Article(id=1228046473296806469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228046469559681568, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1652630400000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-16, revisedDate=1660492800000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770718695233, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1709049600000, pubDateStr=2024-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770718695233, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770718695233, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770718695233, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228046469559681568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='2', pageStart='191', pageEnd='364', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770718694343, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795432451, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368332575928712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228046469559681568, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368332575928713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228046469559681568, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=276, endPage=285, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228046473498133066, articleId=1228046473296806469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=On the longitudinal load transfer law under the coupling shock condition of one roadrailer, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

It focused on the test and simulation study on the longitudinal load transfer law under the coupling shock condition of a roadrailer. The bogie of this type of the vehicle contains the towing plate and the yaw damper device,which are oriented in the longitudinal direction. Therefore the load transmission path and its value need to be investigated for further strength evaluation of the structural component. In the test,force sensors were installed on the key components. In the simulation,a comprehensive whole vehicle dynamic model,which contains 3 carbodies and 4 bogies,was established based on the theory and method of the rail vehicle and multibody dynamics. Meanwhile the collider is simplified to a mass considering its mass and speed to simulate the locomotive. Besides,it gave the modeling details of the yaw damper device and the towing plate. By the SIMPACK solver,the results demonstrate that the forces on the hook and the yaw damper device both increase with the impact speed increasing. Furthermore,the simulation results were slightly smaller than the test results,but the law is nearly the same. Under these conditions,the yaw damper had no effect. Therefore,the transmission path is only through the towing plate,which is useful for further strength evaluation.

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针对中国拟自助研发设计的公铁两用运输车,在编组连挂时由车钩经转向架传递至车体的载荷,其传递路径及规律尚不明确的问题,进行了试验测试与仿真研究。该车型的转向架在纵向能传递载荷的部件包括牵引板与抗蛇行减振器装置,需掌握载荷传递路径及其大小以便为后续结构部件的强度考核提供支撑。试验中,对转向架可能传递纵向载荷的部件进行了布点和载荷测试。仿真研究中,根据铁道车辆多体动力学理论与建模方法,建立了3车体4转向架的编组模型,模拟碰撞机车为含质量与速度的简化质量块。建立了抗蛇行减振器装置的力学模型,其力学结构为阻尼与刚度的串联模型;而构架到车体的纵向连接部件为牵引板-抗蛇行减振器装置的并联结构。运用多体动力学软件SIMPACK进行求解。结果表明:车钩与牵引板所受纵向载荷会随着碰撞体冲击速度的增大而增大,仿真结果略小于试验结果,但规律一致,且牵引板所受冲击载荷小于车钩载荷;而抗蛇行减振器装置结点几乎不受纵向载荷,与牵引板受载相比可忽略不计。由试验与仿真结果对比分析,明确了冲击载荷经车钩传递至车体时,几乎完全通过转向架上的牵引板传递,抗蛇行减振器装置作用很小,相关结果能够用于该车结构的优化设计及为部件强度校核提供载荷谱。

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刘鹏飞(1986―),男,博士,副教授。 E-mail:
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董 浩(1985—),男,博士后,副研究员。 E-mail:

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label=Tab.1, caption=

The DOFs of the vehicle system model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
刚体名称纵向横移浮沉侧滚点头摇头
车体XC1~3YC1~3ZC1~3ΦC1~3θC1~3ψC1~3
构架XB1~4YB1~4ZB1~4ΦB1~4θB1~4ψB1~4
轮对XW1~8YW1~8ZW1~8ΦW1~8θW1~8ψW1~8
轴箱θZ1~16
抗蛇行减振器摇动臂ψW1~6
), ArticleFig(id=1228046501373477383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046473296806469, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

车辆系统模型自由度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
刚体名称纵向横移浮沉侧滚点头摇头
车体XC1~3YC1~3ZC1~3ΦC1~3θC1~3ψC1~3
构架XB1~4YB1~4ZB1~4ΦB1~4θB1~4ψB1~4
轮对XW1~8YW1~8ZW1~8ΦW1~8θW1~8ψW1~8
轴箱θZ1~16
抗蛇行减振器摇动臂ψW1~6
), ArticleFig(id=1228046501486723597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046473296806469, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Simulation parameters

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参数数值备注
编组A质量7 t编组A整体
编组A冲击速度3~8 km/h仿真冲击速度工况,步长:1 km/h
编组B总质量44.5 t编组B整体(全空车)
牵引板刚度无穷大或建立约束模型
抗蛇行减振器阻尼200 kN·s/m
抗蛇行减振器摇动臂上结点刚度8 MN/m单个结点
抗蛇行减振器装置结点间隙0~4 mm优化参数
转向架轴距2.3 m指编组B
车辆定距12.617 m指编组B
), ArticleFig(id=1228046501591581200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046473296806469, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

仿真参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值备注
编组A质量7 t编组A整体
编组A冲击速度3~8 km/h仿真冲击速度工况,步长:1 km/h
编组B总质量44.5 t编组B整体(全空车)
牵引板刚度无穷大或建立约束模型
抗蛇行减振器阻尼200 kN·s/m
抗蛇行减振器摇动臂上结点刚度8 MN/m单个结点
抗蛇行减振器装置结点间隙0~4 mm优化参数
转向架轴距2.3 m指编组B
车辆定距12.617 m指编组B
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公铁两用运输车连挂冲击下的纵向载荷传递规律研究
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董浩 1, 2, 3 , 李映辉 1 , 祝笈 2 , 陆强 2 , 张显峰 2 , 刘鹏飞 4
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(2): 276-285
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(2): 276-285
公铁两用运输车连挂冲击下的纵向载荷传递规律研究
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董浩1, 2, 3 , 李映辉1, 祝笈2, 陆强2, 张显峰2, 刘鹏飞4
作者信息
  • 1成都大学高等研究院, 四川 成都 610106
  • 2中车眉山车辆有限公司科创中心, 四川 眉山 620032
  • 3西南交通大学力学与航空航天学院, 四川 成都 611756
  • 4石家庄铁道大学省部共建交通工程结构力学行为与系统安全国家重点实验室, 河北 石家庄 050043
  • 董 浩(1985—),男,博士后,副研究员。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘鹏飞(1986―),男,博士,副教授。 E-mail:
On the longitudinal load transfer law under the coupling shock condition of one roadrailer
Hao DONG1, 2, 3 , Ying-hui LI1, Ji ZHU2, Qiang LU2, Xian-feng ZHANG2, Peng-fei LIU4
Affiliations
  • 1Institute for Advanced Study,Chengdu University,Chengdu 610106,China
  • 2Science Innovation Center, CRRC Meishan Co.,Ltd.,Meishan 620032,China
  • 3School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu 611756,China
  • 4State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and System Safety of Traffic Engineering Structures,Shijiazhuang Tiedao University,Shijiazhuang 050043,China
出版时间: 2024-02-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.010
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针对中国拟自助研发设计的公铁两用运输车,在编组连挂时由车钩经转向架传递至车体的载荷,其传递路径及规律尚不明确的问题,进行了试验测试与仿真研究。该车型的转向架在纵向能传递载荷的部件包括牵引板与抗蛇行减振器装置,需掌握载荷传递路径及其大小以便为后续结构部件的强度考核提供支撑。试验中,对转向架可能传递纵向载荷的部件进行了布点和载荷测试。仿真研究中,根据铁道车辆多体动力学理论与建模方法,建立了3车体4转向架的编组模型,模拟碰撞机车为含质量与速度的简化质量块。建立了抗蛇行减振器装置的力学模型,其力学结构为阻尼与刚度的串联模型;而构架到车体的纵向连接部件为牵引板-抗蛇行减振器装置的并联结构。运用多体动力学软件SIMPACK进行求解。结果表明:车钩与牵引板所受纵向载荷会随着碰撞体冲击速度的增大而增大,仿真结果略小于试验结果,但规律一致,且牵引板所受冲击载荷小于车钩载荷;而抗蛇行减振器装置结点几乎不受纵向载荷,与牵引板受载相比可忽略不计。由试验与仿真结果对比分析,明确了冲击载荷经车钩传递至车体时,几乎完全通过转向架上的牵引板传递,抗蛇行减振器装置作用很小,相关结果能够用于该车结构的优化设计及为部件强度校核提供载荷谱。

车辆系统动力学  /  公铁两用运输车  /  连挂冲击  /  载荷传递路径

It focused on the test and simulation study on the longitudinal load transfer law under the coupling shock condition of a roadrailer. The bogie of this type of the vehicle contains the towing plate and the yaw damper device,which are oriented in the longitudinal direction. Therefore the load transmission path and its value need to be investigated for further strength evaluation of the structural component. In the test,force sensors were installed on the key components. In the simulation,a comprehensive whole vehicle dynamic model,which contains 3 carbodies and 4 bogies,was established based on the theory and method of the rail vehicle and multibody dynamics. Meanwhile the collider is simplified to a mass considering its mass and speed to simulate the locomotive. Besides,it gave the modeling details of the yaw damper device and the towing plate. By the SIMPACK solver,the results demonstrate that the forces on the hook and the yaw damper device both increase with the impact speed increasing. Furthermore,the simulation results were slightly smaller than the test results,but the law is nearly the same. Under these conditions,the yaw damper had no effect. Therefore,the transmission path is only through the towing plate,which is useful for further strength evaluation.

vehicle system dynamics  /  roadrailer  /  coupling shock  /  load transmission path
董浩, 李映辉, 祝笈, 陆强, 张显峰, 刘鹏飞. 公铁两用运输车连挂冲击下的纵向载荷传递规律研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (2) : 276 -285 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.010
Hao DONG, Ying-hui LI, Ji ZHU, Qiang LU, Xian-feng ZHANG, Peng-fei LIU. On the longitudinal load transfer law under the coupling shock condition of one roadrailer[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (2) : 276 -285 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.010
2017年1月,中华人民共和国交通运输部等18部门联合印发了《关于进一步鼓励开展多式联运工作的通知》1-3,明确了5个方面18条举措,提出了中国多式联运发展的目标,指明多式联运发展的行动路线,是中国第一个多式联运纲领性文件,标志着中国多式联运发展上升为国家战略,在中国多式联运发展史上具有里程碑意义。
公铁联运为多式联运中的一种,对应车型为公铁两用运输车。如以中车齐齐哈尔、长江、眉山等货车主机制造公司所研发的公铁两用运输货运车。如今公铁联运运输车技术发展迅速4-10,大致可分为3大类:
(1)集装箱多式联运(箱驮运输,COFC),即以一个集装箱为最小运输单元的运输方式。《“十三五”铁路集装箱多式联运发展规划》大力提倡集装箱多式联运,促进铁路货运增长。
(2)驮背运输多式联运(TOFC),即是将货物装载好先经公路运输至始发地火车站,通过自装或者吊装的方式装载至铁路专用车辆,再经铁路远距离运输到达目的地火车站,最后通过自卸或者吊离铁路专用车辆并由公路运输驶往最终目的地的联运方式。
(3)公铁两用运输车(Rail-compatible),表现为设计特殊转向架结构,其原理为:将公路货车(卸载其牵引车后)通过转换转向架端部的斜面将公路货车顶升装载至铁路转向架上,作为铁路货车车体。其中美国RailRunner公司所研制的公铁两用运输车,其半挂车采用平台化设计,极大缩短了装载时间,提高了装载效率。
公铁两用运输车转向架独特的结构具有编组灵活的特点,但其在实际运用中突出的动力学问题需要解决,本文研究其连挂编组过程中车辆纵向冲击的动力学特性。研究者针对列车纵向动力学有着丰富的研究成果。翟婉明11研究了大量重载列车-线路动力学,并提出了新型重载货车的结构设计方法。孙树磊等12分别采用联合与混合模型法对重载列车进行动力学建模,得出混合模型法计算的车钩力与位移响应更贴近实际情形;孙树磊等13还联合运用控制模块Simulink与动力学软件UM详细建立了车钩缓冲器模型,仿真计算了K6转向C80货车的纵向动力学响应。王开云等14研究了纵向车钩力对重载机车与轨道结构系统动力学性能的影响。杨敏等15研究了车钩间隙对重载列车纵向冲击动力学的影响,结果表明制动过程中的车钩间隙越小,列车最大车钩力越小。Cole等16分析了不同类型缓冲装置对列车纵向动力学性能的影响;陈春棉等17仿真研究了密接式车钩冲击连挂过程,得出在15 km/h的冲击速度下,运动车辆冲击静止车辆能够顺利连挂成功,且连挂时间为49 ms。李显洲18分析了齐齐哈尔车辆公司研制的防脱车钩的纵向动力学性能。Shi等19分析了车钩尾弧面摩擦系数对车钩力及机车动态性能的影响。童小山等20仿真研究了装配NC390/391缓冲器的20E型机车与装配SL-76缓冲器的70 t货车连挂冲击过程,结果表明南非20E型机车的连挂冲击性能满足《铁路技术管理规程》21
本文所研究的公铁两用运输车有自己的结构特点,如悬挂单元在纵向上的非对称反对称性、端部与中间转向架的结构差异、多车编组中中间转向架类似于铰接式转向架等,这些特点与传统重载列车在编组上存在差异。目前中国在无国外技术转移的前提下(全世界仅美国RailRunner铁路货车公司有类似车型并成功运用于线路,但也存在技术问题),需自主设计该车转向架结构并掌握其动力学性能、进行试验验证等问题,本文研究车辆连挂编组时的纵向冲击载荷的传递路径,能为结构关键零部件设计提供理论指导,确保该车型顺利投产与安全运营,服务于中国多式联运事业。
以两车体、三转向架为最小编组单元为例进行说明,编组和装卸示意图分别如图12所示。首先公路半挂车朝公铁两用中间转向架(如图3所示)倒车,如图1中第1步所示;然后在该转向架上通过销接对准完成车体与转向架的约束完成装配,并且由该架的承载面承受车体垂向载荷,第2,3步;接着如第4,5步所示公路车头驶离,并进行左端端部转向架的装配(如果是三车及以上的多车,则替换为中间转向架重复第1~3步过程);最后如第6步所示由提供动力源的铁路机车去冲击连挂左边的端部转向架车钩,冲击过程完成车钩自锁,最终完成机车牵引两辆货车的编组。这样公路货车就作为整个铁路货车的车体,配置于相应转向架上,通过铁路机车提供动力牵引,完成公铁转换。
该公铁两用车编组时其关节(中间)转向架(如图3所示)作用原理与铰接式转向架类似,即两车坐落于同一转换转向架上,该转向架除抗蛇行减振器装置为反对称安装于左右两侧外,基本为对称结构;而端部的两架采用转换转向架(如图4所示),除一系悬挂外基本呈对称结构,但具备车钩装置造成了重心偏移等非对称性。此外,两种转向架均不设置二系悬挂,而是通过摩擦面来承载车体垂向载荷,起到类二系悬挂作用,且设置有抗蛇行减振器以提高车辆临界速度;一系悬挂采用橡胶簧,设有垂向减振器,以及副构架径向装置。
本文将抗蛇行减振器、连接该减振器的摇动臂(同一臂连接左右两个抗蛇行减振器)、摇动臂上的结点(同一臂上有两个结点,结点作用类似于止档)统称为抗蛇行减振器装置。其中摇动臂与抗蛇行减振器在结构上呈串联型,该臂只拥有绕垂向的摇头自由度;臂上的结点与车体接触(可能存在间隙)。抗蛇行减振器装置如图5所示。
车钩装置安装于转换转向架端部,与牵引机车相连,由于其在转向架端部,使得该转向架重心位置不在中心处,而是偏于端部位置,如图6所示。
并且,连挂时一编组车不动,通过机车牵引冲击连挂,进而形成机车牵引多车编组。
该公铁两用车型主要为中国多式联运服务,能在公路/铁路上快速切换。因而编组模式可能会多样,但只要进行多节车编组,必然会涉及到机车连挂过程。1.2节中给出了最小货车编组即两辆货车组装模式,当加上车头机车编组时,此处定义为:机车A组冲击连挂货车编组B,其中B组为三车模式,其头尾转向架为转换转向架,中间为关节转向架。
连挂过程就是由机车牵引的A组以初始速度5 km/h去冲击静止的B组,如图78所示。其中A组的车钩与B组的车钩冲击锁闭扣紧实现连挂。
图910分别给出了试验中抗蛇行减振器端部装置的结点处力传感器、车钩处力传感器的布置,以便测试整个试验过程中的载荷变化。
图910可见,该冲击试验在整个冲击过程中,当编组A车钩接触到编组B车钩时,首先会给B组车钩带来冲击力。由于车钩通过转向架构架相连,纵向载荷最终会传递给B组车体。又因为转向架与车体纵向连接部件包含牵引板与抗蛇行减振器装置,研究该冲击过程中载荷传递至车体的路径。确定并掌握载荷的传递路径及规律,能为后续相关受载部件的结构设计与强度校核提供相关载荷谱等依据。
首先在冲击接触的瞬间,虽然可以运用理论力学中的动量定理进行求解,但由于铁道车辆动力学中轮轨、悬挂等部件存在摩擦和阻尼消耗,动量定理仅能解决将编组B视为整体的情况,难以对编组B内部悬挂件载荷进行求解,因而必须运用多体动力学方法,建立编组B的全车动力学模型。
为了更真实地模拟第2节所述的编组A冲击三车编组B的连挂冲击试验,该部分建立了3车4架,类似于铰接转向架的列车模型,其动力学方程如下式所示:
式中  CK分别为车辆系统的质量、阻尼和刚度矩阵。方程的自由度根据表1求得共66个,可视为冲击载荷,为约束代数方程,对应车辆模型里的牵引销,销子起到限制车体相对于转向架的运动,使得车体在销子处相对于转向架仅能摇头运动。由于研究纵向连挂,不考虑轨道不平顺性。
车辆系统模型自由度如表1所示。车辆仿真模型如图11所示,为一多体耦合动力学模型22
图11中,编组A简化为带质量的质量块并且只有纵向自由度,实际中为包含机车的编组,此处,编组A模拟为带有初始5 km/h左右的匀速质量块,去冲击编组B的车钩,之后通过自动车钩实现编组A与B的连挂。
许自强23提到车钩刚度与阻尼具有时滞性,运用查表法建立了具有时滞非线性的重载货车车钩力模型,用以研究重载货车在运行中的牵引制动工况下的车钩力的受力特性。本文研究机车编组A与货车编组B的连挂冲击特性,为能更直观地描述车钩刚度、阻尼特性,将各自的车钩建立为刚度、阻尼并联式模型,由于车钩碰撞时间极短,本文将车钩刚度设置为厂家提供的常数值。整个纵向碰撞过程的动力学模型如图12所示,图中,VA0为编组A的冲击速度;XA0为编组A与B车钩刚接触时编组A运行的距离;MAMB分别表示编组A与B的总质量;KACA分别表示编组A车钩的刚度与阻尼;KBCB分别表示编组B车钩的刚度与阻尼。
当编组A的车钩到达XA0处时,两车钩发生接触,进行自动锁闭,闭合为一体,两车钩为串联形式,如图13所示(实际中锁闭完成的车钩之间具有一定间隙)。
碰撞过程纵向动力学方程为:
式中  XAXB分别为编组A和B的纵向位移。
编组A的冲击方程为:
式中  e为恢复系数,若考虑两编组的车钩相同,其仅在接触后起作用,则刚度、阻尼为分段函数:
转向架与车体的纵向连接传递结构件包含牵引板、抗蛇行减振器装置两大部件,该两部件均可能受纵向冲击载荷。整个抗蛇行减振器装置的力学模型如图14所示。由图914可知,整个抗蛇行减振器装置还包含了摇动臂、摇动臂上与车体连接的结点、结点与车体接触的间隙。其中摇动臂分别通过左右抗蛇行减振器连接摇动臂的两端,带动摇动臂的摇头运动;摇动臂通过结点与车体连接,该结点与摇动臂间考虑到机械制造时不可避免地存在制造公差、以及整个装车时的对准误差,这会造成结点与摇动臂存在间隙。
图14中,间隙与结点刚度可以用含间隙的非线性弹簧进行模拟,仿真中认为间隙为5 mm。从构架到车体的抗蛇行减振器连接装置为结点间隙、结点刚度、摇动臂、抗蛇行减振器阻尼串联的悬挂单元。
与此同时,构架与车体间还含有牵引板传递纵向载荷,在构架结构上呈现为与抗蛇行减振器装置并联的结构。
因此,通过车钩力传递至转向架的载荷(制动工况同理),再通过牵引板或抗蛇行减振器装置或二者共同作用,最后传递至车体的部件纵向受力力学模型如图15所示。
另外,构架还有一系悬挂与轮对相连,其包含了轴箱弹簧、副构架径向装置等,由于本文研究构架到车体的载荷传递路径,此处不再展开一系悬挂的建模。
恢复系数e的定义公式:
式中  为碰撞物碰撞后瞬时速度;为被碰物碰撞后瞬时速度;为碰撞物碰撞前时瞬时速度;为被碰物碰撞前时瞬时速度。分母表示碰撞前的速度差,分子表示碰撞后的速度差。由于连挂碰撞意味着编组A与编组B在碰撞完成后为同一速度运动,因此理论上分子为0,即e=0,对应完全非弹性碰撞。
实际两车钩的连挂要考虑车钩的材料,其材料本身具有一定的弹性。由于该车的车钩采用C级钢,而钢材的恢复系数区间为0.63~0.93,更偏向于1。但是实际中编组A与编组B在冲击连挂后是形成一整体运行的,更偏向于完全非弹性碰撞(刚性碰撞),因此e应取较小值,由于车钩本身具有阻尼特性,综合考虑钢材恢复系数与车钩锁闭后的完全非弹性碰撞,取e=0.1。
仿真参数如表2所示。
对第2节所布置的力传感器,进行了对编组A在不同冲击速度下的碰撞连挂试验,试验结果如图1617所示。
图1617可见,随着编组A的冲击速度由3 km/h提高至8 km/h,车钩、牵引板、左右结点的最大冲击载荷均增大。由于对称性,左右结点的受载几乎一致,但结点受力(最大3.5 N)远小于牵引板受力(最小600 kN)。
此试验状态下,为了便于图9所示安装力传感器,抗蛇行减振器装置结点与车体间隙大于5 mm。
仿真工况根据实际测试工况对编组A的冲击速度进行改变,同样模拟了冲击速度从3 km/h提高至8 km/h的情形。其中,车钩力、牵引板力、抗蛇行减振器摇动臂上左右结点受力分别如图18~20所示。
图18~20可见,仿真结果中在最大冲击速度8 km/h下,车钩力最大值为1351 kN,随着编组A冲击速度的减小,车钩力最大值逐渐减小;牵引板力最大值为893 kN,随着编组A冲击速度的减小,牵引板力最大值也逐渐减小;而抗蛇行减振器摇动臂上的左右结点均完全不受力,说明冲击载荷的传递由牵引板传递至车体,抗蛇行减振器装置在冲击连挂时不起作用;由于牵引板载荷小于车钩载荷,说明有一部分力通过一系悬挂传递至轮轨。
为便于将仿真与试验结果进行比较,车钩、牵引板、抗蛇行减振器摇动臂上结点的最大冲击载荷对比如图21~23所示。
图21~23可见,试验与仿真结果规律一致,即随着冲击速度的增大,车钩、牵引板、抗蛇行减振器摇动臂上的结点所受最大冲击载荷均增大,且仿真结果要小于试验结果。而且可知车钩力经图14所示的串联结构,纵向载荷主要由牵引板传递至车体,结点所受力几乎可以忽略不计,说明在该试验工况(图9所示间隙大小5 mm)下,整个抗蛇行减振器装置在连挂冲击中不会传递纵向载荷。
基于4.2节的仿真与试验对比结果,其趋势图能基本反映仿真的正确性。由于实际车型设计参数中,其抗蛇行减振器摇动臂上结点与车体连接不可避免地存在间隙,测试时该间隙大于5 mm以便于对力传感器进行布点(如图9所示)。而整车装配于转向架时,需首要保证车体对准牵引销进行销接,约束车体相对于转向架运动,所以根据参数设计好的结构结点间隙会很小或者结点与车体完全接触,实际中可能出现的制造公差也会造成间隙不一致。由于整个试验的复杂度涉及多方,试验过程难以精确设置间隙大小,且力传感器要占用一定空间,所以试验中未考虑间隙对冲击的影响。为了反映间隙对载荷传递的影响,仿真研究了该结点间隙的变化对传递载荷大小的影响,如图24~26所示。
结点间隙0表示整车装车时,车体与抗蛇行减振器装置摇动臂上的结点是接触的。
图2526可见,随着间隙的增大,车钩与牵引板最大冲击载荷均保持不变。说明间隙对二者的受力并无影响;但图26表明:结点间隙大于3 mm时,抗蛇行减振器结点在整个冲击过程中不受力,即结点不会与车体接触,但结点间隙小于3 mm时,间隙越小,受冲击载荷越大,但是与牵引板相比,在数值上可以忽略不计。这说明整个连挂冲击时,牵引板几乎是所有纵向载荷传递至车体的位移路径。至于结点间隙的数值设计问题,需结合车辆运动稳定性即临界速度综合考虑,针对结点间隙对整车非线性临界速度的影响,根据铁道车辆分岔理论以及评定标准24-26,计算出临界速度随间隙的变化如图27所示。
图27可见,为了使抗蛇行减振器装置的阻尼特性更好地起到抑制车辆摇头作用,按惯例是让车体与结点接触(不存在间隙),但在实际装车过程中由于结点存在刚度,因此也可能存在预压缩量。图27表明:预压缩量越大,临界速度越高;而间隙越大,临界速度越低,甚至不能保证该车120 km/h的设计速度。所以结点间隙并非越大越好,因为间隙越大,抗蛇行减振器阻尼特性的作用越小,可能使整车蛇行失稳临界速度降低。
本文通过试验与仿真手段,研究了中国拟自主研发的公铁两用运输车在连挂受冲击载荷时的纵向载荷传递规律,即是通过何种路径传递至车体上。
通过以上研究,车钩与牵引板受力会随着碰撞体冲击速度的增大而增大,仿真结果略小于试验结果,但规律一致。
考虑到制造公差以及安装误差等因素,摇动臂上结点存在间隙,对该间隙大小进行了优化,结果表明:结点几乎不受力,与牵引板受力相比可忽略不计。
通过试验与仿真结果的对比分析,明确了冲击载荷经车钩传递至车体时几乎全部通过转向架上的牵引板传递,抗蛇行减振器装置作用很小,此结果能为后续结构部件强度设计及考核提供支撑。
抗蛇行减振器装置与车体连接的间隙越大,越能减小最大冲击载荷,然而综合考虑整车的蛇行失稳临界速度,由于间隙越大,其阻尼特性的作用越小,不能保证车辆的设计速度,因此建议该间隙控制在1 mm以内。
通过以上研究,能为后续车辆受载部件的强度、疲劳设计等提供依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(11802041)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52072249)
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  • 交通工程结构力学行为与系统安全国家重点实验室开放课题(KF2021-13)
  • 河北省省级科技计划资助项目(225676162GH)
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2024年第37卷第2期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.010
  • 接收时间:2022-05-16
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2024-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-16
  • 修回日期:2022-08-15
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(11802041)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52072249)
中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2020M683367)
交通工程结构力学行为与系统安全国家重点实验室开放课题(KF2021-13)
河北省省级科技计划资助项目(225676162GH)
作者信息
    1成都大学高等研究院, 四川 成都 610106
    2中车眉山车辆有限公司科创中心, 四川 眉山 620032
    3西南交通大学力学与航空航天学院, 四川 成都 611756
    4石家庄铁道大学省部共建交通工程结构力学行为与系统安全国家重点实验室, 河北 石家庄 050043

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刘鹏飞(1986―),男,博士,副教授。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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