Article(id=1228048668373217794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228048667874095618, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1652630400000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-16, revisedDate=1658937600000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770719218581, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770719218581, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770719218581, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770719218581, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228048667874095618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='3', pageStart='365', pageEnd='538', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770719218462, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795476854, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368518803030940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228048667874095618, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368518803030941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228048667874095618, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=365, endPage=373, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228048668662624772, articleId=1228048668373217794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Nonlinear hydrodynamic characteristics and experiments of underwater flexible structure actuated by macro fiber composite undergoing large amplitude vibration, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Oscillating underwater flexible structure actuated by smart materials are widely used in the fields of robotic fish,autonomous underwater vehicle,precision medical instrument,and so on. In this paper,the nonlinear hydrodynamics of an underwater Macro Fiber Composite (MFC)-actuated flexible cantilever undergoing large amplitude vibration is studied. The fluid-structure coupled dynamic equation of the proposed structure is established. Parametric 2D CFD studies of the proposed structure at different characteristic frequencies and amplitudes are performed. The distribution and evolution of the flow field in the vicinity of the vibrating structure are revealed. CFD results show that the vortex shedding,diffusion and convection phenomena which are responsible for the nonlinear hydrodynamic damping effect appear as the vibration amplitude increases. Then,a manageable expression for the revised hydrodynamic function governed by the interplay of the characteristic frequency and vibration amplitude is presented to model the hydrodynamic load exerted on the flexible structure undergoing finite amplitude vibration. The imaginary part of the revised hydrodynamic function which accounts for the hydrodynamic damping effect decreases with the characteristic frequency for the small amplitude vibration. It first decreases then increases for the finite amplitude vibration,exhibiting a strong nonlinear behavior. Experimental results show that the measured frequency response spectrums of the proposed structure undergoing finite amplitude match well with the predicted results of the developed model. Thus,the validities of the developed hydrodynamic function and fluid-structure coupled dynamic equation are demonstrated.

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水下智能材料驱动柔性结构在机器鱼、水下航行器及精密医疗等领域具有广阔应用前景。本文研究了水下大振幅压电纤维(Macro Fiber Composite,MFC)致动柔性结构的非线性流体动力特性,建立了流固耦合振动模型,并进行了实验验证。通过参数化的二维CFD分析了不同特征振动频率及振幅下柔性结构周围流场的分布演化规律,发现随着柔性结构特征振幅增大,其周围流场逐渐出现了涡旋脱落及对流现象,且流体阻尼效应的非线性随之增强。提出了由特征振动频率和振幅共同确定的非线性修正流体动力函数解析表达式,分析结果表明:在小振幅情况下,修正流体动力函数虚部也就是流体阻尼效应随着特征振动频率的增大而减小;而当特征振幅增大到一定值后,流体阻尼效应随着特征振动频率的增大却呈现出先减小后增大的变化规律,具有强烈的非线性特性。开展了水下MFC致动柔性结构振动特性验证实验,证实柔性结构在MFC主动激励下的实测幅频、相频特性与理论预测结果基本一致,验证了所提修正流体动力函数表达式及流固耦合振动模型的有效性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
娄军强(1986—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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杨浙栋(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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杨浙栋(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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杨浙栋(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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Basic parameters of the MFC-actuated flexible structure

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参数符号单位数值
梁杨氏模量EbGPa30.34
梁长度lbmm122
梁密度ρbkg/m32700
梁截面厚度hbmm0.2
梁截面宽度bbmm20
MFC杨氏模量EpGPa30.34
MFC长度lpmm28
MFC等效密度ρpkg/m31813
MFC截面厚度hpmm0.3
MFC截面宽度bpmm20
MFC等效压电常数d33pm/V460
), ArticleFig(id=1228048685951545406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228048668373217794, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

MFC致动柔性结构基本参数

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参数符号单位数值
梁杨氏模量EbGPa30.34
梁长度lbmm122
梁密度ρbkg/m32700
梁截面厚度hbmm0.2
梁截面宽度bbmm20
MFC杨氏模量EpGPa30.34
MFC长度lpmm28
MFC等效密度ρpkg/m31813
MFC截面厚度hpmm0.3
MFC截面宽度bpmm20
MFC等效压电常数d33pm/V460
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水下大振幅压电纤维致动柔性结构的非线性流体动力特性及实验
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杨浙栋 1 , 娄军强 1, 2 , 陈特欢 1 , 崔玉国 1 , 魏燕定 2 , 李国平 1
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(3): 365-373
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(3): 365-373
水下大振幅压电纤维致动柔性结构的非线性流体动力特性及实验
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杨浙栋1 , 娄军强1, 2 , 陈特欢1, 崔玉国1, 魏燕定2, 李国平1
作者信息
  • 1宁波大学机械工程与力学学院浙江省零件轧制成形技术研究重点实验室, 浙江 宁波 315211
  • 2浙江大学机械工程学院浙江省先进制造技术重点研究实验室, 浙江 杭州 310027
  • 杨浙栋(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

娄军强(1986—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Nonlinear hydrodynamic characteristics and experiments of underwater flexible structure actuated by macro fiber composite undergoing large amplitude vibration
Zhe-dong YANG1 , Jun-qiang LOU1, 2 , Te-huan CHEN1, Yu-guo CUI1, Yan-ding WEI2, Guo-ping LI1
Affiliations
  • 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Part Rolling Technology,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics,Ningbo University,Ningbo 315211,China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province,School of Mechanical Engineering,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027,China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.001
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水下智能材料驱动柔性结构在机器鱼、水下航行器及精密医疗等领域具有广阔应用前景。本文研究了水下大振幅压电纤维(Macro Fiber Composite,MFC)致动柔性结构的非线性流体动力特性,建立了流固耦合振动模型,并进行了实验验证。通过参数化的二维CFD分析了不同特征振动频率及振幅下柔性结构周围流场的分布演化规律,发现随着柔性结构特征振幅增大,其周围流场逐渐出现了涡旋脱落及对流现象,且流体阻尼效应的非线性随之增强。提出了由特征振动频率和振幅共同确定的非线性修正流体动力函数解析表达式,分析结果表明:在小振幅情况下,修正流体动力函数虚部也就是流体阻尼效应随着特征振动频率的增大而减小;而当特征振幅增大到一定值后,流体阻尼效应随着特征振动频率的增大却呈现出先减小后增大的变化规律,具有强烈的非线性特性。开展了水下MFC致动柔性结构振动特性验证实验,证实柔性结构在MFC主动激励下的实测幅频、相频特性与理论预测结果基本一致,验证了所提修正流体动力函数表达式及流固耦合振动模型的有效性。

非线性流体动力学  /  流体动力函数  /  流固耦合振动  /  水下柔性结构  /  压电纤维

Oscillating underwater flexible structure actuated by smart materials are widely used in the fields of robotic fish,autonomous underwater vehicle,precision medical instrument,and so on. In this paper,the nonlinear hydrodynamics of an underwater Macro Fiber Composite (MFC)-actuated flexible cantilever undergoing large amplitude vibration is studied. The fluid-structure coupled dynamic equation of the proposed structure is established. Parametric 2D CFD studies of the proposed structure at different characteristic frequencies and amplitudes are performed. The distribution and evolution of the flow field in the vicinity of the vibrating structure are revealed. CFD results show that the vortex shedding,diffusion and convection phenomena which are responsible for the nonlinear hydrodynamic damping effect appear as the vibration amplitude increases. Then,a manageable expression for the revised hydrodynamic function governed by the interplay of the characteristic frequency and vibration amplitude is presented to model the hydrodynamic load exerted on the flexible structure undergoing finite amplitude vibration. The imaginary part of the revised hydrodynamic function which accounts for the hydrodynamic damping effect decreases with the characteristic frequency for the small amplitude vibration. It first decreases then increases for the finite amplitude vibration,exhibiting a strong nonlinear behavior. Experimental results show that the measured frequency response spectrums of the proposed structure undergoing finite amplitude match well with the predicted results of the developed model. Thus,the validities of the developed hydrodynamic function and fluid-structure coupled dynamic equation are demonstrated.

nonlinear hydrodynamics  /  hydrodynamic function  /  fluid-structure coupling vibration  /  underwater flexible structure  /  macro fiber composites (MFC)
杨浙栋, 娄军强, 陈特欢, 崔玉国, 魏燕定, 李国平. 水下大振幅压电纤维致动柔性结构的非线性流体动力特性及实验. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (3) : 365 -373 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.001
Zhe-dong YANG, Jun-qiang LOU, Te-huan CHEN, Yu-guo CUI, Yan-ding WEI, Guo-ping LI. Nonlinear hydrodynamic characteristics and experiments of underwater flexible structure actuated by macro fiber composite undergoing large amplitude vibration[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (3) : 365 -373 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.001
鉴于柔性结构具有质量轻、柔性好且载荷自重比高等优点,柔性结构与周围流体的耦合作用机制被研究者引入到工程领域中,在微纳机械传感/致动器件、柔性流体能量俘获装置、仿扑翼微飞行器以及水下仿生推进装备等领域得到广泛应用1-2。但是柔性结构特性导致其在流场运动中易产生弹性振动,使整个结构的动力学特性更加复杂,并降低了系统性能。因此黏性流体环境中柔性结构的流固耦合振动问题引起了国内外学者的广泛关注,并成为了研究热点3
压电陶瓷、形状记忆合金、离子基聚合物以及介电弹性体等智能材料为流体环境中柔性结构的驱动和主动控制提供了全新方式4。尤其是MFC致动器弥补了传统压电陶瓷柔韧性不足的缺点,具有柔性大、变形能力强且驱动力大的优点,并具有一定的防水性,适用于水下柔性结构变形的感知、驱动和控制。Zhang等5利用MFC收集了T形悬臂梁在水流冲击下的扭转振动能量。Dong等6设计了基于MFC致动圆形薄片的压电泵,实现了最大28.70 mL/min微量流体的精密传输。Seeley等7利用d31模式的MFC致动器主动控制柔性水翼的弹性振动,并研究了柔性水翼在不同流速下的阻尼特性。Tan等8和任枭荣等9分别设计了基于谐振式MFC致动柔性结构的水下机器鱼,证实了MFC在水下柔性结构的变形驱动领域的潜在价值。
与空气中柔性结构的动力学特性相比,水下柔性结构的流固耦合机制研究中面临的挑战就是如何确定非定常流体作用在柔性结构上的时变流体动力载荷。本质而言,作用在振荡柔性机构上的流体动力载荷是由结构变形诱导产生的非定常流体惯性、对流及扩散运动耦合产生的复杂作用力。Brumley等10提出解析式流体动力函数对小振幅无限薄的匀质矩形悬臂梁所受的流体动力载荷进行定量描述,其中流体动力函数的实部和虚部分别表征流体的附加质量和阻尼效应。Phan等11和Facci等12分别研究了结构厚宽比系数和宽长比系数对匀质矩形悬臂梁结构流体动力载荷的影响特性。赵立波等13通过研究作用在悬臂梁上的流体动压力,得到悬臂梁谐振频率与流体密度的函数关系。针对V形梁结构的变截面和变刚度的复杂几何特征,胡璐等14引入截面孔宽比系数对矩形梁流体动力函数进行修正,并通过实验验证了所提V形梁结构修正流体动力函数表达式的正确性。但是以上研究主要针对小振幅柔性结构的流固耦合振动问题,忽略了流体的非线性惯性对流效应,在线性简化的Stokes流场框架内分析求解流体动力载荷问题,而Aureli等15研究发现随着柔性结构振幅增大,流体的对流及旋涡脱落效应将主导非定常流场的变化。Demirer等16分析了水下柔性结构在智能材料变形产生内部弯矩驱动和在外部激励下变形行为的差异,指出水下柔性结构的末端振幅对流体动力载荷的附加质量效应影响较大。因此深入分析大振幅情况下压电纤维致动水下柔性结构的非线性流固耦合振动特性,对水下智能柔性结构的流固耦合性能分析和应用推广具有重要价值。
基于经典的Euler-Bernoulli梁理论,首先建立水下压电纤维致动柔性结构的流固耦合振动模型。通过参数化的二维CFD分析了不同特征参数下柔性结构周围流场的分布特征及演化规律,并拟合得到大振幅下MFC致动柔性结构的修正流体动力函数表达式。最后搭建实验测控平台,开展柔性结构在MFC主动激励下的空气和水下振动特性实验,验证所提修正流体动力函数表达式及流固耦合振动模型的有效性。
图1给出了水下MFC致动柔性梁结构示意图。一对MFC致动器对称地粘贴在柔性梁根部的上下表面。显然在MFC的致动控制下,柔性结构的振动响应与周围流体之间存在着显著的流固耦合效应。
在Euler-Bernoulli 梁简化前提下,水下压电纤维致动柔性悬臂梁的流固耦合动态模型可以表示为17
式中  mx)和kx)分别为MFC致动柔性结构在x截面处的等效质量和抗弯刚度;wxt),fxt)和Mxt)分别为柔性结构距离固定端x处的横向振动位移、流体动力载荷和MFC的致动力矩;符号“ ′ ”代表变量关于空间位置x的一阶导数,符号“ ”代表变量关于时间t的一阶导数。
将MFC致动柔性结构的等效质量mx)和等效抗弯刚度kx)沿着x方向分为两段,二者表达式分别为:
式中  ρb bbhb分别为梁的密度、截面宽度和厚度;ρpbphp分别为MFC的等效密度、截面宽度和厚度;EbIb分别为梁的杨氏模量和截面极惯性矩;EpIp分别为MFC致动器的等效杨氏模量和截面极惯性矩。
对于MFC致动器而言,通常可以将其视为由一系列沿着自身结构长度和宽度方向上的等效电容单元并联而成,图1中采用并联方式的两片MFC致动器的致动力矩Mxt)可表示为18
式中  λ为MFC致动器的机电耦合系数;δx)表示 Dirac 函数;d33表示MFC的等效压电常数;brlr代表MFC中等效体积单元的宽度和长度;m为等效体积单元沿着MFC宽度方向上的个数;Vt)为MFC的驱动电压。
式(1)中fxt)表示流体作用在柔性结构上的流体动力载荷。对柔性结构的低阶振动模态而言,其振动波长远大于自身的弹性变形。针对柔性结构的水下稳定振动行为,将作用在柔性结构单位长度方向上的流体动力载荷求解问题简化为刚性无限薄板振荡产生的二维流场运动问题。柔性结构振动引起的流体动力载荷的频域形式可以简化为:
式中  bx)为柔性结构特征宽度;ρf表示流体密度;ω为柔性结构振动角频率;上标“^”表示频域形式;Θxω)为未知的无量纲流体动力函数,其值由无量纲特征参数——柔性结构特征振动频率βxω)和柔性结构特征振幅εxω)共同决定。两个无量纲特征参数定义为:
式中  μ为流体动力黏度。
将式(2)~(7)代入到方程(1)中,并加入滞后形式的结构阻尼,得到方程(1)的频域表达形式为:
式中  ζ为MFC致动柔性结构的阻尼系数
基于Euler-Bernoulli梁变形理论,采用假设模态法描述水下柔性结构连续变形的频域形式为:
式中  n为保留模态阶数;φix)为第i阶模态振型函数;qiω)为第i阶广义模态坐标的频域形式。
将式(9)结果代入式(8),并采用标准模态分析方法,得到描述水下MFC致动柔性结构振动变形的流固耦合动力学方程为:
从式(10)中可以看出:在MFC的致动力矩和周围流体的非线性流体动力载荷作用下,即使Euler-Bernoulli梁是线性的,水下MFC致动柔性结构的动态响应仍具有强烈的非线性,且柔性结构的振幅和振动频率都影响着流体动力载荷的非线性动态特性。显然,流体动力函数Θβxω),εxω))决定了柔性结构振动过程中所受的流体动力载荷,其求解是分析水下MFC致动柔性结构流固耦合振动特性的关键。
MFC致动器具体型号为M2814-P1,由Smart Material公司封装制造。柔性梁结构材料采用铝合金1100,二者的基本尺寸和结构参数如表1所示。
数值分析过程中,为了尽可能减弱边界效应,流场区域大小设置为25 bx)×25 bx),bx)为柔性结构的特征宽度。综合考虑求解效率和求解精度,将流场划分为六个区域,并进行网格独立性和步长独立性验证,最后确定的二维流场区域划分结果如图2所示。CFD计算中选取柔性梁结构末端截面,综合考虑柔性结构大振幅工况,特征振动频率和特征振幅参数的取值范围分别为β∈[20,2000]和ε∈[0.001,0.1],具体参数取值为β={20,50,100,150,250,500,750,1000,1250,1500,1750,2000},ε={0.001,0.002,0.005,0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04,0.05,0.07,0.1}。基于UDF动网格技术,设置柔性梁末端截面在y方向上的位移为A0sin(ωt),其中振幅A0=ε×b
在ANSYS/Fluent中开展MFC致动柔性结构周围流场分析。控制柔性结构周围流体速度场vxyt)和压力场pxyt)的二维Navier-Stokes方程如下:
式中 div(•)为散度算子;为微分算子。
图3给出了三种不同振幅下柔性结构末端截面周围流场流速在一个稳定振荡周期内的分布变化情况。在相同特征振动频率β=100条件下,图3(a),(b)和(c)分别对应小振幅ε=0.001、适中振幅ε=0.01和大振幅ε=0.1三种情况。从图3(a)~(c)中流速的周期性连续变化过程中可以看出,流速最大区域主要集中在截面上下端部附近,且在t=T/2时刻,即柔性结构以最大振荡速度ωA0跨过平衡位置时,流场的流速也达到最大。
在相同特征振动频率下,当柔性结构特征振幅从小振幅ε=0.001增大10倍到适中振幅ε=0.01时,对比图3(a)和(b)可以发现:二者的流场速度分布和演化过程具有高度相似性,且振荡柔性结构诱导产生的最大流速也增大了10倍左右,说明流速变化与柔性结构特征振幅ε近似呈线性关系,意味着Navier-Stokes方程中的非线性惯性对流项较弱,以线性扩散项为主。但是,当柔性结构特征振幅从适中振幅ε=0.01增大到大振幅ε=0.1时,对比图3(b)和(c)观察到流速的分布特征发生了显著变化,在大振幅柔性结构端部附近出现了明显的高速流场包围的零速区域,该零速区域对应涡量场的涡心,意味着柔性结构截面端部伴随着涡旋相干结构的产生、发展、脱落及耗散现象19,这种情况在ε=0.001和0.01时均未出现。另外,当特征振幅ε由0.01增大10倍至0.1时,速度标尺最大值显示流场流速增大了16倍左右。显然,随着柔性结构振幅的增大,流场中的非线性效应也随之增强,水下柔性结构的振幅对其非线性流固耦合动力学特性具有显著影响。
图4给出了三种振幅参数下柔性结构周围压力场在一个振荡周期内的演化情况。显然,压力场变化与速度场相似,也呈现周期性变化,且前、后半个周期正、负压力集中分布区域分布情况相反。对比图4(a)~(c)发现:小振幅和适中振幅情况下压力场分布特征非常相似,而大振幅下的压力场分布特征较前二者有显著的差异,且不对称的压力场分布行为与涡旋相干结构的形成和脱落显著相关19。同样地,当特征振幅ε从0.001增大10倍至0.01时,压力场最大值也随之增大10倍,二者变化近似呈线性关系。但是,当柔性结构特征振幅从0.01变化到0.1时,对比图4(b)和(c)发现压力场最大值增大了15倍,出现了明显的非线性特征。
振荡柔性结构周围流体的非线性阻尼效应是旋涡形成及传递现象的主要驱动因素。图5展示了旋涡的形成、扩散及对流过程。在图5(a)小振幅和图5(b)适中振幅中,二者涡量场的演化特征相似性很高,且涡量的形成和发展主要集中在柔性结构端部附近,流场对流运动较弱,不足以传递旋涡,导致旋涡在流场黏滞效应下很快耗散,基本观察不到旋涡的发展和脱落现象。在大振幅情况下,柔性结构端部附近的涡量区域明显扩大,随后向四周对流传输,涡旋的形成、脱落及扩散过程与速度场中相似。同样地,当ε从0.001增大到0.01再到0.1时,对应的涡量强度相应地增强了10倍和13倍。因此,柔性结构振幅的增大增强了涡量场的非线性,显著改变了流场旋涡的分布特性和演化过程。
除了振荡柔性结构周围流速、压力及涡量以外,CFD分析也得到了流体每刻作用在柔性结构上的流体动力载荷,由于其变化频率与柔性结构振动频率一致,且二者都随时间作正弦规律变化,故作用在柔性结构上的流体动力载荷可描述为:
式中  F0为流体动力载荷的幅值;ψ0为流体动力载荷与柔性结构振动位移之间的相位差。
结合流体动力载荷的频域表达式(5)和时域表达式(12),复指数形式的流体动力函数Θβε)表示为:
图6给出了小振幅情况下(ɛ=0.001)流体动力函数的实部和虚部随着特征振动频率参数β的变化情况。可以看出:小振幅情况下流体动力函数的实部Re(Θ)和虚部-Im(Θ)都随着β的增大而减小,表明随着柔性结构振动频率增大,其所受的流体附加质量力和阻尼力相应减小。针对小振幅矩形截面微梁的流体动力函数,目前广泛采用无量纲厚度的仿射映射量β-0.5[15描述流体动力函数的变化情况,如下式所示20
图6中CFD数值求解结果和式(14)的对比情况可以看出,二者随着特征振动频率β的变化规律基本一致,MFC致动柔性结构截面宽度和宽厚比远大于薄壁微梁,故所受流体附加质量力略大于后者,导致在同一特征振动频率下的流体动力函数实部Re(Θ)略高于式(14)的结果,且二者所受流体阻尼力随着特征振动频率的变化而显著变化。同样引入仿射映射量β-0.5,采用最小二乘法对CFD数值结果进行拟合得到小振幅下MFC致动柔性结构流体动力函数:
随着柔性结构振幅增大,其周围流场旋涡的发展、脱落及对流现象也愈加显著。为描述大振幅下柔性结构的流体动力函数,对描述小振幅柔性结构的线性流体动力函数式(15)进行非线性修正,得到:
式中  Δβɛ)为与柔性结构振幅相关的非线性修正项,且当ɛ→0时,非线性修正项Δβ,0)为零。
基于CFD结果,通过式(15)和(16)即可求得修正项Δβɛ)的数值。修正项Δβɛ)的实部随着柔性结构振幅的增大变化很小,因此流体动力函数实部基本不受振幅参数的影响,可认为Re[Δβɛ)]与ɛ无关,等于零。图7给出了不同特征振动频率参数β下,修正项Δβɛ)的虚部随着特征振幅参数ɛ的变化规律。与Δβɛ)实部变化规律明显不同,其负虚部-Im[Δβɛ)]在同一特征振动频率参数β下随着振幅参数ɛ的增大显著增大,因此可以判断水下振荡柔性结构所受的流体阻尼效应随着其振幅的增大而增强,而其所受的附加质量效应基本保持不变。需要指出的是,当ɛ→0时,对应于小振幅情况,此时-Im[Δβɛ)]的值也基本为零,如图7所示。表明由于流场退化到线性流场,大振幅情况下的非线性流体动力学函数Θrβɛ)也退化为小振幅线性的Θβ),进一步证实了式(15)对线性流场施加在小振幅振荡柔性结构上的流体动力效应的刻画能力21
为了建立式(16)中非线性修正项Δβɛ)的解析表达式,由于认为修正项实部Re[Δβɛ)]=0,采用如下函数仅对其虚部-Im[Δβɛ)]进行最小二乘拟合15
式中  δd1d2为拟合参数。通过最小二乘法初步拟合得到d1=0.449,d2=1.453。进一步通过设定d1=0.45,d2=1.45简化幂指数,再次拟合得到δ=0.865,最终得到非线性修正项Δβɛ)的表达式为:
式(18)流体动力函数修正项虚部的拟合优度如图8所示,其拟合确定系数为0.9892,表明式(18)对CFD数值计算结果具有良好的拟合精度。
结合式(15)~(18),图9给出了不同特征振幅下作用在柔性结构上的修正水动力函数Θrβɛ)的负虚部随着特征振动频率参数β的变化情况。从图9中可以得到如下规律:在小振幅情况下(ɛ≤0.1),修正水动力函数的负虚部随着β增大而减小;而当特征振幅参数增大到一定值后(ɛ≥0.1),修正水动力函数Θrβɛ)的负虚部随着特征振动频率参数β的增大明显呈现出先减小后增大的变化规律。显然,随着MFC致动柔性结构振幅增大,流场中旋涡的形成、发展、脱落及耗散等演化现象导致流场的非线性也逐渐增强并占据主导地位,造成作用在柔性结构上的流体阻尼力出现了强烈的非线性特征22
采用环氧树脂胶(3M-DP460)将一对MFC致动器(MFC-2814-P1,Smart Materials Corp.)对称地粘贴在柔性梁基体根部两侧,并对致动器正负极引出触点作防水和绝缘处理。为保证致动器与基体粘贴可靠,将整个结构放入真空干燥箱中静压保温6 h(温度:80 ℃,压强:0.06 MPa)。将MFC致动柔性结构沿着水箱长度方向固定放置于0.76 m × 0.46 m× 0.5 m的水箱中部。由于水箱宽度方向尺寸远大于柔性结构的振动波长,可忽略箱体壁面效应和表面波动效应。搭建如图10所示的测试平台,测试过程中MFC致动器的驱动信号由PC机发出,经嵌入在数据采集机箱NI cDAQ-9178上的D/A模块NI-AO9263输出,并通过功率放大器Trek PZD700A放大200倍后施加到致动器上;同时利用激光位移传感器Keyence LK-G80同步实时获取柔性结构末端在MFC致动器作用下的振动位移,并通过A/D模块NI-AI9205经USB总线输送到PC机,整个测试实验平台统基于LABVIEW软件平台完成。
为了验证所提出的修正流体动力函数表达式以及MFC致动柔性结构流固耦合振动模型的正确性,分别了开展空气和水下MFC致动柔性结构的振动特性实验。首先对MFC致动器施加正弦扫频信号以获取柔性结构在空气中的振动特性,扫频过程中驱动电压信号峰峰值为800 V,采样频率为1000 Hz,频率范围为0.1~30 Hz,持续时间20 s。通过对激光位移传感器获取的柔性结构末端振动响应进行FFT分析,初步得到空气中MFC致动柔性结构的一阶固有频率约为17.3 Hz。
进一步选用峰峰值为800 V,频率范围为1~22 Hz的正弦电压信号(共27组)作为MFC致动器的激励信号,测试空气中MFC致动柔性结构的频率响应特性。图11(a)和(b)分别给出了空气中MFC致动柔性结构理论和实测的幅值-频率和相位-频率响应特性对比结果,根据半功率带宽法可以从实验结果中计算出MFC致动柔性结构的结构阻尼为0.04。显然,空气中MFC致动柔性结构末端的实测频响特性与理论计算结果大致吻合,但是图11(b)中实测相频特性与理论结果存在-8.28°的初始相位差,这是由于理论计算中的模态直接截断方法导致系统零点重新分布,改变了系统的相频特性23
进一步开展了柔性结构在MFC致动器不同简谐信号激励下的稳定流固耦合振动特性测试。施加峰峰值为800 V,频率范围为0.1~4.9 Hz的正弦激励信号(共22组)到MFC致动器上,实验测得不同频率下水下柔性结构末端稳定振动的幅频特性及相频特性,并与理论计算结果对比,如图12所示。周围流体的附加质量和非线性流体阻尼效应导致柔性结构的一阶固有频率由空气中的17.3 Hz降低为2.4 Hz,其固有频率激励下的稳定振幅也由6.5 mm减小到4.8 mm。同样地,柔性结构的实测相频特性与理论结果也存在着-8.57°的初始相位差,如图12(b)所示。
图12对比结果证实采用小振幅线性流体动力函数式(14)求得的柔性结构频响特性曲线与实际结果差异较大,这主要是由于水下柔性结构末端的实际特征振幅ɛ已超过0.1,因而其振动特性受到强烈的非线性流体阻尼效应影响。而采用的线性流体动力函数式(14)虚部明显小于实际值,计算过程中低估了流体的非线性阻尼效应,因而基于式(14)求解得到的一阶固有频率明显大于实际值,且响应幅值略高于实测值。需要指出的是,由于式(14)低估了流体阻尼效应导致其预测的水下柔性结构频响特性带宽小于实际值。比较而言,采用式(16)中Θrβɛ)所得的理论计算结果与实验数据基本吻合,说明本文提出的修正流体动力函数可以有效地描述作用在MFC致动柔性结构上的流体附加质量效应和非线性流体阻尼效应的变化情况,证实了所提出的修正流体动力函数表达式以及MFC致动柔性结构流固耦合振动模型的有效性。
本文以水下压电纤维致动柔性结构为研究对象,分析了其在大振幅下的非线性流体动力特性,建立了系统流固耦合振动模型并进行了实验验证。首先基于欧拉-伯努利梁理论建立了水下压电纤维致动柔性结构的流固耦合动力学模型。通过CFD仿真定性分析了不同振幅下振荡柔性结构周围流体速度场、压力场及涡量场的分布及演化情况,发现了随着柔性结构振幅增大,其周围流场涡旋相干结构的产生、发展、脱落及耗散等运动逐渐增强,从而导致非线性流体动力效应也随之增强。在描述小振幅柔性结构周围线性流场的流体动力函数的基础上,通过叠加非线性修正项,提出由柔性结构特征振荡频率和特征振幅共同决定的修正流体动力函数来表征柔性结构周围的非线性流体动力效应。发现在小振幅情况下,修正流体动力函数的负虚部也就是流体阻尼效应随着特征振动频率的增大而减小;而当特征振幅增大到一定值后,流体阻尼效应随着特征频率的增大呈现出先减小后增大的非线性变化规律。实验结果表明,所提出的修正流体动力函数可以有效地描述作用在大振幅MFC致动柔性结构上的流体附加质量效应和非线性流体阻尼效应的变化情况,证实了所提出流体动力函数表达式以及MFC致动柔性结构流固耦合振动模型的有效性。相关研究为水下智能柔性结构流固耦合特性分析及应用提供了参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52375103)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51975517)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52075273)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51805276)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LGF21E050002)
  • 浙江省省属高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(SJLY2021014)
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2024年第37卷第3期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.03.001
  • 接收时间:2022-05-16
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-16
  • 修回日期:2022-07-28
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52375103)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51975517)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52075273)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51805276)
浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LGF21E050002)
浙江省省属高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(SJLY2021014)
作者信息
    1宁波大学机械工程与力学学院浙江省零件轧制成形技术研究重点实验室, 浙江 宁波 315211
    2浙江大学机械工程学院浙江省先进制造技术重点研究实验室, 浙江 杭州 310027

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娄军强(1986—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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