Article(id=1228046471191262190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228046469559681568, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1653235200000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-23, revisedDate=1663430400000, revisedDateStr=2022-09-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770718694732, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1709049600000, pubDateStr=2024-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770718694732, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770718694732, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770718694732, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228046469559681568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='2', pageStart='191', pageEnd='364', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770718694343, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795432451, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368332575928712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228046469559681568, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368332575928713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228046469559681568, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=210, endPage=217, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228046472415998961, articleId=1228046471191262190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Application of iterative singular value method in mode seperation and reconstruction of mechanical structure, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Complex multi-mode signals can be decomposed into single mode components using time-frequency decomposition technology. This allows for the use of a simple and reliable single mode identification method to identify the complex modal signals of mechanical structure. Empirical wavelet transform (EWT) method can effectively decompose the modes, and some revised methods even can overcome the strong noise. However, when reconstructing the modes, the reconstructed mode could be distorted due to overlapping filters and closely spaced components. Focusing on the problem of mode decomposition and reconstruction, this paper analyzes the problem of distorted reconstructed mode of EWT method, proposes a revised method based on the Iterative Truncated Singular Value Decomposition (ITSVD) method, and applies this new method to both the synthesis signal and the experimental signal from the vibration response of a mechanical structure model with a joint surface. The results suggest that the proposed ITSVD-EWT method is more effective in mode decompose and reconstruction.

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通过时频分解技术,将复杂的多模态信号分解成单模态成分,从而可以采用比较简单可靠的单模态识别方法对机械结构复杂模态信号进行参数辨识。经验小波变换(EWT)算法能有效解决模态分离问题,一些改进型EWT算法能有效克服噪声干扰,但是在模态重构时,滤波器彼此重叠、临近模态互相干扰,会不可避免地出现重构模态失真。本文针对模态分离重构问题展开研究,分析了EWT算法在模态分离重构中面临的重构失真问题,提出了基于迭代截断奇异值分解(ITSVD)方法的改进算法,并在仿真信号和含结合面机械结构模型振动响应信号上进行了应用。结果表明,所提ITSVD-EWT算法能够更好地实现机械结构模态分离重构。

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阎绍泽(1964―),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
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罗治军(1985—),男,博士,工程师。 E-mail:

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迭代奇异值方法在机械结构模态分离重构中的应用
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罗治军 1, 2 , 田桂 3 , 阎绍泽 1
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(2): 210-217
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(2): 210-217
迭代奇异值方法在机械结构模态分离重构中的应用
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罗治军1, 2 , 田桂3, 阎绍泽1
作者信息
  • 1清华大学机械工程系摩擦学国家重点实验室,北京 100084
  • 2中国人民解放军96963部队博士创新工作站, 北京 100084
  • 3陆军航空兵学院航电和兵器工程系,北京 101123
  • 罗治军(1985—),男,博士,工程师。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

阎绍泽(1964―),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
Application of iterative singular value method in mode seperation and reconstruction of mechanical structure
Zhi-jun LUO1, 2 , Gui TIAN3, Shao-ze YAN1
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 2PhD Innovation Workstation of Unit 96963 of China People’s Liberation Army, Beijing 100084, China
  • 3Department of Avionics and Weapon Engineering, Army Aviation Institute, Beijing 101123, China
出版时间: 2024-02-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.003
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通过时频分解技术,将复杂的多模态信号分解成单模态成分,从而可以采用比较简单可靠的单模态识别方法对机械结构复杂模态信号进行参数辨识。经验小波变换(EWT)算法能有效解决模态分离问题,一些改进型EWT算法能有效克服噪声干扰,但是在模态重构时,滤波器彼此重叠、临近模态互相干扰,会不可避免地出现重构模态失真。本文针对模态分离重构问题展开研究,分析了EWT算法在模态分离重构中面临的重构失真问题,提出了基于迭代截断奇异值分解(ITSVD)方法的改进算法,并在仿真信号和含结合面机械结构模型振动响应信号上进行了应用。结果表明,所提ITSVD-EWT算法能够更好地实现机械结构模态分离重构。

参数辨识  /  经验模态分解  /  机械结构  /  经验小波变换  /  迭代截断奇异值分解

Complex multi-mode signals can be decomposed into single mode components using time-frequency decomposition technology. This allows for the use of a simple and reliable single mode identification method to identify the complex modal signals of mechanical structure. Empirical wavelet transform (EWT) method can effectively decompose the modes, and some revised methods even can overcome the strong noise. However, when reconstructing the modes, the reconstructed mode could be distorted due to overlapping filters and closely spaced components. Focusing on the problem of mode decomposition and reconstruction, this paper analyzes the problem of distorted reconstructed mode of EWT method, proposes a revised method based on the Iterative Truncated Singular Value Decomposition (ITSVD) method, and applies this new method to both the synthesis signal and the experimental signal from the vibration response of a mechanical structure model with a joint surface. The results suggest that the proposed ITSVD-EWT method is more effective in mode decompose and reconstruction.

parameter identification  /  empirical mode decomposition  /  mechanical structure  /  empirical wavelet transform  /  iterative truncated singular value decomposition
罗治军, 田桂, 阎绍泽. 迭代奇异值方法在机械结构模态分离重构中的应用. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (2) : 210 -217 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.003
Zhi-jun LUO, Gui TIAN, Shao-ze YAN. Application of iterative singular value method in mode seperation and reconstruction of mechanical structure[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (2) : 210 -217 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.003
机械结构通常由螺栓将多个部件连接在一起,如精密机床、航空发动机等1。工作状态下,由于结合面刚度、阻尼的时变特征,机械结构模态会出现复杂的变化,如何从振动信号中识别到含结合面的机械结构模态参数是研究的难点问题1-8。近年来,新的时频分析方法被引入模态分析领域,这些方法继承了频域分解(FFD)方法的成分分解思想2,通过时频分解技术将复杂的多模态信号分解成单模态成分,从而可以采用比较简单可靠的单模态识别方法对模态参数进行辨识3。比较有代表性的方法有短时傅里叶变换(STFT)4,小波变换(WT)4-5,经验模式分解(EMD)7-8。其中,EMD作为一种新的自适应模态分解方法,将复杂多模态信号分解成纯粹的单模态成分,从而实现模态参数辨识。边涛等7将EMD方法应用于航空发动机拉杆转子的模态参数辨识中,并指出了EMD在应用中存在的模态混叠问题,即:当模态过于接近时,将不可避免地产生混叠效应,从而导致分离重构失败。为解决EMD方法存在的混叠问题,一种名为经验小波变换(EWT)的算法被Gilles等9提出。EWT算法不仅拥有傅里叶变换的频率分辨率,而且具备自适应的时频分解能力。一些研究人员尝试将EWT算法引入模态分析领域,并进行适应性改进,取得了不错的效果,如:Amezquita-Sanchez等10将MUSIC算法与EWT算法相结合,克服了EWT算法易受噪声干扰的问题,并对建筑物的工作模态参数进行了辨识,取得了令人满意的效果;Yuan等11将EWT算法与盲源分离技术结合起来,对带有调谐阻尼器的建筑物进行模态参数辨识;Luo等6提出了AR-EWT算法,在自回归(AR)功率谱上确定模态边界,从而克服了强噪声对模态边界干扰的问题。诸多结果表明,EWT算法对于密集模态的参数辨识有良好的效果9-12。然而,虽然EWT算法能有效解决模态分离的问题,一些改进型算法能有效克服噪声干扰612,但是在模态重构时,滤波器彼此重叠、临近模态互相干扰,必然导致重构得到的模态信息失真,如何准确重构模态,是确保模态参数精度的重要途径。
本文针对模态分离重构问题展开研究,首先分析了EWT算法在模态分离重构中面临重构失真问题,提出了基于迭代截断奇异值分解(ITSVD)方法的改进算法,并在仿真信号和含结合面机械结构模型振动响应信号上进行应用,结果表明,所提ITSVD-EWT算法能够更好地实现模态重构。
在信号处理中,主要通过滤波器将感兴趣的成分滤出,传统的窄带滤波器,如有限冲击响应滤波器(FIR),无限冲击响应滤波器(IIR)等,均需要仔细设计参数,以满足幅值、相位要求。而较新的小波滤波采用具有特定频宽的小波滤波器对信号进行滤出,当小波基选择合适时,相移比传统滤波器要小很多,并且小波滤波器可以进行时频缩放,满足非平稳信号的滤波需求。经验小波变换(EWT)巧妙地采用了对称小波的特点,即卷积与相关运算相同,实现了在频域自适应确定小波滤波器组,并实现了逆变换重构。EWT算法的基本步骤为9
(1)通过傅里叶变换获得频谱;
(2)在傅里叶谱上寻找各个模态峰值,确定模态边界;
(3)基于频谱的模态边界构建Meyer小波滤波器。
Meyer小波是一种可以在频域构建的对称小波,小波函数和尺度函数分别由下式表达9,可见,可以从频域确定所有参数构建小波滤波器组。
式中  ,其中为[0,1]区间任意设定的参数。为频率,为第一个滤波器的右边界频率,该滤波器由尺度函数构建,右边界过渡带幅值由余弦函数计算,小于过渡带频率位置的幅值为1,大于过度带频率的幅值为0。其余带通滤波器由小波函数构建,为频谱上找到的第条模态边界频率,为滤波器过度段参数,一般取为0.5。带通滤波器右边界过渡带幅值由余弦函数计算,左边界过渡带幅值由正弦函数计算,中间部分幅值为1,其余位置为0。
(4)利用Meyer小波滤波器组将对频谱进行滤波,然后对分离出频谱进行傅里叶反变换得到小波系数。Meyer小波是时域的对称函数,因此,相关运算与卷积运算相同,具有相同的数学公式,即的内积(小波系数)也等于乘积后的傅里叶反变换。因此,可以直接由频域滤波器乘法关系得到小波滤波器系数。
(5)基于小波系数,通过离散小波反变换重构单个模态成分。
虽然EWT算法数学原理清晰,具有傅里叶频谱的分辨率和小波时频适应性的双重优势,但是在现实噪声环境中,频谱中的噪声等干扰易导致边界定位错误,从而导致模态分离失败。以仿真合成信号为例,如图1所示,信号由频率分别为50,100,150 Hz的三个衰减信号合成。在合成信号中加入噪声,使得信噪比变成-5 dB,含噪信号的傅里叶谱如图2所示。应用EWT算法进行处理,图2中红色虚线为EWT算法探测到的边界,可以看到边界探测受到了噪声的严重干扰。为此,如何从含噪信号中确定模态边界成为后续改进EWT算法的研究重点。
目前,改进算法主要分两种思路:一种思路是在傅里叶谱上寻找新的方式凸显波峰和波谷,从而克服噪声干扰。如,Gilles等13提出了一种自适应EWT(APEWT)算法,在傅里叶谱的尺度-空间(Scale-Space)表达图上进行峰值边界定位,在仿真信号上的应用结果如图3所示。另一种思路是平滑傅里叶谱,使得噪声得到抑制。如,Shi等14采用了三次样条插值对含噪的傅里叶谱进行处理,得到了更为平滑的傅里叶谱,在仿真信号上的结果如图4所示。如图3~4所示,频谱的边界仍然存在干扰,在强干扰情况下,仍存在模态定位错误的风险。
事实上,傅里叶变换采用正弦基函数,虽然具备较高的频率分辨率,但是对于噪声缺乏抑制能力,并且频谱受到数据加窗、截断及数据非平稳的影响。功率谱估计对数据进行相关运算后进行傅里叶变换,可以一定程度地消除噪声影响。基于该原理,Luo等6和万熹等12都设计了基于Pburg算法的AR-EWT算法,并在航天、桥梁领域得到了应用。基于AR-EWT算法得到的合成信号AR功率谱如图5所示,图中红色虚线为定位的模态边界,可见该方法有效克服了傅里叶谱噪声问题。然而,仍未解决的问题是,模态中的噪声与干扰并未被滤除,从重构的单模态成分的时频图(图6)上可见,频率与幅值都出现了严重失真,如何实现高精度的信号重构仍然是改进EWT算法面临的难题。
EWT算法本质是设计小波滤波器组进行傅里叶谱的分割,属于正交滤波器,重构时无法消除混叠在整个频段的噪声干扰。从时域进行去噪才有可能消除全频混叠的噪声成分。奇异值分解是经典的时域去噪方法,其采用矩阵分解的方法,将一个矩阵分解为左右奇异向量与一个对角阵的乘积,对角阵中主对角线上的特征值数值越大,表示该特征值所对应的成分越占主要成分,而噪声往往占有的比例较小,从而可以通过设定阈值来分离噪声与信号15。其基本原理如下式所示:
式中  为被分解矩阵,一维信号可以构建成矩阵形式进行分解;为左右奇异向量矩阵,矩阵中的列向量分别为的特征向量;对角阵的形式如下式所示:
式中 奇异值的特征值平方根。
设定一个阈值,将较小的奇异值置为0,利用剩余的奇异值重构信号,就可以去除噪声等小成分的干扰,这个方法称为截断奇异值分解(TSVD)。
对于一维信号序列,可以通过构建Hankel矩阵实现时间序列矩阵化15,如下式所示:
式中  N为序列信号中的元素个数,为矩阵列数,由下式确定15
然而,在随机矩阵的研究领域,精确确定包含多模态成分的矩阵的秩仍然是一个公开的研究课题18。鉴于此,先采用AR-EWT算法对模态进行分割、重构得到单模态成分,然后再对单模态成分采用TSVD方法,就可以避免多模态信号矩阵定阶问题。
按照Yang等16的理论,当只有一个模态时,有效的奇异值为前2位,于是仅保留前2位奇异值进行截断就可以实现单模态信号的有效去噪和重构。将TSVD去噪后的矩阵反对角元素按下式进行计算,可重构出时间序列
式中  k中元素的序号(0,1,…,N-1);ij列的元素; 为满足的元素个数。
引入TSVD去噪后的AR-EWT算法得到的结果如图7所示。与图6比较可见,TSVD去噪的效果非常明显,三个模态成分都得到了有效分离和识别。但是,当对时域波形(图8)进行观察却发现,幅度和波形失真比较严重,已经很难辨识出准确的阻尼,这与传统TSVD方法截断造成的波形失真有关。
传统TSVD方法对信号进行了硬性截断,必然造成模态成分的丢失,引起波形失真。在实际应用中,模态因为彼此靠近,互相干扰,引起的失真会更严重。Li等17认为1次TSVD方法处理后得到的矩阵不是Hankel矩阵的形式,矩阵的秩会增加,秩的增加必然导致重构得到的时间序列失真。理论上,Hankel矩阵具有严格的形态对称关系和秩稳定性。如果能有效利用Hankel矩阵的形态特征对矩阵进行优化,将可以得到更好的去噪效果17
实际上,式(11)得到的按式(9)重构得到的Hankel矩阵必然满足Hankel矩阵的形式,然而,由于的失真,必然导致构成的失真,使得的秩增加。然而,按下式计算中元素与真值的误差,可以看到更接近理想真值矩阵
也即满足下式17
本身满足Hankel矩阵形式,由此,如果对式(13)进行迭代计算可以得到关系:
式中  为第次TSVD后得到的由式(11)序列构成的Hankel矩阵。
结合式(13)与(14)可以得出,通过迭代计算可以使得矩阵越来越逼近理想真值矩阵,该方法为迭代截断奇异值分解(ITSVD)方法。ITSVD方法不仅利用了奇异值分解的稀疏性,更充分利用了Hankel矩阵的形态特征,可以实现更高精度的去噪、滤波和模态重构。对合成信号应用ITSVD的结果如图9所示,得到的3个模态信号比图8更接近图1的原始数据,分离重构效果得到了明显改善。但从图9中仍可以看到,sig2存在一定程度的失真,这是因为ITSVD方法只是寻找逼近真值的最优表达,当噪声对原始信号造成严重干扰时,ITSVD算法不能完全将信号恢复到真实状态。综合分析可得,ITSVD方法能够有效改善波形失真问题。
由此,将ITSVD与AR-EWT算法相结合,可以为EWT算法的边界定位困难、模态重构失真问题提供一种新的有效解决方案:ITSVD-EWT算法。ITSVD-EWT算法流程如图10所示:
(1)分别计算原始信号的AR功率谱和傅里叶谱;
(2)在AR功率谱上定位模态成分位置及边界;
(3)基于边界,在傅里叶谱上建立Meyer小波滤波器组;
(4)利用滤波器组分离各单模态成分;
(5)构建单模态成分Hankel矩阵;
(6)采用ITSVD方法对各Hankel矩阵进行优化;
(7)基于优化的Hankel矩阵重构时间序列得到各模态信号。
结合面法向刚度和阻尼对含结合面的机械结构的动力学特性有重要影响18-19,将ITSVD-EWT算法应用于含结合面机械结构模型的参数辨识实验中,对所提算法在模态分离重构中的效果进行研究。为研究便利,对机械结构模型进行简化,模型仅由三个铝合金圆盘构成,圆盘之间由螺栓预紧力作用形成2个紧密连接的结合面。为避免弯矩等的干扰,铝合金块厚度设计为28 mm,实验现场如图11所示。传感器安装于铝合金圆盘Ⅰ的端面中心,最高采样频率为50 kHz,采集系统为LMS公司设备,如图12所示。为验证算法效果,直接对采集的法向振动原始信号进行分析。
用扭矩扳手拧紧螺母,螺栓扭矩为3 N·m。采用人工锤击,获得的冲击响应时间序列数据如图13所示,经过低通滤波后的频谱如图14中蓝色实线所示。可以看到,由于软性支撑材料为泡沫,而铝合金自身刚度大,刚体模态频率非常弱,与10 kHz以上的结构频率分离很远,也证明了本实验采用软性支撑方式是合适的。从图14中的傅里叶谱可见,10~25 kHz的频率段有较多的模态成分。采用AR-EWT算法对信号进行处理,得到的AR功率谱如图15所示,可见谱线比傅里叶谱平滑很多。基于AR功率谱得到的频谱边界如图14中虚线所示,可见频谱中的各个模态峰得到了有效分离。
分离重构的前3阶模态如图16所示。继承EMD方法的表述,分离的单成分模态标注为本真模态函数(IMF),可见前3阶模态指数衰减形态受损,明显会影响阻尼等参数的识别。
采用ITSVD方法对前3阶模态进行优化,得到的结果如图17所示,可见指数衰减形态得到了比较好的恢复。
采用半功率带宽法对AR-EWT与ITSVD-EWT算法得到的模态时序数据进行计算,如图18所示,其中圆形标记为模态峰值与半功率点位置。由AR-EWT分离得到的3个模态的频谱如图18中虚线所示,频谱形态都有不同程度的失真。由ITSVD-EWT重构后的模态频谱如图18中实线所示,频谱形态没有明显失真。采用半功率带宽法得到的频率和阻尼参数标注于相应模态峰附近,为由AR-EWT得到的阻尼比,为由ITSVD-EWT得到的阻尼比。可见,两种方法得到的模态频率相同,IMF3,IMF1的阻尼比相同,但IMF2阻尼比明显不同,因为由AR-EWT得到的IMF2出现了较大的形态失真,导致频谱被干扰。综合评判,ITSVD-EWT算法可以得到更准确的IMF波形和模态频谱,从而有助于获得更准确的模态参数,本文所提出的ITSVD-EWT算法是有效的,具有对含结合面机械结构工作模态参数进行准确辨识的潜力。
模态分离与重构问题关系着机械结构模态参数辨识的精度。经验小波变换(EWT)算法可以有效分离出机械结构的模态成分,改进的算法如AR-EWT算法甚至可以从强噪声背景中有效分离模态成分。然而,目前EWT算法及相关改进方法仍面临重构失真的问题,因为噪声成分、滤波器重叠、临近模态干涉等因素会干扰模态重构。针对该问题,本文研究了TSVD方法在模态重构中的应用,并提出改进基于迭代截断奇异值分解的ITSVD-EWT算法。在仿真信号与含结合面机械结构模型振动响应信号中的应用结果表明:
(1)ITSVD方法充分利用了Hankel矩阵的保形优化特性,能够有效克服模态失真影响,可以实现更高精度的模态重构。
(2)ITSVD-EWT算法利用了AR-EWT算法的抗噪特性和模态定位分离能力,并有效克服了以往方法的模态失真和残余噪声干扰问题,能够更好地分离重构机械结构模态成分。
本实验仅对含结合面的简易机械结构模型进行振动信号处理实验,后续研究将利用所提算法对更复杂机械结构结合界面的参数预示、工作模态辨识等展开深入研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(11872033)
  • 北京市自然科学基金资助项目(3172017)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.003
  • 接收时间:2022-05-23
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2024-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-23
  • 修回日期:2022-09-18
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(11872033)
北京市自然科学基金资助项目(3172017)
作者信息
    1清华大学机械工程系摩擦学国家重点实验室,北京 100084
    2中国人民解放军96963部队博士创新工作站, 北京 100084
    3陆军航空兵学院航电和兵器工程系,北京 101123

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阎绍泽(1964―),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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