Article(id=1228048674580787859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228048667874095618, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1645286400000, receivedDateStr=2022-02-20, revisedDate=1652544000000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770719220060, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770719220060, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770719220060, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770719220060, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228048667874095618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='3', pageStart='365', pageEnd='538', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770719218462, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795476854, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368518803030940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228048667874095618, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368518803030941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228048667874095618, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=457, endPage=463, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228048675440620188, articleId=1228048674580787859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Acoustic contribution analysis and optimization of noise reduction for transmission system of high-speed packaging machine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The vibration and noise of mechanical structures caused by transmission system is one of the key problems that need to be solved in the research of high-speed mechanical equipment. This study investigates the location and optimization of vibration and noise reduction of a high speed packaging machine transmission system based on coupling vibration and noise experiment and simulation analysis. The vibration and noise test device and the rigid-flexible coupling dynamic simulation model of the high-speed packaging machine's transfer mechanism and its transmission system is established. Based on the experimental data,the load identification is carried out and the accuracy and reliability of the model is verified. Based on the model,combined with modal participation factor and acoustic contribution analysis method,the modal frequency and plate area with large acoustic contribution of the high-speed packaging machine transmission system are analyzed,which improves and optimizes the design of the transmission system. The results show that modal contribution analysis and plate contribution analysis can locate the noise problem area quickly and accurately to serve the optimization of the corresponding mechanical structure design. The vibration and noise performance of the optimized high speed packaging machine drive system is improved significantly.

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传动系统引起的机械结构振动噪声问题是高速机械设备研究中需要解决的关键问题之一。本文结合振动噪声实验与仿真分析研究了高速包装机传动系统振动噪声源的定位及降噪优化问题。建立了高速包装机传动系统振动噪声实验装置,构建了对应的刚-柔耦合动力学仿真分析模型,基于实验测试数据进行了载荷识别并验证了模型的准确性与可靠性。以该模型为基础,结合模态参与因子及声学贡献量分析方法,明确了高速包装机传动系统声学贡献量较大的模态频率和板面区域,并对传动系统的设计进行了改进和优化。结果表明:通过模态贡献量分析和板面贡献量分析可以快速准确地定位噪声问题区域,以服务于相应机械结构设计的优化;在声学贡献量基础上进行结构优化可以有效抑制高速包装机传动系统的振动噪声。

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陈哲吾(1984—),男,博士,副教授。 E-mail:

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高速包装机传动系统声学贡献分析与降噪优化
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陈哲吾 1, 2 , 袁加乾 1 , 陈文 2 , 郭海保 3
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(3): 457-463
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(3): 457-463
高速包装机传动系统声学贡献分析与降噪优化
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陈哲吾1, 2 , 袁加乾1, 陈文2, 郭海保3
作者信息
  • 1湖南科技大学机电工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
  • 2中烟机械技术中心有限责任公司,上海 201206
  • 3西门子工业软件(北京)有限公司,北京 100102
  • 陈哲吾(1984—),男,博士,副教授。 E-mail:

Acoustic contribution analysis and optimization of noise reduction for transmission system of high-speed packaging machine
Zhe-wu CHEN1, 2 , Jia-qian YUAN1, Wen CHEN2, Hai-bao GUO3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
  • 2China Tobacco Machinery Technology Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201206, China
  • 3Siemens Industrial Software (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.010
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传动系统引起的机械结构振动噪声问题是高速机械设备研究中需要解决的关键问题之一。本文结合振动噪声实验与仿真分析研究了高速包装机传动系统振动噪声源的定位及降噪优化问题。建立了高速包装机传动系统振动噪声实验装置,构建了对应的刚-柔耦合动力学仿真分析模型,基于实验测试数据进行了载荷识别并验证了模型的准确性与可靠性。以该模型为基础,结合模态参与因子及声学贡献量分析方法,明确了高速包装机传动系统声学贡献量较大的模态频率和板面区域,并对传动系统的设计进行了改进和优化。结果表明:通过模态贡献量分析和板面贡献量分析可以快速准确地定位噪声问题区域,以服务于相应机械结构设计的优化;在声学贡献量基础上进行结构优化可以有效抑制高速包装机传动系统的振动噪声。

高速包装机  /  传动系统  /  声学贡献分析  /  噪声优化

The vibration and noise of mechanical structures caused by transmission system is one of the key problems that need to be solved in the research of high-speed mechanical equipment. This study investigates the location and optimization of vibration and noise reduction of a high speed packaging machine transmission system based on coupling vibration and noise experiment and simulation analysis. The vibration and noise test device and the rigid-flexible coupling dynamic simulation model of the high-speed packaging machine's transfer mechanism and its transmission system is established. Based on the experimental data,the load identification is carried out and the accuracy and reliability of the model is verified. Based on the model,combined with modal participation factor and acoustic contribution analysis method,the modal frequency and plate area with large acoustic contribution of the high-speed packaging machine transmission system are analyzed,which improves and optimizes the design of the transmission system. The results show that modal contribution analysis and plate contribution analysis can locate the noise problem area quickly and accurately to serve the optimization of the corresponding mechanical structure design. The vibration and noise performance of the optimized high speed packaging machine drive system is improved significantly.

high-speed packaging machine  /  transmission system  /  acoustic contribution analysis  /  noise optimization
陈哲吾, 袁加乾, 陈文, 郭海保. 高速包装机传动系统声学贡献分析与降噪优化. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (3) : 457 -463 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.010
Zhe-wu CHEN, Jia-qian YUAN, Wen CHEN, Hai-bao GUO. Acoustic contribution analysis and optimization of noise reduction for transmission system of high-speed packaging machine[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (3) : 457 -463 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.010
随着工业技术的发展,现代包装机的运转速度和工作效能越来越高,包装机高速运转引起的振动、噪声问题已经成为包装技术进一步发展的瓶颈,受到了越来越多的关注1。在高速包装机运转过程中,其传动系统由于内部激励作用、加工误差、装配误差等因素的影响会不可避免地产生振动,这些振动通过连接部件传递到箱体、背板等结构部件上,从而引起结构部件的振动和噪声2-3。这种振动噪声不仅会影响工厂车间的工作环境,还会影响包装机的平稳性和效能4。因此,对高速包装机传动系统进行振动噪声分析,并对其结构部件进行减振降噪优化有着非常重要的意义5-6
目前,国内外针对包装机这类高速运转机械设备的减振降噪方法主要包括:传动系统结构的改进、加工装配精度的提高、阻尼材料的敷设、隔音罩隔音板的布置等7-9。这些方法或从振动激励源上入手,或从隔离噪声传播途径上想办法,很大程度上降低了机械系统的振动噪声,提升了高速机械设备的运转速度。然而,隔离噪声传播途径的办法并不能从根本上提高设备本身的振动稳定性;与此同时,振动的激励源不一定就是机械系统的噪声源,振动激励传递过程中可能会使某一个部件产生剧烈振动从而引起强烈的噪声。因此,有必要对高速包装机振动噪声的产生和传递过程进行综合分析,准确找到影响高速包装机传动系统振动噪声的核心区域,进而采用相应的结构优化设计方法,有效提升高速包装机振动噪声性能10-11
本研究以某型高速包装机传动系统为研究对象,结合高速包装机传动系统振动噪声源的定位及降噪优化问题,建立了高速包装机传动系统振动噪声实验装置,并构建了对应的刚-柔耦合动力学仿真分析模型,通过模态和板面贡献量分析进行了传动系统的噪声区域定位及结构优化降噪。
从多体动力学角度,高速包装机这类机械设备可以简化为一个n维多自由度振动系统12-13,将多自由度振动系统微分方程进行拉普拉斯变换得到频域内的振动方程,并提取其中的模态向量,n维多自由度振动系统的动响应可以描述为各阶结构模态的线性叠加形式:
式中  w为各阶结构模态向量对应的圆频率; N为结构总模态数;为结构模态参与因子;为第i阶模态向量;分别为的共轭向量。结构模态参与因子可表示为:
式中  为第i阶模态对应的常数;为第i阶模态向量特征值,为载荷矩阵。
在物理意义上表征了各阶模态在响应中的贡献程度,代表了各阶结构模态在系统动响应中的重要程度,称为结构模态参与因子。在系统的固有频率附近,出现极小值,对应的模态参与因子会出现峰值。
声波也是一种振动,将机械结构表面离散成有限个单元,声场内某一点的声压可以描述为结构表面各离散单元法向振动的线性关系方程14-15
式中  为声学传递向量;为结构表面各离散单元点的法向振动速度。
根据式(1)可知,机械结构振动的位移响应可以表述为结构模态振型向量线性叠加的形式,将其结构响应投影到结构表面的法线方向并求导,代入式(3)可以得到声场中任意场点处的声压为:
式中  为各阶模态向量在结构表面法线方向的分矢量组成的矩阵;为模态参与因子构成的向量;为模态声学传递向量。
将式(1)和(2)代入式(4)可得:
式中  代表各阶结构模态引起的声压(Pa),称为结构模态声学贡献量(以下简称模态声学贡献量);为第i阶模态向量在结构表面法线方向的分矢量。
将声场中任意场点处的声压方程细化到每个离散单元,有:
式中  k表示单元编号;M表示单元数量;表示第k个单元的单位法向振动引起的声压值;表示第k个单元在第i阶振型中的法向分量。
将式(6)代入式(5),并转换可得:
式中  代表第k个单元的振动产生的声压。
假设一个板面由l个单元组成,则该板面产生的声压为:
在该场点总声压方向上的投影称为板面声学贡献量。该投影在中所占的百分比称为相对板面声学贡献量。
在某型高速包装机的使用过程中发现,在其交接机构装置高速运转速度超过750 r/min的情况下(设计转速1000 r/min),振动噪声明显增大,已经对包装过程中物料的交接动作产生了影响,导致包装机必须降速运行甚至停机检查并排除故障,严重影响了该高速包装机的实际运行效率。为了提升高速包装机的运行效率,有必要对其交接机构及传动系统的振动噪声问题进行针对性研究。
高速包装机交接机构采用伺服电机作为原动件,通过同步带、带轮和行星齿轮系传动,驱动四个工位的机械爪完成包装物料的交接传递工作。为了排除其他干扰因素,在进行测试之前拆除了包装机的其他机构系统以及机械爪等结构部件,专门针对高速包装机交接机构的传动系统及其背板、支撑架等附属结构件进行了振动噪声实验测试,如图1所示。
实验测试系统搭建如下:采用LMS SCADAS Mobile 202数据采集系统进行前端数据采集;采用LMS Test. Lab 13A声振分析软件进行数据分析。传感器布置如图1所示,所采用的传感器包括:1个转速传感器用于监测主轴转速,2个传声器分别布置在行星齿轮机构正前方300 mm和前部上方260 mm处用于检测噪声水平,2个三向振动传感器分别用于检测行星齿轮支座和电机支座两个位置的振动,3个加速度传感器用于检测背板不同位置的法向振动。
在尽量排除其他干扰因素的情况下开展包装机传动系统振动噪声实验,测试的工况主要包括:100 ~1000 r/min每间隔100 r/min的定转速工况,100~1000 r/min匀加速工况。
通过现场测试得到不同主轴转速下的部分噪声数据结果如图2所示。从稳定转速测试结果中可得:稳定转速声压曲线存在两个主要峰值,第一个峰值与转速相关,第二个峰值(3483 Hz)不随转速变化;当转速达到800 r/min时,第一个峰值(524 Hz)急剧增大,且随转速增加其频率明显增大。
传动系统匀加速过程中传声器检测到的声压级数据如图3所示。从图中数据可以看到,噪声值在转速为778 r/min附近突然增大,整机噪声存在一个明显的峰值,最大为86.23 dB,已经超过了相关噪声标准(85 dB)。
传动系统匀加速过程中采声器检测到的噪声数据瀑布图如图4所示;行星齿轮支座位置振动传感器检测到的振动数据瀑布图如图5所示。从图45中的噪声和振动数据中可以发现,在匀加速工况中,无论是噪声值还是振动加速度响应,都存在一个贡献较大的阶次,即第40阶(相对于主轴转速)。结合该传动系统的结构组成,该系统中只有同步带轮是40齿的倍数,可以确定该传动系统振动激励主要源自同步带轮的啮合作用力。
通过测试结果发现,系统在某个稳定转速及加速过程时均出现了振动噪声问题,为了寻找问题的根源,需要建立完整高速包装机传动系统动力学模型并进行验证。
高速包装机传动系统建模与振动噪声分析的基本流程如图6所示。首先通过软件完成高速包装机传动系统的三维建模,进而构建多体动力学模型;利用专业的齿轮模块和带轮模块建立传动组件动力学模型;对主要结构件进行柔性化处理,同时为提升计算效率,忽略法兰盖、轴套等细小部件的变形,将其视为刚性体,进行刚-柔耦合建模;选取实验测点对高速包装机传动系统的传递函数进行仿真,并通过实验测试数据对模型动力学特性进行对比验证,校验并改进高速包装机传动系统动力学模型;根据实验数据判别系统激励载荷主要来源点,通过动力学模型仿真或实验测试获取激励点到响应点的传递函数,采用逆矩阵载荷识别的方法获取激励载荷;将获取到的激励施加到系统动力学模型的相应结构上,进行正向的振动与噪声仿真计算,并与实验测试结果进行对比验证。
传动系统涉及内容较多,有带传动、齿轮传动、轴承、接触等,需要在动力学模型中进行详细考虑。在高速包装机传动系统建模过程中主要考虑两方面因素:传动机构建模和结构系统建模。
对于高速包装机传动机构,主要利用专业的齿轮系模块和带轮系模块进行传动机构建模,如图7所示。高速包装机传动齿轮系为行星齿轮传动机构,建立行星齿轮传动机构的三维模型后,通过齿轮系模块在齿轮副之间定义“齿轮接触力”,模拟齿轮啮合作用动力学过程。高速包装机的驱动是由电机通过带传动的方式进行转速传递的,而带传动链的工作状况是振动问题的一个根源,因此需要对带传动系统进行建模,运用专业的带齿建模模板,对带齿及带轮进行详细的带轮传动模型构建,进而分析带轮传动机构对系统振动的贡献。
高速包装机结构件比较繁多,包含各约束关系和轴承、支架、底座等诸多部件,难以直接建模。为此,需要采用刚-柔耦合建模的方式。对整体性能有影响的局部构件需要进行柔性化处理,建立各子系统的动力学模型,运用子结构方法将各子系统模型导入到总装动力学模型中,实现总体结构系统建模,如图8所示。
建立完整的总装模型后,可以进行基于实验工况的性能分析。为了提高仿真计算的精度,需要利用实验测试的结果对动力学模型进行调校工作,在高速包装机传动系统的振动噪声仿真研究中主要利用测试传递函数进行模型修正,利用振动响应数据进行模型调校,同时利用测试盘片模态结果修正仿真柔性体中的有限元模型,通过以上修正可以得到比较精确的仿真模型。
进一步对经过调校后的动力学模型进行详细的动力学性能分析,包括系统激励载荷仿真计算以及各部位的位移、速度和加速度响应特性仿真等,其中行星齿轮支座位置的振动响应如图9所示。对比图5实验测试的数据,两者吻合良好,验证了仿真模型的准确性。
通过动力学计算的载荷边界,可以进一步进行振动噪声分析,获取声场内的噪声分布,其中实验测点位置的噪声响应仿真结果如图10所示。
通过噪声响应仿真结果,对比图3的实验测试数据,可以看到动力学仿真很好地复现了测试结果,基于所构建的动力学模型,进一步分析振动噪声产生的原因,并提出优化改进方案。
在仿真模拟计算的基础上,开展模态贡献量分析和板面贡献量分析可以快速诊断系统振动噪声问题所在。
利用传动系统动力学模型可以非常方便地计算出整个系统的各阶结构模态,结合传声器采集到的声压数据,计算传动系统各阶结构模态对不同位置的声压贡献量如图11所示。从图11中可以看到,整个系统在频率为500 Hz左右的第7阶模态对噪声的贡献量最大。
在模态贡献量分析的基础上对模型进行区域划分,将整个系统划分为安装背板、行星齿轮壳体、支架等部分,进行板面声学贡献量分析(如图12所示),从而确定噪声辐射贡献的主要区域。从图中数据可以发现,在频率为500 Hz左右时,安装背板是噪声辐射的主要贡献区域,可以考虑对安装背板进行优化改进。
结合传动系统刚-柔耦合动力学模型,从其第7阶(频率为500 Hz左右)模态形状(如图13所示)可以看到,其安装背板在支架两边存在较大的振动位移。因此可以考虑在这个位置增加筋板(如图14所示),得到一种新的整体模态,从而降低安装背板对整体的振动噪声贡献量,达到降低系统振动噪声的效果。
结合高速包装机的实际结构及其他部件运动干扰情况,在保证不改变支架与面板之间的连接关系的基础上,设计如图14所示的加强筋板。相应修改高速包装机传动系统动力学模型,进行振动噪声模拟仿真,借助计算机预测改进后两个测点的声压级,如图15所示。对比改进前的数据(见图10)可以看到,前方30 cm测点处的最大声压级从85.57 dB下降到81.85 dB,前上方26 cm测点处的最大声压级从82.54 dB下降到80.51 dB。结构改进后声场中两点的声压级都得到了抑制,说明增加筋板的局部改进对系统的振动噪声控制是有效的,并且这种方式可以非常方便地实现,具有很好的工程实际意义。
相关研究不仅解决了实验装置的振动噪声问题,而且在实机上的应用也表明:通过筋板的局部改进,可以有效降低高速包装机的噪声水平,使整机噪声降到了85 dB以下,满足了相关标准的要求。
本文以某型高速包装机传动系统为研究对象,结合振动噪声实验与仿真分析研究了高速包装机传动系统的振动噪声源的定位及降噪优化问题,主要结论如下:
(1)当该型高速包装机传动系统主轴转速超过700 r/min时,低频噪声声压级迅速增加,且其频率随转速线性变化,最大声压频率与转速呈40倍率的关系;结合传动系统结构,确定高速包装机振动噪声激振主要源于同步带轮系的啮合激励。
(2)基于模态贡献量分析和板面贡献量分析,该系统第7阶模态(频率为500 Hz左右)对噪声影响最大,对应结构板面为传动系统安装背板及其支撑架。
(3)基于结构第7阶模态的振型,提出在安装背板和支撑架之间增加筋板以改变结构的模态特征,最终将系统的振动噪声降低约3 dB,使机器噪声降到了85 dB以下,满足了相关标准的要求。
  • 湖南省教育厅科学研究项目(18C0338)
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2024年第37卷第3期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.010
  • 接收时间:2022-02-20
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-02-20
  • 修回日期:2022-05-15
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湖南省教育厅科学研究项目(18C0338)
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    1湖南科技大学机电工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
    2中烟机械技术中心有限责任公司,上海 201206
    3西门子工业软件(北京)有限公司,北京 100102
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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