Article(id=1228048671179207209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228048667874095618, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1661788800000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-30, revisedDate=1665590400000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770719219249, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770719219249, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770719219249, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770719219249, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228048667874095618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='3', pageStart='365', pageEnd='538', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770719218462, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795476854, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368518803030940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228048667874095618, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368518803030941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228048667874095618, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=464, endPage=475, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228048671397311024, articleId=1228048671179207209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Lightweight seismic control of high-rise chimneys with different kinds of tuned mass inerter systems, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The additional tuning mass damper is a traditional control technique for the chimney,but it usually requires a large additional tuning mass and auxiliary installation space,which brings inconvenience to the construction and installation. This study proposes utilizing the additional tuned mass inerter system (TMIS) to reduce seismic responses of the chimney. The apparent mass effect of the inerter is employed to achieve the goal of lightweight control. Meanwhile,considering that the influence of high-order modes of the high-rise chimney on its seismic responses cannot be ignored,the distributed TMISs arranged along the height of the chimney are proposed to achieve the multimode control effect. Mechanical models of the TMISs based on two different inerter subsystems are established,and the equations of motion for the chimney with corresponding additional distributed TMISs are established. Taking Kanai-Tajimi’s spectrum as the random seismic excitation input and based on the extended fixed-point theory,the simplified assumptions for part of the design parameters of distributed TMISs are proposed. The demand-oriented multimode optimization design method for the chimney with distributed TMISs is presented. The effectiveness of the proposed design method is verified by a design case. The lightweight and multimode control effects of additional distributed TMISs are examined by comparative analyses. The rationality of the simplification based on the extended fixed-point theory is verified through parameter analysis. The results show that the proposed design method can achieve the expected target performance using the two distributed TMISs. Both the two distributed TMISs behave obvious lightweight control effect.

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附加调谐质量阻尼器是烟囱结构的一种传统减震控制方法,然而其通常需要较大的附加质量及额外的安装空间,这为施工安装带来不便。本文提出附加调谐质量惯容系统(TMIS)控制高耸烟囱的地震响应,以利用惯容元件的表观质量效果实现轻量化减震目标。同时,考虑烟囱高阶模态对其地震响应不容忽视的影响,提出沿烟囱高度布置的分布式TMIS以实现多模态控制效果。建立了基于两种不同惯容子系统的TMIS力学模型及相应的附加分布式TMIS烟囱运动方程。以金井清谱为随机地震激励输入,并基于改进的定点理论提出了分布式TMIS的部分设计参数简化假设,提出了基于需求的分布式TMIS烟囱结构多模态优化设计方法。通过实例验证了所建议设计方法的有效性,并对比检验了分布式TMIS的轻量化及多模态控制效果,通过参数分析检验了所采用的改进定点理论简化的合理性。结果表明:所建议的设计方法可以按照预定目标发挥两种分布式TMIS的减震性能,两种分布式TMIS均显示了明显的轻量化减震效果。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张瑞甫(1980―),男,博士,副教授。电话: (021) 65983701; E-mail:
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张力(1993—),男,博士研究生。电话: (021) 65982390; E-mail:

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figureFileBig=KcCdxA9/gF2xfXsLf/clHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228048718147023800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228048671179207209, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Information of sizes of the chimney structure

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编号截面高度H/m筒壁外侧直径D/m筒壁内侧直径d/m截面厚度t/m
24300.021.220.40.4
23287.521.220.40.4
22275.021.220.40.4
21262.521.220.40.4
20250.021.220.40.4
19237.521.220.40.4
18225.021.220.40.4
17212.521.220.40.4
16200.021.220.40.4
15187.521.220.40.4
14175.021.220.00.6
13162.522.120.90.6
12150.023.021.70.65
11137.523.922.60.65
10125.024.823.50.65
9112.525.724.30.7
8100.026.625.20.7
787.527.526.10.7
675.028.426.90.75
562.529.327.80.75
450.030.228.70.75
337.531.129.50.8
225.032.030.40.8
112.532.931.30.8
0033.832.20.8
), ArticleFig(id=1228048718209938361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228048671179207209, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

烟囱结构的尺寸信息

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编号截面高度H/m筒壁外侧直径D/m筒壁内侧直径d/m截面厚度t/m
24300.021.220.40.4
23287.521.220.40.4
22275.021.220.40.4
21262.521.220.40.4
20250.021.220.40.4
19237.521.220.40.4
18225.021.220.40.4
17212.521.220.40.4
16200.021.220.40.4
15187.521.220.40.4
14175.021.220.00.6
13162.522.120.90.6
12150.023.021.70.65
11137.523.922.60.65
10125.024.823.50.65
9112.525.724.30.7
8100.026.625.20.7
787.527.526.10.7
675.028.426.90.75
562.529.327.80.75
450.030.228.70.75
337.531.129.50.8
225.032.030.40.8
112.532.931.30.8
0033.832.20.8
), ArticleFig(id=1228048718323184570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228048671179207209, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparisons between natural frequencies of different chimney models

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模型自振频率/Hz
一阶二阶三阶
误差/%0.351.291.02
集中质量模型0.2861.0852.637
ANSYS模型x-z平面0.2941.0992.664
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不同烟囱模型的自振频率对比

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模型自振频率/Hz
一阶二阶三阶
误差/%0.351.291.02
集中质量模型0.2861.0852.637
ANSYS模型x-z平面0.2941.0992.664
), ArticleFig(id=1228048718474179516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228048671179207209, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Design cases of the chimney damping structure with distributed TMIS

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工况编号场地条件TMIS惯容子系统
C-F-Ⅰ硬土场地混联Ⅰ型0.75
C-F-Ⅱ硬土场地混联Ⅱ型0.75
C-S-Ⅰ软土场地混联Ⅰ型0.75
C-S-Ⅱ软土场地混联Ⅱ型0.75
), ArticleFig(id=1228048718553871293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228048671179207209, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

分布式TMIS烟囱减震结构设计工况

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工况编号场地条件TMIS惯容子系统
C-F-Ⅰ硬土场地混联Ⅰ型0.75
C-F-Ⅱ硬土场地混联Ⅱ型0.75
C-S-Ⅰ软土场地混联Ⅰ型0.75
C-S-Ⅱ软土场地混联Ⅱ型0.75
), ArticleFig(id=1228048718620980158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228048671179207209, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Design parameters of the chimney damping structure under different design cases

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工况编号设计参数
C-F-Ⅰ0.0570.017
C-F-Ⅱ0.0480.014
C-S-Ⅰ0.0510.015
C-S-Ⅱ0.0450.013
), ArticleFig(id=1228048718704866239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228048671179207209, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同工况下烟囱减震结构设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号设计参数
C-F-Ⅰ0.0570.017
C-F-Ⅱ0.0480.014
C-S-Ⅰ0.0510.015
C-S-Ⅱ0.0450.013
), ArticleFig(id=1228048718788752320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228048671179207209, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparisons between time-history analysis results and demand target of the chimney damping structure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号
平均值
C-F-Ⅰ0.7500.751
C-F-Ⅱ0.7500.753
C-S-Ⅰ0.7500.742
C-S-Ⅱ0.7500.745
), ArticleFig(id=1228048718868444097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228048671179207209, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

烟囱减震结构时程分析结果与需求目标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号
平均值
C-F-Ⅰ0.7500.751
C-F-Ⅱ0.7500.753
C-S-Ⅰ0.7500.742
C-S-Ⅱ0.7500.745
), ArticleFig(id=1228048718943941570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228048671179207209, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Lightweight indices of distributed TMIS under different design cases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号分布式TMD分布式混联Ⅰ型TMIS分布式混联Ⅱ型TMIS
/%/%
C-10.040.7940.7940.0280.00630.00.7940.0260.00635.0
C-20.060.7730.7730.0380.01036.70.7730.0340.00943.3
C-30.080.7620.7620.0460.01342.50.7620.0400.01150.0
), ArticleFig(id=1228048719015244739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228048671179207209, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同工况下分布式TMIS的轻量化指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况编号分布式TMD分布式混联Ⅰ型TMIS分布式混联Ⅱ型TMIS
/%/%
C-10.040.7940.7940.0280.00630.00.7940.0260.00635.0
C-20.060.7730.7730.0380.01036.70.7730.0340.00943.3
C-30.080.7620.7620.0460.01342.50.7620.0400.01150.0
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附加不同形式调谐质量惯容系统的高耸烟囱轻量化减震控制
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张力 1, 2 , 张瑞甫 1, 2 , 薛松涛 2, 3 , 谢丽宇 2
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(3): 464-475
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(3): 464-475
附加不同形式调谐质量惯容系统的高耸烟囱轻量化减震控制
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张力1, 2 , 张瑞甫1, 2 , 薛松涛2, 3, 谢丽宇2
作者信息
  • 1同济大学土木工程学院土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室, 上海 200092
  • 2同济大学土木工程学院结构防灾减灾工程系, 上海 200092
  • 3日本东北工业大学建筑系, 仙台 982- 8577
  • 张力(1993—),男,博士研究生。电话: (021) 65982390; E-mail:

通讯作者:

张瑞甫(1980―),男,博士,副教授。电话: (021) 65983701; E-mail:
Lightweight seismic control of high-rise chimneys with different kinds of tuned mass inerter systems
Li ZHANG1, 2 , Rui-fu ZHANG1, 2 , Song-tao XUE2, 3, Li-yu XIE2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering,College of Civil Engineering,Tongji University,Shanghai 200092,China
  • 2Department of Disaster Mitigation for Structures,College of Civil Engineering,Tongji University,Shanghai 200092,China
  • 3Department of Architecture,Tohoku Institute of Technology,Sendai 982- 8577,Japan
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.011
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附加调谐质量阻尼器是烟囱结构的一种传统减震控制方法,然而其通常需要较大的附加质量及额外的安装空间,这为施工安装带来不便。本文提出附加调谐质量惯容系统(TMIS)控制高耸烟囱的地震响应,以利用惯容元件的表观质量效果实现轻量化减震目标。同时,考虑烟囱高阶模态对其地震响应不容忽视的影响,提出沿烟囱高度布置的分布式TMIS以实现多模态控制效果。建立了基于两种不同惯容子系统的TMIS力学模型及相应的附加分布式TMIS烟囱运动方程。以金井清谱为随机地震激励输入,并基于改进的定点理论提出了分布式TMIS的部分设计参数简化假设,提出了基于需求的分布式TMIS烟囱结构多模态优化设计方法。通过实例验证了所建议设计方法的有效性,并对比检验了分布式TMIS的轻量化及多模态控制效果,通过参数分析检验了所采用的改进定点理论简化的合理性。结果表明:所建议的设计方法可以按照预定目标发挥两种分布式TMIS的减震性能,两种分布式TMIS均显示了明显的轻量化减震效果。

减震  /  惯容  /  烟囱  /  多模态控制  /  调谐

The additional tuning mass damper is a traditional control technique for the chimney,but it usually requires a large additional tuning mass and auxiliary installation space,which brings inconvenience to the construction and installation. This study proposes utilizing the additional tuned mass inerter system (TMIS) to reduce seismic responses of the chimney. The apparent mass effect of the inerter is employed to achieve the goal of lightweight control. Meanwhile,considering that the influence of high-order modes of the high-rise chimney on its seismic responses cannot be ignored,the distributed TMISs arranged along the height of the chimney are proposed to achieve the multimode control effect. Mechanical models of the TMISs based on two different inerter subsystems are established,and the equations of motion for the chimney with corresponding additional distributed TMISs are established. Taking Kanai-Tajimi’s spectrum as the random seismic excitation input and based on the extended fixed-point theory,the simplified assumptions for part of the design parameters of distributed TMISs are proposed. The demand-oriented multimode optimization design method for the chimney with distributed TMISs is presented. The effectiveness of the proposed design method is verified by a design case. The lightweight and multimode control effects of additional distributed TMISs are examined by comparative analyses. The rationality of the simplification based on the extended fixed-point theory is verified through parameter analysis. The results show that the proposed design method can achieve the expected target performance using the two distributed TMISs. Both the two distributed TMISs behave obvious lightweight control effect.

seismic reduction  /  inerter  /  chimney  /  multimode control  /  tune
张力, 张瑞甫, 薛松涛, 谢丽宇. 附加不同形式调谐质量惯容系统的高耸烟囱轻量化减震控制. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (3) : 464 -475 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.011
Li ZHANG, Rui-fu ZHANG, Song-tao XUE, Li-yu XIE. Lightweight seismic control of high-rise chimneys with different kinds of tuned mass inerter systems[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (3) : 464 -475 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.011
烟囱结构是工业建筑中排放烟气的重要构筑物,其安全性对于生产生活及社会经济具有重要意义1。然而,过去数十年间的震害调查表明,作为一种高耸细长型结构,烟囱在地震作用下极易发生破坏,直接或间接造成了巨大的经济损失2-4。针对高耸结构的抗震性能提升问题,已有学者建议了如附加拉索阻尼器5、黏滞阻尼器6及调谐质量阻尼器(Tuned Mass Damper,TMD)7等减震方案,而对于烟囱这类高耸特种结构而言,使用TMD的减震方案更为常见。Brownjohn等8基于实时性能监测系统的监测数据验证了顶部附加TMD的183 m烟囱结构的减震有效性。Longarini等9则通过有限元模拟分析了顶部悬挂TMD烟囱结构的减震性能提升效果。Elias等10建议了沿烟囱高度方向分布式布置TMD的减震方案,以应对高耸烟囱的高阶模态在结构地震响应中比重较大的问题。其分析结果表明,对比单个TMD烟囱减震结构,附加分布式TMD的烟囱减震效果更佳。尽管相关研究已证明附加TMD可有效抑制烟囱地震响应,但是TMD所需要的调谐质量往往较大,从施工安装及检修更换的角度而言往往会带来不便。
近年来,具有表观质量放大效果的惯容减震技术受到了学者们的重点关注11-14。惯容元件是一种两端点的加速度相关型控制元件,其通过相关机制可将装置两端点间的运动转化为数千倍于装置自身物理质量的表观质量14-16。相较于惯容装置的表观质量,其自身的物理质量可忽略不计。以惯容为核心控制元件的减震装置称为惯容系统,可从惯性、刚度及阻尼三个方面对结构的动力特性进行灵活调整,具有表观质量放大及阻尼增效等特征16-18。通过将惯容系统引入调谐减震装置,利用惯容的表观质量效果替代部分调谐质量的功能而不增加减震装置的附加物理质量,从而提供了一种轻量化的减震方式19。Garrido等20通过将TMD中的阻尼元件替换为惯容系统,提出了旋转惯性双调谐质量阻尼器(Rotational Inertia Double Tuned Mass Damper,RIDTMD),并通过分析表明同等质量情况下RIDTMD的减震效果优于经典的TMD。Marian等21将接地的惯容与TMD相连,提出了调谐质量阻尼惯容器(Tuned Mass Damper Inerter,TMDI)以实现轻量化减震。需要指出的是,TMDI中惯容接地的做法使得惯容元件退化为绝对加速度相关的普通质量元件,相当于舍弃了惯容两端点惯性特征的重要特点,其力学原理与TMD没有本质的区别,且接地的安装形式具有一定的局限性19。在Garrido等20关于RIDTMD的研究中未明确该装置的轻量化特点,张瑞甫等19在RIDTMD的基础上结合不同的惯容系统提出具有轻量化特性的广义调谐质量惯容系统(Tuned Mass Inerter System,TMIS),并结合单自由度体系提出了基于需求的设计方法。杨涵等22将TMIS用于烟囱结构的风振控制,分析表明TMIS相较于经典的TMD具有更高的减振效率。但该研究并未考虑烟囱的高阶模态影响。Zhang等23考虑了烟囱的高阶模态影响,将TMIS用于烟囱结构地震响应的多模态减震设计。然而,以上研究仅采用单一形式的TMIS,未对比不同形式TMIS的减震性能,且地震激励采用简单的白噪声假设,未考虑场地影响。
针对以上问题,本文建议在烟囱上附加分布式TMIS以实现其地震响应的轻量化多模态减震控制。采用具有不同力学拓扑形式的混联型惯容子系统的调谐质量惯容系统(TMIS),建立了附加分布式TMIS烟囱减震结构的运动方程。为实现轻量化减震效果,以随机均方意义下调谐质量最小化为目标,提出了基于需求的不同形式TMIS烟囱减震结构轻量化优化控制设计流程。以某烟囱结构为算例,对比分析了不同力学拓扑形式下TMIS的轻量化减震效果,验证了所建议设计方法轻量化及多模态控制的有效性。
作为惯容系统中的核心部件,惯容元件的力学模型示意图可见图1,其出力与两端点间的相对加速度成正比,表示为:
式中  为惯容系数(或表观质量),其量纲同质量;分别表示惯容元件的左端点和右端点加速度。
得益于惯容元件的表观质量效果,其可在不显著增大主体结构物理质量的前提下改变结构惯性特征,吸收结构振动能量。基于此特征,惯容系统可结合传统的调谐质量减震装置使用,利用其表观质量放大特性显著降低调谐质量的需求,从而达到轻量化减震目的。采用惯容子系统替换经典TMD中的阻尼元件,图2给出了基于两类混联型惯容子系统的调谐质量惯容系统(TMIS)的力学模型。其中,为调谐弹簧的刚度;为调谐质量;分别为惯容子系统中阻尼元件的阻尼系数和弹簧刚度;分别为TMIS的左端点和调谐质量的绝对位移;为惯容子系统中弹簧左端点的绝对位移。不同于经典TMD中的阻尼元件,图2所示TMIS中的混联型惯容子系统同时具备能量吸收及耗散效果,进而提供高效的减震控制效果。
图2中TMIS的总出力为:
式中  为惯容子系统的出力,对于混联Ⅰ型惯容系统(SPIS-Ⅰ)表示为:
对于混联Ⅱ型惯容系统(SPIS-Ⅱ)表示为:
本文通过在烟囱上附加TMIS以达到轻量化减震性能提升的目的,考虑到地震作用下高耸烟囱的高阶模态对其动力响应的影响不容忽视,进而建议沿烟囱高度方向布置分布式TMIS以达到多模态控制效果。拟采用n个TMIS控制烟囱结构的前n阶模态,基于两类不同惯容子系统的分布式TMIS烟囱减震结构力学模型可见图3图3D1DN分别为烟囱底部和顶部的截面直径,H为烟囱高度。针对烟囱主体结构,本研究采用集中质量模型模拟其动力行为,其示意图如图3(b)所示。结构的质量矩阵及刚度矩阵通过二维梁单元的单元质量矩阵及刚度矩阵进行叠加获得。同时为简化计算,采用静力缩聚方法对烟囱结构的转动自由度进行缩减而仅保留平动自由度,进而得到缩聚后的结构质量矩阵及刚度矩阵。结构的阻尼矩阵则通过瑞利法获得。烟囱原结构的运动方程表示为:
式中  为烟囱的节点位移矢量;分别为对应节点的速度和加速度矢量;为影响系数矢量;为地面运动加速度。
需要指出的是,尽管以下分析是基于二维结构进行的,但相关分析方法与结果是适用于实际的三维烟囱结构的。在TMIS装置的实际应用中,相关参数应根据最不利方向的二维分析结果获得,调谐质量块应为围绕烟囱外筒壁设置的质量环,弹簧、阻尼及惯容部件则应均匀分布于质量环与烟囱外筒壁之间。考虑分布式TMIS烟囱减震结构的动力平衡,可求得结构运动方程:
式中  分别为分布式TMIS烟囱减震结构的质量、阻尼和刚度矩阵;分别为烟囱减震结构的加速度、速度和位移矢量;为对应于地面运动等效惯性的质量矩阵;为烟囱减震结构影响系数矢量。
对于分布式TMIS烟囱减震结构,以上矩阵及矢量可分别表示为:
当烟囱附加的分布式TMIS中采用混联Ⅰ型惯容子系统时,式(7)~(10)中相关的分块矩阵可分别表示为:
式(14)~(18)中的列向量表示烟囱上第i个TMIS的位置指示向量,其第i个元素为1,其余元素均为0。表示第n个TMIS的位置指示向量,n为附加的TMIS总个数。
根据图3(c)和(d)可知,分布式TMIS烟囱减震结构中混联Ⅰ型惯容子系统与混联Ⅱ型惯容子系统的力学拓扑形式仅阻尼元件的相对位置发生了变化,其余力学元件位置均相同。因此,分布式混联Ⅱ型TMIS烟囱减震结构的矩阵与分布式混联Ⅰ型TMIS烟囱减震结构相同,可根据式(13)及式(17)~(20)分别计算相应的分块矩阵,而其对应的矩阵中的分块矩阵可分别表示为:
本文考虑地面激励的随机特性进行烟囱减震结构的优化设计,随机地震动激励采用经典的金井清谱24,其功率谱密度函数表示为:
式中  为激励频率;分别表示结构场地的频率和阻尼比;表示基岩白噪声激励的谱强度。对于硬土场地,可分别取15 rad/s和0.6;而对于软土场地,则可分别取5 rad/s和0.2。
式(24)的状态空间形式可表示为:
式中  表示零均值的基岩高斯白噪声时程;为状态向量;为状态矩阵,可分别表示为:
为方便求解结构的随机响应,重写式(6)获得分布式TMIS烟囱减震结构的状态空间方程:
式中  为烟囱减震结构位移及速度的状态矢量;为烟囱减震结构位移响应的输出矢量;为相关的结构状态矩阵,可分别根据以下公式求得:
将式(25)与(29)结合,可得到考虑金井清谱的烟囱减震结构的扩展状态空间方程:
式中  为状态矢量;为响应输出矢量;为结构状态矩阵,可分别表示为:
于是,结构响应输出矢量的协方差矩阵可表示为:
式中 矩阵为状态协方差矩阵,可通过求解下式的李雅普诺夫方程获得:
协方差矩阵中包含烟囱减震结构所有节点的位移随机响应,其第j个对角线元素的平方根即结构第j个节点位移响应的均方根,表示为:
式中  为第j个元素为1、其余元素为0的位置向量。
对于采用分布式TMIS进行多模态控制的烟囱减震结构,需要确定所布置的TMIS的位置。本文建议根据模态分析所得的结构振型确定TMIS的布置位置,布置原则为:(1)所控制的结构每阶模态均对应单个不同的TMIS;(2)控制结构第i阶模态的第i个TMIS应布置于结构第i阶振型幅值最大或较大的节点上;(3)为避免单个位置的减震装置较重,用于控制不同阶结构模态的TMIS不布置于同一位置,即根据不同阶模态振型最大幅值所确定的位置若相同,则对应控制更高阶模态的TMIS应布置于振型幅值仅次于其最大幅值的节点。
在确定分布式TMIS的布置位置之后,还需确定所布置各TMIS的设计参数。为方便使用,定义第i个TMIS的无量纲化参数:
式中  分别为第i个TMIS的调谐质量比、惯质比、内部频率比、名义自振频率比和名义阻尼比;为惯容子系统的名义频率;为第i个TMIS的名义频率;为烟囱结构第i阶自振频率;为结构第i阶模态质量;为归一化的结构第i阶振型,可通过令第i个TMIS安装节点的振型幅值为单位1确定。
图3可知,针对所安装的分布式TMIS,需要确定的设计参数数目为5n。为简化优化设计的计算过程,本文建议采用改进的定点理论25确定TMIS的部分优化设计参数。于是,对于分布式混联Ⅰ型TMIS,其部分设计参数可表示为:
根据改进的定点理论,分布式混联Ⅱ型TMIS的部分设计参数可表示为:
根据式(41)~(46)确定第i个TMIS的数值之后,则可求解其所有参数。为进一步简化优化设计,假定附加分布式TMIS的调谐质量比及名义阻尼比的参数分布与烟囱原结构安装节点的位移响应成正比,即
式中  分别为广义的调谐质量和阻尼比;为参数相关指数(可通过试算确定,建议取值范围为1~5);为关于烟囱顶部节点位移的归一化位移参数,可表示为:
式中  分别为烟囱原结构中安装第i个TMIS的节点的位移均方根响应和结构顶部位移均方根响应。
基于上述假设,分布式TMIS的设计参数获取简化为求解的数值,记待求解参数集为
考虑到地震作用下高耸烟囱结构的破坏与其位移响应联系密切26,同时,参考基于性能需求的设计思想,本文以烟囱的顶部位移作为性能目标。定义位移减震比作为性能指标,表示为:
式中  为附加分布式TMIS烟囱减震结构的顶部位移均方根响应。
如前所述,基于惯容系统的表观质量效果,本文所建议的TMIS具有轻量化减震特性。为充分发挥TMIS的轻量化减震控制优势,本文在实现烟囱位移性能需求的条件下,以减震装置附加质量最小作为优化目标,记目标函数为。于是,根据附加分布式TMIS的轻量化设计原则,烟囱减震结构的优化问题可表述为:
式中  为烟囱位移减震比需求;下标“max”和“min”分别为待求解参数取值的上限和下限。
式(50)描述了一个非线性约束的单目标多变量优化问题,本文采用MATLAB的内置函数“fmincon”求解该问题,优化算法采用序列二次规划方法(Sequential Quadratic Programming,SQP)。
根据2.1节介绍的分布式TMIS设计参数简化及本节得到的优化设计公式,可总结得到分布式TMIS烟囱减震结构的设计方法。设计流程可见图4,主要设计步骤为:
(1)对烟囱原结构进行模态分析,确定附加分布式TMIS的布置位置及参数分布模式,并根据性能需求确定性能目标;
(2)针对附加TMIS所采用的惯容子系统,确定相应的参数简化公式,并根据式(50)建立优化设计方程;
(3)求解优化设计方程,获取设计参数;
(4)采用动力时程分析检验分布式TMIS烟囱减震结构性能及多模态控制效果。若满足要求则完成设计,否则修改参数相关指数的取值或改变参数分布模式(如采用等质量比分布模式),重复(1)~(3)步直至满足性能需求。
为说明所建议的多模态优化设计方法并检验分布式TMIS的轻量化多模态减震效果,针对某烟囱结构进行减震设计以提升其结构性能。某300 m高钢筋混凝土烟囱结构,其混凝土弹性模量和密度分别取为2.5×1010 N/m2和2400 kg/m3,结构阻尼比取为0.05。依据结构特征,将烟囱分为24个长度为12.5 m的等效梁单元进行数值模拟,相关尺寸信息如表1所示。
根据1.2节的建议,建立24自由度的集中质量模型以模拟烟囱结构的动力行为。假定烟囱的基础是固定的,忽略土-结构相互作用的影响。考虑本文的主要研究目的是检验TMIS的轻量化减震效果,为简化考虑将分析聚焦于烟囱上部结构。关于土-结构相互作用对TMIS轻量化减震效果的影响,有待未来进一步研究。为验证所建立集中质量模型的可靠性,基于表1中的结构尺寸采用ANSYS软件建立烟囱的有限元模型,结构单元采用SHELL63壳单元。烟囱结构的集中质量模型及ANSYS有限元模型x-z平面振动经过模态分析后的前三阶自振频率对比如表2所示,前三阶振型对比如图5所示。由对比可知,采用不同建模方式的烟囱结构频率差距较小,振型形状也基本吻合,因而验证了所采用的集中质量简化模型的可靠性。
针对上述烟囱结构,本文采用分布式TMIS控制结构前三阶模态的地震响应,并在后文与仅控制第一阶模态及前两阶模态的烟囱减震结构响应进行对比。依据2.1节所述的分布式TMIS位置确定原则,选定控制一阶模态的TMIS-1布置于烟囱顶部节点,控制二阶模态的TMIS-2布置于23号节点,控制三阶模态的TMIS-3布置于17号节点,具体如图5所示。同时根据模态分析结果,求得前三阶结构模态质量分别为4.30×106,7.99×106及1.06×107 kg。针对采用两种不同力学拓扑形式的惯容子系统及不同的场地特征,设定4种不同的设计工况,如表3所示。
根据图4所示的设计流程,采用MATLAB编制程序求解分布式TMIS的设计参数。其中,参数相关指数经试算取为3,参数取值的上限和下限分别为1和0.01,取值的上限和下限分别为0.9和0.01。求解式(50)所示的优化问题,可得不同工况下分布式TMIS的设计参数如表4所示。
表4可知,在相同的位移减震比需求下,采用混联Ⅱ型惯容子系统的分布式TMIS在软土及硬土场地条件下的设计参数数值均小于采用混联Ⅰ型惯容子系统的分布式TMIS设计参数数值。因此,针对高耸烟囱结构,采用本文参数设计建议的分布式混联Ⅱ型TMIS的经济性优于分布式混联Ⅰ型TMIS。
针对表4中不同分布式TMIS参数的设计工况,分别对应硬土及软土场地随机生成20条过滤白噪声,并将生成的20条样本分别输入到对应设计工况的烟囱原结构及分布式TMIS烟囱减震结构进行动力时程分析。分析完成后,分别统计不同工况下烟囱原结构及减震结构的动力响应,根据式(49)分别计算不同工况下结构的位移减震比,并求取20条过滤白噪声激励计算结果的均值,与目标性能需求进行对比,结果如表5所示。对比显示不同工况下动力时程分析结果的均值与理论需求均相差较小,因而验证了本文所建议设计方法的可靠性。
以硬土场地为例,本节对比传统的分布式TMD,说明采用不同惯容子系统的两种分布式TMIS的轻量化减震效果。对比中,分布式TMD同样控制结构前三阶模态的响应,其布置位置及调谐质量比的参数分布模式与分布式TMIS相同。在分布式TMIS的设计中,为简化设计,采用了改进的定点理论以获得部分设计参数。考虑到对比的公平性,分布式TMD的名义自振频率比及名义阻尼比通过经典的定点理论27求解,表达式如下:
同时,定义指标来评估分布式TMIS对调谐质量的轻量化效果,其求解如下式所示:
该指标数值越大,代表分布式TMIS的轻量化效果越好。
对于传统的分布式TMD,取3组不同的广义调谐质量比作为3种设计工况,并根据式(47)的参数分布模式及式(51)和(52)计算分布式TMD的其他设计参数,得到硬土场地条件下过滤白噪声激励的分布式TMD烟囱结构减震比。按照2.2节所述的设计方法,以附加分布式TMD烟囱减震结构的减震比作为分布式TMIS的目标减震比,即,进而求解硬土场地条件下的数值并计算轻量化指标,相关结果如表6所示。
表6可知,在相同的目标减震性能下,对比传统的分布式TMD,采用混联Ⅰ型及混联Ⅱ型惯容子系统的分布式TMIS均可有效降低调谐质量需求,达到明显的轻量化减震效果。对比而言,对于烟囱结构的减震控制,分布式混联Ⅱ型TMIS的轻量化效果要优于分布式混联Ⅰ型TMIS。
基于以上分析结果,以轻量化减震效果更佳的分布式混联Ⅱ型TMIS为例,进一步分析其多模态减震控制效果。以C-F-Ⅱ工况为标准,在0.75的顶部位移目标减震比下,按照2.2节的优化设计策略,分别求解前两阶模态控制的烟囱减震结构附加分布式TMIS设计参数及单模态控制的TMIS设计参数。进行前两阶模态控制时,TMIS布置于烟囱顶部及23号节点,单模态控制则仅在烟囱顶部节点布置TMIS。对于进行不同模态控制的烟囱减震结构及烟囱原结构,分别绘制其顶部结构位移的归一化频响函数曲线,如图6所示。对比烟囱原结构的频响函数曲线,烟囱减震结构的共振区域峰值数目由于附加的TMIS而增加且峰值显著降低。图6中,对于前三阶模态控制的烟囱减震结构,其第三阶模态控制效果相较前两阶控制效果较差,这主要是由于TMIS-3的参数较小,但考虑烟囱第三阶模态的模态质量参与系数较小,设计结果可接受。若要提升高阶模态控制效果,建议减小取值,重新进行设计。同时,对于不同模态控制的烟囱减震结构,仅有目标模态的频响函数峰值显著降低,而未控制模态的频响函数曲线与烟囱原结构基本相同。因此,本文所建议的分布式TMIS控制策略可以精准有效地进行烟囱结构的目标模态减震控制。
为分析不同模态控制下烟囱附加分布式混联Ⅱ型TMIS的减震性能,同样针对以C-F-Ⅱ工况为标准的不同模态控制的烟囱减震结构,进一步求解不同地震波作用下烟囱减震结构的动力响应。地震波输入采用7条典型的强震记录,分别为El Centro波、Taft波、Imperial Valley波、Coalinga波、Kobe波、Northridge波以及Chi-Chi波。数值积分求解后,分别统计烟囱原结构及烟囱减震结构的顶部位移、顶部加速度及基底剪力响应,进而计算不同模态控制烟囱减震结构的顶部位移减震比、顶部加速度减震比及基底剪力减震比可根据式(49)进行计算,则按照下式进行计算:
式中  分别为烟囱原结构和烟囱减震结构的顶部加速度均方根值;则分别为烟囱原结构和烟囱减震结构的基底剪力均方根值。
不同地震波作用下,不同模态控制的烟囱减震结构动力响应对比如图7~9所示。分析结果显示,采用过滤白噪声激励的设计方法得到的分布式TMIS设计参数在地震激励下具有一定的适用性,且所设计的分布式TMIS可同时抑制地震激励下结构的位移、加速度及基底剪力响应。由图7可知,在顶部位移目标减震比均为0.75的情况下,采用TMIS进行不同模态控制时均可以有效降低烟囱位移响应,进行前两阶及前三阶模态的多模态控制的烟囱位移减震比较为接近,而进行单模态控制的烟囱位移减震比则略大于多模态控制的烟囱。而由图89可知,不同地震波作用下,采用分布式TMIS进行前两阶及前三阶模态控制的烟囱加速度及基底剪力减震比均明显小于单模态控制的加速度及基底剪力减震比,同时,前三阶模态控制的烟囱加速度及基底剪力减震比均小于前两阶模态控制的加速度及基底剪力减震比。因此,对比单模态控制的烟囱减震结构,采用分布式TMIS进行多模态控制的烟囱加速度及基底剪力减震效果更佳。
在2.1节中,为简化设计过程,采用改进的定点理论以提前确定分布式TMIS的部分参数设计关系,进而减少优化过程的计算量。由于定点理论是基于结构阻尼比为零的假设进行推导的,本节考虑了结构的固有阻尼进行参数分析,以检验该理论在本文所建议设计方法中使用的合理性。
本文采用改进的定点理论确定分布式TMIS的惯质比、内部频率比和名义自振频率比,余下的调谐质量比和名义阻尼比分别通过设定位移目标减震比并求解优化公式获得。于是,以本文所建议设计方法获得的参数为基准,在的数值不变,而分别改变数值的情况下,计算改变后数值对应的顶部位移减震比,并求得其与目标减震比的比值。以该数值的大小来衡量的相对偏离程度,从而说明采用改进的定点理论进行简化的合理性。
以C-F-Ⅱ工况为例,将该工况获得的设计参数作为基准,并采用左下标“opt”的进行标记,在改变数值,而数值不变的情况下进行参数分析,结果如图10所示。图10(a)中,的数值分别在0.5~1.5范围内变化,的数值为C-F-Ⅱ工况的设计参数数值不变,进而求解数值并绘制其等高线图。相应地,在图10(b)中,的数值分别在0.5~1.5范围内改变,分布式TMIS的其余设计参数数值不变,进而绘制的等高线图;在图10(c)中,的数值分别在0.5~1.5范围内改变,其余设计参数数值不变,绘制的等高线图。同时,在图10(a)~(c)中,采用红色正三角标注了C-F-Ⅱ工况的设计参数数值,黑色倒三角则表示等高线数值的最小值。由图10(a)~(c)可知,的大部分数值均大于1,最小值为0.99,且取最小响应值时的横/纵坐标数值与设计参数对应的横/纵坐标数值接近。从而说明了基于改进的定点理论假设求得的设计参数数值对应的减震比与固定参数情况下的最小减震比接近,同时,基于改进的定点理论假设所求得的设计参数数值与最优参数基本接近。因此,验证了本文基于改进的定点理论进行的简化设计是合理的。
本文针对高耸烟囱结构附加分布式TMIS的轻量化多模态减震控制系统,提出了基于需求的多模态优化设计方法,通过实例验证了优化设计方法的有效性,并得到以下结论:
(1)在相同的减震性能指标下,对比传统的分布式TMD,本文采用的两类分布式TMIS均可显著降低调谐质量需求,有效实现烟囱结构轻量化减震控制。其中,采用混联Ⅱ型惯容子系统的TMIS轻量化减震效果更佳。分布式TMIS的轻量化减震有助于减少调谐减震装置的占用空间,方便施工安装,降低成本。
(2)针对所采用的分布式TMIS,本文所建议的多模态优化设计方法可有效实现目标减震性能,并达到多模态控制效果。同时,在进行多模态控制时,所建议的设计方法仅控制目标模态响应,而不涉及无关模态,可达到目标模态的精准控制。
(3)在相同的位移减震性能指标下,进行更多阶模态控制的烟囱附加TMIS减震结构可以更好地抑制地震激励下的结构加速度及基底剪力响应,从而显示了多模态控制的优势。
(4)本文所建议的优化设计方法中基于改进定点理论简化考虑的零固有阻尼假设,对于考虑了固有阻尼的烟囱减震结构同样适用。
(5)本文所建议的分布式TMIS进行烟囱结构的轻量化多模态控制理论可扩展至其他类型的高耸结构,相关的分析研究有待进一步展开。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51978525)
  • 政府间国际科技创新合作重点专项(2021YFE0112200)
  • 中国地震局地震工程与工程振动重点实验室重点专项(2020EEEVL0401)
  • 中国地震局地震工程与工程振动重点实验室重点专项(2019EEVL03)
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2024年第37卷第3期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.011
  • 接收时间:2022-08-30
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-30
  • 修回日期:2022-10-13
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51978525)
政府间国际科技创新合作重点专项(2021YFE0112200)
中国地震局地震工程与工程振动重点实验室重点专项(2020EEEVL0401)
中国地震局地震工程与工程振动重点实验室重点专项(2019EEVL03)
作者信息
    1同济大学土木工程学院土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室, 上海 200092
    2同济大学土木工程学院结构防灾减灾工程系, 上海 200092
    3日本东北工业大学建筑系, 仙台 982- 8577

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张瑞甫(1980―),男,博士,副教授。电话: (021) 65983701; E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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