Article(id=1228046470813774828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228046469559681568, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1653840000000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-30, revisedDate=1662652800000, revisedDateStr=2022-09-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770718694642, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1709049600000, pubDateStr=2024-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770718694642, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770718694642, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770718694642, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228046469559681568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='2', pageStart='191', pageEnd='364', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770718694343, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795432451, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368332575928712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228046469559681568, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368332575928713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228046469559681568, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=226, endPage=236, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228046472311141359, articleId=1228046470813774828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Full-field structural modal analysis based on visual vibrometry, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper introduces a method of structural modal parameter identification based on visual vibrometry. For continuous and long time sampling video,this method ensures the accuracy and resolution of measurement results by setting local “virtual” measurement points and enlarging video slices,and significantly improves the data processing efficiency. It includes several steps: recording a video of the test structure under external excitations; Setting a series of “virtual measurement points” at the edge of the structure by using edge detection algorithm; Extracting apparent motions of “virtual measuring points” using optical flow methods,and then identifying natural frequencies and modal damping ratios using the stochastic subspace method; Estimating the full-field operational mode shapes of the structure by applying motion magnification to cropped videos. Two real-life tests are conducted to validate the procedure: firstly,vibration test of a model aircraft excited by a single sinusoidal input is used,where the response peak appears in the same frequency with the known-input. Secondly,operational modal analysis of a cantilevered beam is conducted using visual vibrometry,in which the first five modal parameters are estimated and compared to the measurement results using a Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer. It is shown that the maximum relative discrepancies of the natural frequencies and damping ratios are only 0.35% and 14.6%,respectively,and the modal shapes are also observed in excellent correlation.

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介绍了一种基于计算机视觉的结构模态参数辨识方法,对于连续、长时间的采样视频,该方法通过设置局部“虚拟”测点、放大视频切片的处理方式,保证了测量结果的精度和分辨率,同时显著提高了数据处理效率。该方法具体步骤包括:拍摄被测结构在外激励下响应历程的一段视频;通过图像边缘检测算法在结构边缘处设置若干“虚拟”测点;通过光流法提取测点的表观运动响应,并利用随机子空间法辨识结构的模态参数;依次截取与每一阶模态对应的整周期运动视频,通过运动放大算法获得结构的全场工作模态振型。开展了模型飞机的单频振动试验,结果表明视觉测振的频率误差小于频率分辨率。开展了悬臂梁的模态分析试验,利用相机和激光多普勒测振仪同时进行动力学响应测量,结果显示提出的视觉方法与激光多普勒测振仪对悬臂梁结构前五阶模态频率的测量误差不超过0.35%,阻尼比的测量误差不超过14.6%,两者振型的MAC值高于94%,测量结果基本吻合。

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王兴(1989—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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王路倩(1997—),女,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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王路倩(1997—),女,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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caption=梁的前五阶模态振型对比, figureFileSmall=QiOVkwOQ29BHj89hnBct3g==, figureFileBig=c6QgnrUWAoet24+i/zIkag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228046502300414672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470813774828, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Comparison between vibration modal shapes (blue line) of laser Doppler vibrometer and full field vibration modal shapes (background image) of motion amplification, figureFileSmall=B7+zjxe32W8yWNEuo5Zh4g==, figureFileBig=fnITbqKx4M/+WDPvmiYd0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228046503646786264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470813774828, language=CN, label=图13, caption=激光多普勒测振仪的振型(蓝色线)与运动放大的全场振型(背景图)对比, figureFileSmall=B7+zjxe32W8yWNEuo5Zh4g==, figureFileBig=fnITbqKx4M/+WDPvmiYd0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228046503739060958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470813774828, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of computational efficiency between local measuring points and whole field measuring points

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算方式每帧计算耗时/s
局部测点0.0062
全场测点0.42
), ArticleFig(id=1228046505701995234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470813774828, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

局部测点和全场测点计算效率的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算方式每帧计算耗时/s
局部测点0.0062
全场测点0.42
), ArticleFig(id=1228046505798464232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470813774828, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Modal frequency: comparison of results between laser Doppler vibrometer method and working modal analysis technology based on computer vision

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶次激光多普勒测振仪/Hz基于计算机视觉的工作模态分析/Hz相对误差/%
一阶0.5590.5610.35
二阶2.4222.4220.00
三阶6.4336.4370.06
四阶12.37412.3820.06
五阶19.92719.9540.13
), ArticleFig(id=1228046505907516143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470813774828, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模态频率:激光多普勒测振仪与基于计算机视觉工作模态分析方法的结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶次激光多普勒测振仪/Hz基于计算机视觉的工作模态分析/Hz相对误差/%
一阶0.5590.5610.35
二阶2.4222.4220.00
三阶6.4336.4370.06
四阶12.37412.3820.06
五阶19.92719.9540.13
), ArticleFig(id=1228046505991402228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470813774828, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Modal damping ratio: comparison of results between laser Doppler vibrometer and working modal analysis technology based on computer vision

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶次激光多普勒测振仪/%基于计算机视觉的工作模态分析方法/%相对误差/%
一阶1.0940.9879.78
二阶0.2950.2718.13
三阶0.3900.4053.84
四阶0.4610.4661.08
五阶1.1251.28914.57
), ArticleFig(id=1228046506104648443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470813774828, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模态阻尼比:激光多普勒测振仪与基于计算机视觉的工作模态分析方法的结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶次激光多普勒测振仪/%基于计算机视觉的工作模态分析方法/%相对误差/%
一阶1.0940.9879.78
二阶0.2950.2718.13
三阶0.3900.4053.84
四阶0.4610.4661.08
五阶1.1251.28914.57
), ArticleFig(id=1228046506217894658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470813774828, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Length of video time slice corresponding to the first five orders

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶次模态频率/Hz信号周期/s切片长度/s
一阶0.5611.7825.34
二阶2.4220.4124.95
三阶6.4370.1555.12
四阶12.3820.0804.84
五阶19.9540.0505.01
), ArticleFig(id=1228046506301780741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470813774828, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

前五阶所对应的视频时间切片长度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶次模态频率/Hz信号周期/s切片长度/s
一阶0.5611.7825.34
二阶2.4220.4124.95
三阶6.4370.1555.12
四阶12.3820.0804.84
五阶19.9540.0505.01
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结构全场工作模态分析的计算机视觉测振方法
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王路倩 1 , 王振宇 1 , 王兴 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(2): 226-236
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(2): 226-236
结构全场工作模态分析的计算机视觉测振方法
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王路倩1 , 王振宇1, 王兴1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中山大学·深圳 航空航天学院, 广东 深圳 518107
  • 2深圳市智能微小卫星星座技术与应用重点实验室,广东 深圳 518107
  • 王路倩(1997—),女,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王兴(1989—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Full-field structural modal analysis based on visual vibrometry
Lu-qian WANG1 , Zhen-yu WANG1, Xing WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
  • 2Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Microsatellite Constellation, Shenzhen 518107, China
出版时间: 2024-02-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.005
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介绍了一种基于计算机视觉的结构模态参数辨识方法,对于连续、长时间的采样视频,该方法通过设置局部“虚拟”测点、放大视频切片的处理方式,保证了测量结果的精度和分辨率,同时显著提高了数据处理效率。该方法具体步骤包括:拍摄被测结构在外激励下响应历程的一段视频;通过图像边缘检测算法在结构边缘处设置若干“虚拟”测点;通过光流法提取测点的表观运动响应,并利用随机子空间法辨识结构的模态参数;依次截取与每一阶模态对应的整周期运动视频,通过运动放大算法获得结构的全场工作模态振型。开展了模型飞机的单频振动试验,结果表明视觉测振的频率误差小于频率分辨率。开展了悬臂梁的模态分析试验,利用相机和激光多普勒测振仪同时进行动力学响应测量,结果显示提出的视觉方法与激光多普勒测振仪对悬臂梁结构前五阶模态频率的测量误差不超过0.35%,阻尼比的测量误差不超过14.6%,两者振型的MAC值高于94%,测量结果基本吻合。

视觉测振法  /  光流法  /  运动放大  /  工作模态分析

This paper introduces a method of structural modal parameter identification based on visual vibrometry. For continuous and long time sampling video,this method ensures the accuracy and resolution of measurement results by setting local “virtual” measurement points and enlarging video slices,and significantly improves the data processing efficiency. It includes several steps: recording a video of the test structure under external excitations; Setting a series of “virtual measurement points” at the edge of the structure by using edge detection algorithm; Extracting apparent motions of “virtual measuring points” using optical flow methods,and then identifying natural frequencies and modal damping ratios using the stochastic subspace method; Estimating the full-field operational mode shapes of the structure by applying motion magnification to cropped videos. Two real-life tests are conducted to validate the procedure: firstly,vibration test of a model aircraft excited by a single sinusoidal input is used,where the response peak appears in the same frequency with the known-input. Secondly,operational modal analysis of a cantilevered beam is conducted using visual vibrometry,in which the first five modal parameters are estimated and compared to the measurement results using a Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer. It is shown that the maximum relative discrepancies of the natural frequencies and damping ratios are only 0.35% and 14.6%,respectively,and the modal shapes are also observed in excellent correlation.

visual vibrometry method  /  optical flow  /  motion amplification  /  operational modal analysis
王路倩, 王振宇, 王兴. 结构全场工作模态分析的计算机视觉测振方法. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (2) : 226 -236 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.005
Lu-qian WANG, Zhen-yu WANG, Xing WANG. Full-field structural modal analysis based on visual vibrometry[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (2) : 226 -236 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.005
传统的结构动力学试验一般需要在结构表面粘贴加速度计、应变片等“接触式”传感器以获取测点的振动响应1。此类试验方法不仅测点数量有限,而且传感器的附加刚度和质量也会改变被测结构的动力学特性。近年来,“非接触式”的动力学测量技术逐渐得到关注和发展。常见的非接触式测量技术可以根据测量设备分为两大类,一类是以激光多普勒测振仪2-3、激光雷达4-5为代表的设备,利用光学干涉、激光多普勒效应等对结构的响应进行逐点/多点测量,具有精度高、可操作性强、抗干扰能力强的优点。另一类以视频图像法为代表,利用相机拍摄结构响应历程的一段视频,通过计算机视觉技术从视频中提取结构的动态响应。该类方法具有全场测量(测点密集)、普适性强、抗电磁干扰等诸多优点。
本文研究利用计算机视觉技术测量结构运动响应的方法。在这一领域,大量的研究集中于数字图像相关法(Digital Image Correlation,DIC),又称为数字散斑相关法6-8。其基本原理是通过跟踪结构表面变形前后两幅散斑图像上同一像素点的位置得到该像素点的位移9。目前DIC方法有多种成熟的工程应用的报道,如材料的静态拉伸实验10、飞机机翼的静力试验11、风电叶片的单/双轴静载测试12、弯曲梁的应力电测实验13等。除了常规的准静态实验,高速DIC14-15、超高速DIC16等还可以用于动态实验中应变场和位移场的测量。
近年来,随着计算机视觉技术的发展,常见的结构动态响应测量方法可分为两大类,第一类方法是在结构上设置标志点(人工靶点或者结构的自然特征点),通过光流法等运动目标检测和跟踪算法提取标志点的运动信息。文献[17-18]通过双目立体视觉法提取出结构上的标志点处的位移响应信号,利用系统特征实现算法辨识出结构的模态参数。文献[19-22]均利用基于视觉系统的多点动态测量方法辨识结构的模态频率、阻尼比和振型,并进一步检验了该方法的鲁棒性。朱前坤等23通过安装彩条和分段光流法提取结构的位移信号,再利用优化的变分模态分解法测得桥在人行走时模态参数的变化。文献[24-26]均不使用人工靶点,采用点匹配、模板匹配的特征光流技术,准确测量出结构模态特性。该类测量方法并未进行全场测量,利用离散点的运动信息难以得到结构的全场振型。而基于图像匹配的结构运动估计算法计算量巨大,且要求结构具有较大的振幅。
第二类方法是通过放大结构在特定频带内的微小运动,进而获得结构的全场振型。文献[27-29]采用基于相位的运动放大方法获取结构的全场振型。Molina-Viedma等30将3D-DIC与运动放大技术相结合,对于低振幅结构的三维全场振型提取有较好的应用效果。Chen等31-32通过基于相位的运动放大技术将悬臂梁、管道甚至桥梁的微小振动可视化,在获得模态频率的基础上,得到结构的全场振型,所得结果与加速度计等传统测量方式的结果有很好的一致性。Sarrafi等33采用基于相位的运动估计和运动放大技术提取风力涡轮叶片不同状态下的全场振型。然而基于相位的运动放大方法计算量巨大,需要较高的内存空间。虽然可以获得全场振型,但是辨识得到的模态参数频率分辨率较低。
鉴于此,本文提出了一种基于计算机视觉的结构全场工作模态分析方法。该方法选取结构局部特征点,利用光流法进行运动估计,通过模态辨识算法得到结构的模态频率、阻尼比和包含若干测点的振型,降低了计算量。利用基于相位的全场模态振型识别方法处理所拍摄视频的短时切片,得到结构的全场模态振型。本文首先通过模型飞机的单频振动测量实验验证所提出方法的精确度和计算效率;再通过悬臂梁的模态试验,辨识了悬臂梁的前五阶模态参数和全场振型。同时,利用激光多普勒测振仪测量悬臂梁的模态参数,两者结果基本吻合,验证了所提出方法的可行性和精确性。
基于计算机视觉的结构全场工作模态分析方法分为五个步骤,各步骤之间的关系以及方法的整体框架如图1所示。
拍摄被测结构在敲击激励或是自然激励下响应历程的一段视频。根据香农采样定理,拍摄采用的视频帧率需大于被测结构最大可测模态频率的2倍。
利用图像处理算法在被测结构灰度梯度较大的位置(例如结构边缘处)选择若干个具有代表性的“虚拟”测点,作为后续结构响应数据提取的位置。这里,采用Canny算子对感兴趣区域(ROI)内的图像进行边缘检测34,从而在结构边缘处自动生成“虚拟”测点。Canny算法流程如图2所示,Canny函数中包含两个阈值以确定边缘位置;低的阈值控制物体轮廓边线的数量,用来平滑边缘的轮廓;高的阈值将要提取轮廓的物体与背景区分开来。
利用光流法提取步骤二所设置的若干“虚拟”测点的表观运动响应。这里,表观运动35-36是指视频中感知到的结构运动的位移场或是速度场。由于光流反映了图像中所有像素点的二维速度,所以每个像素的光流都可以看作是该点物体表观运动的速度场23
本文采用了Gunnar Farneback稠密光流法37对“虚拟”测点进行运动估计(如图3所示)。这里以局部测点代替了全场测量,在保证精度的同时又降低了计算量,提高了算法的鲁棒性。
利用光流法提取动态响应的具体步骤如下37
假设步骤二设置的“虚拟”测点数量为N,即有N个感兴趣区域(ROI)。视频总帧数为m,以其中一个测点/(ROI)为例,假设边缘像素点数量为n,像素点邻域的位置矩阵为,利用二次多项式构造一个局部信号模型:
式中  为像素点邻域的信号值;为对称矩阵;是向量;c是标量。由于每个像素点的邻域都近似于一个多项式,可假设某边缘像素点p的邻域多项式估计为:
当前帧经过平移向量到下一帧,得到新的信号
由二次多项式(3),(4)可得:
是奇异矩阵,则有多解,即出现孔径问题38。而边缘像素点灰度变化明显,满足是非奇异矩阵的条件,由等式(6)可以解出唯一非零值
为了保证误差足够小,引入近似和约束条件进行计算,需要满足以下近似条件:
由式(9),(10)可以得到基本约束:
由于多项式展开式是局部模型,在空间上会发生变化,从而在约束中引入误差。对于较小的位移,问题并不严重,但对于较大的位移,误差则相对较大。因此,需要引入先验位移,式(9)和(10)变为:
式中 
最后,利用迭代位移估计法即可求解出n个边缘像素点的位移量D
取其中某一个边缘像素点的位移量作为该“虚拟”测点的振动响应数据,则N个“虚拟”测点的振动响应数据为:
在通过光流法提取出N个测点的振动响应E后,第四步采用基于协方差的随机子空间法39对结构的模态参数进行辨识。算法步骤是利用输入的多通道数据构造Hankel矩阵,如下式所示:
式中  表示第时刻各测点振动响应构成的序列;j表示Hankel矩阵的列数。Hankel矩阵被等分成两部分,分别表示过去(Past)和将来(Future)。
定义协方差矩阵,根据离散状态空间模型和随机子空间模型的关系,又与状态矩阵和输出矩阵相关:
式中  为测点和测点之间的互相关函数;E表示数学期望;G表示状态-输出协方差矩阵。
根据协方差矩阵和Hankel矩阵构造Toeplitz矩阵:
将式(19)代入式(20)得:
式中  分别为扩展可观测矩阵和扩展可控制矩阵。
再对Toeplitz矩阵进行SVD分解,并结合式(21)得:
式中  UV为正交矩阵;S为奇异值矩阵,是元素从大到小排列的对角阵。
由式(21)可知,输出矩阵为扩展可观测矩阵的前K行。因此,定义的两个子矩阵为:
式中  K为系统阶次。
可以得到系统状态矩阵为:
式中  为矩阵的伪逆矩阵。
根据离散状态空间模型和模态参数的关系,计算系统状态矩阵的特征向量和特征值即可得到模态频率和阻尼比,由输出矩阵得到模态振型。
在得到结构的模态频率、阻尼比和若干“虚拟”测点处的振型之后,第五步采用基于相位的运动放大技术40获得结构的全场模态振型。如图4所示,其实现思路是:(a)根据模态频率将视频划分为若干个时间切片,时间长度为各阶模态运动周期的整数倍;(b)利用复可操纵金字塔(Complex Steerable Pyramid)41在不同尺度和方向下对视频切片进行分解;(c)选择覆盖模态频率的窄带,对不同尺度、不同方向的相位进行带通滤波;(d)在相位上使用振幅加权的空间高斯模糊,降低噪声对相位的影响;(e)将带通滤波后的相位乘以适当的放大倍率,利用被放大的相位差来放大或衰减视频序列中的运动;(f)利用复可操纵金字塔对视频进行重构;(g)算法输出放大后的新视频,即为结构的全场工作模态振型。
综上所述,本文提出的基于计算机视觉的结构工作模态分析方法的步骤可以归纳如下:(1)利用视频采集设备拍摄结构的振动历程;(2)通过图像处理程序对视频进行处理,并选择若干个“虚拟”测点;(3)利用光流法提取测点的动态响应;(4)利用随机子空间法和提取的“虚拟”测点的响应数据辨识结构的模态参数(模态频率、阻尼比和振型);(5)通过基于相位的微小运动放大算法对视频切片中覆盖模态频率的窄带进行放大,得到结构的全场工作模态振型。该方法的创新点在于设置“虚拟”测点,通过处理局部测点的响应数据足以辨识结构的模态频率与阻尼比。对于长时间的采样视频,保留局部信息可以获得较高的频率分辨率与阻尼比辨识精度,相较于全场测量,计算速度显著提升。与此同时,该方法通过截取短时高清视频进行运动放大获得结构的全场模态振型,计算量较小。
为了验证所提出方法的可行性和精确度,利用两个实验开展验证:一是模型飞机的单频振动测量实验,二是悬臂梁的工作模态分析实验。
实验系统如图5所示,被测结构是一架模型飞机,机身长约47 cm,翼展宽约47 cm,机翼长约25 cm。利用信号发生器(Tektronix AFG2021)和功率放大器(东华测试 DH1301)给飞机底部施加给定频率的正弦激励。使用智能手机采集结构振动视频,手机帧率设置为60 FPS,分辨率为3840×2160,录制时长为60 s。
实验步骤如下:
(1)对采集到的视频进行剪辑,剪掉开头和结尾的部分,保留中间50 s视频(对应频率分辨率为0.02 Hz),避免开始录制以及结束录制时的噪声干扰。
(2)选择视频中感兴趣的区域,设置“虚拟”测点。如图6所示,框选模型飞机一侧发动机和机翼的位置,进行图像边缘检测,结果如图6(b)所示。在边缘上生成的“虚拟”测点如图6(c)所示。
(3)通过Gunnar Farneback光流算法计算“虚拟”测点的光流响应,并将其变换到频域。如图7所示,观察频域图中的峰值即可得到结构的响应峰值频率为22.60 Hz。已知试验过程中信号发生器设置的频率为22.60 Hz(AFG2021频率设置分辨率为1 µHz),测量误差在理想范围内。
将本文设置“虚拟”测点(见图6)估算光流的方法与全场测点光流计算方法进行计算速度对比,由表1的对比数据可知,用局部测点代替全场测量,提取光流运动的过程计算速度提升了98.5%。
悬臂梁工作模态分析的实验系统如图8所示,以长度为2 m带有刻度的钢尺来模拟悬臂梁结构。实验采用无频闪打光灯照明。视频拍摄帧率为60 FPS,分辨率为1920×1080,拍摄时长为128 s。为了验证视觉模态分析的结果,实验过程中还利用激光多普勒测振仪(Polytec PSV-500)进行信号采集和分析。
实验步骤如下:
(1)对采集到的视频进行剪辑,剪掉开头和结尾的部分时长,保留中间的125 s视频(对应频率分辨率为0.008 Hz)。
(2)选择视频中感兴趣的区域。如图9(a)所示,均匀地在悬臂梁上选择21个与激光多普勒测振仪的测点相对应的区域,以便验证振型识别的准确性。对所选择的3号区域进行图像边缘检测得到被测结构的边缘像素点,如图9(b)所示。
(3)通过Gunnar Farneback光流算法计算视频中感兴趣区域内边缘点的光流场,得到结构响应数据,通过FFT变换得到频域数据,如图10所示。
(4)将21个测点的响应数据作为输入,通过协方差驱动的随机子空间法辨识结构的模态参数。
将基于计算机视觉的工作模态分析方法的结果与激光多普勒测振仪结果相对比,对比结果见表23以及图1112。梁的前五阶模态频率的误差均不超过0.35%,阻尼比的相对误差在14.6%以下,两者振型的MAC值在94%以上,辨识结果具有较好的一致性。
(5)从视频中截取时间切片,时间切片的长度分别为前五阶模态频率倒数的整数倍,如表4所示。将视频的5个时间切片作为基于相位的运动放大算法的输入,仅关注模态频率附近的频带并进行放大处理,运动放大倍数分别为30,50,300,400,500。同时,将激光多普勒测振仪得到的离散测点振型与运动放大的全场工作振型进行对比(按第一个测点幅值将全场振型归一化)。如图13所示,二者对模态振型的辨识结果基本吻合。值得注意的是利用本文提出的计算机视觉算法得到的悬臂梁结构的全场振型是连续的,非常直观地显示了梁的变形状态。
提出了一种基于计算机视觉的结构模态分析技术,利用若干“虚拟”测点代替全场测点,获得了结构的模态频率与阻尼比,显著地降低了模态辨识过程中的计算量。通过截取与模态阶次相对应的视频时间片段,并将模态频率附近的频带进行运动放大,获得了结构的全场振型,是一种具有较高计算效率的分析方法。
开展了模型飞机的单频振动测量实验,验证了所提方法提取振动信息的可行性与计算效率。相比于全场光流估计,局部测点(光流)明显提高了计算速度。开展了悬臂梁的模态参数辨识试验,验证了所提方法在模态辨识中的有效性。本文所提方法不仅辨识出悬臂梁的前五阶模态频率和阻尼比,还获得了全场模态振型。与激光多普勒测振仪的试验结果进行对比,所提方法的模态频率辨识相对误差不超过0.35%,阻尼比的相对误差在14.6%以下,两者振型的MAC矩阵对角值在94%以上。
在实际的工程应用场景中,本文所提出的方法能够实现远距离、多点非接触式测量,且操作简单、成本相对较低。在测量真实目标对象之前,对环境进行预评估,选取合适的拍摄位置,并且目标对象要与其背景存在一定的对比度;测量时,需要确保相机(或手机等其他便携式设备)在拍摄过程中处于固定状态,如果有轻微的晃动,则会产生相对位移,影响最终的测量结果;需要注意的是,实际拍摄时要避开恶劣天气(大风、雨、雪等)造成的能见度较低的情况。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52005522)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12072378)
  • 深圳市科技计划项目(RCYX20210706092137055)
  • 深圳市科技计划项目(ZDSYS20210623091808026)
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2024年第37卷第2期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.005
  • 接收时间:2022-05-30
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2024-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-30
  • 修回日期:2022-09-09
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52005522)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(12072378)
深圳市科技计划项目(RCYX20210706092137055)
深圳市科技计划项目(ZDSYS20210623091808026)
作者信息
    1中山大学·深圳 航空航天学院, 广东 深圳 518107
    2深圳市智能微小卫星星座技术与应用重点实验室,广东 深圳 518107

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王兴(1989—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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