Article(id=1228046472936096314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228046469559681568, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1657382400000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-10, revisedDate=1668700800000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770718695148, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1709049600000, pubDateStr=2024-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770718695148, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770718695148, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770718695148, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228046469559681568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='2', pageStart='191', pageEnd='364', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770718694343, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795432451, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368332575928712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228046469559681568, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368332575928713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228046469559681568, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=200, endPage=209, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228046473133228608, articleId=1228046472936096314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Nonlinear force reconstruction of stick-slip friction contact of joint interface, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A novel method for nonlinear force reconstruction has been developed to reproduce the stick-slip friction contact behaviors of joint interface. Nonlinear substructure modeling is employed to simplify the complex jointed structures into the linear substructures and nonlinear joints. An inversion technique has been developed to eliminate the singularity of transfer matrix,extracting only the transfer relationship between the degree-of-freedoms of nonlinear joints and measuring locations. The harmonic balance method is used to directly apply the measured nonlinear dynamic responses of the linear substructures to reconstruct local hysteresis nonlinear contact forces of the bolted joint interface. Numerical simulations and experimental investigations of a lap-type bolted joint beam system have been performed to verify the nonlinear force reconstruction process,and to investigate the effects of stick-slip friction contact at the bolted joint interface. The good agreement between the comparison results validates the proposed nonlinear force reconstruction method,and the reconstructed nonlinear virtual excitation can be further used to detect the loss of bolt preload effectively.

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提出一种连接界面黏滑摩擦行为的非线性载荷重构方法。基于非线性动力学子结构建模方法,将复杂连接结构视作线性子结构和非线性连接两部分,通过虚拟非线性激励载荷进行关联。以线性子结构为研究对象,采用两次动刚度矩阵求逆的反转技术消除传递函数的病态奇异性,建立观测点自由度和非线性连接自由度之间的传递关系。考虑连接界面黏滑摩擦行为的影响,将观测的非线性动力响应进行谐波级数展开,直接辨识连接界面的局部非线性接触载荷。利用螺栓连接梁结构的数值仿真和实验结果进行验证。结果表明:重构的虚拟非线性激励载荷能够直接反映连接界面黏滑摩擦行为的影响,并且能够有效地识别螺栓连接界面预紧性能的变化。

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张周锁(1963—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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王东(1988—),男,博士,副研究员。E-mail:

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王东(1988—),男,博士,副研究员。E-mail:

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连接界面黏滑摩擦行为的非线性载荷重构方法
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王东 1 , 范宣华 1 , 张周锁 2
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(2): 200-209
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(2): 200-209
连接界面黏滑摩擦行为的非线性载荷重构方法
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王东1 , 范宣华1, 张周锁2
作者信息
  • 1中国工程物理研究院总体工程研究所,四川 绵阳 621999
  • 2西安交通大学机械工程学院,陕西 西安 710049
  • 王东(1988—),男,博士,副研究员。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张周锁(1963—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Nonlinear force reconstruction of stick-slip friction contact of joint interface
Dong WANG1 , Xuan-hua FAN1, Zhou-suo ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Systems Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
  • 2School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
出版时间: 2024-02-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.002
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提出一种连接界面黏滑摩擦行为的非线性载荷重构方法。基于非线性动力学子结构建模方法,将复杂连接结构视作线性子结构和非线性连接两部分,通过虚拟非线性激励载荷进行关联。以线性子结构为研究对象,采用两次动刚度矩阵求逆的反转技术消除传递函数的病态奇异性,建立观测点自由度和非线性连接自由度之间的传递关系。考虑连接界面黏滑摩擦行为的影响,将观测的非线性动力响应进行谐波级数展开,直接辨识连接界面的局部非线性接触载荷。利用螺栓连接梁结构的数值仿真和实验结果进行验证。结果表明:重构的虚拟非线性激励载荷能够直接反映连接界面黏滑摩擦行为的影响,并且能够有效地识别螺栓连接界面预紧性能的变化。

非线性载荷重构  /  预紧状态识别  /  连接界面  /  黏滑摩擦

A novel method for nonlinear force reconstruction has been developed to reproduce the stick-slip friction contact behaviors of joint interface. Nonlinear substructure modeling is employed to simplify the complex jointed structures into the linear substructures and nonlinear joints. An inversion technique has been developed to eliminate the singularity of transfer matrix,extracting only the transfer relationship between the degree-of-freedoms of nonlinear joints and measuring locations. The harmonic balance method is used to directly apply the measured nonlinear dynamic responses of the linear substructures to reconstruct local hysteresis nonlinear contact forces of the bolted joint interface. Numerical simulations and experimental investigations of a lap-type bolted joint beam system have been performed to verify the nonlinear force reconstruction process,and to investigate the effects of stick-slip friction contact at the bolted joint interface. The good agreement between the comparison results validates the proposed nonlinear force reconstruction method,and the reconstructed nonlinear virtual excitation can be further used to detect the loss of bolt preload effectively.

nonlinear force reconstruction  /  preload identification  /  joint interface  /  stick-slip friction
王东, 范宣华, 张周锁. 连接界面黏滑摩擦行为的非线性载荷重构方法. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (2) : 200 -209 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.002
Dong WANG, Xuan-hua FAN, Zhou-suo ZHANG. Nonlinear force reconstruction of stick-slip friction contact of joint interface[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (2) : 200 -209 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.002
在工程装备结构中,连接广泛应用于各类零部件之间传递能量和载荷。连接界面的黏滑摩擦、接触分离等行为对结构的动力学特性有重要的影响1。连接界面是结构呈现复杂非线性动力响应特性的主要影响因素之一,准确辨识连接界面的载荷传递规律对装备结构的优化设计、可靠性分析及状态评估具有重要意义。
系统辨识是从观测的响应数据中提取表征连接界面预紧接触影响的非线性特征参数。在给定连接界面的非线性动力学模型形式之后,非线性系统辨识问题就转化为参数辨识。传统的辨识方法主要利用实验获得的固有频率、阻尼因子、模态振型、频响函数等辨识模型参数。由于频响函数能够反映更多的非线性效应,被广泛选为目标特征24。通过与试验结果的偏差构造目标函数,采用曲线拟合57、优化89和迭代10等方法辨识非线性模型的参数。基于智能控制理论中的神经网络、模糊逻辑、遗传算法等也为非线性系统辨识开辟了一条新的途径1112。王兴等413利用连接结构的非线性频响函数辨识局部连接单元的等效动力特征。Wang等14利用螺栓连接结构的模态频率辨识连接界面虚拟材料的力学性能参数,并考虑了螺栓预紧载荷的影响。Lacayo等15利用螺栓连接结构的固有频率、模态振型确定Iwan模型的参数。Wang等8、Song等11、Yuan等16利用瞬态动力特征辨识连接梁单元中的Iwan模型参数。但是,这些方法辨识的模型参数并不唯一,即多种参数组合均能够给出与试验观测值相近的结果。
另一方面,可利用结构观测的动力响应辨识连接界面的非线性接触载荷,即非线性载荷重构。考虑到响应和载荷之间的非线性和随机性,载荷重构可分为时域和频域两大类。载荷重构的频域方法发展较早,利用传递函数在频域内将可测量的动力响应与目标位置的载荷通过线性乘积关联起来,识别未知载荷,然后利用逆傅立叶变换将其转换到时域,可针对稳态或准稳态的振动响应进行载荷重构1718。载荷重构的时域方法起步较晚,利用传递函数与未知载荷之间的卷积关系,直接在时域内求解卷积模型,适用于平稳和非平稳信号的载荷重构1920。相比而言,后者需要考虑整个时程的累积效应,求解过程相对复杂,理论体系还不够完善。在某种程度下,非线性载荷重构的时域和频域方法是相通的,其核心在于构建输入和输出的传递关系。
对于工程装备结构而言,传递函数是一个条件数较大的病态矩阵,直接进行载荷重构的过程不满足Hadmard稳定条件,是一个不适定问题,在病态传递函数的作用下,重构的结果将严重偏离真实值。为了消除传递函数的病态奇异性,Khoo等21、Kalhori等22建立了一种基于伪逆算法的时域载荷重构法;Wei等23、Noël等24融合了非线性状态子空间的预测误差分析和最小二乘拟合方法,建立了一种频域载荷重构方法。Liu等25基于输出反馈的非线性识别方法,将非线性系统的基础线性部分和非线性部分进行分离,建立了一种改进的频域非线性载荷重构法。文献[26-29]对非线性载荷重构方法的发展进行了回顾,对比了不同方法的优缺点。因此,非线性载荷重构的困难在于解决传递函数的病态特性,建立可观测动力响应与连接界面非线性接触载荷的传递关系。
在非线性系统辨识领域,学者们已取得了令人瞩目的研究成果,针对具体结构提出了诸多性能优异的非线性系统辨识方法。但是,正如Kerschen等28、Noël等30所言,目前仍缺少适用于所有非线性系统的参数辨识方法,大多数研究都是针对某一类问题或特定的非线性结构开展研究。
本文提出一种连接界面黏滑摩擦行为的非线性载荷重构方法,并用来辨识螺栓连接的预紧性能变化。采用非线性动力学子结构建模方法将复杂连接结构等效为线性子结构和非线性连接两部分,通过虚拟非线性激励载荷进行关联。以线性子结构为研究对象,采用两次动刚度矩阵求逆的反转技术消除传递函数的病态奇异性,建立观测点自由度和非线性连接自由度之间的传递关系。考虑连接界面黏滑摩擦行为的影响,将观测的非线性动力响应进行谐波级数展开,直接辨识连接界面的局部非线性接触载荷。利用螺栓连接梁结构的数值仿真和实验结果进行验证。
图1所示,考虑连接界面黏滑摩擦行为引起的非线性软化刚度、迟滞非线性等特征,一个自由度复杂连接结构的非线性动力学微分方程可表示为:
式中  分别为位移、速度、加速度响应向量;为外激励载荷向量;为连接界面的非线性接触载荷向量;分别为线性基础结构的质量、阻尼、刚度矩阵。
采用有限元分析方法对装备结构进行离散,获得线性基础结构的质量矩阵、刚度矩阵,阻尼矩阵可通过不同的定义方式获得,如黏性理论、瑞利比例阻尼(Rayleigh)理论等。非线性接触载荷向量与连接界面的局部相对位移和相对速度有关,是一个稀疏向量。外激励载荷向量由载荷加载方式决定,也是一个稀疏向量。
基于非线性动力学子结构的建模方法,将图1中的复杂连接结构视作线性子结构和非线性连接两部分,并在非线性连接分割处通过虚拟激励载荷进行关联,如图2所示。其中,线性子结构可以分为两大类,外激励载荷和虚拟激励载荷共同作用的、仅虚拟激励载荷单独作用的,分别对应图1中线性子结构1和线性子结构2。
图2(a)所示,在外激励载荷和虚拟激励载荷的共同作用下,子结构的动力学微分方程可表示为:
式中  分别为线性子结构的质量、阻尼、刚度矩阵;分别为子结构的位移、速度、加速度响应向量;为子结构的虚拟激励载荷向量。
图2(c)所示,仅考虚拟激励载荷的作用,子结构的动力学微分方程为:
对比式(2)和式(3),为减少结构动力响应的观测量,简化连接界面非线性接触载荷的重构过程,选取无外激励载荷的子结构进行研究,即式(3)和图2(c)
图2(b)所示,为黏着刚度,为残余刚度系数,为临界滑移载荷,非线性连接部分的动力学微分方程可表示为:
式中  为连接部分的质量矩阵;为连接界面的局部非线性接触载荷向量;为连接部分的加速度响应向量;为连接部分的虚拟激励载荷向量。
在非线性连接部分和线性子结构分割处的自由度上,虚拟激励载荷满足:
式中  为分割处的自由度序号。
将式(5)代入式(4),可得:
由式(6)可知,连接界面的非线性接触载荷与子结构的动力响应、连接节点的动力响应相关。
考虑连接界面黏滑摩擦行为对非线性接触载荷的影响,由式(5)可知,子结构的虚拟激励载荷也是非线性的。利用谐波平衡法对非线性虚拟激励载荷进行级数展开:
式中  为第阶子结构虚拟激励载荷的谐波系数;H为截断的谐波阶数;上标“”和“”分别表示余弦和正弦分量。
相应地,子结构实验观测的非线性动力响应可表示为:
式中  为第阶子结构非线性位移响应的谐波系数。
将式(7)和(8)代入式(3),可得:
式中  为子结构各阶谐波频率对应的传递函数,即动刚度矩阵第一次求逆:
为了消除传递函数的病态奇异性,仅考虑非线性连接分割处自由度与子结构观测点自由度之间的传递关系,式(9)改写为:
式中  为子结构观测点的自由度序号。
在式(11)中,子结构观测点动力响应的维数不能小于非线性连接分割处的自由度数目,即,否则将出现欠约束问题。考虑到子结构动力响应测点的布置情况,本文取 。剔除式(11)右侧虚拟激励载荷中的0元素,动刚度矩阵第二次求逆,方程可表示为:
连接界面的局部非线性接触载荷也可表示为:
式中  为第阶连接界面非线性接触载荷的谐波系数。
连接界面局部非线性接触载荷的重构过程如图3所示,关键步骤如下:
(1) 以线性子结构为研究对象,进行有限元离散分析,获得质量矩阵、刚度矩阵、阻尼矩阵
(2) 计算各阶谐波频率对应的传递函数,仅考虑非线性连接分割处自由度和观测点自由度之间的传递关系,通过两次动刚度矩阵求逆,
(3) 采用傅里叶变换将实验观测(重构测点)的非线性动力响应转化到频域,。其中,重构测点应当选择能够体现连接界面非线性影响效应的位置。
(4) 利用步骤(2)的传递函数和步骤(3)的频域响应,计算子结构虚拟非线性激励载荷的各阶谐波成分,
(5) 利用重构的虚拟非线性激励载荷计算另一观测点(验证测点)的动力响应,并与实验观测值进行对比。如果计算值和实验值的相对误差小于10-3,输出重构的虚拟激励载荷;否则,增加谐波阶数,直至满足计算要求为止。其中,验证测点也应当选择能够体现非线性影响效应的位置。
(6) 将重构的虚拟非线性激励载荷转化到时域,利用逆傅里叶变换将谐波系数向量转化为时程响应,
(7) 以非线性连接部分为研究对象,结合非线性连接部分的加速度响应,辨识连接界面的局部非线性接触载荷,
由式(10)~(12)可知,通过两次动刚度矩阵的求逆运算消除传递函数的病态奇异性,建立非线性连接分割处自由度和观测点自由度之间的传递关系。由式(6)~(8)和式(12)可知,结合谐波平衡法,观测的非线性动力响应可直接用来构造连接界面的局部非线性接触载荷。相比于非线性拟合(伪逆运算)、优化、迭代和深度学习等辨识方法,利用本文方法重构的结果是唯一的,且不受限于非线性动力学模型的形式。
采用螺栓连接梁结构的数值仿真结果验证本文的非线性载荷重构方法,动力学仿真条件和非线性连接单元的描述可参考文献[31]。
采用时程积分(Newmark法)获得的螺栓连接梁结构的稳态非线性动力响应进行验证。
图4所示,在非线性载荷重构过程中,将螺栓连接梁结构的5~8号Euler梁单元作为线性子结构,非线性连接分割处为第6号节点,将对应的剪切载荷Q和弯矩载荷M视作子结构的虚拟激励载荷。利用第7号节点(重构测点)的垂向位移v和转动角位移θ构造第6号节点的虚拟激励载荷,并预测第10号节点(验证测点)的非线性动力响应。观测动力响应的维数和非线性连接处的自由度数目是匹配的,满足。连接界面的非线性接触载荷重构过程为:
以非线性连接部分为研究对象,连接界面的局部非线性接触载荷向量可表示为:
式中  l为连接梁的长度;b为高度;F1F2分别为连接界面垂向和横向的非线性接触载荷。
非线性连接部分的位移响应向量和质量矩阵分别为:
式中  A为梁单元的截面积;ρ为连接梁的密度。
连接梁结构的密度ρ=7.8×103 kg/m3,弹性模量为E=200 GPa。根据文献[31]仿真获得的非线性频响函数,为了体现连接界面宏观滑移行为的影响,激励频率为,外激励载荷幅值。截断的谐波阶数对非线性接触载荷(Iwan模型部分)的影响如图5所示,最终取10阶谐波级数对连接界面的迟滞特性进行近似。
将重构的第6号节点的虚拟激励载荷、第10号节点的动力响应与数值仿真结果进行对比,如图67所示。
图6可知,重构的第6号节点的虚拟激励载荷与数值仿真结果吻合较好。由图7可知,重构的第10号节点的动力响应也与数值仿真结果吻合较好。结合非线性连接部分的加速度响应,采用式(6)辨识连接界面的局部非线性接触载荷,对比结果如图8所示。其中,非线性接触载荷包括非线性和线性两部分,分别对应图2(b)的弹簧⁃滑块和弹簧单元。
图8可知,重构的非线性接触载荷能够较好地区分黏着和滑移行为的影响。重构的垂向非线性接触载荷与数值仿真结果吻合较好,横向却表现出略微的差异,尤其是在黏着⁃滑移过渡阶段。这是采用谐波级数逼近非光滑的迟滞非线性接触载荷(图2(b)弹簧⁃滑块贡献)造成的,尤其是宏观滑移行为影响的非线性接触载荷,如图9所示。
螺栓连接梁结构的对比结果表明:利用非线性载荷重构法辨识的虚拟激励载荷和非线性动力响应均与数值仿真结果吻合较好,验证了本文非线性载荷重构方法的有效性。
螺栓连接梁结构的实验装置如图10所示,采用振动台模拟垂向基础激励载荷。用测量两点的加速度响应来控制激励载荷的幅值,为;同时,根据第一阶弯曲模态频率确定外激励载荷的频率为。为了研究螺栓连接界面预紧状态对动力响应的影响,设置六种连接状态,采用拧紧力矩扳手进行控制,力矩 ,T1,T2两处螺栓的预紧载荷相同,S1~S5为加速度响应测点。
螺栓连接梁结构的非线性动力学模型如图11所示。对于线性子结构,相比于第3节Euler梁单元,本节采用有限元实体单元进行离散;对于非线性连接部分,考虑垂向和横向的非线性接触载荷,在分割处将产生剪力载荷和弯矩载荷。利用(重构测点)垂向的加速度响应构造线性子结构的虚拟激励载荷,满足 ,并利用 (验证测点)垂向的加速度响应进行验证。螺栓连接界面的非线性载荷重构时,取10阶 谐波成分,辨识过程为:
构造线性子结构各阶谐波频率对应的动力学传递函数,结合动力学传递函数的物理意义,基于谐响应分析模块,在单位激励载荷(1 N或1 N·m)作用下,通过提取观测点的加速度响应(实部和虚部)构造传递函数,建立子结构虚拟激励载荷与观测响应之间的传递关系,如图12所示。图12中,剪切载荷对应非线性连接分割处第一个自由度,弯矩载荷为第二个自由度。
观测点的加速度响应与子结构虚拟激励载荷各阶谐波成分之间的传递关系为:
两种螺栓预紧载荷下各测点的垂向加速度响应如图13所示。由图13可知,加速度响应的幅值对螺栓预紧状态的变化并不敏感,均为7.5g左右。利用垂向加速度响应辨识子结构的虚拟激励载荷,如图14所示。进而,利用重构的虚拟激励载荷计算测点的垂向加速度响应,并与实验结果进行对比,如图15所示。
图14可知,重构的虚拟激励载荷能够直接反映连接界面微观黏着和宏观滑移行为的影响。由图14(b)可知,的弯矩载荷出现了明显的宏观滑移行为,而的剪切载荷和弯矩载荷均表现为微观黏着,其原因为螺栓预紧载荷越大,临界滑移力同等激励载荷条件下越不容易发生宏观滑移。
由式(15)可知,弯矩载荷与垂向和横向的非线性接触载荷均相关(),而剪切载荷仅与垂向的非线性接触载荷相关(仅)。图14(a)的剪切载荷始终处于微观黏着状态,因此,图14(b)中弯矩载荷表现的宏观滑移主要由横向的非线性接触载荷决定。
图15可知,利用重构的虚拟激励载荷预测的垂向加速度响应与实验结果也吻合较好。然而,由式(6)可知,为了辨识连接界面的局部非线性接触载荷,需要测量非线性连接节点的角加速度响应,这在实验过程中是十分困难的。但是,可利用重构的虚拟激励载荷的幅值辨识螺栓预紧状态的变化,如图16所示。
图16可知,重构的虚拟激励载荷的幅值能够有效地辨识螺栓预紧状态的变化。并且,剪切载荷能够辨识预紧力衰退程度较大的连接状态,从;弯矩载荷能够辨识预紧力衰退程度较小的连接状态,从。由图14可知,螺栓预紧状态对连接界面横向非线性接触载荷的影响较大;结合式(15),弯矩载荷由垂向和横向的非线性接触载荷共同决定,而剪切载荷仅由垂向的非线性接触载荷决定。因此,相比于剪切载荷,重构的弯矩载荷能够更好地反映螺栓连接界面黏滑摩擦行为的影响,也是能够更好识别螺栓连接界面预紧状态变化的原因。
本文提出一种连接界面黏滑摩擦行为的非线性接触载荷重构方法,并用来辨识螺栓连接预紧状态的变化。利用非线性动力学子结构建模方法将复杂连接结构视作线性子结构和非线性连接两部分,通过虚拟非线性激励载荷进行关联。通过两次动刚度求逆的反转技术消除了传递函数的病态奇异性。考虑连接界面黏滑摩擦行为的影响,将观测的非线性动力响应进行谐波级数展开,直接辨识连接界面的局部非线性接触载荷,并利用重构的载荷幅值辨识预紧状态的变化。利用螺栓连接梁结构的数值仿真和实验结果进行验证。获得如下结论:
(1) 重构的非线性动力响应与数值仿真、实验结果吻合较好。
(2) 重构的虚拟激励载荷能够直接反映连接界面微观黏着和宏观滑移行为的影响,且连接梁结构的黏滑摩擦行为主要由横向的非线性接触载荷决定。
(3) 重构的剪切载荷、弯矩载荷能够有效地识别螺栓连接预紧状态的变化,且重构的弯矩载荷表现出更好的识别效果。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52305141)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2141212)
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2024年第37卷第2期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.002
  • 接收时间:2022-07-10
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2024-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-10
  • 修回日期:2022-11-18
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52305141)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2141212)
作者信息
    1中国工程物理研究院总体工程研究所,四川 绵阳 621999
    2西安交通大学机械工程学院,陕西 西安 710049

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张周锁(1963—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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