Article(id=1228048671997096521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228048667874095618, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1660406400000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-14, revisedDate=1665072000000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770719219445, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770719219445, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770719219445, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770719219445, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228048667874095618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='3', pageStart='365', pageEnd='538', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770719218462, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795476854, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368518803030940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228048667874095618, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368518803030941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228048667874095618, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=505, endPage=511, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228048672299086422, articleId=1228048671997096521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Parameter sensitivity of cushioning performance of carrier aircraft nose landing gear, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to satisfy both cushioning and fast-extension performances,the carrier aircraft nose landing gear often adopts the dual-chamber buffer design. Based on a certain type nose landing gear,this paper establishes the dynamic model of the cushioning performance analysis and compares the simulation calculation results with the test results to ensure the validity and correctness of the theoretical dynamic model. The parameter sensitivity analysis of cushioning performance is carried out for the initial filling pressure and volume ratio of the high- and low-pressure chambers of the buffer. Results show that the effects of the initial filling pressure and high- and low-pressure chambers volume ratios on the cushioning performance is different from their impacts on the fast-extension performance. Therefore,the design of the nose landing gear buffer of the carrier aircraft needs to be continuously optimized for taking the cushioning and fast-extension performances into account synchronously.

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为了同时满足缓冲和突伸性能,舰载机前起落架常采用双腔缓冲器设计。以某型机前起落架为研究对象,建立前起落架缓冲性能分析动力学模型,并将仿真计算结果与试验结果进行验证对比,验证理论模型的有效性和正确性。对缓冲器高、低压腔初始压力以及体积占比进行参数敏感性分析。结果表明,高、低压腔初始充填压力和体积占比对起落架缓冲性能的影响有别于它们对突伸性能的影响,所以对舰载机前起落架缓冲器的设计需不断优化,同时兼顾缓冲和突伸性能。

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张飞(1992—),男,硕士,工程师。E-mail:

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张飞(1992—),男,硕士,工程师。E-mail:

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张飞(1992—),男,硕士,工程师。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=ntnTqmCK6ewhFJr/DcN5cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228048697943060979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228048671997096521, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Basic parameters of landing gear

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缓冲器行程/mm高压腔压力/MPa低压腔压力/MPa轮胎压力/MPa当量质量/kg
720101.02.8/2.87620
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起落架基本参数

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缓冲器行程/mm高压腔压力/MPa低压腔压力/MPa轮胎压力/MPa当量质量/kg
720101.02.8/2.87620
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Comparison of test and simulation results under normal landing weight (6.5 m/s)

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垂直载荷/N重心位移/mm缓冲器行程/mm轮胎压缩量/mm缓冲系统功量/J
误差/%0.91.40.32.51.7
试验值34564969461679160716
仿真值34256668461481163445
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正常着舰重量下试验与仿真结果对比(6.5 m/s)

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垂直载荷/N重心位移/mm缓冲器行程/mm轮胎压缩量/mm缓冲系统功量/J
误差/%0.91.40.32.51.7
试验值34564969461679160716
仿真值34256668461481163445
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Comparison of test and simulation results under normal landing weight (7 m/s)

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垂直载荷/N重心位移/mm缓冲器行程/mm轮胎压缩量/mm缓冲系统功量/J
误差/%1.81.11.41.12.3
试验值38171971262690185167
仿真值38879270463591189553
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正常着舰重量下试验与仿真结果对比(7 m/s)

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垂直载荷/N重心位移/mm缓冲器行程/mm轮胎压缩量/mm缓冲系统功量/J
误差/%1.81.11.41.12.3
试验值38171971262690185167
仿真值38879270463591189553
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Simulation calculation working condition

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下沉速度/(m·s-1)理论功量/J投放高度/mm机轮带转速度/(km·h-1)
613716018370
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仿真计算工况

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下沉速度/(m·s-1)理论功量/J投放高度/mm机轮带转速度/(km·h-1)
613716018370
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舰载机前起落架缓冲性能参数敏感性研究
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张飞 , 白春玉 , 陈熠 , 杨正权 , 王计真
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(3): 505-511
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(3): 505-511
舰载机前起落架缓冲性能参数敏感性研究
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张飞 , 白春玉, 陈熠, 杨正权, 王计真
作者信息
  • 中国飞机强度研究所结构冲击动力学航空科技重点实验室,陕西 西安 710065
  • 张飞(1992—),男,硕士,工程师。E-mail:

Parameter sensitivity of cushioning performance of carrier aircraft nose landing gear
Fei ZHANG , Chun-yu BAI, Yi CHEN, Zheng-quan YANG, Ji-zhen WANG
Affiliations
  • Aviation Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Structure Impact Dynamics, Aircraft Strength Research Institute of China,Xi'an 710065,China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.015
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为了同时满足缓冲和突伸性能,舰载机前起落架常采用双腔缓冲器设计。以某型机前起落架为研究对象,建立前起落架缓冲性能分析动力学模型,并将仿真计算结果与试验结果进行验证对比,验证理论模型的有效性和正确性。对缓冲器高、低压腔初始压力以及体积占比进行参数敏感性分析。结果表明,高、低压腔初始充填压力和体积占比对起落架缓冲性能的影响有别于它们对突伸性能的影响,所以对舰载机前起落架缓冲器的设计需不断优化,同时兼顾缓冲和突伸性能。

舰载机起落架  /  缓冲性能  /  双腔缓冲器  /  落震试验  /  落震动力学

In order to satisfy both cushioning and fast-extension performances,the carrier aircraft nose landing gear often adopts the dual-chamber buffer design. Based on a certain type nose landing gear,this paper establishes the dynamic model of the cushioning performance analysis and compares the simulation calculation results with the test results to ensure the validity and correctness of the theoretical dynamic model. The parameter sensitivity analysis of cushioning performance is carried out for the initial filling pressure and volume ratio of the high- and low-pressure chambers of the buffer. Results show that the effects of the initial filling pressure and high- and low-pressure chambers volume ratios on the cushioning performance is different from their impacts on the fast-extension performance. Therefore,the design of the nose landing gear buffer of the carrier aircraft needs to be continuously optimized for taking the cushioning and fast-extension performances into account synchronously.

landing gear of carrier aircraft  /  cushioning performance  /  dual-chamber buffer  /  drop test  /  drop dynamics
张飞, 白春玉, 陈熠, 杨正权, 王计真. 舰载机前起落架缓冲性能参数敏感性研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (3) : 505 -511 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.015
Fei ZHANG, Chun-yu BAI, Yi CHEN, Zheng-quan YANG, Ji-zhen WANG. Parameter sensitivity of cushioning performance of carrier aircraft nose landing gear[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (3) : 505 -511 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.015
舰载机一般采用固定下滑角的方式着舰,下沉速度可达7 m/s甚至更快,是陆基飞机的2~3倍1-3。舰载机起落架作为飞机在着舰过程中主要的承力和缓冲部件,所吸收的能量是陆基飞机的4~6倍4-5,而起落架的缓冲性能及结构可靠性都需借助落震试验或仿真模拟的手段进行验证。
舰载机前起落架缓冲器常采用双腔式设计,这样不仅能满足大下沉速度下飞机的着舰需求,提高承载能力6,也能通过释放储存在高压腔内的高势能,在飞机离舰起飞时提供足够的姿态角7。另外,低压腔较低的弹簧刚度有利于提高飞机滑跑过程中乘员的舒适度。这说明舰载机起落架双腔式缓冲器设计兼顾了突伸和缓冲两项功能8。一般双腔式缓冲器的高、低压腔通过浮动活塞分离,当缓冲器内的空气弹簧力克服低压腔压力后,高压腔开始启动,此时双腔同时工作9。所以,面对舰载机起落架复杂的使用环境和功能需求,双腔缓冲器的结构布局对于起落架缓冲支柱设计至关重要。
起落架缓冲器不同的充填参数和结构参数对其工作性能的影响是不同的,部分参数以很小的幅度调整就会使缓冲性能发生显著的变化。同时也有部分参数变化对缓冲性能的影响很小。崔俊华等10利用多体系统仿真软件对舰载机前起落架的缓冲性能进行仿真分析,研究了落震质量以及油针面积、形状对起落架缓冲特性的影响。丁勇为等11通过建立起落架落震动力学模型研究了油液阻尼特性对起落架缓冲性能的影响。豆清波等12基于落震试验和仿真模拟分析了气体压缩多变指数对油-气式起落架缓冲性能的影响。冯蕴雯等13结合多体动力学理论,在Adams/Aircraft中通过起落架落震仿真研究了缓冲器活塞杆刚度对起落架缓冲特性的影响。
由于舰载机起落架双腔缓冲器需同时具备缓冲和突伸性能,所以缓冲器高、低压腔充填压力对起落架突伸时的机轮振荡减控以及着舰时的能量吸收和冲击载荷控制都至关重要。部分学者已对舰载机前起落架突伸性能的参数敏感性作了详细研究14-17,从不同方面分析了舰载机在弹射起飞过程中前起落架的突伸特性,在此不再赘述。本文以某型舰载机前起落架为研究对象,建立缓冲性能分析动力学模型,并进行参数敏感性分析。重点研究了舰载机在着舰过程中,缓冲器高压腔初始充填压力,低压腔初始充填压力,高、低压腔体积占比等对前起落架缓冲特性的影响。
某型起落架双气腔油-气式缓冲器结构示意图如图1所示。油气式缓冲器轴向力Fs主要由结构限制力Fl、内部摩擦力Ff、空气弹簧力Fa和油液阻尼力Fh组成,可统一表示为:
不同类型缓冲器的空气弹簧力一般具有不同的表达式。对于单腔式缓冲器,空气弹簧力可以表示为:
式中  V0为空气腔初始体积;γ为空气腔压缩多变指数;P0为空气腔初始压力;Aa为压气面积;S为缓冲器行程;Patm为大气压力。
对于双腔式缓冲器,在高压腔开始压缩前,缓冲器内部空气弹簧力与单腔式缓冲器一致。当缓冲器压缩至高、低压腔临界转折点时,高压腔开始压缩,此时缓冲器高、低压腔同时工作,空气弹簧力不同于单腔式缓冲器。基于单腔式缓冲器空气弹簧力的计算方法,结合双腔式缓冲器的工作原理,双腔缓冲器的空气弹簧力可以表示为:
式中  为低压腔有效压气面积;为高压腔有效压气面积;为低压腔初始压力;为高压腔初始压力;为低压腔初始体积;为高压腔初始体积;Szz为高、低压腔临界缓冲器行程。
缓冲器内部油液阻尼力表示为:
式中  AhΑhL分别为主油腔和回油腔压油面积;Αd为正、反行程主油孔流通面积;分别为正、反行程时回油孔流通面积;为正、反行程时主油孔油液缩流系数;为正、反行程时回油孔油液缩流系数;ρh为油液密度; 表示缓冲支柱压缩速度。
缓冲器结构限制力可表示为:
式中  ks为缓冲器轴向拉压刚度;Smax为缓冲器最大结构行程;S0为缓冲器初始行程。
缓冲器内部摩擦力主要由皮碗摩擦力Ffp和弯曲摩擦力Ffc组成,表示为:
式中  km为皮碗摩擦系数;μb为缓冲器弯曲摩擦系数;NUNL为缓冲器弯曲时上、下支撑点处的正应力。
以支柱式舰载机前起落架为研究对象,为了方便建立缓冲性能分析的动力学方程,采用经典的二质量弹簧-阻尼模型,如图2所示。将缓冲器气腔和轮胎内的气体约化为弹簧,将油液阻尼力和各种摩擦力约化为阻尼器,将起落架系统划分为空气弹簧上部的弹性支承质量块M1和空气弹簧下部的非弹性支承质量块M2。弹性支承质量块一般由机身(落震试验中指夹具、吊篮、配重等)、支柱外筒、阻力撑杆等结构组成,非弹性支承质量一般由机轮组件、活塞杆、刹车装置等结构组成。
基于以上各部分的运动与受力之间的关系,可以得到如下运动微分方程:
式中  x1x2分别为起落架空气弹簧上部、下部质量的垂直位移;L为前起落架的等效气动升力,大小等于前起落架的当量重量,可以表示为:
式中  Gdl为飞机着陆重量;a为停机状态下飞机重心到前起落架轮轴中心位置的水平距离;b为停机状态下飞机重心到主起落架轮轴中心位置的水平距离;h为缓冲支柱全伸展状态下飞机重心到主起落架轮轴的高度;μ为平均滑动摩擦系数。
Ft为地面作用在轮胎上的垂直力,表示为:
式中  n为单个前起落架的机轮数量;CT为轮胎阻尼系数(一般取0.04 s/m);如图3所示,fδ)是以轮胎压缩量δ为自变量的轮胎静压函数。
支柱式前起落架动力学模型如图4所示。起落架非弹性支承质量块质心C在ou-xuyuzu坐标系中具有4个运动自由度,即1个转动自由度ωT和3个平动自由度xuyuzu。前起落架非弹性支承质量块质心C的动力学方程表示为:
式中  为非弹簧支承质量块质心在ou-xuyuzu坐标系中沿着xuyuzu方向的加速度分量;ωT为机轮转动角速度;Mu为起落架非弹性支承质量;Iu为机轮转动惯量;R为机轮未压缩时的半径;为轮胎水平力沿着ouxuouzu方向的分量;MT为机轮刹车力矩;(FxFyFz)为起落架作用于机体连接点A上的力()在ou-xuyuzu坐标系中沿着xuyuzu方向的分量,表示为:
式中  为坐标系转换矩阵,表示为:
式中  θ为起落架支柱俯仰角。
方程(10)的初始条件可以表示为:
式中  VL为飞机航向速度;VS为飞机下沉速度;()为起落架轮轴中心C点在机体坐标系o-xtytzt中的初始坐标。
飞机起落架缓冲支柱受力模型如图5所示。受力关系可以表示为:
式中 ()和()分别为C点和A点在机体坐标系o-xtytzt下的坐标;θAz为缓冲支柱与垂向的夹角;为前起落架作用于机体上的力矩;分别为缓冲支柱航向和侧向弯曲力,表示为:
式中  分别表示缓冲支柱航向和侧向弯曲刚度;ΔzΔx分别表示缓冲支柱航向和侧向变形;为缓冲器全伸长时A,B两点之间的距离。
本文利用ALTLAS软件进行起落架落震试验仿真计算。ALTLAS软件是中国飞机强度研究所将多年的试验与理论研究相结合开发的一款工程化系统软件,主要用于飞机起落架缓冲性能分析、滑跑载荷分析、缓冲器油孔参数优化等18-19
本文首先在ALTLAS软件中进行舰载机前起落架动力学参数化建模,将非弹性支承质量简化集中于非弹性支承质量中心(轮轴中心点),起落架缓冲支柱简化为无质量弹性杆。然后将所有独立自由度的动力学方程降阶为一阶方程后,采用“四阶龙格-库塔”法对动力学方程组进行时域求解。最后对不同参数下舰载机前起落架的缓冲特性进行参数敏感性数值计算分析。
为了验证本文理论模型的正确性和有效性,起落架落震试验在具有仿升力模拟系统的落震试验台上开展,采用自由落体的方式进行。落震试验台如图6所示。
仿升落震试验中的起落架当量质量等于整个落体系统(包括吊篮、起落架、夹具、配重等)的质量,通过调节配重块达到试验要求;起落架支柱与航向夹角(飞机着舰俯仰角)通过安装夹具确定;起落架触台垂向速度(飞机着舰下沉速度)由落体系统的提升高度确定;起落架所需仿升力由仿升筒提供,通过调节仿升系统气压达到试验要求。
借助安装在试验系统中的位移、力等传感器获取起落架触及测力平台后的动态响应。仿升落震试验流程如图7所示。
本文以某型舰载机前起落架为研究对象,基于升力加载法18对其缓冲性能进行参数敏感性分析。该型起落架支柱航向前倾角为0°,侧向倾角为0°,升重比取1。起落架基本参数如表1所示。
为了验证本文动力学建模和仿真计算的正确性,选取下沉速度为6.5 m/s和7 m/s的落震工况进行验证对比,机轮带转速度为0,高、低压腔充填压力分别为10 MPa和1 MPa(100%正常充填)。数值计算与试验验证数据对比如表23所示。
从对比结果可以看出,试验与仿真计算结果的相对误差最大为2.5%,最小可达0.3%,满足工程实践要求。
通过试验与仿真计算结果对比,已经验证了本文动力学模型的准确性。由于舰载机前起落架双腔缓冲器设计是为了同时满足突伸和缓冲性能需要,在高、低压腔总体积已经确定的情况下,本文讨论缓冲器低压腔初始充填压力,高压腔初始充填压力,高、低压腔体积占比等参数对前起落架缓冲性能的影响。仿真计算工况如表4所示。
图89给出了低压腔容差对缓冲器空气弹簧力和地面垂直载荷的影响。如图8所示,低压腔初始压力直接影响缓冲器空气弹簧的刚度。当低压腔初始压力增大时,缓冲器空气弹簧力随之增大,此时的缓冲器不易被压缩,压缩行程减小。在高压腔启动前,空气弹簧力由低压腔提供,所以从图8可以看出,低压腔压力主要影响高、低压腔行程临界点前的缓冲器空气弹簧力。另外,在高压腔体积和气压不变的情况下,低压腔压力越大,高压腔启动所需的压缩行程就越小,这是因为此时高压腔启动所需克服的空气弹簧力不变,低压腔压力越大,高压腔越容易启动。低压腔初始压力变化影响缓冲器空气弹簧力,进而影响起落架着舰垂直载荷。如图9所示,随着低压腔初始压力增大,起落架着舰最大垂直载荷(气峰)随之增大,起落架着舰所承受的撞击力变大。
图1011研究了高压腔容差对缓冲器空气弹簧力和地面垂直载荷的影响。如图10所示,高压腔初始压力主要影响高压腔启动后的空气弹簧力。随着高压腔初始压力增大,高、低压腔临界行程后的空气弹簧刚度变大,此时的压缩行程减小,缓冲器不易被压缩。另外,从图10还可以看出,低压腔体积和气压不变时,缓冲器高压腔启动所需的压缩行程随着高压腔初始压力的增大而增大,这是因为此时高压腔启动所需克服的空气弹簧力变大。如图11所示,起落架着舰最大垂直载荷随着高压腔初始压力的增大而增大,此时起落架着舰时由于承受高的过载,可能会产生剧烈振荡。
图1213给出了高、低压腔体积占比变化对缓冲器空气弹簧力和地面垂直载荷的影响。从图12可以看出,高、低压腔体积比变化对行程-空气弹簧力的影响贯穿缓冲器的整个压缩过程,这一点与高、低压腔的初始压力容差的影响有所区别。当高压腔体积占比逐渐增大时,空气弹簧力变大,缓冲器不易被压缩,同一载荷下的压缩行程变小,空气弹簧刚度变大。此外,如图13所示,在气腔总体积一定的情况下,随着高压腔体积占比增大,地面最大垂直载荷变大,不利于起落架着舰缓冲,此时起落架着舰时将会承受较为严重的冲击。
本文建立了前起落架缓冲性能分析动力学模型,并将仿真计算结果与落震试验结果进行了对比,验证了理论模型的正确性和合理性。然后利用动力学模型对舰载机前起落架的缓冲性能进行了参数敏感性分析。结果表明,随着高、低压腔初始压力增大,缓冲器的空气弹簧刚度和地面垂直载荷也随之变大;缓冲器气腔总体积不变,随着高压腔体积占比增大,缓冲器空气弹簧刚度增大,缓冲器不易被压缩,作用在起落架上的地面垂直载荷也随之增加。为了满足前起落架突伸性能,一味地提高起落架缓冲器气腔压力和高压腔体积占比,不利于预防缓冲支柱载荷过快增长而导致超出起落架强度极限载荷,影响飞机着舰安全,这与提高起落架突伸性能相矛盾。因此,对舰载机前起落架缓冲器设计而言,应通过不断分析和优化,同时兼顾突伸和缓冲两项功能。
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2024年第37卷第3期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.015
  • 接收时间:2022-08-14
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-14
  • 修回日期:2022-10-07
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    中国飞机强度研究所结构冲击动力学航空科技重点实验室,陕西 西安 710065
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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