Article(id=1228048675004416868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228048667874095618, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1671292800000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-18, revisedDate=1676217600000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770719220161, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770719220161, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770719220161, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770719220161, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228048667874095618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='3', pageStart='365', pageEnd='538', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770719218462, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795476854, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368518803030940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228048667874095618, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368518803030941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228048667874095618, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=414, endPage=422, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228048675461596013, articleId=1228048675004416868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Characteristics and stability of dynamic response of a high in-situ stress roadway under blasting vibration, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the dynamic response characteristics and stability of a high in-situ stress roadway rock enclosures under blasting vibrations,the comprehensive gas management lane of Pan San Mine in Huainan is used as the engineering background. The research method of theoretical analysis of the blasting operation disturbing the roadway envelope rock model is established. Based on the stress wave propagation theory and the wave front momentum conservation theorem,the vibration equations for the roadway envelope under blasting vibration are derived. The theoretical analysis is then supplemented by the use of numerical simulation research methods from the perspectives of PPV (Peak Particle Velocity) attenuation characteristics and stress distribution patterns of the roadway envelope. The stability of the roadway envelope is analyzed based on the simulation results. Differences in the angle of incidence of blast stress waves lead to different dynamic response characteristics in different areas of the roadway envelope. These conclusions are drawn from the roadway envelope vibration equations. As the burst core distance increases,the PPV of the surrounding rock near the profile face of the roadway fluctuates and the maximum peak vibration velocity is obtained at the free face. In-situ stress has a suppressive effect on the PPV of the roadway envelope. The greater the ground stress is,the more obvious the suppressive effect will be. There are differences in the sensitivity of the PPV of the envelope to ground stress at different locations in the roadway. As the magnitude of the in-situ stress increases,the force state of the roadway envelope under blast vibration changes from tensile shear to compressive shear,and the maximum principal and shear stresses increase. The study reaches the conclusions that as the depth of burial increases,the ground stress factor cannot be ignored when assessing the stability of the tunnel envelope under blasting vibration. In addition to the straight walls of the roadway,the corners and arch walls are also hazardous areas that should be reinforced and monitored for the Pan San Mine project site.

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为了研究爆破震动作用下高地应力巷道的动力响应特征及其稳定性,以淮南潘三矿超前预裂卸压爆破扰动瓦斯综合治理巷为工程背景,通过理论分析建立了爆破作业扰动巷道围岩模型,并根据应力波传播理论及波前动量守恒定理推导出了爆破震动作用下巷道围岩振动方程。使用数值模拟研究了巷道围岩质点峰值振动速度(Peak Particle Velocity,PPV)的衰减特征,从应力分布规律的角度对理论分析进行了补充,并根据模拟结果对巷道围岩稳定性进行了分析。结果表明:巷道围岩振动方程显示,爆炸应力波入射角度的不同会导致巷道围岩不同区域的动态响应特征存在差异。随着爆心距增大,巷道轮廓面附近围岩PPV出现波动,并在自由面处获得最大峰值振速;地应力对巷道围岩PPV具有抑制作用,地应力越大抑制作用越明显,且不同位置围岩的PPV对地应力敏感度存在差异;随着地应力增大,爆破震动作用下巷道围岩受力状态从拉剪变为压剪,最大主应力和剪切应力也随之增大。研究认为随着埋深增加,在对爆破震动作用下巷道围岩的稳定性进行评估时地应力因素不可忽略。对于潘三矿超前预裂卸压爆破工程现场而言,除了巷道的直墙外,墙角、拱墙也是危险区域,应当着重予以加固并加强监测。

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刘泽功(1960―),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
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乔国栋(1994—),男,博士研究生。 E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228048675004416868, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=PPV and stress change trend of different initial in-situ stress measurement points, figureFileSmall=c15mxl73jVRccj29CaN2KA==, figureFileBig=dLtaBeeC1nf+vGvnPMbn0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228048707212476447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228048675004416868, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同初始地应力下各测点PPV及应力变化趋势, figureFileSmall=c15mxl73jVRccj29CaN2KA==, figureFileBig=dLtaBeeC1nf+vGvnPMbn0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228048707308945443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228048675004416868, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Mechanical parameters of rock

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密度/(kg·m-3)弹性模量/GPa泊松比抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa
24831.640.3420.350.9
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岩石力学参数

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密度/(kg·m-3)弹性模量/GPa泊松比抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa
24831.640.3420.350.9
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Explosive material parameters

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/(kg·m-3)D/(m·s-1)A/GPaB/GPaR1R2ωE/GPa
10003600214.40.1824.20.90.154.192
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炸药材料参数

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/(kg·m-3)D/(m·s-1)A/GPaB/GPaR1R2ωE/GPa
10003600214.40.1824.20.90.154.192
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Parameters of air

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(kg·m-3)C0C1C2C3C4C5C6/GPaV0
1.2900000.40.402.5×10-41
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空气参数

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(kg·m-3)C0C1C2C3C4C5C6/GPaV0
1.2900000.40.402.5×10-41
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爆破震动作用下高地应力巷道动力响应特征与稳定性研究
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乔国栋 1, 2 , 刘泽功 1, 2 , 高魁 1 , 刘健 1 , 傅师贵 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(3): 414-422
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(3): 414-422
爆破震动作用下高地应力巷道动力响应特征与稳定性研究
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乔国栋1, 2 , 刘泽功1, 2 , 高魁1, 刘健1, 傅师贵1, 2
作者信息
  • 1安徽理工大学安全科学与工程学院,安徽 淮南 232001
  • 2合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院,安徽 合肥 230031
  • 乔国栋(1994—),男,博士研究生。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘泽功(1960―),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
Characteristics and stability of dynamic response of a high in-situ stress roadway under blasting vibration
Guo-dong QIAO1, 2 , Ze-gong LIU1, 2 , Kui GAO1, Jian LIU1, Shi-gui FU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Safety Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
  • 2Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230031, China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.006
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为了研究爆破震动作用下高地应力巷道的动力响应特征及其稳定性,以淮南潘三矿超前预裂卸压爆破扰动瓦斯综合治理巷为工程背景,通过理论分析建立了爆破作业扰动巷道围岩模型,并根据应力波传播理论及波前动量守恒定理推导出了爆破震动作用下巷道围岩振动方程。使用数值模拟研究了巷道围岩质点峰值振动速度(Peak Particle Velocity,PPV)的衰减特征,从应力分布规律的角度对理论分析进行了补充,并根据模拟结果对巷道围岩稳定性进行了分析。结果表明:巷道围岩振动方程显示,爆炸应力波入射角度的不同会导致巷道围岩不同区域的动态响应特征存在差异。随着爆心距增大,巷道轮廓面附近围岩PPV出现波动,并在自由面处获得最大峰值振速;地应力对巷道围岩PPV具有抑制作用,地应力越大抑制作用越明显,且不同位置围岩的PPV对地应力敏感度存在差异;随着地应力增大,爆破震动作用下巷道围岩受力状态从拉剪变为压剪,最大主应力和剪切应力也随之增大。研究认为随着埋深增加,在对爆破震动作用下巷道围岩的稳定性进行评估时地应力因素不可忽略。对于潘三矿超前预裂卸压爆破工程现场而言,除了巷道的直墙外,墙角、拱墙也是危险区域,应当着重予以加固并加强监测。

地应力  /  动力响应  /  爆破震动  /  围岩失稳  /  质点峰值振动速度

To investigate the dynamic response characteristics and stability of a high in-situ stress roadway rock enclosures under blasting vibrations,the comprehensive gas management lane of Pan San Mine in Huainan is used as the engineering background. The research method of theoretical analysis of the blasting operation disturbing the roadway envelope rock model is established. Based on the stress wave propagation theory and the wave front momentum conservation theorem,the vibration equations for the roadway envelope under blasting vibration are derived. The theoretical analysis is then supplemented by the use of numerical simulation research methods from the perspectives of PPV (Peak Particle Velocity) attenuation characteristics and stress distribution patterns of the roadway envelope. The stability of the roadway envelope is analyzed based on the simulation results. Differences in the angle of incidence of blast stress waves lead to different dynamic response characteristics in different areas of the roadway envelope. These conclusions are drawn from the roadway envelope vibration equations. As the burst core distance increases,the PPV of the surrounding rock near the profile face of the roadway fluctuates and the maximum peak vibration velocity is obtained at the free face. In-situ stress has a suppressive effect on the PPV of the roadway envelope. The greater the ground stress is,the more obvious the suppressive effect will be. There are differences in the sensitivity of the PPV of the envelope to ground stress at different locations in the roadway. As the magnitude of the in-situ stress increases,the force state of the roadway envelope under blast vibration changes from tensile shear to compressive shear,and the maximum principal and shear stresses increase. The study reaches the conclusions that as the depth of burial increases,the ground stress factor cannot be ignored when assessing the stability of the tunnel envelope under blasting vibration. In addition to the straight walls of the roadway,the corners and arch walls are also hazardous areas that should be reinforced and monitored for the Pan San Mine project site.

in-situ stress  /  dynamic response  /  blasting vibration  /  surrounding rock instability  /  peak particle vibration velocity
乔国栋, 刘泽功, 高魁, 刘健, 傅师贵. 爆破震动作用下高地应力巷道动力响应特征与稳定性研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (3) : 414 -422 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.006
Guo-dong QIAO, Ze-gong LIU, Kui GAO, Jian LIU, Shi-gui FU. Characteristics and stability of dynamic response of a high in-situ stress roadway under blasting vibration[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (3) : 414 -422 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.006
爆破技术在煤炭开采过程中运用广泛,如硬岩巷道掘进1、爆破切顶2、低透气性煤层爆破增透3、爆破过硬岩断层4等。而井下爆破作业同时会产生很多负面效应,其中以爆破震动危害最为突出5。在爆破震动作用下巷道围岩出现动力响应现象,严重的会造成巷道围岩破坏,如片帮、冒顶、巷道开裂等,影响巷道结构稳定性,对煤矿安全生产造成威胁。高宇璠等6,Jiang等7,Yi等8对于爆破震动作用下浅埋巷道(隧道)围岩动力响应及稳定性的相关问题进行了研究,并取得了丰硕的成果。深部高地应力爆破动载作用下围岩的动力响应特征也受到了众多学者的关注。董春亮等9研究认为,爆破瞬时加载耦合初始地应力会诱发爆破开挖面内的裂隙发育,进而形成破坏区。Toksz等10,Cao等11研究认为在深部高地应力环境进行爆破开挖时,岩石的瞬态卸荷会造成围岩振动。Yang等12通过时频分析方法对围压动态卸荷作用下的岩石振动特征进行了分析识别。
现有文献报道多集中在爆破动载对浅埋隧道的影响,以及对高地应力环境下爆破开挖诱发岩石动态卸荷方面的研究。而对于考虑地应力条件的煤矿井下爆破作业诱发巷道围岩动力失稳的研究相对匮乏。目前中国煤炭开采正以每年10~25 m的速度逐渐向深部转移13,在煤炭深部开采时,巷道围岩处在高地应力状态下较小的爆破扰动就能引发围岩严重的动态破坏14
淮南潘三煤矿采用“一巷多用、联合治理、连续开采”的治理模式对深部煤层群进行瓦斯治理。东四11-2煤下部采区某工作面标高-732~-801 m,工作面上方设置有瓦斯综合治理巷。为解决采空区“F”形悬臂结构导致的巷道围岩变形问题,在现场开展超前预裂卸压爆破。卸压爆破作业示意图如图1所示。爆破施工过程中使用爆破测振仪监测巷道墙角、拱顶等处的围岩质点振动速度,各传感器监测到的振动速度均未超过《爆破安全规程》(GB 6722—2014)15规定的矿山巷道安全允许振速。然而现场观测发现巷道迎爆侧围岩出现了轻微开裂松动等动力响应现象。考虑到瓦斯综合治理巷受采空区侧向悬臂结构及巷道上覆岩层重力的影响,巷道围岩处于高地应力状态,认为巷道围岩出现失稳的原因与地应力因素有关。
由于超前预裂卸压爆破作业的周期性施工会使巷道围岩产生累积损伤从而降低瓦斯综治巷的使用寿命,因此需要预先找出巷道围岩的易受损区域并进行重点加固与监测。本文以潘三矿超前预裂卸压爆破扰动瓦斯综治巷为工程背景,针对深井高地应力环境爆破作业导致巷道围岩失稳这一问题进行研究。首先通过理论分析,根据应力波传播理论及波前动量守恒定理推导出深井爆破震动作用下巷道围岩的振动方程,从理论上证明巷道不同位置的围岩受爆炸应力波影响的程度存在差异;然后使用ANSYS/LS-DYNA数值模拟软件通过对不同地应力工况中爆破震动作用下巷道围岩动力响应特征进行对比分析,对理论分析进行补充;最后根据研究成果对瓦斯综治巷的稳定性进行评估,得到巷道围岩的易受损区域。
理论分析是研究爆破震动作用下巷道围岩动力响应特征的一种重要方式。通过理论分析可以揭示爆破地震波作用下巷道围岩动力响应的机制,并为现场试验和数值模拟计算提供指引。为简化计算,将超前预裂卸压爆破的倾斜柱状药包简化为垂直于纸面的柱状药包,如图2所示。在问题求解前作出如下必要假设与说明:①巷道埋设足够深,不受地表自由面反射波影响;②炸药为圆柱形装药,仅考虑激发的频率恒定的P波;③求解问题为平面应变问题,P波传播平面为x-z平面。
根据2.1节中的假设说明,爆炸地震波为P波,当P波传播到巷道围岩自由面时,在自由面处生成反射P波和反射S波。如图2所示,IP为入射P波,RP为反射P波,RS为反射S波,O1为爆源,O2为巷道中心。
P波入射巷道轮廓面可以视为应力波在节理岩石中传播的特例。Li等16采用时域递推方法获得浅埋环境下应力波与岩石节理的相互作用公式,本文对其进行改造推广,剔除地表反射应力波对巷道的影响,并将入射节理岩石替换为空气(波阻抗视为零),从而获得了适用于深井爆破震动作用下的巷道围岩振动方程。
图3(a)所示,存在一个由AB,AC,BC组成的微小单元ABC,AB为巷道轮廓面,AC为波前,BC为入射P波波束,为入射夹角。AB,AD,BD组成了反射P波与围岩相互作用的微小单元ABD,其中BD为反射P波波前,AD为反射P波波束。根据Snell定律17,P波入射夹角和反射夹角大小相等,反射P波夹角同样记为,如图3(b)所示。类似地,如图3(c)所示,反射S波与巷道围岩作用的微元为ABE,BE为反射S波波前,AE为反射S波波束,反射S波夹角记为
基于当前的二维模型,可以从平面应变问题入手进行求解,则BC侧的应力为,其中为入射P波在波前的法向应力,为巷道围岩的泊松比。在不考虑体力的情况下,巷道边界面上微小单元ABC在入射P波作用下所受应力状态如图3(a)所示,图中是自由面的巷道围岩侧所受应力,根据受力平衡,单元ABC上的应力沿z方向需满足下式:
沿x方向应力满足下式:
根据Snell定律://分别为P波和S波在围岩介质中的波速。可得关于的表达式,代入式(1)和(2),可得:
类似地,反射P波和反射S波作用的微单元ABD,ABE所对应的分别可以表示为:
根据波前动量守恒定律可知:,其中为入射P波引起的围岩质点振速,分别为反射P波和反射S波引起的围岩质点振速。定义,其中为巷道围岩密度,因此巷道自由面处围岩的应力总和可以表示为:
考虑自由边界条件,有,则式(9)和(10)可以写为矩阵形式:
其中:
入射P波在自由面处反射引起围岩质点振动,产生一个法向分量,和一个切向分量,将其表示为入射波和反射波的函数,矩阵形式表示为:
联立式(11)和(14)可得:
其中:
式(15)即为深井爆破震动作用下巷道围岩振动方程,从方程中可以看出巷道围岩质点振动速度与围岩密度、P波和S波波速、入/反射P波的夹角以及反射S波的夹角相关。反映在工程现场表现为在同一地质现场,围岩密度、波速及炮孔与巷道距离相同的情况下,P波入射角度的不同决定了不同位置的巷道围岩将出现不同的动力响应特征。这就导致了巷道不同区域的围岩在爆破动载作用下动力响应情况存在差异。
第2.2节的理论分析虽然推导了简化的爆破地震波作用下的巷道围岩边界单元速度方程,但其存在局限性,表现在方程仅剔除了地表反射应力波对深埋巷道围岩的影响,其振动方程无法体现地应力的影响。因此使用数值模拟的研究方法对理论分析进行补充,数值模拟中单位制采用g-cm-μs。
*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC材料本构模型具有很高的计算效率,在ANSYS/LS-DYNA模拟软件中可以被用作岩石材料18。相比于静态加载,岩体的力学性能在动态加载时表现出显著不同,这种差别与应变率紧密相关19。使用Cowper-Symonds模型对弹塑性本构材料的应变率效应进行描述。工程背景中瓦斯综治巷处在泥岩层中,现场泥岩的具体力学参数如表1所示。
使用Jones-Wilkens-Lee(JWL)状态方程描述高能炸药爆轰产物的压力、体积与能量之间的关系。炸药起爆过程中的状态方程为20
式中  P为爆轰压力;ABR1R2ω为炸药特性参数;E为爆轰产物初始内能密度;V为相对体积。为贴合井下爆破现场,模拟使用由文献[21]校正后的煤矿许用乳化炸药,炸药具体参数如表2所示,表中为炸药密度,D为炸药爆速。
在炮孔周围与巷道内部填充空气,需建立空气PART实现流固耦合效应,空气参数如表3所示。其中均为实常数;为空气单位体积内能;为空气的密度,V0为初始相对体积。
为简化数值模拟计算,使用单个炮孔作为数值模拟中的唯一能量源。为了模拟不同地应力的爆破环境,给数值模型施加大小为Po的应力,并分别令Po为0,10,20,40和60 MPa。根据圣维南定理,炮孔和巷道与模型边界的距离均超过炮孔直径的3倍。本数值模拟为全尺寸分析,炮孔直径与工程现场一致,均为94 mm,具体尺寸如图4所示。
对于考虑地应力的爆破震动作用下巷道围岩动力响应数值模拟计算,需要预先使模型获得初始应力,然后再进行爆破显示分析。截取Po=40 MPa时的模型应力云图,如图5所示。从图5中可以看出巷道及炮孔周围出现了明显应力集中,应力集中边界没有超出模型边界,应力初始化效果良好。
使用萨道夫斯基公式描述PPV衰减的规律:
式中  为质点峰值振速;为最大单响药量;为爆心距;为和场地岩性相关的系数和衰减指数。
数值模拟中,采集无初始应力工况的与爆心距不同距离的单元峰值振速,使用线性回归的方式求出数值。对等式两边取对数,将式(18)转化为的形式,即:,对应的。回归结果为,则。根据现行的《爆破安全规程》(GB 6722-2014)15规定,求得的数值在的泥岩岩性的取值范围内,证明本数值模拟是可靠的。
根据2.2节围岩振动方程可知,入射P波在自由面处反射引起围岩质点振动会产生一个法向分量和一个切向分量,使巷道围岩质点获得较高的峰值振速。随着反射应力波RPRS进一步朝远离自由面的方向传播,在和入射应力波IP叠加后使巷道自由面附近的围岩获得不同的应力和振动状态。数值模拟计算结果同样表明,爆炸应力波在巷道周围出现了应力波的反射和叠加,且由于应力波入射角度不同,围岩获得不同的应力状态,截取不同时刻的压力云图如图6所示。
图6中可以看出爆炸应力波受自由面效应影响出现了复杂的反射叠加,应力波出现反复拉压变化,且这种变化主要出现在迎爆侧围岩,背爆侧围岩受爆破动载影响较小,这与现场观察到的巷道开裂位置一致。下面重点考察迎爆侧围岩的动力响应情况。
PPV是中国《爆破安全规程》(GB 6722-2014)15和行业规范中规定的爆破振动安全判定指标22。合成振速是各方向分振速的矢量和,可以用来反映质点振动情况,本文所考察的振速均为合成PPV。分别在巷道轮廓面上的拱顶、拱墙、直墙、墙角、底板处设置测点单元,依次命名为A,B,C,D,E测点,测点布置如图7(a)所示。此外,以上述5个测点为起点,朝远离自由面方向依次分别选取15个测点单元,共5组,用来监测巷道自由面附近围岩的振速变化情况。5组测点在不同地应力工况下的PPV衰减曲线如图7(b)~(f)所示。
图7中可以看出,巷道围岩的PPV并没有简单遵循萨道夫斯基公式描述的PPV指数型衰减规律。根据第2.2节的理论分析,由于应力波入射角度的不同,反射应力波的反射夹角以及在不同位置的反射叠加效应差别很大,PPV变化曲线的差异可以从巷道围岩自由面效应的角度来解释。反映在巷道围岩振速上表现为不同位置的PPV大小各不相同:拱墙处PPV在自由面上的突变最为明显(图7(c));直墙(图7(d))处PPV数值最大;拱顶(图7(b))和底板(图7(f))处在巷道上下端,应力波入射角度相近,因此两组测点的PPV变化曲线走势较为相近。总的来说,巷道轮廓面附近围岩均遵循地应力越大,PPV越小的规律。这是因为地应力越大,围岩受到的夹制作用越强,从而在爆破动载能量相同的情况下岩体获得更小的动应力。动应力与质点振速之间的关系如下式所示23
式中  为动应力;为岩石密度;为地震波波速;为质点振动速度。不考虑岩石密度与地震波波速变化,成正比。而地应力大小与动应力大小成反比,因此出现了地应力越大围岩PPV反而越小的结果。值得注意的是图7中各曲线均在自由面处(A,B,C,D,E测点处)获得最大值,根据2.1节得到的巷道围岩振动方程可知,自由面处反射应力波会引起围岩质点振动产生一个法向分量,和一个切向分量,围岩质点的总的振速可以视为反射应力波与入射应力波引起的质点振速的矢量和。而随着反射应力波在岩石内传播,能量逐渐衰减,引起的质点振动速度也越来越小,因此出现巷道自由面处围岩PPV最大的现象。模拟结果与理论计算结论一致,得到了相互印证。
根据4.1节所述,由于应力波的反射叠加效应,巷道轮廓面上的PPV数值最大,动力响应最明显。下面对不同地应力工况下各测点的合成PPV进行对比分析,如图8(a)所示。从图8(a)中可以得出如下结论:①巷道直墙测点PPV最大,其余从大到小依次为拱墙、墙角、拱顶和底板,这一规律不受地应力影响。②随着地应力的增加,各测点PPV均出现不同程度的减小。以0 MPa工况下各测点PPV为基准,地应力20 MPa时各测点PPV平均下降了3.13%,40 MPa时平均下降了7.72%,60 MPa时平均下降了13.15%。这表明地应力对巷道自由面处围岩振速有抑制作用,且随着地应力的增大抑制效果更加明显。③巷道不同位置的PPV对地应力的敏感程度存在显著差别,测点B在初始地应力60 MPa时的PPV比0 MPa时减小了13.76%,而测点E仅减小了7.5%。拱墙PPV受地应力抑制最为明显,底板PPV受影响最小。
与浅埋巷道不同,深埋巷道的围岩受自重引起的垂直应力与开挖采动等造成的应力集中联合影响。这就使得围岩承受的应力远超岩体的抗压强度,巷道围岩承受的压力数倍于原岩应力。所以浅部处于弹性应力状态的硬岩在深部可能表现为塑性状态的软岩。文献[24]研究表明在原岩应力的影响下,深部巷道围岩受到的压、剪应力远超围岩的强度。本数值模拟案例获得了相同结论:如图8(b)和(c)所示,在不考虑地应力时,各测点在爆破震动作用下受拉剪破坏;在地应力作用时,巷道各测点均处于压剪应力状态,且随着地应力的增大各测点的最大主应力及剪切应力均呈上升趋势。随着地应力增大,测点D的最大主应力及剪切应力增大最明显,因此在高地应力环境中墙角处于较高的危险状态;随着地应力增大,测点A的主应力出现较大变化而剪切应力变化较小,表明拱顶受压破坏的可能性更大;测点B处的剪切应力随着地应力增大显著增加,表明随着地应力增大,拱墙处更易受剪切破坏;测点E的应力状态随地应力增大变化幅度最小,处于相对安全的状态。
测点D(墙角)在60 MPa初始地应力工况下最大主应力和剪切应力分别达到了210 MPa和94.7 MPa,分别是不考虑地应力状态时的429倍和312倍。测点A(拱顶)和B(拱墙)随着地应力的增大最大主应力和剪切应力也较高,测点A的最大主应力达130 MPa,测点B的剪切应力达59.7 MPa。处于上述应力状态下的围岩所受应力已经远远超过岩石的抗压、抗剪强度,可以判定处在这种状态下的岩体内部积聚有大量固体能量。在这种情况下,较小的爆破震动也会引发围岩严重的动态破坏14
巷道迎爆侧直墙PPV最易超过安全阈值,应当予以重点监控。而对于在深部爆破作业中,巷道围岩不仅受爆破动载影响,还受地应力静载作用。以往研究表明,深部巷道围岩的动力响应具有突发性24,高应力状态下的巷道围岩存在大量固体能量积聚,当深井进行爆破作业时,扰动巷道围岩,使其内部积聚的能量瞬时超过围岩破坏失稳所需要的能量,从而造成整个巷道系统失去结构稳定性。因此判定,随着巷道埋深增大,除了巷道直墙以外,巷道迎爆侧的墙角、拱顶、拱墙也都是易受损区域。这可能也是在潘三矿超前预裂卸压爆破时,尽管瓦斯综治巷围岩振速未超过安全阈值,而巷道围岩却出现失稳的原因。
鉴于此,传统的浅部巷道爆破围岩失稳的安全判据对于深部高地应力状态下的巷道围岩失稳判定存在一定的局限性,深井爆破扰动巷道围岩失稳的评估需要将围岩应力状态这一因素纳入考量。在后续的超前预裂卸压爆破过程中,应当对瓦斯综治巷迎爆侧的墙角、拱顶、拱墙进行重点加固。在瓦斯综治巷的掘进过程中,应该对后期处在迎爆侧的巷道围岩通过加密钢丝网、增加锚杆长度等方式进行加强支护,提前预防后期超前预裂卸压爆破的不良影响。
(1) 通过理论分析建立了爆破作业扰动巷道围岩模型,根据应力波传播理论及波前动量守恒定理推导出了剔除地表反射应力波影响的深部巷道围岩的振动方程。
(2)数值模拟结果表明,爆炸应力波在巷道迎爆侧围岩出现反射叠加现象;巷道轮廓面上各测点的PPV衰减曲线存在差异,但均在巷道轮廓面上获得最大值,这与振动方程描述的现象一致。
(3)地应力对PPV存在抑制作用,且随着地应力增大抑制现象更加明显。巷道不同位置的PPV对地应力的敏感程度存在显著差别,其中巷道拱墙的PPV受地应力影响最大,底板受影响最小。
(4)在不考虑地应力时爆破载荷作用下巷道围岩主要受拉剪破坏,而随着初始地应力的增大,围岩主要表现为受压剪破坏。
(5)高应力环境下较小的扰动也会对巷道围岩造成很大破坏。对于潘三矿超前预裂卸压爆破扰动瓦斯综治巷而言,迎爆侧的墙角、拱顶、拱墙均为易受损区域,工程现场应予以重点加固。
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2024年第37卷第3期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.006
  • 接收时间:2022-12-18
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-18
  • 修回日期:2023-02-13
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52074013)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52374179)
华能集团总部科技项目能源安全技术专项(HNKJ20-H87)
合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院项目(21KZS216)
安徽省教育厅高校研究生科研基金资助项目(YJS20210396)
安徽理工大学2022年研究生创新基金项目(2022CX1003)
安徽省自然科学基金资助项目(2208085ME125)
安徽省教育厅高校自然科学基金资助项目(KJ2020A0327)
作者信息
    1安徽理工大学安全科学与工程学院,安徽 淮南 232001
    2合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院,安徽 合肥 230031

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刘泽功(1960―),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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