Article(id=1228295802569814213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706803200000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-02, revisedDate=1723564800000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770778139964, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1739116800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770778139964, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770778139964, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770778139964, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228295801890336965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='2', pageStart='223', pageEnd='448', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770778139803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770949100774, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229012864237760764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295801890336965, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=223, endPage=231, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228295802817278151, articleId=1228295802569814213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=A dynamic similitude design method for sudden unbalance in rotor systems, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A dynamic similitude design method is proposed for the problem of sudden unbalance of the rotor system. The dynamic differential equation requires the application of both equation analysis and dimensional analysis methods to establish the scaling laws, while also considering the damping scaling ratio. Based on the strain energy distribution criterion, a prototype rotor system is designed. The prototype is scaled according to the scaling laws to create a distorted model, and the dynamic similarity between the prototype and the distorted model is verified through simulation and test. The simulation results show that the distorted model exhibits high similarity to the prototype in terms of critical speed, strain energy distribution, and transient response. The errors for the first two critical speeds are 0.1% and 0.13%, respectively, and the error in peak amplitude is 3%. The test results show that the distorted model can accurately predict the critical speed and sudden unbalance vibration response of the prototype, with the errors for the first two critical speeds being 0.79% and 1.72%, respectively, and the error in peak amplitude being 5.98%.

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针对转子系统突加不平衡问题,提出了一种动力学相似设计方法。根据动力学微分方程,运用方程分析法和量纲分析法,考虑阻尼缩比建立动力学相似关系。根据应变能分布准则,设计转子系统原型,利用相似关系对原型进行缩放建立畸变模型,通过仿真和试验对原型和畸变模型的动力学相似性进行验证。仿真结果表明:畸变模型与原型临界转速、应变能分布、瞬态响应具有较高的相似性,前两阶临界转速误差分别为0.1%和0.13%,峰值振幅误差为3%。试验结果表明:畸变模型可以准确地预测原型的临界转速和突加不平衡振动响应,前两阶临界转速误差分别为0.79%和1.72%,峰值振幅误差为5.98%。

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何凤霞(1994—),女,博士,讲师。E-mail:
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石怀涛(1982—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

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石怀涛(1982—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

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Parameters of the rotor system prototype

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参数数值参数数值参数数值
弹性模量E/Pa2.1×1011转轴直径d/m0.04转盘1~4厚度H/m0.02
密度ρ/(kg·m-3)7850转盘直径D1/m0.24支承1刚度K1/(N·m-1)3×106
轴长l1/m0.15转盘直径D2/m0.26支承2刚度K2/(N·m-1)1.5×106
轴长l2l4l5/m0.1转盘直径D3/m0.28支承3刚度K3/(N·m-1)5×106
轴长l3/m0.35转盘直径D4/m0.30支撑1~3阻尼C/(N·s·m-1)200
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转子系统原型参数

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参数数值参数数值参数数值
弹性模量E/Pa2.1×1011转轴直径d/m0.04转盘1~4厚度H/m0.02
密度ρ/(kg·m-3)7850转盘直径D1/m0.24支承1刚度K1/(N·m-1)3×106
轴长l1/m0.15转盘直径D2/m0.26支承2刚度K2/(N·m-1)1.5×106
轴长l2l4l5/m0.1转盘直径D3/m0.28支承3刚度K3/(N·m-1)5×106
轴长l3/m0.35转盘直径D4/m0.30支撑1~3阻尼C/(N·s·m-1)200
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Comparison of critical rotational speeds between prototype and distorted model of rotor system

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阶数临界转速/(r·min-1)误差/%
原型畸变模型
1393939430.1
2596759750.13
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转子系统原型与畸变模型临界转速对比

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阶数临界转速/(r·min-1)误差/%
原型畸变模型
1393939430.1
2596759750.13
), ArticleFig(id=1228313060205589311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295802569814213, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Vibration response peak amplitude and error

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峰值振幅/mm误差/%
原型畸变模型
0.1330.1293
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振动响应峰值振幅及误差

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峰值振幅/mm误差/%
原型畸变模型
0.1330.1293
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Main similarity parameters of the test bench

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相似参数数值相似参数数值相似参数数值
转轴轴长相似比λlT0.894转盘厚度相似比λHT0.808不平衡量相似比λFeT0.646
转轴直径相似比λdT0.850支承刚度相似比λKT0.730临界转速相似比λΩT1.063
转盘直径相似比λDT0.894支承阻尼相似比λCT0.687振动响应相似比λxeT0.886
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试验台主要相似参数

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相似参数数值相似参数数值相似参数数值
转轴轴长相似比λlT0.894转盘厚度相似比λHT0.808不平衡量相似比λFeT0.646
转轴直径相似比λdT0.850支承刚度相似比λKT0.730临界转速相似比λΩT1.063
转盘直径相似比λDT0.894支承阻尼相似比λCT0.687振动响应相似比λxeT0.886
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Critical rotational speeds and errors of test bench

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阶数临界转速/(r·min-1)误差/%
原型畸变模型
1252027000.79
2294031801.72
), ArticleFig(id=1228313060671157076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295802569814213, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

试验台临界转速及误差

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阶数临界转速/(r·min-1)误差/%
原型畸变模型
1252027000.79
2294031801.72
), ArticleFig(id=1228313060771820376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295802569814213, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Vibration response peak amplitude and error of test bench

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
峰值振幅/mm误差/%
原型畸变模型
0.8050.6735.98
), ArticleFig(id=1228313060885066588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295802569814213, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

试验台振动响应峰值振幅及误差

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峰值振幅/mm误差/%
原型畸变模型
0.8050.6735.98
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转子系统突加不平衡的动力学相似设计方法
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石怀涛 1 , 任衍利 1 , 何凤霞 1 , 李雷 2 , 罗忠 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(2): 223-231
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(2): 223-231
转子系统突加不平衡的动力学相似设计方法
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石怀涛1 , 任衍利1, 何凤霞1 , 李雷2, 罗忠2
作者信息
  • 1.沈阳建筑大学机械工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110168
  • 2.东北大学机械工程与自动化学院,辽宁 沈阳 110819
  • 石怀涛(1982—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

何凤霞(1994—),女,博士,讲师。E-mail:
A dynamic similitude design method for sudden unbalance in rotor systems
Huaitao SHI1 , Yanli REN1, Fengxia HE1 , Lei LI2, Zhong LUO2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
  • 2.School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
出版时间: 2025-02-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.001
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针对转子系统突加不平衡问题,提出了一种动力学相似设计方法。根据动力学微分方程,运用方程分析法和量纲分析法,考虑阻尼缩比建立动力学相似关系。根据应变能分布准则,设计转子系统原型,利用相似关系对原型进行缩放建立畸变模型,通过仿真和试验对原型和畸变模型的动力学相似性进行验证。仿真结果表明:畸变模型与原型临界转速、应变能分布、瞬态响应具有较高的相似性,前两阶临界转速误差分别为0.1%和0.13%,峰值振幅误差为3%。试验结果表明:畸变模型可以准确地预测原型的临界转速和突加不平衡振动响应,前两阶临界转速误差分别为0.79%和1.72%,峰值振幅误差为5.98%。

转子系统  /  动力学相似  /  畸变相似  /  突加不平衡  /  瞬态响应

A dynamic similitude design method is proposed for the problem of sudden unbalance of the rotor system. The dynamic differential equation requires the application of both equation analysis and dimensional analysis methods to establish the scaling laws, while also considering the damping scaling ratio. Based on the strain energy distribution criterion, a prototype rotor system is designed. The prototype is scaled according to the scaling laws to create a distorted model, and the dynamic similarity between the prototype and the distorted model is verified through simulation and test. The simulation results show that the distorted model exhibits high similarity to the prototype in terms of critical speed, strain energy distribution, and transient response. The errors for the first two critical speeds are 0.1% and 0.13%, respectively, and the error in peak amplitude is 3%. The test results show that the distorted model can accurately predict the critical speed and sudden unbalance vibration response of the prototype, with the errors for the first two critical speeds being 0.79% and 1.72%, respectively, and the error in peak amplitude being 5.98%.

rotor systems  /  dynamic similitude  /  distorted similitude  /  sudden unbalance  /  transient response
石怀涛, 任衍利, 何凤霞, 李雷, 罗忠. 转子系统突加不平衡的动力学相似设计方法. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (2) : 223 -231 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.001
Huaitao SHI, Yanli REN, Fengxia HE, Lei LI, Zhong LUO. A dynamic similitude design method for sudden unbalance in rotor systems[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (2) : 223 -231 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.001
航空发动机在运转过程中,可能发生叶片或榫槽的疲劳失效及遭受外物撞击的情况,从而引起叶片丢失问题[1]。叶片丢失会使转子系统不平衡量突然增大,产生大的瞬态振动,影响转子系统运转的工作稳定性[2]。因此,研究转子系统突加不平衡振动响应问题,分析动力学特性,对航空发动机运转的安全可靠性具有至关重要的意义[3]
由于航空发动机结构复杂、体积较大、制造成本高、试验风险大等特点,在航空发动机上直接开展突加不平衡的动力学特性试验研究仍存在很大的困难。针对此问题,利用相似理论来设计转子系统的相似模型是目前工程上广泛采用的一种方法[4]。相似模型能够有效地反映原型的动力学特性,降低试验难度、缩短试验周期、减少试验成本。航空发动机转轴跨度大、转盘薄,若进行完全几何相似设计,会使相似模型临界转速上升,出现转轴过细、转盘过薄、转子强度不足的现象,导致加工制造困难从而无法试验。因此,在进行相似设计时通常采用畸变相似设计方法,以满足试验需求。
关于转子系统动力学相似理论,国内外学者已经做了一些研究,WU[5]基于量纲分析法建立了单盘转子-轴承系统原型与模型的完全几何相似关系,对比了原型与模型固有频率和振动特性的相似性。YOUNG[6]研究了自适应复合材料船用螺旋桨水弹性响应的动力学相似关系,利用有限元对螺旋桨的模型和全尺寸响应进行对比验证。BAXI等[7]通过相似设计建立了汽轮机转子的比例模型RSM,使比例模型RSM模拟原型GT-MHR涡轮电机(TM)的EMB控制和转子动态特性。MOTLEY等[8]利用相似理论针对螺旋桨叶片建立相似关系,考虑了空间变化的流入、瞬态叶片气蚀和载荷变化对叶片变形的影响。ZHANG等[9]结合离散迭代法与最小二乘法,研究了支承刚度对转子-轴承系统几何相似因子幂的耦合效应,并通过相似模型预测了原型的固有频率。王海等[10]针对组合转子,提出了一种原型与模型变态相似的设计方法,并通过有限元仿真验证了原型与模型固有频率的相似性。缪辉等[11]建立了航空发动机低压转子的等效模型和缩比模型,利用有限元仿真验证了模型与原型临界转速和模态振型的相似性。廖子豪等[12]针对涡轴发动机的临界转速和振型进行相似性研究,并利用有限元分析验证临界转速和振型的相似性。于清文等[13]针对转子联轴器不对中故障,推导了转子系统联轴器不对中的动力学相似关系,利用模型再现了原型的不对中故障。黄朝晖等[14]针对燃气轮机动力涡轮转子建立了等效缩比转子试验台,分析原型与模型临界转速和振型的相似性。
近年来,学者们针对转子系统不平衡响应的相似性也做了一些研究,WANG等[15]根据相似原理研究了风扇转子振动模态的相似性。LI等[16]利用变幂数法建立了只缩比转子轴长的相似关系,获得了振幅与不平衡量的相似关系,并用模型预测了原型的不平衡量。YE等[17]建立了单盘-转子支承系统不平衡故障再现的动力学相似关系,利用试验模型再现了原型的不平衡故障。刘准等[18]建立了考虑带有挤压油膜阻尼器的转子系统相似关系,分析了挤压油膜阻尼器下的转子不平衡响应。
上述研究中,文献[5]为完全几何相似设计,在实际工程中具有局限性,文献[68]针对转子螺旋桨叶片的相似性进行了研究,文献[7101214]针对特定转子建立了相似关系并进行了相似性验证,文献[913]考虑了某一因素影响下的转子系统相似性研究,文献[15-18]针对转子初始不平衡的相似性进行了研究,并验证了振动响应的相似性。根据应变能分布准则,为减小转子系统不平衡振动响应的敏感度和避免转子系统自激振动引起的失稳,转子部件在临界转速时的应变能应不超过转子系统总应变能的25%[19]。在转子系统中阻尼起到降低转子系统振动响应、保障转子系统运转稳定性的作用。考虑阻尼的缩比能够使畸变模型与原型的振动响应具有更高的相似准确性。目前,转子系统的相似设计未对转子应变能进行分析,相似模型的阻尼通常忽略不计,同时还未建立突加不平衡的动力学相似关系。
因此,本文在相似设计时根据应变能分布准则设计转子系统原型,考虑阻尼的缩比,建立突加不平衡的动力学相似关系。利用相似关系建立畸变模型,通过仿真和试验对原型和畸变模型的动力学特性进行分析,验证所建立相似关系的准确性。
转子系统动力学相似设计是基于相似理论,推导转子系统的动力学相似准则,建立转子系统相似模型与原型几何尺寸、支承刚度、阻尼、不平衡量、振动响应等参数的相似关系。通过相似关系对原型进行缩放,得到与原型动力学特性保持相似的相似模型,来满足模型试验的需求。
基于如图1所示的转子-支承系统,建立转子系统的运动微分方程。转子系统由转轴、转盘和弹性支承等组成。建立坐标系O-xyz,坐标原点O为转轴左支承点,x轴沿转轴的中心线方向。
对转轴进行受力分析,以转轴某一段微元dx为研究对象,微元存在OyOz方向的位移uv,则微元轴向位移γ表达成复数形式为γ=u+iv,基于欧拉-伯努利梁理论[20],其转子系统运动微分方程可表示为:
式中,E为转轴的弹性模量;I为惯性矩;x为转轴的长度;ω为固有频率;Jd为单位长度直径转动惯量;m为单位长度质量;t为时间;p=meω2为单位长度不平衡量,其中e为不平衡质量偏心距。
为使转子系统的动力学方程完整表达,式(1)中还应补充转轴中心线倾角α和法向应力σ,其表达式为:
式中,M为弯矩;W为抗弯截面系数。
将方程分析法运用到式(1)~(3)中,根据Buckingham π定理[21]得到相似准则为:
根据量纲分析法,可得式(4)中各个变量的量纲为:
式中,[j]表示j的量纲;G为重力;ρ为转轴材料密度;Jp为极转动惯量;d为转轴直径;g为重力加速度。
将式(5)中各变量的量纲代入式(4)中:
定义相似模型与原型尺寸参数的相似比为:
式中,ε表示转子系统尺寸参数;下标“m”和“p”分别表示模型和原型。
将式(6)用式(7)形式表示,根据Buckingham π定理,为使相似模型与原型动力学特性相似,需保证式(6)中相对应的π值相等,即(πim=(πip
在进行动力学相似设计时,选取转轴变量Eρld作为基础变量来表示其余变量的相似关系,其中,轴长xl表示。根据式(5)~(7),得到转轴各变量的相似比为:
忽略转子系统转盘的弹性变化,仅考虑转盘质量和转动惯量对转子系统动力学特性的影响。其转盘质量和转动惯量的表达式为:
式中,ρd为转盘材料密度;H为转盘厚度;D为转盘外径。
根据式(7)得到转子系统转盘质量和转动惯量的相似关系为:
式中,k=dp/Dp为转子系统原型转盘内径与外径的比值。
转盘质量和转动惯量与转轴保持着同步的相似关系,利用转轴的λlλd表示转盘的λHλD,即。式(11)、(12)可以整理为:
根据式(13)、(14)求解得转子系统转盘外径和厚度的相似比为:
考虑弹性支承阻尼对转子系统动力学特性的影响,其转子系统的弹性支承运动方程为:
式中,MT为弹性支承质量;C为支承阻尼;K为支承刚度;y为支承位移;Q为转子作用于支承的谐波扰动力幅值。
运用方程分析法,式(17)可以转化为:
考虑转子系统相似,弹性支承作用力与系统外作用力相似比一致,根据式(8)中求解式(17)~(20),得到转子系统支承阻尼和支承刚度的相似比为:
当转子系统叶片飞脱时受到突加的不平衡力,其转子系统动力学方程用矩阵形式表示为:
其中,
式中,MF为质量矩阵,mF为不平衡量的质量;CF为阻尼矩阵,cF为受到突加不平衡力时转子系统的阻尼;KF为刚度矩阵,kF为受到突加不平衡力时转子系统的刚度;Fe为突加不平衡力矩阵;xe分别为节点的响应向量、速度向量及加速度向量。
根据式(7)可以得到原型与模型的质量矩阵相似比为,阻尼矩阵相似比为,刚度矩阵相似比为,突加不平衡力相似比为,振动响应相似比为;将λt代入式(23)中得:
运用方程分析法,式(27)可转换为:
将Buckingham π定理运用到式(28),得到转子系统突加不平衡力和振动响应的相似关系为:
当相似模型的轴向和径向尺寸按照同一比例进行缩放时,称该相似模型为完全几何模型;当不完全按照同一比例进行缩放时,称为畸变模型。在此,定义畸变模型的畸变率为:
转子系统转动时受到不平衡力的激振作用,当激振频率与固有频率相同时,转子系统处于共振状态,此时的转速即为临界转速。为保障转子系统运转稳定,转子系统工作转速应与临界转速保持至少20%的安全裕度。为验证突加不平衡动力学相似关系的准确性,选择临界转速Ω、振动响应xe作为主要相似指标,其相似误差定义为:
式中,φ代表临界转速Ω或振动响应xeλφ为相似模型与原型尺寸参数的相似比。
设计如图2(a)所示的转子系统原型,该转子系统由转轴、转盘、弹性支承等结构组成,原型参数如表1所示。为验证相似关系的准确性,根据相似关系对原型进行缩放,构造畸变模型,使畸变模型与原型的动力学特性保持相似。为降低转子系统结构尺寸,设定畸变模型与原型轴长相似比λlf=0.707;畸变模型与原型采用相同材料,即λρf=λEf=1;为使畸变模型能够直接模拟原型的动力学特性,设定畸变模型与原型临界转速比λΩf=1;其余参数相似比通过相似关系式获得,则畸变模型的畸变率ŋf=1.41,畸变模型结构示意图如图2(b)所示。
航空发动机转子系统在工作时频繁越过1阶、2阶临界转速,为保障转子系统平稳运行,需对转子系统前两阶临界转速的动力学特性进行分析。分析转子系统应变能有利于了解转子系统设计的合理性,验证畸变模型与原型应变能分布的相似性。转子系统原型与畸变模型应变能分布如图3所示。
图3中发现原型和畸变模型在1阶和2阶临界转速处转轴占转子系统总应变能小于25%,符合应变能分布准则。转子系统畸变模型与原型应变能分布保持较高的相似性,可以利用所提相似关系建立畸变模型来预测原型的应变能分布状况。
由于陀螺效应,转子系统的特征频率与转速相关,计算不同转速下的频率,可以得到各个模态频率随转速变化的曲线,即Campbell图。转子系统的Campbell图可以判断转子系统整个转速范围内的工作特性,利用有限元仿真对转子系统原型和畸变模型进行临界转速分析并绘制Campbell图,畸变模型预测原型Campbell图如图4所示,各阶临界转速及误差如表2所示。
图4中FW和BW分别表示转子系统的正向涡动和反向涡动,激振力频率为激振力与转速同频,其与曲线的交点表示该激振力下的共振频率。通过图4发现畸变模型能够有效预测原型1阶和2阶的正、反涡动情况。通过表2得出畸变模型在预测原型临界转速上,前两阶临界转速预测误差分别为0.1%和0.13%,预测精度较高。畸变模型与原型应变能、Campbell图、临界转速具有较高的相似精度,验证了所建立相似关系的准确性。
针对转子系统突加不平衡的动力学相似性,在原型转盘1处飞脱100 g·mm的不平衡量,进行突加不平衡的瞬态响应分析。根据式(29)得到不平衡量相似比λFef=0.1768,则在畸变模型转盘1处施加17.68 g·mm的不平衡量。由式(30)得到振动响应相似比λxef=1,则畸变模型与原型的振动响应应一致。对原型和畸变模型进行瞬态响应分析,结果如图5所示。
通过图5发现畸变模型可以有效地预测原型的瞬态响应,在振动响应峰值处也能准确地预测。原型和畸变模型的峰值振幅及误差如表3所示。
表3中发现畸变模型预测原型峰值振幅误差为3%,预测精度较高。瞬态响应下转子振动响应峰值处的运动状态决定转子系统工作运转的稳定性,对振动响应峰值处的轴心轨迹进行提取,其转子系统原型和畸变模型轴心轨迹如图6所示。
振动响应峰值处畸变模型与原型的轴心轨迹具有良好的相似性。通过瞬态响应分析,畸变模型可以准确地预测出原型的瞬态响应特性,验证了相似关系的准确性。
为验证相似方法的准确性,搭建转子系统试验台,进行临界转速和突加不平衡试验。试验台由原型和畸变模型组成,畸变模型尺寸参数为原型通过相似关系换算得到,与原型结构尺寸保持良好的相似性,试验台主要相似参数如表4所示。试验台由调速电机、转轴、转盘、联轴器、支承结构组成。数据采集设备由LMS数据采集系统、电涡流位移传感器和功率放大器组成,试验台及试验流程如图7所示。
在测试过程中,利用电涡流位移传感器采集试验台在60~3600 r/min转速内的振动信号,转子升速步长为60 r/min;电涡流位移传感器的灵敏度为2000 mV/mm,采样频率为1024 Hz。振动信号经功率放大器进行信号放大处理并传输给LMS数据采集系统,通过LMS对信号进行处理输出振动数据,得到原型和畸变模型的临界转速和误差如表5所示。
根据λΩT=1.063对畸变模型临界转速进行相似处理,通过表5发现畸变模型经相似处理后,可以有效地预测原型的临界转速,前两阶临界转速预测误差分别为0.79%和1.72%,临界转速相似精度较高,验证了相似关系的准确性。
为进行转子系统突加不平衡试验,在原型转盘距离轴心75 mm处对称布置meT=10 g的不平衡块,形成750 g·mm的不平衡量。根据λFeT=0.646得,在畸变模型转盘距离轴心67 mm处,对称布置7.23 g的不平衡块。已知改性丙烯酸酯胶和502胶水固化后黏结强度分别为18和10 MPa,为保证一端不平衡块飞脱,两端不平衡块分别采用改性丙烯酸酯胶和502胶水进行粘贴,不平衡块在转盘上的布置方式如图8所示。
当胶水固化后不平衡块与转盘的最大黏结强度为:
式中,X为胶水剪切强度;S为粘贴面积。
当转子系统运转时,不平衡块所受离心力为:
式中,meT为不平衡块质量;re为不平衡块到转盘轴心的距离。
FeT>Fmax时不平衡块即可飞出,实现突加不平衡的效果。
利用电涡流位移传感器采集原型和畸变模型转轴轴端的振动信号,并传输到LMS数据采集系统,得到试验台的振动响应。根据振动响应相似关系对畸变模型进行相似处理,得到畸变模型预测原型的振动响应如图9所示。
图中畸变模型未相似转换为畸变模型实测振动响应,畸变模型预测为通过振动响应相似比λxeT=0.886相似转换后预测原型的振动响应。通过图9发现畸变模型可以有效地预测原型的振动响应,原型与畸变模型的振动响应峰值振幅及误差如表6所示。
表6发现,畸变模型预测原型峰值振幅误差为5.98%,预测较为准确。为分析振动响应峰值处的轴心相似性,对原型和畸变模型在振动响应峰值处的轴心轨迹进行对比,结果如图10所示。
通过图10发现畸变模型与原型轴心轨迹具有良好的相似性。通过试验分析转子系统原型与畸变模型的临界转速、突加不平衡的振动响应,发现畸变模型可以较为准确地预测原型的动力学特性,验证了所建立相似关系的准确性,可以利用所建立的相似关系设计转子系统模型进行模型试验。
本文针对转子系统突加不平衡问题,建立动力学相似关系,利用仿真和试验对相似关系的准确性进行验证,主要结论为:
(1)考虑阻尼的缩比,推导了转子系统突加不平衡的动力学相似关系。根据应变能分布准则设计转子系统原型,利用相似关系建立畸变模型。对原型和畸变模型进行应变能分析,畸变模型与原型应变能相似性较好。
(2)利用仿真对原型和畸变模型动力学特性进行分析,畸变模型预测原型前两阶临界转速误差分别为0.1%和0.13%,振动响应峰值振幅误差为3%。
(3)利用试验台对原型和畸变模型临界转速和突加不平衡进行试验,畸变模型与原型前两阶临界转速误差分别为0.79%和1.72%,振动响应峰值振幅误差为5.98%。
(4)通过仿真和试验验证了所建立相似关系的准确性,畸变模型预测原型的动力学特性误差较低。可以利用所建立的相似关系设计畸变模型进行模型试验,掌握原型动力学特性;也可为其他转子系统设计提供相似方法参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52075348)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52275119)
  • 辽宁省自然科学基金博士启动项目(2023-BS-132)
  • 东北大学航空动力装备振动及控制教育部重点实验室研究基金资助项目(VCAME202203)
  • 辽宁省教育厅基金资助项目(LJKZZ20220078)
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2025年第38卷第2期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.02.001
  • 接收时间:2024-02-02
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-02
  • 修回日期:2024-08-14
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52075348)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52275119)
辽宁省自然科学基金博士启动项目(2023-BS-132)
东北大学航空动力装备振动及控制教育部重点实验室研究基金资助项目(VCAME202203)
辽宁省教育厅基金资助项目(LJKZZ20220078)
作者信息
    1.沈阳建筑大学机械工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110168
    2.东北大学机械工程与自动化学院,辽宁 沈阳 110819

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何凤霞(1994—),女,博士,讲师。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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