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Article(id=1228046473867231829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228046469559681568, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1650038400000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-16, revisedDate=1659628800000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770718695370, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1709049600000, pubDateStr=2024-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770718695370, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770718695370, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770718695370, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228046469559681568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='2', pageStart='191', pageEnd='364', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770718694343, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795432451, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368332575928712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228046469559681568, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368332575928713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228046469559681568, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=336, endPage=345, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228046474085335644, articleId=1228046473867231829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Experimental study on dynamic characteristics of stacked soilbags under cyclic shear loading, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Soilbag，with the advantages of high bearing capacity，high damping ratio and low cost，is a kind of base isolation material which is suitable for the low- and mid-rise buildings. The relationship between shear stress-shear strain，dynamic characteristic parameters and shear strength of stacked soilbags were analyzed and discussed through a series of laboratory cyclic simple shear tests. The variation of dynamic shear modulus and equivalent damping ratio of stacked soilbags under different vertical stresses and shear strain amplitude was further investigated. And the influence of number of load cycles on the dynamic characteristic parameters and shear strength parameters was also studied. The test results show that the peak shear stress and dynamic shear modulus increase while the equivalent damping ratio decreases with the increasing number of load cycles under small-strain condition； when the shear strain is large enough，the interface slippage and the strain softening occur on stacked soilbags. The peak shear stress （shear strength） decreases with the increasing number of load cycles. And the variation of dynamic characteristic parameters is totally opposite to that under small-strain condition. The internal friction angle of the shear strength parameters of stacked soilbags gradually decreases with the increasing number of load cycles while the additional cohesion force increases and tends to be stable during the test. The energy is dissipated through the shear deformation of soil particles inside bags and the interlayer slippage of stacked soilbags under high shear strain amplitude.

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土工袋具有承载力高、阻尼大、造价低等诸多优点，是一种适用于村镇地区中、低层房屋的减/隔震材料。通过开展室内循环剪切试验对土工袋组合体的剪切应力-剪切应变关系、动力特性参数以及抗剪强度进行分析讨论，探究不同竖向应力与剪切应变幅值条件下土工袋组合体动剪切模量与等效阻尼比的变化规律，同时研究了循环次数对土工袋组合体动力特性参数以及抗剪强度参数的影响。试验结果表明：在小变形情况下，土工袋组合体的峰值剪切应力和动剪切模量随着循环次数的增加而逐渐增大，等效阻尼比则随着循环次数的增加而逐渐减小；在大变形情况下，土工袋组合体发生层间滑移并出现界面软化现象，此时的峰值剪切应力（抗剪强度）随着循环次数的增加而逐渐减小，动力特性参数随循环次数的变化与小变形情况下完全相反。随着循环次数的增加，土工袋组合体的抗剪强度参数似摩擦角逐渐减小，似黏聚力逐渐增大并趋于稳定。在剪切应变幅值较大的情况下，土工袋组合体通过袋内土体的剪切变形以及土工袋层间滑移产生摩擦耗能，具有较好的减振消能效果。

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刘斯宏（1964―），男，博士，教授。 E-mail： 。
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方斌昕（1993—），女，博士研究生。 E-mail： 。

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方斌昕（1993—），女，博士研究生。 E-mail： 。

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方斌昕（1993—），女，博士研究生。 E-mail： 。

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Experimental study on the influence of cycle numbers on dynamic properties of the geo-cell reinforced rubber-sand mixture［J］. Journal of Hunan University of Technology， 2018， 32（3）： 23-29., articleTitle=Experimental study on the influence of cycle numbers on dynamic properties of the geo-cell reinforced rubber-sand mixture, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228046496315146655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046473867231829, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=44, issue=6, pageStart=854, pageEnd=861, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［28］, rfOrder=38, authorNames=Wang J, Liu F Y, Wang P, journalName=Geotextiles and Geomembranes, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang J， Liu F Y， Wang P， et al. Particle size effects on coarse soil-geogrid interface response in cyclic and post-cyclic direct shear tests［J］. 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articleId=1228046473867231829, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main performance index of woven soilbags

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编织袋原料克重/（g∙m-2）极限抗拉强度/（kN∙m-1）极限伸长率/%
经向纬向经向纬向
聚丙烯（PP）20047.3644.1113.715.98
), ArticleFig(id=1228046490405372021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046473867231829, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土工编织袋主要性能指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编织袋原料克重/（g∙m-2）极限抗拉强度/（kN∙m-1）极限伸长率/%
经向纬向经向纬向
聚丙烯（PP）20047.3644.1113.715.98
), ArticleFig(id=1228046490522812539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046473867231829, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Test conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号控制参数参数取值
1循环次数N1~10
2竖向应力σn/kPa25，50，100，200
3剪切应变幅值γmax/%0.25，0.5，1，2，4
), ArticleFig(id=1228046490636058752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046473867231829, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号控制参数参数取值
1循环次数N1~10
2竖向应力σn/kPa25，50，100，200
3剪切应变幅值γmax/%0.25，0.5，1，2，4
), ArticleFig(id=1228046490766082185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046473867231829, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Shear strength parameters under different loading cycles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
循环次数N似摩擦角φ/（°）似黏聚力c/kPa
122.714.43020
222.243.43697
321.443.75663
420.654.31490
520.294.69335
620.294.75171
720.114.84821
819.964.88533
919.695.04303
1019.485.07957
), ArticleFig(id=1228046490862551183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046473867231829, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同循环次数下的抗剪强度参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
循环次数N似摩擦角φ/（°）似黏聚力c/kPa
122.714.43020
222.243.43697
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循环剪切作用下土工袋组合体动力特性试验研究
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方斌昕 1 , 刘斯宏 1 , 鲁洋 1 , 陈爽 2 , 张勇敢 1 , 张呈斌 3
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(2): 336-345
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(2): 336-345
循环剪切作用下土工袋组合体动力特性试验研究
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方斌昕1 , 刘斯宏1 , 鲁洋1, 陈爽2, 张勇敢1, 张呈斌3
作者信息
  • 1河海大学水利水电学院, 江苏　南京　210098
  • 2中水北方勘测设计研究有限责任公司, 天津　300222
  • 3中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司, 浙江　杭州　311122

    • 方斌昕（1993—），女，博士研究生。 E-mail： 。

通讯作者:

刘斯宏（1964―），男，博士，教授。 E-mail： 。
Experimental study on dynamic characteristics of stacked soilbags under cyclic shear loading
Bin-xin FANG1 , Si-hong LIU1 , Yang LU1, Shuang CHEN2, Yong-gan ZHANG1, Cheng-bin ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
  • 2China Water Resources Bei Fang Investigation, Design and Research Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300222, China
  • 3Power China Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou 311122, China
出版时间: 2024-02-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.016
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摘要
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土工袋具有承载力高、阻尼大、造价低等诸多优点，是一种适用于村镇地区中、低层房屋的减/隔震材料。通过开展室内循环剪切试验对土工袋组合体的剪切应力-剪切应变关系、动力特性参数以及抗剪强度进行分析讨论，探究不同竖向应力与剪切应变幅值条件下土工袋组合体动剪切模量与等效阻尼比的变化规律，同时研究了循环次数对土工袋组合体动力特性参数以及抗剪强度参数的影响。试验结果表明：在小变形情况下，土工袋组合体的峰值剪切应力和动剪切模量随着循环次数的增加而逐渐增大，等效阻尼比则随着循环次数的增加而逐渐减小；在大变形情况下，土工袋组合体发生层间滑移并出现界面软化现象，此时的峰值剪切应力（抗剪强度）随着循环次数的增加而逐渐减小，动力特性参数随循环次数的变化与小变形情况下完全相反。随着循环次数的增加，土工袋组合体的抗剪强度参数似摩擦角逐渐减小，似黏聚力逐渐增大并趋于稳定。在剪切应变幅值较大的情况下，土工袋组合体通过袋内土体的剪切变形以及土工袋层间滑移产生摩擦耗能，具有较好的减振消能效果。

土工袋  /  循环剪切试验  /  动力特性  /  动剪切模量  /  等效阻尼比  /  抗剪强度

Soilbag，with the advantages of high bearing capacity，high damping ratio and low cost，is a kind of base isolation material which is suitable for the low- and mid-rise buildings. The relationship between shear stress-shear strain，dynamic characteristic parameters and shear strength of stacked soilbags were analyzed and discussed through a series of laboratory cyclic simple shear tests. The variation of dynamic shear modulus and equivalent damping ratio of stacked soilbags under different vertical stresses and shear strain amplitude was further investigated. And the influence of number of load cycles on the dynamic characteristic parameters and shear strength parameters was also studied. The test results show that the peak shear stress and dynamic shear modulus increase while the equivalent damping ratio decreases with the increasing number of load cycles under small-strain condition； when the shear strain is large enough，the interface slippage and the strain softening occur on stacked soilbags. The peak shear stress （shear strength） decreases with the increasing number of load cycles. And the variation of dynamic characteristic parameters is totally opposite to that under small-strain condition. The internal friction angle of the shear strength parameters of stacked soilbags gradually decreases with the increasing number of load cycles while the additional cohesion force increases and tends to be stable during the test. The energy is dissipated through the shear deformation of soil particles inside bags and the interlayer slippage of stacked soilbags under high shear strain amplitude.

soilbags  /  cyclic shear test  /  dynamic characteristics  /  dynamic shear modulus  /  equivalent damping ratio  /  shear strength
方斌昕, 刘斯宏, 鲁洋, 陈爽, 张勇敢, 张呈斌. 循环剪切作用下土工袋组合体动力特性试验研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (2) : 336 -345 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.016
Bin-xin FANG, Si-hong LIU, Yang LU, Shuang CHEN, Yong-gan ZHANG, Cheng-bin ZHANG. Experimental study on dynamic characteristics of stacked soilbags under cyclic shear loading[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (2) : 336 -345 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.016
正文
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引言
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地震由于其强度高、影响范围广、可预测性低以及发生频度高等特点，已成为中国最严重的自然灾害之一［1］。中国村镇地区的房屋结构形式主要为砌体结构［2］，结构抗震性较差，而抗震设防措施的缺失使得这些房屋在地震作用下容易发生大面积坍塌，最终引发人员伤亡、经济损失等严重后果。因此，寻找适用于村镇地区中、低层砌体房屋的抗震方法具有实际意义。Matsuoka等［3］、刘斯宏等［4-5］研发了一种采用土工袋进行地基加固的技术，目前已成功应用于房屋地基与道路路基加固、膨胀土边坡处理以及挡墙构筑等工程中。可以说，土工袋具备了施工简单、造价低廉、取材便捷等优势，十分适合应用于村镇房屋地基加固与基础减/隔震中。
相关研究表明，土工袋不仅能够有效提高地基承载力，而且具有显著的减振消能特性。Liu等［6］通过室内循环剪切试验研究了不同装填材料、上部荷载及剪切应变幅值条件下土工袋剪切刚度以及阻尼比等动力参数的变化规律。王艳巧等［7-8］通过开展振动台试验研究了不同输入加速度以及振动频率对土工袋水平减振性能的影响，发现土工袋的减振效果与输入加速度和振动频率均呈正相关，并通过竖向激振试验和离散单元法探明了土工袋在振动条件下的减振效果与耗能机制。Yamamoto等［9］设计了摩擦型与滑移型土工袋，通过循环剪切试验研究发现，两类土工袋具有不同的滞回曲线形态，通过合理的布置能够充分发挥滑移型土工袋滑移减震、袋内土颗粒摩擦耗能与摩擦型土工袋限制位移的协同作用。Sheng等［10］通过开展现场试验研究了土工袋在交通荷载作用下的减振效果，发现土工袋垫层具有较大的阻尼比，能够有效衰减因交通设施振动而引起的建筑结构竖向振动。王柳江等［11］开展了循环直剪试验，对比了土工袋界面与天然河砂的动力特性参数，并使用Konder-Zelasko模型拟合土工袋界面的骨干曲线，能够较好地描述其剪切应力-剪切应变关系。已有的研究均已证明土工袋具有较好的阻尼消能特性，但是对深入揭示土工袋作为减/隔震材料的动力特性，仍需要积累大量的试验资料。
在土的动力特性研究中，土的动剪切模量与等效阻尼比是进行场地地震反应分析和土-结构动力相互作用分析的重要参数。已有资料表明［12-13］：在大震作用下，土的剪切应变量级约在10-4~10-3之间，而土-结构接触处的剪切应变则更大。因此，对于作用于刚性基础下的土工袋垫层，有必要研究土工袋在大变形条件下的动力特性。土工袋能够在一定程度上限制袋内土体的变形，然而在大变形条件下，反复的地震惯性力作用仍可能导致土工袋垫层出现层间滑移的现象，使得土工袋组合体的剪切变形状态发生改变。因此，振动历史对土工袋动力特性的影响也值得关注。
针对上述问题，本文通过开展室内循环剪切试验，对土工袋组合体的剪切应力-剪切应变关系、动力特性参数及抗剪强度进行分析讨论，探究不同竖向应力与剪切应变幅值作用下土工袋组合体动剪切模量与等效阻尼比的变化规律，同时研究循环次数对土工袋组合体动力特性参数及抗剪强度参数的影响，以期为土工袋减/隔震垫层的后续研究提供参考。
1　试验介绍
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1.1　试验装置
试验在河海大学自主研发的循环剪切试验系统中进行，如图1所示。该循环剪切试验系统主要由竖向加载系统、水平向加载系统（包含两台作动器）、伺服控制系统、伺服油源、反力架以及平衡框架组成。其中，竖向及水平向加载系统作动器额定推力分别为1000 kN及500 kN，额定行程均为1000 mm，作动器内置位移传感器分辨率为0.0005 mm，油缸活塞杆处外置载荷传感器精度在最大量程的2%~100%范围内各点均为±0.01%。通过伺服控制系统控制竖向加载系统与水平向加载系统协同运行并进行数据采集，能够进行不同加载条件下的剪切试验。该剪切系统通过竖向作动器在土工袋组合体试样顶面加载板施加竖向力，作动器与加载板间布置滑轨以减小试验过程中产生的摩擦力。为保证试验过程中加载板保持水平状态，在加载板上安装了一个平行四边形平衡框架。该试验系统通过左、右向张拉试样顶部的加载板进行水平向循环剪切试验，近似于循环单剪模式。循环单剪试验是为了在实验室内模拟地震时剪切波竖向传播所引起的反复剪切应力而发展起来的［14-15］，能够根据测得的剪切应力、应变计算得到动剪切模量、等效阻尼比等动力特性参数。
1.2　试验材料
前期的无侧限抗压强度试验结果表明，土工袋组合体在层数达到三层后，其压缩变形特性（极限抗压强度以及压缩模量）基本稳定［16］，因此采用三层堆叠土工袋组合体进行循环剪切试验。选用尺寸为40 cm×40 cm×10 cm的编织袋，编织袋原料为聚丙烯（PP），其主要性能指标如表1所示。袋内材料选用某天然河砂［6，8］，风干后经过筛分实验和粒径分析可以得到其级配曲线，如图2所示。其最大、最小干密度分别为1.63 g/cm3和1.87 g/cm3，细度模数为2.50，属于中砂，不均匀系数Cu、曲率系数Cc以及特征粒径（D10为小于该粒径的土含量占总质量10%的粒径）等相关物理性质指标见图2。土工袋单体装填30 kg河砂后封口，经整平后单体尺寸约为40 cm×40 cm×9.5 cm，试样整体高度约为28.5 cm。
1.3　试验方案
作为基础减/隔震材料，土工袋在施工过程中会预留袋间缝隙，以保证其在地震惯性力作用下产生足够的袋体剪切变形和层间滑移，以达到阻尼耗能和阻隔地震波传递的效果，从而使土工袋出现侧向无接触情况，故对土工袋试样进行无侧限循环剪切试验。首先按力控制对试样进行竖向加载，加载速率为0.5 kN/s，竖向力达到目标值并保持5 min后（竖向位移基本无变化后）对试样进行水平循环剪切。剪切过程中采用位移控制模式，对试样进行等幅循环剪切，剪切速率设置为12 mm/min，试验剪切循环次数为10次［15］，记录试验过程中土工袋组合体的剪切变形和剪切力以及竖向变形情况。土工袋作为一种柔性材料，其尺寸受制备过程中编织袋制作、袋体封口方式等人为因素影响，因而土工袋组合体试样的高度不尽相同。根据土工袋组合体的实时接触面积和高度，对试验过程中土工袋组合体剪切力进行校正，并换算得到试样的实时剪切应力τ，计算公式如下：
式中　 α为试样实时压缩率；h为试样实时高度；A0和h0分别为试样初始接触面积和高度；P为实测剪切力。
试验主要考虑以下加载特征参数在循环剪切过程中对土工袋组合体动力特性的影响：（1）循环次数N；（2）竖向应力σn；（3）剪切应变幅值γmax。具体试验工况如表2所示。
2　试验现象及结果分析
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2.1　应力-应变关系
图3为竖向应力分别为σn=25，50，100，200 kPa条件下土工袋组合体剪切应力τ-剪切应变γ滞回曲线，在不同竖向应力条件下分别进行了剪切应变幅值γmax=0.25%，0.5%，1%，2%，4%的等幅循环剪切试验。由图3可以发现，在相同竖向应力作用下，随着循环次数的增加，土工袋组合体的剪切应力-剪切应变滞回曲线形态逐渐稳定并重合，这是由于袋内土颗粒在剪切过程中发生了重新排列，随着循环次数的增加，土工袋组合体的袋内土体逐渐密实，力学性质趋于稳定。相比多次循环后的滞回曲线，试验初期的滞回曲线更加倾斜，在经历多次循环剪切作用后，袋内土体已经达到了更加密实的状态，此时的土工袋单元体刚度相对较大，等效阻尼系数相对较小，滞回特性有所减弱，使得土工袋组合体的滞回曲线卸载段变形量也逐渐减小。
统计不同竖向应力和剪切应变幅值条件下土工袋组合体的峰值剪切应力，能够得到土工袋组合体的骨干曲线，同时可以对土工袋组合体的剪切模量进行合理表征［17］。图4绘出了不同竖向应力条件下土工袋组合体分别经过1，5，10次循环剪切后的骨干曲线。可以发现，经过1次循环剪切后的土工袋组合体剪切应力随着剪切应变的增大逐渐增大并趋于平缓；但是随着循环次数的增加，土工袋组合体的骨干曲线开始呈现出先增大后逐渐减小的趋势。这一现象表明，土工袋组合体在剪切过程中已经达到了土工袋层间界面的抗剪强度，此时土工袋出现了层间滑移，袋体间的静止摩擦力转变为滑动摩擦力，滑动摩擦力通常略小于静止摩擦力，因此土工袋组合体的剪切应力随着剪切应变的增大而减小并趋于稳定。通过分析不同竖向应力条件下土工袋组合体在经过不同次数循环剪切后的骨干曲线可以发现，在不同剪切应变条件下，土工袋组合体受到的剪切应力随循环次数的变化不尽相同。图4中标出了剪切应力随循环次数的变化趋势，箭头方向表示剪切应力增大方向。在剪切应变较小时，剪切应力随着循环次数的增加呈现出增大趋势；在剪切应变较大时，剪切应力随循环次数的变化趋势则相反。土工袋组合体的剪切应力与循环次数的关系可以根据土工袋组合体的变形状态分为两个阶段：袋体剪切变形阶段和层间滑移阶段。在袋体剪切变形阶段，土工袋组合体受到的剪切力小于层间最大静止摩擦力，循环剪切过程中仅发生袋体以及袋内土体的剪切变形，随着循环次数的增加，袋内土颗粒逐渐密实，土工袋组合体的刚度增大，相应地产生同样剪切应变需要的剪切应力也随之增大；在剪切应变足够大的情况下，土工袋组合体受到的剪切力达到层间最大静止摩擦力，此时土工袋组合体开始发生层间滑移，由于循环剪切过程中反复滑移摩擦的作用，导致土工袋组合体层间界面逐渐光滑，界面粗糙度和摩擦系数也随之减小，界面滑动摩擦力以及土工袋组合体受到的剪切力也随之减小，因此在剪切应变幅值较大的情况下会出现剪切应力（在此阶段即为抗剪强度）随循环次数的增加而减小的趋势。
2.2　动剪切模量与等效阻尼比
动剪切模量Gd与等效阻尼比λ两个动力特性参数能够反映材料动剪切应力-动剪切应变关系的非线性与滞后性［13］。考虑到剪切过程中土工袋组合体可能产生不可恢复的袋体剪切变形与层间滑移，导致剪切应力-剪切应变滞回曲线出现不对称情况（如图5所示）。为了准确地描述土工袋组合体的动剪切模量与等效阻尼比，分别采用下述公式计算Gd与λ［18］：
式中　 Gd，1和Gd，2分别为剪切正向和负向滞回曲线的平均动剪切模量；τmax，1和τmax，2分别为正、负向最大剪切应力；γmax，1和γmax，2分别为正、负向最大剪切应变；λ1和λ2分别为正、负向滞回曲线的等效阻尼比；A1和A2为图5中定义的三角形面积；A为滞回曲线包络面积。
图6分别给出了循环剪切1，5，10次后不同竖向应力作用下土工袋组合体动剪切模量Gd和等效阻尼比λ随剪切应变的变化情况。可见，在一定竖向应力作用下，土工袋组合体的动剪模量随着剪切应变的增大而逐渐减小。试验过程中，土工袋组合体的袋内土体发生剪切变形和层间滑移，动剪切模量呈现衰减趋势。而在一定剪切应变幅值条件下，土工袋组合体的动剪切模量随着竖向应力的增大而增大，这是由于土工袋在竖向应力较大时更容易发挥袋子张力，从而进一步约束袋内土体，袋内土体更加密实，使得土工袋组合体的动剪切模量随之增大。
等效阻尼比能够有效反映材料在动力条件下的能量耗散情况，材料的剪切应力-剪切应变滞回曲线越饱满，材料的等效阻尼比越大，表明其在一个周期的剪切作用下产生的能量损耗也越大。由图6可见，竖向应力一定时，等效阻尼比随着剪切应变的增大逐渐增大；反之，在一定剪切应变幅值条件下，等效阻尼比随着竖向应力的增大而逐渐减小。
图7对比了已有研究给出的无黏性土［19-22］与本文试验得到的土工袋组合体等效阻尼比。值得关注的是，在小变形情况下，土工袋组合体的等效阻尼比接近甚至略小于无黏性土在同样剪切应变幅值下的等效阻尼比；而在大变形情况下，土工袋组合体的等效阻尼比随剪切应变变化显著，当剪切应变幅值达到2%时，无黏性土的等效阻尼比已基本达到最大值并趋于稳定（λ=0.25~0.3），而土工袋组合体则呈现出显著的增大趋势。在剪切应变幅值γmax=4%时，土工袋组合体的等效阻尼比已明显大于无黏性土，此时土工袋组合体的等效阻尼比λ=0.4~0.5。这是由于在剪切应变幅值较小的情况下，土工袋组合体的主要变形量是袋内土体产生的剪切变形，土工袋对袋内土的约束作用使得土工袋组合体的整体剪切模量增大，等效阻尼比随之减小；而在剪切应变幅值较大的情况下，除了由于袋内土体剪切变形产生的摩擦耗能外，土工袋组合体发生层间滑移并产生附加的摩擦耗能，使得其滞回曲线形态相比无黏性土更加饱满，即在产生相同剪切变形的条件下，土工袋组合体能够耗散更多的能量，故在剪切应变幅值较大的情况下土工袋组合体的等效阻尼比会明显大于相同应力状态下的无黏性土。此外，图7对比了土工袋单元体［23］与土工袋组合体在相同剪切应变条件下的等效阻尼比。可以发现，当剪切应变γ=4%时，土工袋组合体的等效阻尼比能够达到0.4~0.5，而土工袋单元体的等效阻尼比则集中在0.2~0.35区间内；也就是说，在大变形情况下，土工袋组合体的等效阻尼比明显大于土工袋单元体，这也能够反映层间滑移产生的摩擦耗能在一定程度上有利于土工袋发挥其减振消能作用。
为探究循环剪切过程中土工袋组合体动力特性受循环次数的影响，分别对土工袋组合体的动剪切模量与等效阻尼比随循环次数的变化进行分析。为了更明显地反映土工袋组合体的动剪切模量随循环次数的变化趋势，绘制不同工况下任一次循环剪切作用后土工袋组合体的动剪切模量Gd（N）与第一次循环剪切作用后的动剪切模量Gd（1）的比值随循环次数N的变化曲线，如图8所示。与无黏性土在循环剪切初期动剪切模量随循环次数的变化［24-26］不同的是，土工袋组合体的动剪切模量比在循环剪切过程中的变化受竖向应力与剪切应变幅值的影响显著。在剪切应变幅值较小的情况下（γmax=0.25%，0.5%，1%），Gd（N）/Gd（1）随着循环次数的增加逐渐增大；γmax=2%时，土工袋组合体在受到较小竖向应力作用下，开始出现Gd（N）/Gd（1）随循环次数的增加逐渐衰减的阶段；γmax=4%时，试验给定的竖向应力作用下土工袋组合体Gd（N）/Gd（1）随着循环次数的增加逐渐减小并趋于稳定。土工袋组合体的应力状态、编织袋材料以及袋内土体材料直接决定了其界面最大静止摩擦力的大小。在土工袋组合体受到的剪切力小于最大静止摩擦力时，土工袋组合体仅发生整体的剪切变形，在剪切力作用下袋内土颗粒重新排列并逐渐密实，使得土工袋组合体在循环剪切过程中表现出明显的硬化现象；而在剪切应变幅值足够大的情况下，土工袋组合体受到的剪切力达到层间最大静止摩擦力，在循环剪切过程中开始发生层间滑移，如图8（e）所示，在反复滑移摩擦的过程中，土工袋在层间接触面处的摩擦系数随着循环次数的增加逐渐减小，相应地，土工袋组合体的抗剪强度和动剪切模量也随之减小，使得土工袋组合体在循环剪切过程中出现了软化现象。
图9为不同剪切应变幅值和竖向应力条件下，土工袋组合体的等效阻尼比λ随循环次数的变化。在剪切应变幅值较小的情况下，土工袋组合体的等效阻尼比随着循环次数的增加逐渐减小；在经过多次循环剪切后，等效阻尼比开始趋于稳定。小变形循环剪切过程类似为相同地震惯性力作用下的高频振动，能够在振动过程中将袋内颗粒逐渐“振密”，使得土颗粒间咬合更加紧密［27］，相应地，其剪切模量也会逐渐增大（见图8）。随着剪切应变幅值的增大，土工袋组合体在剪切过程中开始出现滑移现象，如图9（e）所示，等效阻尼比随着循环次数的增加开始逐渐增大。循环剪切过程中逐渐增大的等效阻尼比表明层间滑移产生了摩擦耗能，即层间滑移对土工袋的阻尼消能特性有一定的促进作用。因此在实际工程应用中，作为减/隔震材料，既要限制土工袋垫层在大震后产生过大的不可恢复滑移，同时也要考虑预留部分滑移距离以提高土工袋垫层的减/隔震效果。
2.3　抗剪强度
由前文对土工袋组合体动力特性的相关讨论可以得出结论：在剪切应变幅值足够大时，土工袋组合体在循环剪切过程中发生层间滑移，由此产生的摩擦耗能使得土工袋组合体的阻尼消能特性有所提升，同时层间滑移导致的界面反复摩擦使土工袋组合体界面发生软化［28-29］，抗剪强度随之逐渐减小。为了解大变形情况下土工袋组合体在循环剪切过程中的界面软化情况，图10给出了不同竖向应力条件下，γmax=4%循环剪切作用时土工袋组合体的抗剪强度随循环次数的变化。此处抗剪强度取为土工袋组合体在不同循环次数下正、负向峰值剪切应力的平均值。可以发现，在不同应力状态下，土工袋组合体的抗剪强度随着循环次数的增加而有所减小，并逐渐趋于稳定，在试验初期界面软化现象较为明显。
图11给出了不同竖向应力作用下，土工袋组合体在第1，5，10次循环过程中的抗剪强度。可以发现，土工袋组合体的抗剪强度与其受到的竖向应力呈现出较好的线性关系，经过回归分析能够将抗剪强度与竖向应力建立线性关系，不同循环次数后土工袋组合体的抗剪强度参数如表3所示。可以发现，根据第1次循环剪切过程中的抗剪强度拟合得到的土工袋组合体似摩擦角和似黏聚力明显大于多次循环剪切后的抗剪强度参数。结合图3可以发现，第1次循环剪切过程中土工袋组合体未发生层间滑移现象，根据滞回曲线得到的抗剪强度可能存在误差，故此处对抗剪强度的分析不考虑第1次循环剪切得到的相关参数。图12给出了土工袋组合体抗剪强度参数随循环次数的变化趋势。似摩擦角φ随着循环次数的增加逐渐减小（见图12（a）），能够反映出大变形条件下土工袋组合体在循环剪切过程中界面逐渐软化的趋势。此处产生的似黏聚力为竖向应力作用下袋子产生的张力对袋内土体的约束作用（附加黏聚力）［4］，在循环剪切过程中，土工袋组合体发生剪缩，竖向应变逐渐累积，袋子张力逐渐增大。由土工袋强度理论公式［5］可知，土工袋的附加黏聚力受袋体张力以及袋体尺寸的影响。随着袋体张力的增大以及袋体高度的减小，在稳定应力状态下的土工袋附加黏聚力逐渐增大，相应地，土工袋组合体的似黏聚力也随之逐渐增大（见图12（b））；随着循环次数的增加，土工袋组合体的竖向应变趋于稳定，此时袋子张力变化不显著，土工袋组合体的似黏聚力也逐渐稳定。
3　讨论
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土工袋作为一种由单元体堆叠形成的减/隔震材料，其动力特性相较于其他减/隔震材料存在一定的特殊性。在水平地震荷载作用下，其减/隔震机理主要可以分为袋体剪切变形产生摩擦耗能和层间滑移产生摩擦耗能两部分，这将土工袋与其他的散体减震材料以及滑移隔震材料区分开来。在预测地震工况下土工袋垫层的动力响应之前，需要先构建能够判断土工袋剪切变形状态的动力模型。通过本文开展的循环剪切试验已发现循环次数、竖向应力以及剪切应变幅值对土工袋的剪切变形状态影响较大，进而影响了土工袋动力参数及抗剪强度的变化；在实际地震工况下，这些因素也可以统一理解为振动历史对土工袋垫层动力特性和应力-应变关系的影响。因此，后续可以考虑根据振动历史给出的加速度时程判断任意时刻土工袋的剪切变形状态，从而得到相应的动力参数，为预测土工袋减/隔震垫层在地震作用下的动力响应情况提供理论依据。
4　结论
收起
本文通过开展一系列循环剪切试验分析了不同竖向应力、剪切应变幅值条件下土工袋组合体的应力-应变关系、动力特性参数以及抗剪强度随循环次数的变化，通过划分土工袋组合体的剪切变形阶段了解了其动力特性参数及抗剪强度受循环次数影响的原因及变化规律，得出了以下结论：
（1）随着循环次数的增加，袋内土体逐渐密实，力学性质趋于稳定，土工袋组合体的滞回曲线形态逐渐稳定并重合；经过多次循环剪切后，袋内土体逐渐密实，土工袋组合体整体刚度增大，滞回特性有所减弱。
（2）在小变形情况下，土工袋组合体的峰值剪切应力随着循环次数的增加而逐渐增大；在变形较大的情况下，土工袋组合体发生层间滑移，因界面反复滑移摩擦发生软化现象，此时的峰值剪切应力（抗剪强度）随着循环次数的增加而有所减小。
（3）土工袋组合体的动剪切模量和等效阻尼比等动力特性参数随循环次数的变化受竖向应力和剪切应变幅值的影响。在剪切应变幅值足够小时，土工袋组合体的动剪切模量随着循环次数的增加而逐渐增大，等效阻尼比则随着循环次数的增加而逐渐减小；当剪切应变幅值较大从而导致土工袋组合体发生层间滑移时，其动力特性参数随循环次数的变化规律与在小变形情况下完全相反。
（4）随着循环次数的增加，土工袋组合体的似摩擦角逐渐减小，呈现出软化现象；似黏聚力随着循环次数的增加逐渐增大并趋于稳定，这是由于土工袋组合体的竖向应变累积促进了袋子张力的发挥，多次循环剪切作用后竖向应变趋于稳定，此时的袋子张力不再有明显变化，相应地，土工袋组合体的似黏聚力也逐渐趋于稳定。
（5）在振动荷载作用下，土工袋组合体主要通过袋内土体的剪切变形以及层间滑移产生摩擦耗能，从而达到其减振消能的目的。因此，适当的层间滑移量对于提高土工袋的减/隔振效果具有一定的促进作用。
基金
收起
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFE0128900)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(52109123)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(B220203029)
  • 江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(KYCX21_0511)
文献
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2024年第37卷第2期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.016
  • 接收时间：2022-04-16
  • 首发时间：2026-02-10
  • 出版时间：2024-02-28
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  • 收稿日期：2022-04-16
  • 修回日期：2022-08-05
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFE0128900)
国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(52109123)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(B220203029)
江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(KYCX21_0511)
作者信息
    1河海大学水利水电学院, 江苏　南京　210098
    2中水北方勘测设计研究有限责任公司, 天津　300222
    3中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司, 浙江　杭州　311122

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刘斯宏（1964―），男，博士，教授。 E-mail： 。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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