Article(id=1228048675876832125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228048667874095618, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1655395200000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-17, revisedDate=1663430400000, revisedDateStr=2022-09-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770719220369, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770719220369, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770719220369, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770719220369, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228048667874095618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='3', pageStart='365', pageEnd='538', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770719218462, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795476854, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368518803030940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228048667874095618, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368518803030941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228048667874095618, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=512, endPage=521, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228048676136878983, articleId=1228048675876832125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Identification of complex dynamic load using redundant extended cosine transform dictionary, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Considering the low accuracy problem of complex dynamic load identification under the effect of real measurement noise,an L1 norm regularized load identification method based on redundant extended cosine transform dictionary is proposed. According to the convolutional relationship between the system response and the external load,the discrete system control equation for load identification is established. According to the main characteristics of the vibration response signal,appropriate discrete cosine basis functions are selected and extended,and the extended cosine dictionary and the Db10 wavelet dictionary are used to cascade a redundant extended dictionary to represent the complex load sparsely. By using the L1 norm regularization method to solve the sparse representation vector under the proposed redundant extended cosine transform dictionary,the optimal regularization parameter is obtained by improved L curve criterion,and the identification of beat load and repetitive impact load at different noise levels is realized. The experimental verification results show that the constructed redundant extended cosine transform dictionary has much better performance in sparse representation of beat load and repetitive impact load,and the load identification method based on the redundant extended cosine transform dictionary has great advantages to obtain accurate inversion results and good robustness.

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针对真实测量噪声影响下复杂动载荷识别精度低的问题,提出了一种基于冗余扩展余弦字典的L1范数正则化载荷识别方法。根据系统响应与外部动载荷的卷积关系,建立用于载荷识别的离散系统控制方程;选择与动载荷相适应的离散余弦基函数进行时延扩展,构造了扩展余弦字典与Db10小波字典相级联的冗余扩展字典,对复杂载荷进行稀疏表示;使用L1范数正则化方法求解稀疏表示系数,基于改进L曲线准则获取最优正则化参数,通过在GARTEUR飞机模型上试验得到的响应数据,实现不同噪声水平下对拍频载荷与连续冲击载荷时间历程的识别。试验研究结果表明:本文提出的冗余扩展余弦字典对拍频载荷与连续冲击载荷的表示稀疏性高,基于冗余扩展余弦字典的L1范数正则化载荷识别方法的识别精度高、抗噪性能好。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
冯振宇(1966—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。 E-mail:
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何文博(1987—),男,硕士,助理研究员。 E-mail:

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何文博(1987—),男,硕士,助理研究员。 E-mail:

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何文博(1987—),男,硕士,助理研究员。 E-mail:

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利用冗余扩展余弦字典的复杂动载荷识别研究
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何文博 , 许步锋 , 冯振宇 , 石张昊 , 解江 , 王伟
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(3): 512-521
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(3): 512-521
利用冗余扩展余弦字典的复杂动载荷识别研究
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何文博 , 许步锋, 冯振宇 , 石张昊, 解江, 王伟
作者信息
  • 中国民航大学安全科学与工程学院民航航空器适航审定技术重点实验室,天津 300300
  • 何文博(1987—),男,硕士,助理研究员。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

冯振宇(1966—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。 E-mail:
Identification of complex dynamic load using redundant extended cosine transform dictionary
Wen-bo HE , Bu-feng XU, Zhen-yu FENG , Zhang-hao SHI, Jiang XIE, Wei WANG
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Civil Aviation Aircraft Airworthiness Certification Technology,College of Safety Science and Engineering,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.016
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针对真实测量噪声影响下复杂动载荷识别精度低的问题,提出了一种基于冗余扩展余弦字典的L1范数正则化载荷识别方法。根据系统响应与外部动载荷的卷积关系,建立用于载荷识别的离散系统控制方程;选择与动载荷相适应的离散余弦基函数进行时延扩展,构造了扩展余弦字典与Db10小波字典相级联的冗余扩展字典,对复杂载荷进行稀疏表示;使用L1范数正则化方法求解稀疏表示系数,基于改进L曲线准则获取最优正则化参数,通过在GARTEUR飞机模型上试验得到的响应数据,实现不同噪声水平下对拍频载荷与连续冲击载荷时间历程的识别。试验研究结果表明:本文提出的冗余扩展余弦字典对拍频载荷与连续冲击载荷的表示稀疏性高,基于冗余扩展余弦字典的L1范数正则化载荷识别方法的识别精度高、抗噪性能好。

载荷识别  /  冗余字典  /  L1范数  /  正则化方法  /  稀疏表示

Considering the low accuracy problem of complex dynamic load identification under the effect of real measurement noise,an L1 norm regularized load identification method based on redundant extended cosine transform dictionary is proposed. According to the convolutional relationship between the system response and the external load,the discrete system control equation for load identification is established. According to the main characteristics of the vibration response signal,appropriate discrete cosine basis functions are selected and extended,and the extended cosine dictionary and the Db10 wavelet dictionary are used to cascade a redundant extended dictionary to represent the complex load sparsely. By using the L1 norm regularization method to solve the sparse representation vector under the proposed redundant extended cosine transform dictionary,the optimal regularization parameter is obtained by improved L curve criterion,and the identification of beat load and repetitive impact load at different noise levels is realized. The experimental verification results show that the constructed redundant extended cosine transform dictionary has much better performance in sparse representation of beat load and repetitive impact load,and the load identification method based on the redundant extended cosine transform dictionary has great advantages to obtain accurate inversion results and good robustness.

load identification  /  redundant dictionary  /  L1 norm  /  regularization method  /  sparse representation
何文博, 许步锋, 冯振宇, 石张昊, 解江, 王伟. 利用冗余扩展余弦字典的复杂动载荷识别研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (3) : 512 -521 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.016
Wen-bo HE, Bu-feng XU, Zhen-yu FENG, Zhang-hao SHI, Jiang XIE, Wei WANG. Identification of complex dynamic load using redundant extended cosine transform dictionary[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (3) : 512 -521 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.016
在飞行过程中,飞机结构通常会承受各种动载荷,如发动机不平衡振动载荷,襟缝翼连接套筒松动时的冲击载荷等。由于飞机的运行工况复杂,各种激励载荷存在叠加现象,形成拍频载荷或者连续冲击载荷等复杂动载荷形式。为防止这些复杂动载荷对机体结构造成损伤,有必要对动载荷进行识别分析,并确定产生复杂动载荷的故障原因。在实际工程中,由于载荷位置与形式的特殊性,往往无法直接通过力传感器测量载荷,因此,动载荷的间接识别方法具有重要的工程价值。
载荷识别作为结构动力学的第二类反问题,通过在易于接近的结构上测量得到响应数据,结合已知的结构模型信息,进行频域上的直接求逆或者时域上的反卷积来间接计算动载荷。然而,载荷识别受传递函数病态性和响应测量噪声的影响,容易产生不适定问题,即解的不唯一、不稳定或不存在1。为了解决不适定问题,各种正则化方法如Tikhonov正则化、截断奇异值分解(TSVD)等2被广泛用于载荷识别。Miao等3利用Green核函数建立载荷识别方程,通过悬臂梁的数值仿真和试验证明TSVD正则化方法求解正弦载荷和三角载荷的准确性。Wang等4通过提出不同的正则化算子构建了新的正则化方法,对随机结构的动载荷识别进行研究,与传统的Tikhonov正则化方法相比识别精度明显提高。缪炳荣等5用多种典型正则化方法与参数选取准则的组合进行载荷识别,有效提高识别精度,扩大工程实际应用。但是Tikhonov等经典正则化方法也存在自身局限性,一方面,这些方法不适用于对时域上稀疏的冲击载荷的求解;另一方面,这些方法容易受噪声影响,抗噪性较差。
近年来,稀疏表示技术在信号处理、图像识别等领域繁荣发展,受此启发,稀疏正则化也被引入动载荷识别领域。稀疏正则化易于得到稀疏解,因此稀疏正则化首先应用于冲击载荷的识别。乔百杰等6使用L1范数正则化方法实现单源、多源冲击载荷的识别,并证明该识别方法具有显著的抗噪能力。Rezayat等7提出混合L1和L2范数的正则化载荷识别方法,使用分组快速迭代收缩阈值算法(G-FISTA),在频域上识别出了冲击载荷。在实际工程中,动载荷大多数情况下并不具有稀疏性,为了提高稀疏正则化方法的适用性,将稀疏正则化方法与基函数展开法结合起来,构造载荷字典,将载荷求解问题转换为载荷的稀疏表示问题。Qiao等8使用Dirac字典和小波字典识别冲击载荷,使用余弦字典识别简谐载荷,通过SpaRSA算法求解稀疏正则化问题,验证了上述方法的有效性。严刚等9采用高斯核函数构造字典表示冲击载荷,使用贝叶斯压缩感知方法求解稀疏正则化重构问题,通过复合材料夹层结构的实验验证了上述方法的有效性。Pan等10提出用三角函数与矩形波函数构造冗余级联字典识别移动载荷,证明了冗余字典的优势。常见的冗余字典是直接将两个或多个正交完备字典级联而成。付晓梅等11提出了一种冗余字典的构造方法,通过对完备字典的扩展、延时与混叠变换,提高了冗余字典的稀疏性能和重构性能。
国内外学者将稀疏表示技术应用于载荷识别领域并取得了很好的效果,但大多是通过正交完备字典对单一载荷形式的识别,较少对复杂载荷识别。为了能更好地稀疏表示复杂载荷,本文通过构造冗余扩展余弦字典,结合L1范数稀疏正则化方法来提高复杂载荷在不同噪声水平下的识别精度。通过对拍频载荷与连续冲击载荷的试验研究,说明基于冗余扩展余弦字典的L1范数正则化载荷识别方法的有效性与抗噪性。
对于一个单输入、单输出的线弹性系统,当初始位移与速度均为0时,外部激励与系统响应在时间上的卷积关系为:
式中  表示系统响应;表示脉冲响应函数;表示系统受到的外部载荷;为时间;为时延变量,满足
为方便计算,将式(1)离散化,得到:
式中  为时间间隔;为采样长度。
将式(2)简化为矩阵-向量形式为:
式中  为系统响应向量;为传递函数矩阵;为待识别的载荷向量12
实际测量过程中噪声无法避免,因此含有测量噪声的控制方程为:
式中  表示测量噪声;表示带有噪声的系统响应向量。
稀疏表示技术通过构造一组由已知基函数组成的基空间,并假设任意一维信号都可由少量基函数的线性组合来稀疏表示,那么所有基函数构成的基矩阵称为字典,每个基函数称为字典原子13。复杂载荷可以通过字典表示为:
式中  为复杂载荷在字典下的稀疏表示向量。
字典原子形态与动载荷形式的适应程度直接决定了动载荷在字典下的稀疏性,进一步决定了动载荷的识别精度。目前,多种基函数构成的解析字典已被用于载荷识别,常见的有DCT字典14和Db10离散小波字典15
DCT字典是由一系列离散余弦基函数组成的字典,多用于表示具有周期性的谐波载荷,其表达式如下:
式中  为字典阶数;为比例因子;表示原始信号;为离散点数。
随着采样个数的增加,字典阶数增加,字典原子的频率增加,当载荷频率与字典原子频率相差过大时,高频的字典原子不仅会降低计算效率,而且容易受噪声影响导致过拟合,因此有必要对离散余弦基函数进行选择与截断。
Db10小波字典是另一种比较常用的解析字典,由离散小波变换得到:
式中  为小波基函数;为尺度参数,控制小波基函数的伸缩变换,以适应不同频率成分,一般取为2;为平移参数,通过平移变换定位时间,一般取为1;分别为控制小波尺度参数和平移参数的整数。Db10小波字典具有紧支撑性,可以保留信号的时间特性,多用于表示冲击载荷。
针对本文中具有多种形式分量的复杂载荷,单一字典的表示不够稀疏,容易造成过拟合。因此,为了更好地稀疏表示复杂载荷,本文对低阶DCT字典中的原子进行扩展、延时,增加DCT字典的时间特性,再将其与Db10小波字典相级联,构造冗余扩展余弦字典。
首先,根据离散余弦变换公式(6)构造阶离散余弦基矩阵,如下式所示:
其中包含个列向量,,每个列向量对应一个字典原子。
然后,将每个字典原子向后扩展成个相同的列向量,并在每个字典原子中加入滞后因子,其中,且,使其变换为阶的扩展余弦变换(Extend Cosine Transform,ECT)矩阵:
式中 字典原子,其中,即为扩展余弦字典。
最后,为了更好地稀疏表示复杂载荷的冲击部分,利用冗余字典的优势,将设计的ECT字典和Db10小波字典相级联,形成冗余扩展余弦(Redundant Extended Cosine Transform,RECT)字典。本文将基于RECT字典进行载荷识别。
根据上述构造的字典进行载荷识别,将式(5)代入控制方程式(4)中,得到:
即将复杂载荷求解问题转换为稀疏表示向量的求解问题。对于大规模系统,传递函数矩阵的条件数很大,所以对式(10)进行直接求逆或者用最小二乘方法求解稀疏表示向量时,即使很小的噪声也会对结果造成很大的影响,导致问题不适定,因此需要使用正则化策略解决不适定问题。
Tikhonov正则化方法是获得稳定解最常用的正则化方法,通过最小化残差范数与解范数的加权和得到稳定解:
Tikhonov正则化的解范数为L2范数,其正则化解通常是平滑且非稀疏的,不适用于稀疏向量的求解。L0范数表示向量中非零元素的个数,L0范数正则化是将向量的稀疏性作为限制条件的优化问题,是获得稀疏结果的最直观方法,但该问题是一个非凸函数求极值的问题,直接求解比较困难,因此将L0范数松弛到L1范数,如下式所示:
L1范数正则化目标函数是凸的但不可微,因此没有显式解,一些约束优化算法可以用于L1范数正则化的求解,如内点法(I-PM)16、迭代收缩阈值法(ISTA)17、SpaRSA算法8等。本文采用截断牛顿内点法,其特点是对参数不敏感,求解思路是先将非约束不光滑问题转换为约束光滑问题,再利用内点法获得一个新的非约束光滑问题,最后进行L1范数正则化的求解,得到稀疏表示向量。再将稀疏向量与字典代入式(5),即可得到载荷
Tikhonov正则化和稀疏L1范数正则化都是基于罚函数的正则化方法,通过正则化参数调节残差项与正则化项之间的取舍:如果太大,响应信号的一些重要特征被忽视,导致识别结果不准确;如果太小,正则化水平会降低,产生冗余误差和不必要的计算18,所以最优正则化参数的选择对于求解精度至关重要。对于Tikhonov正则化,常用的正则化参数选取方法有L曲线准则和广义交叉检验(GCV)准则,但是对于稀疏正则化方法,由于解的稀疏性,直接使用L曲线准则和广义交叉检验(GCV)准则效果较差,不容易找到拐点或者最小值点,如图1所示。本文采用改进L曲线准则19,以为坐标绘制曲线,其中为稀疏表示向量中非零元素的个数,当同时取得最小值时,曲线出现拐点,对应的即为最优正则化参数。图2为连续冲击载荷识别时参数选择的改进L曲线。
将GARTEUR飞机模型作为试验对象,验证所提出的基于RECT字典的载荷识别方法的有效性。GARTEUR模型是由法国国家航空航天研究院设计的标准飞机结构动力学模型,具有高柔度、低频密频的特点,常用于评估模态测试技术和测试方法的有效性20。整个模型由6根矩形截面梁组成,不同部位之间采用螺栓连接,机身长1.5 m,翼展2 m,模型材料为2024-T3铝合金,材料参数分别为:弹性模量73 GPa、密度2780 kg/m3、泊松比0.33。模型以软绳悬挂在试验台架上,模拟自由边界条件,如图3所示。
为了模拟实际飞行中的复杂载荷工况,本文将讨论两种典型复杂载荷形式,分别是拍频载荷与连续冲击载荷,载荷作用位置均为左侧机翼中部,加速度响应测量位置为机头。GARTEUR模型简化示意图、响应测量位置与激励位置如图4所示。
载荷识别过程分为三个步骤,第一步是获取传递函数矩阵,先测量激励点和响应点之间的频响函数,再通过逆傅里叶变换将频响函数转换为脉冲响应函数,最后离散获得传递函数矩阵;第二步是测量工况响应数据,并对响应数据进行频谱分析,构建冗余扩展字典;第三步是基于改进L曲线准则,确定正则化参数,进行载荷识别。载荷识别流程如图5所示。
LMS Test. Lab是集数据采集与试验分析为一体的振动噪声试验系统,在本次试验研究中,使用LMS Test. Lab信号采集处理软件生成载荷形式,经功率放大器与激振器作用在GARTEUR模型上,加速度传感器测量响应数据,用于载荷识别,激振器力传感器测量载荷数据,用于识别结果对比,由LMS SCADAS Ⅲ数据采集系统同步采样,采样频率为400 Hz,采样时长为1.28 s,数据长度为512。为验证冗余扩展字典的优势,本文将RECT字典与DCT字典、Db10小波字典、稀疏正则化方法以及经典Tikhonov正则化方法进行对比,讨论噪声环境下基于字典的稀疏正则化的抗噪性。如图6所示,在试验测量得到的响应数据中,以响应信号标准差水平为基准,添加不同水平的白噪声,模拟受噪声污染的系统响应:
式中  表示直接测量的加速度响应;表示的平均值;表示离散点的加速度响应值;表示加噪声后的加速度响应;表示噪声等级,取0~1;表示标准正态分布向量。
同样地,输出噪声对频响函数的识别精度也会产生影响,因此在试验过程中,需要选择适当的频响函数估算形式,以达到最佳估计。本文选择频响函数的估算方法为H1估计,其估算形式为:
式中  为响应与激励的互功率谱;为激励的自功率谱。
在响应中加入噪声,并假设噪声与激励和响应无关时,实测受噪声污染的响应信号的傅里叶频谱为:
响应受噪声污染时频响函数的估算形式为:
式中  表示频域载荷;表示载荷与噪声的互功率谱。
由于噪声与激励和响应无关,所以多次平均时,则:
可见,只有当响应受到噪声污染时,不断增加平均次数得到的频响函数估算式才是实际频响函数的真估计21。因此,在使用Test.Lab软件试验测量频响函数时,设置频响函数估算方法为H1估计,设置平均测量次数为4次,得到的频响函数是实际频响函数的真估计,不受响应信号中的噪声干扰。
使用相对误差RE和峰值误差PRE表示载荷识别结果的精度,使用相对稀疏度RS表示稀疏正则化结果的稀疏性,分别表示为:
式中  表示实际测量的载荷向量;表示识别的载荷向量;表示载荷峰值;表示稀疏表示向量中零的个数。本文中的连续冲击载荷有多个冲击峰,因此峰值误差PRE为多个峰值误差的平均值。
两个相近频率的简谐载荷会耦合成拍频载荷,其时间历程如下式所示:
使用Tikhonov正则化方法、DCT字典方法、Db10小波字典方法和RECT字典方法识别拍频载荷,设置离散余弦基矩阵阶数,滞后因子。其中Tikhonov正则化方法的正则化参数选取准则为GCV准则,基于字典的稀疏正则化方法的正则化参数选取准则为改进L曲线准则。使用测量响应数据直接进行载荷识别,结果如图7所示。4种方法识别出的拍频载荷时间历程都比较平滑,没有明显振荡,与真实载荷的吻合度较高,这是因为实验室环境带来的测量噪声处于比较低的水平,所以4种方法的识别效果都比较好。
为进一步研究所提方法的抗噪性,在测量响应数据中加入响应幅值40%的白噪声,如图8所示。Tikhonov正则化方法的识别结果明显变差,波形振荡明显,这是由于Tikhonov方法对误差项与载荷项的加权和进行最小值优化时,将整个时间区间上的噪声都计算在内,导致识别效果变差;基于3种字典的稀疏正则化方法通过字典提取主要特征,减小噪声影响。所以识别载荷与真实载荷的波形更加吻合,其中本文提出的RECT字典方法的整体识别效果最好。
图9中比较了4种识别方法在不同噪声水平下拍频载荷识别的整体相对误差结果。可以看出,随着噪声水平的增加,4种方法识别结果的整体相对误差都在增大,但Tikhonov正则化方法的误差增幅最大,从0%噪声水平的16.6%误差,增加到100%噪声水平的65.6%误差,而基于3种字典的稀疏正则化方法的识别误差均小于Tikhonov正则化方法,说明基于字典的稀疏正则化方法的抗噪性优于Tikhonov正则化方法。对于3种字典来说,在[0%,100%]噪声水平区间上,DCT字典的识别误差从15.99%增加到35.63%,Db10小波字典的识别误差从15.59%增加到56.29%,这是因为DCT字典的字典原子是不同频率的余弦信号,可以很好地覆盖拍频载荷中的谐波频率,而Db10小波字典的字典原子是由不连续的母小波经平移、伸缩后形成的一系列信号,对于连续的拍频载荷的稀疏表示不够充分,所以DCT字典的识别效果优于Db10小波字典;RECT字典通过对DCT字典的选择与扩展,以及与Db10小波字典的级联,发挥冗余字典的优势,使得整体误差的增幅最小,从14.53%增加到22.84%,在100%噪声水平时误差仅为Tikhonov正则化方法识别误差的三分之一。
相对稀疏度RS用来表征字典的匹配性,稀疏度越高,稀疏表示向量中零的个数越多,表明字典与载荷的匹配性越好,如图10所示。从图10中可以看出,RECT字典的稀疏度在任何噪声水平下都大于90%,高于DCT字典与Db10小波字典,而且载荷识别结果的误差最小,说明了本文所提出的RECT字典在载荷识别方面的优势。图11中进一步对比了40%噪声水平下DCT字典、Db10小波字典以及RECT字典的稀疏表示系数。可以看出,DCT字典的余弦波字典原子可以表示出拍频载荷的主要频率,但同时高阶字典原子也对高频噪声进行了表示;Db10小波字典的字典原子不连续,需要用多阶字典原子共同表示连续载荷,所以稀疏性最差;而RECT字典通过对DCT字典原子进行选择与扩展,避免了高阶字典原子的过拟合,提高了稀疏性,同时通过冗余Db10小波字典进行修饰,降低了识别误差。
连续冲击载荷是另一种比较复杂的飞行载荷,本文设置的连续冲击载荷不仅包括多个局部的冲击部分,还包含整个时间历程上的谐波部分,时间历程如下式所示:
同样地,使用Tikhonov正则化方法、DCT字典方法、Db10小波字典方法和RECT字典方法识别连续冲击载荷,设置离散余弦基矩阵阶数,滞后因子。连续冲击载荷的识别结果与实际测量结果对比如图1213所示。
图12中对比了Tikhonov正则化方法、DCT字典方法、Db10小波字典方法和RECT字典方法对连续冲击载荷的识别结果。可以看出,在实验室环境的测量噪声水平下,4种方法的识别效果都很好,识别载荷的时间历程吻合度高,各个冲击峰值时刻与实际一致。
在响应数据中加入40%噪声时,连续冲击载荷的识别结果如图13所示。Tikhonov正则化方法受噪声影响较大,识别载荷的波形与真实载荷相比差异较大,振荡较明显;而基于字典的稀疏正则化方法识别出的载荷波形相对平滑,相比于DCT字典或者Db10小波字典单独表示连续冲击载荷的谐波部分和冲击部分,本文提出的RECT字典方法识别出的载荷更加接近真实载荷。
连续冲击载荷不仅包含冲击部分,还包含谐波部分,因此使用整体相对误差RE和峰值误差PRE一起评估载荷识别方法的准确性。图1415对比了4种识别方法在不同噪声水平下连续冲击载荷识别结果的精度。可以看出,在[0%,100%]噪声水平区间上,RECT字典识别方法的整体相对误差和峰值相对误差均小于Tikhonov正则化方法、DCT字典识别方法以及Db10小波字典识别方法。结合图13,在40%噪声水平时,RECT字典识别方法的整体相对误差和峰值相对误差分别为26.46%和14.48%。从图1415的对比中可以看出,DCT字典识别方法的整体相对误差小于Db10小波字典识别方法,而Db10小波字典识别方法的峰值相对误差小于DCT字典识别方法,表明DCT字典对于谐波信号的稀疏表示有优势,Db10小波字典对于冲击信号的稀疏表示有优势,所以冗余扩展后的RECT字典的对于连续冲击载荷的稀疏表示更好,在不同噪声水平下识别结果的整体相对误差和峰值相对误差都是最小的。
图16中对比了不同噪声水平下的3种字典的稀疏表示向量的稀疏度。可以看出,RECT字典的稀疏度在任何噪声水平下都高于DCT字典与Db10小波字典,说明冗余扩展后的RECT字典与连续冲击载荷匹配性更好。图17中展示了40%噪声水平下连续冲击载荷在DCT字典、Db10小波字典以及RECT字典下的稀疏表示系数。可以看出,RECT字典发挥冗余字典的优势,使用不同形式的字典原子匹配连续冲击载荷的不同分量形式,既提高了稀疏性,又降低了识别误差。
本文针对噪声影响下传统正则化载荷识别方法对复杂载荷识别精度低的问题,提出了冗余扩展余弦字典的构造方法,建立了基于冗余字典的复杂动载荷识别模型。冗余扩展余弦字典由ECT字典与Db10小波字典级联构成,用于表示复杂载荷的主要特征。使用冗余字典与稀疏表示,将高噪声水平下的复杂载荷求解问题转换为稀疏表示向量的求解问题,L1范数正则化用于稀疏表示向量的目标函数的构建,截断牛顿内点法用于稀疏正则化的求解,改进L曲线准则用于稀疏正则化参数的选择。本文通过对拍频载荷和连续冲击载荷两种复杂载荷识别的试验研究,得出以下结论:
(1)针对测量数据中较高水平的噪声影响,经典Tikhonov正则化方法具有自身的局限性,对噪声敏感,而本文提出的基于RECT字典的载荷识别方法通过特征提取降低噪声影响,具有更好的稳定性与抗噪性。
(2)相比传统的DCT字典与Db10小波字典,基于离散余弦基函数的扩展字典和Db10小波字典级联构造的RECT字典对复杂载荷的匹配度更好,稀疏性更高,载荷识别精度也更好。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费项目中国民航大学专项资助(3122019163)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.016
  • 接收时间:2022-06-17
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-17
  • 修回日期:2022-09-18
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中央高校基本科研业务费项目中国民航大学专项资助(3122019163)
作者信息
    中国民航大学安全科学与工程学院民航航空器适航审定技术重点实验室,天津 300300

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冯振宇(1966—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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