影响。以航空涡轴发动机涡轮叶片-机匣为研究对象,考虑将端齿同轴度误差(定位误差和定向角误差)引入到叶尖-机匣的间隙方程中,基于Hamilton能量原理和Galerkin方法建立了考虑双锥度叶片-机匣系统的非线性动力学模型,通过ANSYS有限元方法验证了理论模型的正确性。在此基础上,运用Newmark-β数值求解方法分析了不同端齿同轴度误差对系统在定值加速函数(函数1)与余弦波加速函数(函数2)下的瞬态响应的影响,数值计算结果表明:增加同轴度误差,会进一步缩小叶尖与机匣之间的最小间隙,导致碰摩诱发的振幅更加严重;与函数1相比,采用函数2的加速度可以更快地通过系统临界转速,导致碰摩开始时间提前,当靠近目标转速时,减速作用可以有效减少最大碰摩力和侵入量,以减缓系统的隆起现象和跳跃现象。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王青山(1989—),博士,副教授,博士生导师。E-mail:
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金淼(1989—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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金淼(1989—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=o4fcyd/ygHTE6dI0g8gZCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228313064798355886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295804092350863, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

The material and structural parameters of the rotating blade-casing system with curvic couplings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
端齿连接结构的参数数值转子-叶片结构参数数值叶片材料参数数值机匣相关参数数值
型号CC1033叶片长度Lb/mm80弹性模量Eb/GPa131机匣半径Rcasing/mm224
齿数z20叶根宽度b1/mm45剪切模量Gb/GPa46.16机匣径向刚度Kcasing/(MN·m-1)20
端齿盘外半径Ro/mm62叶尖宽度b2/mm30密度ρb/(kg·m-3)8700机匣阻尼Ccasing/(N·s·m-1)100
端齿盘内半径Ri/mm44叶根厚度h1/mm5泊松比υ0.419机匣间隙g0/mm2
端齿分度圆半径Rm/mm52.8叶尖厚度h2/mm4.5剪切系数κb0.86机匣密度ρc/(kg·m-3)4380
压力角α/(º)30轮盘半径Rd/mm142机匣厚度hc/mm3
齿形角/(º)60相位角φ1/(º)180机匣长度Lc/mm30
), ArticleFig(id=1228313064899019184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295804092350863, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

端齿连接旋转叶片-机匣系统材料参数和结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
端齿连接结构的参数数值转子-叶片结构参数数值叶片材料参数数值机匣相关参数数值
型号CC1033叶片长度Lb/mm80弹性模量Eb/GPa131机匣半径Rcasing/mm224
齿数z20叶根宽度b1/mm45剪切模量Gb/GPa46.16机匣径向刚度Kcasing/(MN·m-1)20
端齿盘外半径Ro/mm62叶尖宽度b2/mm30密度ρb/(kg·m-3)8700机匣阻尼Ccasing/(N·s·m-1)100
端齿盘内半径Ri/mm44叶根厚度h1/mm5泊松比υ0.419机匣间隙g0/mm2
端齿分度圆半径Rm/mm52.8叶尖厚度h2/mm4.5剪切系数κb0.86机匣密度ρc/(kg·m-3)4380
压力角α/(º)30轮盘半径Rd/mm142机匣厚度hc/mm3
齿形角/(º)60相位角φ1/(º)180机匣长度Lc/mm30
), ArticleFig(id=1228313065012265395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295804092350863, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Natural frequencies of the double taper blade-casing system at Ω=0

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶数固有频率/Hz误差/%振型描述
理论解有限元解
f(n1)540.27563.741.06叶片一阶振型
fnc12351.202351.200.00机匣固有频率
f(n2)3114.103120.200.05叶片二阶振型
f(n3)8403.508517.500.34叶片三阶振型
f(n4)13152.4013383.000.43叶片四阶振型
f(n5)17412.6016863.000.80叶片五阶振型
f(n6)36707.8436697.000.01叶片六阶振型
), ArticleFig(id=1228313065096151478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295804092350863, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

双锥度叶片-机匣系统在Ω=0的固有频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶数固有频率/Hz误差/%振型描述
理论解有限元解
f(n1)540.27563.741.06叶片一阶振型
fnc12351.202351.200.00机匣固有频率
f(n2)3114.103120.200.05叶片二阶振型
f(n3)8403.508517.500.34叶片三阶振型
f(n4)13152.4013383.000.43叶片四阶振型
f(n5)17412.6016863.000.80叶片五阶振型
f(n6)36707.8436697.000.01叶片六阶振型
), ArticleFig(id=1228313065201009083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295804092350863, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Simulation case parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数变化的参数不变的参数
端齿同轴度误差Cmis=5 μm
Cmis=10 μm
Cmis=15 μm
), ArticleFig(id=1228313065310060990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295804092350863, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

仿真工况参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数变化的参数不变的参数
端齿同轴度误差Cmis=5 μm
Cmis=10 μm
Cmis=15 μm
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端齿同轴度误差对双锥度叶片-机匣系统加速特性分析
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金淼 1, 2 , 王艾伦 2 , 王青山 2 , 尹伊君 2 , 陈雅孺 2 , 衡星 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(2): 420-431
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(2): 420-431
端齿同轴度误差对双锥度叶片-机匣系统加速特性分析
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金淼1, 2 , 王艾伦2, 王青山2 , 尹伊君2, 陈雅孺2, 衡星2
作者信息
  • 1.中国北方车辆研究所,北京 100072
  • 2.中南大学高性能复杂制造国家重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 金淼(1989—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王青山(1989—),博士,副教授,博士生导师。E-mail:
Acceleration characteristics of double taper blade-casing system considering the coaxiality errors of the curvic couplings
Miao JIN1, 2 , Ailun WANG2, Qingshan WANG2 , Yijun YIN2, Yaru CHEN2, Xing HENG2
Affiliations
  • 1.China North Vehicle Research Institute, Beijing 100072, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.021
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在航空涡轴发动机装配过程中,端齿同轴度误差是一个重要的技术指标,对整机系统的性能和使用寿命有重要的影响。以航空涡轴发动机涡轮叶片-机匣为研究对象,考虑将端齿同轴度误差(定位误差和定向角误差)引入到叶尖-机匣的间隙方程中,基于Hamilton能量原理和Galerkin方法建立了考虑双锥度叶片-机匣系统的非线性动力学模型,通过ANSYS有限元方法验证了理论模型的正确性。在此基础上,运用Newmark-β数值求解方法分析了不同端齿同轴度误差对系统在定值加速函数(函数1)与余弦波加速函数(函数2)下的瞬态响应的影响,数值计算结果表明:增加同轴度误差,会进一步缩小叶尖与机匣之间的最小间隙,导致碰摩诱发的振幅更加严重;与函数1相比,采用函数2的加速度可以更快地通过系统临界转速,导致碰摩开始时间提前,当靠近目标转速时,减速作用可以有效减少最大碰摩力和侵入量,以减缓系统的隆起现象和跳跃现象。

转子动力学  /  叶片-机匣碰摩  /  端齿同轴度误差  /  余弦波加速函数  /  跳跃和隆起现象

In the assembly process of an aero-turboshaft engine, the coaxiality errors of the curvic couplings are an important technical index, significantly affecting the performance and service life of the whole system. This study takes the turbine blade-casing of an aero-turboshaft engine as an example. The coaxiality errors (including both positional and orientation errors) of the curvic couplings are introduced into the clearance function of the blade tip-casing, the nonlinear dynamic model of a rotating taper-blade casing system is then proposed based on the Hamilton variational principle and the Galerkin method. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified using ANSYS software. Two different acceleration functions are proposed: Function 1 assumes a constant acceleration value, while Function 2 adopts a cosine wave form for acceleration. The effects of different coaxiality errors of the curvic couplings on the transient response during both acceleration functions are further investigated using Newmark-β numerical method.Simulation results show that an increase in the coaxiality error of the curvic coupling leads to a reduction in the minimum clearance between the blade tip and casing, resulting in a more serious amplitude amplification induced by blade-tip casing rubbing. Compared with Function 1, Function 2 enables the system to pass through the critical speed more quickly, which advances the start time of rubbing. In addition, the maximum rubbing force and penetration depth can be effectively reduced due to the effects of the deceleration, weakening the rising and jumping phenomena in the system.

rotor dynamics  /  blade-casing rubbing  /  coaxiality errors of the curvic couplings  /  cosine wave acceleration function  /  rising and jumping phenomena
金淼, 王艾伦, 王青山, 尹伊君, 陈雅孺, 衡星. 端齿同轴度误差对双锥度叶片-机匣系统加速特性分析. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (2) : 420 -431 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.021
Miao JIN, Ailun WANG, Qingshan WANG, Yijun YIN, Yaru CHEN, Xing HENG. Acceleration characteristics of double taper blade-casing system considering the coaxiality errors of the curvic couplings[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (2) : 420 -431 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.021
航空涡轴发动机是现代先进直升机的“心脏”[1-2],含有端齿连接结构的转子-双锥度叶片系统是其重要的组成部分,其中端齿连接结构是系统的高精密定心元件,通过中心拉杆对端齿连接结构施加预紧力,使得多盘转子连接成一体[3-4]。双锥度叶片主要应用于涡轴发动机的涡轮叶片,其设计思想是通过宽度和厚度的锥度比来调节叶片的气动载荷分布,从而降低叶片的弯曲应力和应力集中程度,提高叶片的承载能力和耐久性。端齿连接结构在装配中或机器长期运行中,不可避免地需要经常拆卸,由于其具有多个齿啮合,导致装配工艺复杂,定位要求更高,需要高精度零点定位装置分多工序完成装配。因此,端齿连接结构在装配过程中,难免会产生端齿同轴度误差,包括定位误差和定向角误差,这会使得叶尖与机匣之间的间隙逐渐缩小。此外,根据航空涡轴发动机的设计要求,转子系统需要快速通过前2阶临界转速,因此转子系统经常处于启停或者加减速的状态,此时系统的加速度随时间变化,导致高转速旋转的叶片在加速过程中与机匣系统之间发生碰摩的可能性增大。因此,对含有端齿同轴度误差的转子-双锥度叶片系统的加速响应特性进行分析,对中国航空涡轴发动机的理论研究和安全运行具有重要的指导意义。
近年来,国内外学者对于连接结构的定位装配进行了理论研究,发现定位精度不仅关系到转子装配质量,还影响转子的动力学特性。关于定位误差和装夹误差的相关研究,崔相武[5]以端齿连接结构为定位元件设计了一种可重复、高精度、适合回转工况的随行夹具,并对其进行了理论分析。王哲[6]以端齿连接结构作为高精度零点定位装置,发现定位误差中不仅存在端齿的加工误差,还包括了装夹过程的误差。为了减少端齿装配误差的影响,CROCCOLO等[7-8]采用有限元软件对端齿连接结构装配过程中的定位误差进行了仿真分析,并且推导了端齿装配过程中的定位误差与端齿角不对中之间的数学表达式,并通过实验验证了表达式的准确性。关于同轴度误差的相关研究,WANG等[9]提出了一种间接测量端齿连接结构的定位和定向角误差的方法,并在此基础上,推导了一种快速测量端齿同轴度误差的优化模型,通过实验验证了其效果。CHAI等[10]提出了一种非接触式光学测量方案,可用于快速测量锥齿轮和花键之间的同轴度误差。ZHANG等[11]提出了一种用于测量航空发动机装配过程中多级转子之间同轴度的方法,通过比较基于中心基准线、单一测量基准以及公共基准轴的三种测量模型,并结合实验表明,基于公共基准轴的同轴度测试值比另外两个方法的测量值更精确。关于端齿连接结构的加工误差方面的研究,基于弹性平均原理,刘恒等[12]推导了端齿连接结构的轴向偏差和同心偏差的计算方法。孙帅等[13]基于端齿连接结构的加工原理,分析了关键结构参数(节距偏差和初始齿面间隙)对接触状态的影响规律,并通过优化安装相位误差,减少了初始齿面间隙的方差和均值。
国内外学者还对于转子-叶片动力学建模展开了一系列的研究。关于碰摩方面的研究,靳玉林等[14]采用理论和实验相结合的方法建立了含有叶片-机匣碰摩、滚动轴承游隙、联轴器不对中及不平衡响应等因素的双转子-轴承非线性系统,并分析了其碰摩响应。张力等[15]考虑碰摩造成的约束作用,建立了碰摩约束条件的涡扇叶片-机匣的微分方程。基于小波转换时-频信号的分析方法,梁智超等[16]对转子-支撑-机匣碰摩模拟试验器的机匣振动响应进行了提取。太兴宇等[17]采用理论和实验的方法模拟了转子-叶片-定子系统的碰摩响应,研究表明,由于定子的约束,系统的响应有明显的“削峰”现象。基于多尺度摄动理论,李炳强等[18]模拟了不同法向碰摩力、圆盘偏心以及阻尼系数对转子-叶片系统在主共振状态下稳定性的影响规律。基于相似设计理论,赵璐等[19]和侯理臻等[20]搭建了含有叶片飞脱装置的叶片-机匣碰摩实验器模型,研究表明增大不平衡量会引发超次谐波。马辉等[21]和郭旭民等[22]采用Timoshenko梁和圆柱壳理论,构建了旋转叶片-柔性机匣动力学有限元模型,并分析了定加速度过程中,由于碰摩导致的叶片振动和机匣振动响应。关于双锥度叶片方面的研究,MADI等[23]对比了锥形叶片和无锥度叶片在风机涡轮叶片中动力学特性的差异,结果表明锥形叶片在高转速下具有更高的效率,能够降低压力损失和气动损失。HU等[24]基于平均Navier-Stokes方程,建立了无人机旋翼系统的数值模型,并分析了长宽比和锥度比对系统悬停性能的影响。研究结果表明,适当的锥度比可以增加叶片的弦长,从而提高系统的效率。ZHANG等[25]研究了失谐量对叶片-轮盘-机匣碰摩特性的影响,并在建立旋转叶片的有限元模型中考虑了双锥度叶片的变截面特征和陀螺效应。
综上所述,关于端齿连接结构装配过程中同轴度误差的研究,相关学者主要集中在连接结构的测量方法方面,目前尚缺乏端齿安装过程中所产生的定位误差和定向角误差对动力学特性影响方面的研究。此外,针对转子-叶片碰摩问题,虽然一些学者考虑了定加速过程中的振动响应,但是关于余弦加速函数下振动响应的研究仍然鲜有报道。特别地,端齿连接结构的设计、加工以及装配等技术已成为新一代航空涡轴发动机的核心技术。然而,国内的相关研究相对薄弱,端齿连接结构的同轴度误差对转子系统的装配精度和力学特性的影响尚不明确。此外,在直升机执行任务时,不同加速环境下的振动特性呈现明显差异,这已成为中国亟待解决的科学难题。
基于上述研究背景,本文首先分析了端齿盘的定位原理,并推导出了端齿装配过程中的同轴度误差(包括定位误差和定向角误差)的数学表达式。然后,针对航空涡轴发动机中叶片的复杂形面特征,基于Hamilton能量原理和Galerkin法建立了含有变截面的双锥度叶片-机匣系统模型,并通过有限元方法验证了模型的有效性和正确性。最后,采用数值积分方法模拟了两种加速函数下端齿同轴度误差对叶片-机匣碰摩响应在瞬态过程中的影响规律。
图1为含有端齿连接结构的叶片-机匣示意图,其耦合系统主要由双锥度叶片、机匣、端齿连接结构、轮盘等组成,其中圆弧段AD表示机匣弧长,弧长对应的角度为60°。
为了建模方便,本文在建立理论模型时采用了以下假设条件:
(1)各结构的材料均为各向同性材料,其本构关系满足胡克定律,受力状态满足不变性公理。
(2)不考虑轮盘的柔性变形,将轮盘视为刚性盘。
(3)叶片简化为双锥度悬臂梁,机匣简化为集中质量模型,叶片-机匣碰摩采用点-点接触来模拟接触特征,碰摩范围仅发生在圆弧段AD内。
(4)忽略碰摩过程中的摩擦热效应。
(5)不考虑端齿连接结构啮合过程中的接触效应。
端齿连接结构的定位和装配过程主要分为三个步骤:首先是端齿基准盘的定位;其次是旋转工作转台与端齿下盘的啮合(随行夹具与端齿上盘的装夹);最后是端齿上齿盘和下齿盘的预紧装配。在完成端齿定位和安装过程中可能存在两种装配误差:第一种误差是端齿定位误差,即端齿上、下齿盘在预紧啮合过程中,由于加工误差以及预紧滑移,会引起端齿下齿盘和上齿盘的形心与基准盘中心线之间存在轴向偏移Pmis,如图2(a)所示;第二种误差是端齿定向角误差,即端齿的上齿盘和下齿盘在完成啮合之前,端齿下齿盘和旋转工作转台一起转动N个齿,产生了旋转角θm。由于轴向偏移的作用,导致旋转角与转动中心线之间存在角偏差γmis,如图2(b)所示。
上述两种误差在端齿安装过程中同时存在,因此将它们统称为同轴度误差Cmis,如图3所示,根据几何位置关系,预紧前、后的端齿基准半径差r和定向角误差γmis的数学表达式如下:
式中,Rm表示端齿圆盘的节圆半径,Rm=(Ri+Ro)/2,RiRo分别表示端齿圆盘的内半径和外半径;θm表示端齿下齿盘的旋转角。
通过式(1)可知,端齿下齿盘与转动中心线之间的定向度误差呈90˚对称分布,并且在旋转角θm=90˚时,定向角误差达到最大值。此外,为了满足端齿连接结构的装配条件,最大定向角误差γmis-max必须小于端齿圆盘相邻齿间的角度步长,因此,得到以下数学表达式:
式中,z表示端齿连接结构的齿数。
结合式(1)和(2),为确保正确安装,可以计算出最大定位误差Pmis-max的上限阈值需要满足最大定向角误差γmis-maxθm=90˚)的情况,表达式为:
双锥度叶片如图4所示,其中Lb表示叶片的总长度,b1b2分别为叶根和叶尖处的宽度,h1h2分别为叶根和叶尖处的厚度。uvw分别表示双锥度叶尖上任意位置Q点在径向、横向和摆动方向上的变形。XbYbZb分别为双锥度叶片在局部坐标系下的径向、横向、摆动方向上的位移。ξb为叶片上无量纲轴向位置(ξb=x/Lb),bbξb)和hbξb)分别表示叶片在轴向位置ξb上任意截面相对于叶根处的宽度和厚度,具体的表达式如下:
式中,ηbηh分别为双锥度叶片沿着宽度方向、厚度方向的锥度比[26],具体表达式为:ηb=1-b2/b1ηh=1-h2/h1
假设轴向位置ξb处的变截面面积Abξb)为具有两个待定系数的函数模式,变截面惯性矩Ibξb)为具有四个待定系数的函数模式,其表达式如下:
式中,ε1ε2为变截面面积的二次待定系数;γ1γ2γ3γ4为变截面惯性矩的四次待定系数;Ab1Ib1分别为叶根处的变截面面积、变截面惯性矩,表达式分别为:Ab1=b1h1
进一步,将式(4)和(5)代入到式(6)和(7)中,求得待定系数表达式为:
双锥度叶片的总动能表达式如下[27]
式中,ρb表示双锥度叶片的密度;rQ表示固定坐标下的位移矢量,符号“·”表示时间的一阶偏导,其具体的符号描述和表达式参见文献[328]。
考虑到双锥度叶片在旋转过程中的离心载荷、旋转软化、叶片-机匣的碰摩特征,其势能可以表示为:
式中,φ表示叶片在局部坐标系下的截面转角;fcx)、FnEbGbκb分别表示双锥度叶片的离心载荷、叶片法向碰摩力、弹性模量、剪切模量、剪切因子,具体符号描述参见文献[3]。
图5为含有同轴度误差的双锥度叶片与机匣之间的间隙示意图。图中,O为端齿连接结构的中心,Ocasing为机匣中心,rgrg=Lb+Rd)为静态(转速Ω=0)时叶尖轨迹半径,其中Rd表示轮盘半径,uL表示叶尖径向位移,ec表示静态平行不对中量,δn表示旋转叶片和机匣之间的侵入深度,g0g0=Rcasing-Rd-Lb)表示旋转叶片与机匣之间的间隙函数,ucasingRcasing分别表示机匣径向位移和机匣半径,φ1为初始相位角,KcasingCcasing分别表示机匣在径向方向的刚度和阻尼。
根据碰摩发生前后的几何位置关系,B点、C点、Ocasing点三点构成了一个直角三角形,它们之间的关系式为:
因此,根据上式,得到以下表达式:
对上式求解,得到含有端齿同轴度误差的叶片与机匣之间的间隙函数表达式为:
为了考虑端齿同轴度对叶片-机匣系统在升速过程中的影响,本文在建立航空涡轴发动机的数学模型时,采用了两种不同的加速度函数来模拟速度的变化率。其中,函数1是传统的定加速度形式,适用于描述加速过程和稳态过程。这种方式简单易行,但也有缺点。在飞行过程中,从加速过程到稳态过程,速度会突变,导致加速度理论上无穷大,容易产生刚性冲击。函数2是余弦函数形式,适用于描述加速度的正弦波变化。这种方式可以使系统在加速过程到稳态过程中,转速变化平缓,避免过大的冲击力,保证发动机的稳定性和可控性。但也有风险,余弦函数使转速先加速后减速的变化,可以短时间内达到最大推力,提高直升机的机动性能,但也可能导致压气机踹振或涡轮叶片损坏。
(1)函数1:加速度函数、速度函数Ω1(t)以及角位移函数θ1(t)分别为:
式中,ΩendΩ0分别表示稳定后的目标转速以及初始速度;tacc为加速时间;θ0表示初始角位移。
(2)函数2:加速度函数、速度函数Ω2(t)以及角位移函数θ2(t)分别为:
根据式(15)和(16),两种函数的加速度变化曲线和速度变化曲线如图6(a)图6(b)所示。
图6(a)和(b)可以看出,函数1和函数2分别用定值和余弦波来模拟加速度随时间的变化,用固定斜率和正弦波斜率来模拟速度随时间的变化。相比于函数1,函数2的速度变化刚开始缓慢,在时间历程的1/3处,其加速度逐渐超过函数1,在时间历程的1/2处,其速度开始超过函数1,在时间历程的2/3处,加速度落后于函数1,在时间历程为10.47 s时,速度最终减速达到目标转速。
叶尖与机匣之间外力所做的功为双锥度叶片所承受的气动载荷和叶尖与机匣接触时产生的摩擦力所做的功之和:
式中,Fe为双锥度叶片所承受的气动载荷,其表达式为:
式中,F0为气动载荷的常量;k1为叶片障碍数目;Fmj为单位面积的气动载荷的幅值,j表示第j次的谐波分量。
叶片与机匣接触时产生的摩擦力所做的功Wrub的表达式为:
式中,μc为叶片与机匣之间的摩擦系数。Fn为法向碰摩力表达式为:
式中,
其中,ce为速度限制系数,本文取ce=0.9。
将上述旋转叶片-机匣系统的动能、势能、外力所做的功代入到静态Hamilton原理表达式中,得到:
式中,δ表示变分积分;t1t2表示任意时间;TcasingUcasing分别表示机匣的动能和势能。
可以通过Galerkin方法对旋转叶片的叶片径向位移uxt)、叶片横向位移vx,t)以及叶片摆动方向位移φx,t)进行离散化处理,其表达式为:
式中,pit)、qit)、wit)分别为叶片径向、横向以及摆动方向对应的正则坐标;ϕ1iϕ2iϕ3i分别为径向、横向、摆动方向位移的振型函数,其具体表达式为:
式中,αi=(2i-1)π/2,i=1,2,3,…,Nmod为模态截断阶数,本文取Nmod=4;λi为第i阶振型函数的特征值,其值由以下特征方程来决定:
将式(22)和(24)代入到式(21)中,旋转叶片-机匣系统离散后的运动微分方程为:
式中,MBCBGBKBqBFB分别为双锥度叶片的质量矩阵、阻尼矩阵、陀螺矩阵、刚度矩阵、广义坐标向量以及广义外载荷。其中阻尼矩阵CB采用瑞利阻尼矩阵,其表达式如下:
式中,
其中,模态阻尼比为ξ1=0.01、ξ2=0.02,fn1)fn2)为系统的第一阶和第二阶固有频率。
在式(26)中,KB=Ke+Kcentrifuge+Kspin+Kacc+KF,其中KeKcentrifugeKspinKaccKF分别为双锥度叶片的结构刚度矩阵、应力刚化刚度矩阵、旋转软化矩阵、加速刚度矩阵以及外力刚度矩阵。其中叶片结构刚度矩阵为:
式中,矩阵中各个元素表达式为:
叶片应力刚化刚度矩阵为:
式中,
叶片旋转软化矩阵为:
式中,矩阵中各个元素表达式为:
叶片加速度导致的刚度矩阵为:
式中,矩阵中各个元素表达式为:
叶片外力导致的刚度矩阵为:
式中,
假设机匣简化为集中质量点,叶尖与机匣碰摩特征为静态接触过程,其运动微分方程为:
式中,McasingCcasingKcasingFcasing分别为机匣的质量矩阵、阻尼矩阵、径向刚度矩阵以及叶尖对机匣的碰摩反力矩阵;qcasing为机匣的广义坐标向量。本文旋转叶片-机匣系统的材料参数和结构参数如不作特殊说明,具体数值如表1所示。
本文以端齿连接结构的叶片-机匣系统为研究对象,其具体几何尺寸和材料参数分别如图1表1所示。叶片-机匣碰摩简化为一个准静态接触过程,其中机匣假设为刚性结构,叶片被视为柔性结构。因此,碰摩过程可以看成是柔性叶尖与局部刚性机匣的接触,其碰摩范围发生在机匣圆弧段AD内,其弧长对应的角度为60°。该系统由端齿连接结构、双锥度叶片、轮盘、机匣系统等部件组成,其中双锥度叶片被视为悬臂梁结构,采用Timoshenko梁单元(ANSYS中的Beam188单元)进行模拟,其被划分为4个单元,5个节点。机匣被视为刚性单元,采用集中质量单元(ANSYS中的Mass21单元)进行模拟。为了验证本文建模方法的正确性和有效性,本文将理论模型与ANSYS有限元软件获得的系统固有频率进行对比分析,图7显示了双锥度叶片在Ω=0时的振型图,表2给出了对应的固有频率对比结果。从表2中可知,本文的理论模型与有限元软件结果吻合良好,仅在一阶振型存在最大误差1.06%,这验证了理论模型固有频率的准确性。
为了验证本文法向碰摩力模型的准确性,使用式(20)与文献[29]中实验测试结果进行对比验证,实验参数设置如下:转速Ω=1000 r/min,钢制机匣径向刚度Kcasing为3.5×107 N/m,叶片的弹性模量Eb为210 GPa,密度ρb为7800 kg/m3,泊松比为0.3,长度Lb为82 mm,叶尖与机匣之间的摩擦系数μc为0.274,叶尖和叶根宽度为44 mm,叶尖和叶根厚度为3 mm。
图8展示了在Ω=1000 r/min时,法向碰摩力随侵入量的变化曲线。对于叶片和钢制机匣而言,在侵入量∈(20,60) μm之间时,理论模型和实验结果吻合较好。然而,在侵入量∈(60,80) μm之间时,实验测试值大于理论值。理论模型和实验方法都表明随着侵入量的增加,法向碰摩力随之增加,并且二者呈非线性变化。造成大侵入量存在误差的原因可能是随着侵入量的增加,机匣刚度发生了改变,另外一个原因是,随着伺服进给量的增加,叶尖与机匣之间的摩擦系数也发生了改变。综上所述,本文模型可为后续开展瞬态响应分析提供可靠的理论基础。
本节讨论了双锥度叶片在两种加速函数和端齿同轴度误差Cmis(包括定向角误差γmis和定位误差Pmis)下的瞬态响应。其中,静态平行不对中量ec设置为1.975 mm,加速区间为0~10000 r/min,稳态转速为10000 r/min。根据文献[5]可知,国内外主流快速随行夹具的定位精度为3~5 μm。为了更直观地区分同轴度误差的差异,本文分别选取5、10和15 μm三种同轴度误差进行分析。叶片的几何尺寸和材料参数与第2节相同,详细的运行工况以及仿真参数如表3所示。需要说明的是k1=10表示气动载荷的激振频率为转频的10倍,用以模拟气动载荷的影响。在本节中,气动载荷Fe表示作用在叶片表面的压力,并取气动载荷的第一次谐波,即Fe=Fm1sin(k1Ωt)。
图9展示了不同端齿同轴度误差下,系统在两种函数下的叶尖径向振动响应曲线。图中,叶尖与机匣之间的最小间隙Cmin与初始间隙、不对中量和同轴度误差有关,当叶尖径向振幅超过最小间隙Cmin时,系统会发生碰摩现象,其对应的最小间隙Cmin的值已在图中用红色虚线表示。
图9可知,随着端齿同轴度误差Cmis的增加,最小间隙Cmin=g0-ec-Cmis减少,叶尖径向位移的幅值放大现象变得更加明显。当升速到5.2 s时,函数2的叶尖径向位移超过了函数1的值,这表明此时函数2的速度开始超过函数1,因此函数2的碰摩开始时间将早于函数1。此外,随着端齿同轴度误差的增加,函数1和函数2的碰摩开始间距逐渐缩小,说明系统的碰摩程度随着端齿同轴度误差的提高而增强,碰摩力增加,碰摩加剧。从图9中还可知,函数1与函数2的叶尖径向振动响应与图6(b)的速度变化趋势相似。叶尖径向位移在加速过程中逐渐增加,在10000 r/min达到最大,并且系统转速达到10000 r/min时进入到稳态过程。此外,与函数2相比,函数1在目标转速10000 r/min处时有明显的隆起现象,这是一种典型的碰摩故障[30-31],这主要因为函数1在升速过程到稳定过程中,其加速度由100 rad/s2直接降到0 rad/s2,加速度的变化有明显的突变,导致机匣给予叶片一个明显的反弹冲击力,使系统出现隆起现象。这表明加速函数2采用的余弦函数在加速过程到稳态过程中可以起到有效的缓冲作用。图9中的局部放大图展示了不同同轴度误差下的径向振动响应。从局部放大图中可以看出,随着同轴度误差的增加,叶片径向方向的振幅会加剧,函数1的径向位移在正、负方向都有明显的幅值放大现象,而函数2的径向位移仅在负方向有明显的幅值放大现象,这归因于函数2在从加速到稳态过程中有减速作用,因此函数1产生的隆起现象也更为突出。
为了更清楚地分析两种函数下端齿同轴度误差对叶尖弯曲方向振动特性的影响,考虑同轴度误差(5 μm)下叶尖弯曲方向的振动响应曲线和三维瀑布图如图1011所示。
图10中可以看出,函数2的共振峰之间的间隔时间Δt2要小于函数1的Δt1,这说明函数2可以更快地通过临界转速。因此,函数2的碰摩范围比函数1的更长。
结合图1011可以看出,在气动载荷作用下,系统在3300 r/min(此时转频fr=55 Hz)转速处会出现叶片一阶弯曲共振,这是因为气动激励频率10fr接近于叶片第一阶弯曲频率(见图11表2)。在8823 r/min处出现幅值放大现象,这是因为3fr 与叶片一阶弯曲振动fn1)十分接近(见图11表2)。在9945 r/min(此时fr=166 Hz)转速处出现了超谐波共振现象,这是由于18fr与叶片的二阶固有频率fn2)相接近所致(见图11表2)。
通过对比两种函数的叶尖弯曲振动响应,发现第二种函数的气动幅频引起的幅值放大现象比第一种函数略微降低,这主要是因为第二种函数通过临界转速的加速度值略大,使得加速度刚度矩阵Kacc增加,导致振幅较小。与函数1相比,函数2在9945 r/min时有更明显的幅值放大现象,这是由两个原因所造成:(1) 在加速到9 s时,函数2的加速度值小于函数1的值,使得加速度刚度矩阵Kacc减少,导致共振峰的振幅增加;(2) 在该转速下,系统处于碰摩阶段,由于函数2的转速大于函数1的转速,高转速导致函数2的碰摩力大于函数1的碰摩力,这也导致了共振峰的幅值放大现象更加明显。
图1213为在两种函数下,不同端齿同轴度误差对系统的侵入量和法向碰摩力的影响。从图中可以看出,在加速过程中,两种函数的侵入量δn和法向碰摩力Fn与叶尖径向位移的变化趋于一致,均在10000 r/min时达到最大,并且在稳态过程中趋于平稳。
图12(a)图13(a)所示,函数1的侵入量δn和法向碰摩力Fn在加速过程中呈线性增加趋势,其时域曲线呈锯齿状,在加速到10000 r/min时达到最大值。从图中还可以发现,在进入稳态过程的瞬间,可以观察到侵入量δn和法向碰摩力Fn均发生了显著的幅值突变,表明系统在从加速度过程到稳态过程中出现了跳跃现象,并且随着同轴度误差的增加,跳跃现象愈加明显。如图12(b)13(b)所示,函数2的侵入量δn和法向碰摩力Fn在加速过程中刚开始呈线性增加趋势,其增长速率超过函数1。但是当升速接近于8900 r/min时,其侵入量和法向碰摩力增长速率开始减缓,其时域曲线呈背鳍状。这是由于函数2的加速度逐渐减小,因此每次发生碰摩后,叶片振动都会衰减,导致幅值出现反复回弹现象。此外,在通过最大转速10000 r/min时,函数2的跳跃现象明显低于函数1,这主要因为函数2的加速度采用余弦函数形式,在靠近最大转速时,其加速度值趋近于零,使得跳跃现象程度减弱。
在叶片-机匣系统中,引入一个与碰摩力和碰摩时间相关的冲量来表征碰摩程度,其数值大小表示每个旋转周期内最大法向碰摩力与最小碰摩时间的乘积。对于端齿同轴度误差为Cmis=5、10和5 μm,函数1的冲量分别为0.3255、0.5058和0.6930 N·s,表示函数1的冲量与端齿同轴度误差之间存在线性关系。函数2的冲量分别为0.3089、0.4572和0.6084 N·s,表明随着端齿同轴度误差的增加,函数2的冲量逐渐减缓,这也说明在相同端齿同轴度误差下,函数2的最大冲量明显小于函数1,因此函数2的碰摩程度更小。
本文以含有端齿同轴度误差的转子-叶片系统为例,对端齿连接结构在装配过程中产生的端齿同轴度误差(包括端齿定位误差和端齿定向角误差)进行了定量描述,基于Timoshenko梁理论和Galerkin方法,建立了双锥度叶片-机匣动力学模型,并通过ANSYS商用软件验证了模型的有效性,分析了端齿同轴度误差对双锥度叶片-机匣系统在两种加速函数下的瞬态响应的影响规律,并得出了以下结论:
(1)通过比较函数1和函数2,函数2的共振峰间隔时间Δt2明显小于函数1的共振峰间隔时间Δt1。这表明与函数1相比,函数2可以更快地通过临界转速,从而导致碰摩开始时间提前。
(2)随着端齿同轴度误差的增加,叶尖与机匣之间的间隙减少,叶尖碰摩区域逐渐增加。在升速过程中,转子共振现象在3fr、18fr处出现明显的幅值放大现象,其中3fr引起的超谐波共振现象最为明显。
(3)端齿同轴度误差的增加会导致叶尖碰摩范围增大,碰摩时间延长,碰摩加剧,系统的侵入量和法向碰摩力在最高转速处出现明显的跳跃现象,并伴有明显的隆起现象,函数2可以有效地减少高转速时的跳跃现象和隆起现象。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52075554)
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  • 东北大学航空动力装备振动及控制教育部重点实验室研究基金资助项目(VCAME202006)
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2025年第38卷第2期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.021
  • 接收时间:2023-01-20
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-20
  • 修回日期:2023-06-26
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52075554)
高性能复杂制造国家重点实验室资助项目(ZZYJKT2021-07)
东北大学航空动力装备振动及控制教育部重点实验室研究基金资助项目(VCAME202006)
中南大学研究生创新基金资助项目(2019zzts256)
作者信息
    1.中国北方车辆研究所,北京 100072
    2.中南大学高性能复杂制造国家重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410083

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王青山(1989—),博士,副教授,博士生导师。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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