Article(id=1228046470474039843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228046469559681568, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1654704000000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-09, revisedDate=1661788800000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770718694561, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1709049600000, pubDateStr=2024-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770718694561, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770718694561, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770718694561, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228046469559681568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='2', pageStart='191', pageEnd='364', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770718694343, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795432451, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368332575928712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228046469559681568, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368332575928713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228046469559681568, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=247, endPage=257, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228046470683755046, articleId=1228046470474039843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Design and analysis of vibration isolation for reaction wheel by using electromagnetic shunt damping, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Reaction wheels are not only important attitude control actuators for satellites,but also the most prominent onboard micro-vibration source. Considering the varying rotating speed of reaction wheels,this paper proposes a new vibration isolation method using a six-strut isolator combined with the electromagnetic shunt damping (EMSD) technique. A dynamic model of the coupled system consists of a reaction wheel and the isolator is derived including the gyroscopic effect produced by the rotating wheel. The results obtained through analytical analysis and simulations show that gyroscopic effects have a great effect on the natural modes,frequencies,and isolation performance. And then,the influences of key parameters on the isolation performance are analyzed and optimized. Finally,an isolation strut based on the EMSD technique is manufactured and tested. The experiment results verified the influences of the stiffness and EMSD on the transmissibility of the strut.

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反作用飞轮是重要的卫星姿态控制执行机构,也是星上最主要的微振动源。针对反作用飞轮转速范围宽的工作特点,本文提出采用六脚隔振装置结合电磁分流阻尼技术的隔振方法。考虑陀螺效应的耦合作用,建立了反作用飞轮与隔振装置的一体化动力学模型。通过理论分析和数值仿真,研究了陀螺效应对系统的模态、固有频率以及隔振性能的影响,并分析了关键参数对系统隔振性能的影响。开展了隔振优化设计,对优化后的隔振性能进行分析,并对隔振装置中的单个隔振单元进行实验验证,验证了电磁分流阻尼和弹簧刚度对隔振性能的影响。

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罗青(1986―),男,博士,副研究员。 E-mail:
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张 涵(1997—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

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张 涵(1997—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

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张 涵(1997—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

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Hangzhou: Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 2020., articleTitle=The dynamics characteristics of electromagnetic shunt damping and the adaptive vibration control, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228046523850752977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470474039843, awardId=11702321, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(11702321), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228046514925273923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470474039843, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228046514933662532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470474039843, companyId=1228046514925273923, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Aerospace Science and Engineering,National University of Defense Technology,Changsha 410073,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228046514937856837, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470474039843, language=CN, label=图20, caption=采用不同弹簧时隔振单元的传递率实验结果对比, figureFileSmall=wbrAuzHCMRky0hb9XUXlYw==, figureFileBig=X6Jumlx1GkgoA4HODtB7OQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228046522458244033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470474039843, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of reaction wheel and vibration isolation device

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件参数物理意义数值
反作用飞轮/kg飞轮质量4.5
Irf/(kg∙m2径向转动惯量0.06
Ipf/(kg∙m2极惯量0.1024
Us/(kg∙m2静不平衡量0.75×10-5
Ud/(kg∙m2动不平衡量8.0×10-7
/rad静不平衡量初始相位角0
/rad动不平衡量初始相位角0
ω/(r∙min-1转子转速0~6000
隔振装置mp/kg安装平台的质量6.0
Ir/(kg∙m2x(y)轴转动惯量0.09
Ip/(kg∙m2z轴的转动惯量0.12
k/(N∙m-1隔振单元刚度1.0~5.0×104
c瑞利阻尼系数10
l/m隔振单元长度0.2~0.45
R总电阻7.5/4.7/4/2/1.5
Ce/(N∙A-1机电转换系数12.83
), ArticleFig(id=1228046522533741506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470474039843, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

反作用飞轮与隔振装置参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件参数物理意义数值
反作用飞轮/kg飞轮质量4.5
Irf/(kg∙m2径向转动惯量0.06
Ipf/(kg∙m2极惯量0.1024
Us/(kg∙m2静不平衡量0.75×10-5
Ud/(kg∙m2动不平衡量8.0×10-7
/rad静不平衡量初始相位角0
/rad动不平衡量初始相位角0
ω/(r∙min-1转子转速0~6000
隔振装置mp/kg安装平台的质量6.0
Ir/(kg∙m2x(y)轴转动惯量0.09
Ip/(kg∙m2z轴的转动惯量0.12
k/(N∙m-1隔振单元刚度1.0~5.0×104
c瑞利阻尼系数10
l/m隔振单元长度0.2~0.45
R总电阻7.5/4.7/4/2/1.5
Ce/(N∙A-1机电转换系数12.83
), ArticleFig(id=1228046522655376323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470474039843, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Natural frequencies and modes of the reaction wheel vibration isolation system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶次模态方向固有频率/Hz
f1平移沿x9.63
f2平移沿y9.63
f3弹跳沿z12.03
f4摇摆x18.87
f5摇摆y18.87
f6扭转z24.61
), ArticleFig(id=1228046522743456708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470474039843, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

反作用飞轮隔振系统的固有频率和模态

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶次模态方向固有频率/Hz
f1平移沿x9.63
f2平移沿y9.63
f3弹跳沿z12.03
f4摇摆x18.87
f5摇摆y18.87
f6扭转z24.61
), ArticleFig(id=1228046522835731397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470474039843, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The value range of design parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计参数范围
k/(N∙m-1(1×104,5×104)
l/m(0.2,0.5)
R(1,6)
), ArticleFig(id=1228046522898645958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470474039843, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

设计参数的取值范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计参数范围
k/(N∙m-1(1×104,5×104)
l/m(0.2,0.5)
R(1,6)
), ArticleFig(id=1228046523028669383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470474039843, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

System parameters before and after optimization

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k/(N∙m-1l/mR
优化前3×1040.34
优化后1.5×1040.272
), ArticleFig(id=1228046523112555464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470474039843, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

优化前后系统的参数

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k/(N∙m-1l/mR
优化前3×1040.34
优化后1.5×1040.272
), ArticleFig(id=1228046523192247241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470474039843, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Main parameters of the vibration isolation unit under test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件参数物理意义数值
隔振单元ms/kg质量块1.4
ks/(N∙m-1弹簧刚度表6“轴向刚度”
Cs/(Ns∙m-1机械阻尼10
电路R总电阻7.5/4.7/1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228046523255161802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470474039843, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

被测隔振单元的主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件参数物理意义数值
隔振单元ms/kg质量块1.4
ks/(N∙m-1弹簧刚度表6“轴向刚度”
Cs/(Ns∙m-1机械阻尼10
电路R总电阻7.5/4.7/1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228046523360019403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470474039843, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Main parameters of springs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数弹簧1(SP1)弹簧2(SP2)
材料铍青铜弹簧钢
外径/mm9090
厚度/mm11
轴向刚度/(N∙m-149008000
), ArticleFig(id=1228046523422933964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470474039843, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

弹簧的主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数弹簧1(SP1)弹簧2(SP2)
材料铍青铜弹簧钢
外径/mm9090
厚度/mm11
轴向刚度/(N∙m-149008000
), ArticleFig(id=1228046523511014349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470474039843, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=

Working condition of excitation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/Hz幅值/N扫频速度/(Hz∙s-1
2~150.1~0.5,线性递增0.1
15~1000.5~5,线性递增0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1228046523590706126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470474039843, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

激励工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/Hz幅值/N扫频速度/(Hz∙s-1
2~150.1~0.5,线性递增0.1
15~1000.5~5,线性递增0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1228046523670397903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470474039843, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Influence rules of EMSD on high and low-frequency systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电阻/Ω响应峰值/dB
SP1SP2
无阻尼2.4233.135
7.51.3941.0292.0341.101
4.71.1481.2751.7751.36
1.50.53471.88830.94092.1941
), ArticleFig(id=1228046523758478288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228046470474039843, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

EMSD对高、低频系统的影响规律

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电阻/Ω响应峰值/dB
SP1SP2
无阻尼2.4233.135
7.51.3941.0292.0341.101
4.71.1481.2751.7751.36
1.50.53471.88830.94092.1941
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采用电磁分流阻尼的反作用飞轮隔振方法设计与分析
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张涵 , 罗青
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(2): 247-257
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(2): 247-257
采用电磁分流阻尼的反作用飞轮隔振方法设计与分析
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张涵 , 罗青
作者信息
  • 国防科技大学空天科学学院,湖南 长沙 410073
  • 张 涵(1997—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

罗青(1986―),男,博士,副研究员。 E-mail:
Design and analysis of vibration isolation for reaction wheel by using electromagnetic shunt damping
Han Zhang , Qing Luo
Affiliations
  • College of Aerospace Science and Engineering,National University of Defense Technology,Changsha 410073,China
出版时间: 2024-02-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.007
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反作用飞轮是重要的卫星姿态控制执行机构,也是星上最主要的微振动源。针对反作用飞轮转速范围宽的工作特点,本文提出采用六脚隔振装置结合电磁分流阻尼技术的隔振方法。考虑陀螺效应的耦合作用,建立了反作用飞轮与隔振装置的一体化动力学模型。通过理论分析和数值仿真,研究了陀螺效应对系统的模态、固有频率以及隔振性能的影响,并分析了关键参数对系统隔振性能的影响。开展了隔振优化设计,对优化后的隔振性能进行分析,并对隔振装置中的单个隔振单元进行实验验证,验证了电磁分流阻尼和弹簧刚度对隔振性能的影响。

微振动  /  隔振  /  反作用飞轮  /  电磁分流阻尼

Reaction wheels are not only important attitude control actuators for satellites,but also the most prominent onboard micro-vibration source. Considering the varying rotating speed of reaction wheels,this paper proposes a new vibration isolation method using a six-strut isolator combined with the electromagnetic shunt damping (EMSD) technique. A dynamic model of the coupled system consists of a reaction wheel and the isolator is derived including the gyroscopic effect produced by the rotating wheel. The results obtained through analytical analysis and simulations show that gyroscopic effects have a great effect on the natural modes,frequencies,and isolation performance. And then,the influences of key parameters on the isolation performance are analyzed and optimized. Finally,an isolation strut based on the EMSD technique is manufactured and tested. The experiment results verified the influences of the stiffness and EMSD on the transmissibility of the strut.

micro-vibration  /  vibration isolation  /  reaction wheel  /  electromagnetic shunt damping
张涵, 罗青. 采用电磁分流阻尼的反作用飞轮隔振方法设计与分析. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (2) : 247 -257 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.007
Han Zhang, Qing Luo. Design and analysis of vibration isolation for reaction wheel by using electromagnetic shunt damping[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (2) : 247 -257 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.007
高精度观测航天器是世界各国航天领域争相发展的重要装备。然而,在轨运行期间,航天器载荷的工作性能极易受到航天器平台上活动部件在工作时产生的微振动的干扰。已有研究表明1,作为姿态控制执行机构的飞轮系统,是目前最主要的微振动扰动源。目前,如何降低飞轮微振动扰动,进而保证航天器敏感载荷的安静工作环境已成为发展高精度航天器装备的关键技术之一2-3
针对航天器飞轮微振动扰动问题,在不改变飞轮内部结构的前提下,国内外研究人员设计并研制了多种隔振装置。按照结构形式,这些隔振装置总体上可以分为两大类:①基于折叠梁结构的隔振装置。该技术最早由Kamesh等4提出。它利用多段连续短梁,通过降低飞轮与航天器平台之间的安装刚度实现扰动隔离。此类结构可与压电片进行结合,实现宽频范围内的主/被动一体隔振,具有较好的扩展性,且结构形式简单。但是,此系统的动力学耦合程度大,难以通过参数化设计实现指定的隔振性能。②基于杆单元的隔振装置。该类型隔振装置采用数个独立的隔振杆单元,按照一定的拓扑构型组装而成。在满足一定的体积、重量等限制条件的前提下,可对隔振杆单元的结构形式、数量及安装构型进行任意设计。因此,基于杆单元的隔振装置具有很好的设计通用性,以满足不同被隔振对象(如单个飞轮、飞轮群组和敏感载荷等)的隔振需求,其在航天领域的应用非常广泛5-7
飞轮的微振动扰动频谱与其转速密切相关。反作用飞轮作为一类特殊的飞轮系统,在工作时需时刻调整转速以满足航天器姿控的力矩需求。因而,反作用飞轮的微振动扰动具有较宽的频谱特性,导致单一的被动或主动隔振方法难以满足其较宽频带的隔振性能要求。半主动控制方法能够在宽频域范围内实现比被动方式更加优异的振动抑制性能,且在系统的减振性能和结构简易性之间达到了平衡,仅需较少的外部能量即可实现较好的隔振性能,比主动方式更加可靠和稳定。
电磁分流阻尼技术(Electromagnetic Shunt Damping,EMSD)属于一种半主动控制方法。该技术最早由Behrens等8提出,并通过弹簧-质量系统,利用数值仿真与实验手段对分流阻尼机构的振动抑制作用进行了验证。随后在此基础上,研究人员对电磁分流阻尼开展了一系列研究9-18。De Marneffe等13利用RL电路模拟仿真了一个松弛隔振器,取得了较好的隔振性能;Yan等14在隔振系统中引入了负电阻,并通过增大等效阻尼系数和辅助刚度的RL电路实现了增强的振动隔离;Li等18利用EMSD模拟了四种传统的阻尼器,并实现了相应的阻尼性能,即黏性流体阻尼、黏弹性阻尼、惯性阻尼和调谐惯性阻尼,并通过分析和实验研究了它们在隔振系统中的性能。总之,相比于传统的机械型阻尼器件,EMSD的电气元件在尺寸上通常更加紧凑,一般小几个数量级,且设计自由度较大,通过更换分流阻尼电路即可实现对阻尼性能的调整,在航天领域极具应用前景。Stabile等19-21首次将电磁分流电路阻尼技术应用于航天器飞轮隔振,重点验证了电磁分流阻尼隔振器在空间温度-20~50 ℃环境中的适用性。
然而,与一般系统的隔振设计最大的不同之处是,高速转动的飞轮是一个陀螺系统,与隔振装置高度耦合,会极大地影响隔振装置的性能。因此,将EMSD应用于反作用飞轮隔振仍面临许多理论问题。针对上述问题,本文首先利用拉格朗日方程推导建立反作用飞轮与含EMSD隔振装置的耦合动力学模型;然后,利用该模型对系统的动力学特性进行分析,重点探究陀螺效应、隔振装置支承刚度以及EMSD特性等对系统动力学特性和隔振性能的影响,并针对隔振性能开展优化设计;最后,对隔振装置的核心部件——隔振单元的传递性能进行测试与验证。
本文设计的隔振装置采用杆状形式的隔振单元,主要由安装平台、隔振单元等组成,安装在反作用飞轮与航天器之间,如图1所示。六个隔振单元按照一定的空间构型排列,可满足各个方向的隔振需求。隔振单元的内部结构如图2所示,包括弹簧、铁轭、永磁体、线圈以及外接分流阻尼电路等。它能够将系统振动能量通过电磁感应原理转换成线圈中的电能,而后利用连接线圈的外接电阻元件(Rs)将电能转换成热能进行耗散,实现振动能量衰减,基本原理如图3所示。其中,Rs为外接电阻;LeRe分别表示电磁装置中线圈固有的电感和电阻;V0为隔振单元工作时产生的感应电压。
① 假设航天器质量足够大,认为其在惯性空间中固定,因而不考虑其刚体运动的影响;
② 隔振单元仅沿轴向运动,且各个单元具有相同的刚度和阻尼特性,忽略本身质量的影响;
③ 不考虑反作用飞轮的转子、轴承等部件的弹性,飞轮与安装平台固连后可看作仅具有六自由度的刚体;
④ 反作用飞轮的微振动扰动主要由转子质量不平衡量引起;
⑤ 系统的微振动扰动均满足小角度和小位移变形假设。
根据图1所示模型,定义如图4所示的坐标系,以便建立反作用飞轮与隔振装置的耦合动力学模型。
o-xyz为空间惯性坐标系;
o-xjyjzj为用于描述第j个隔振单元运动的局部坐标系;
o-xpypzp为安装平台的固连坐标系。
根据假设,安装平台的广义自由度为:
式中  ,其中,分别为绕xyz轴转动的角度;下标“t”和“r”分别表示飞轮微振动激励作用下,安装平台沿惯性坐标系三轴方向的平动和转动自由度。
假设飞轮安装平台的初始位置矢量为,则安装平台的质心位置可以表示为:
对式(2)求导可以得到飞轮安装平台质心的平动速度为:
利用欧拉角描述坐标系之间的转换,假设平台坐标系o-xpypzp由空间坐标系o-xyz先绕x轴转动,再绕y轴转动,最后绕z轴转动得到,则转换矩阵为:
式中  为旋转矩阵。
在惯性坐标系中,安装平台的角速度为:
此时,根据小角度假设,略去高阶项,由式(5)可得平台的角速度为:
反作用飞轮转动时产生的微振动沿安装平台传递到隔振单元,使其产生伸缩运动。根据隔振杆单元的空间构型,隔振单元和安装平台之间存在以下几何及运动学关系。第j个隔振单元的空间指向矢量可以表示为:
式中  分别为隔振单元下、上两端安装点在惯性坐标系中的位置坐标。
可根据图5所示的旋转方法得到第j个隔振单元的空间指向:
式中  分别为第j个隔振单元的转动欧拉角和空间指向在三个轴的分量。
因为航天器固定不动,所以下安装点速度为零。隔振单元上安装点的速度可表示为
隔振安装平台和隔振单元之间的运动学关系如下式所示,详细推导见文献[5]:
式中  为隔振单元杆向振动速度;为隔振单元的雅可比矩阵,由其空间构型确定22
当隔振单元产生伸缩振动时,会促使永磁体相对线圈发生运动。此时,隔振单元内产生的感应电压为:
式中  为永磁体磁感应强度;为线圈切割磁感线的有效长度;为上述永磁体与线圈的机电转换系数;为相对运动速度;为相对运动速度沿隔振单元轴向的分量。
感应电压在闭合回路中产生感应电流,电流与磁场产生耦合,产生安培力,该力可表示为:
式中  为线圈中的感应电流;为机电耦合系数,且
由式(11)和(12)可知,隔振杆单元伸缩振动时,电磁线圈可以提供安培力。该力的幅值大小与运动速度成正比,且方向相反,因此,即为隔振杆单元所提供的阻尼力。
考虑到电磁分流电路中存在固有的电感Le和电阻Re,而该电阻与电感的比值将极大地降低隔振装置在低频范围内的隔振性能,本文通过设计负电阻电路来减小固有电阻的影响。该负电阻电路由一个运算放大器以及三个电阻实现,如图6虚线部分所示。根据图中的电路关系,负阻抗电路的等效电阻可表示为:
由此,建立图6中电路的控制方程为:
式中  t为时间;R为电路总电阻,可表示为:
当系统振动频率较低时,所产生电流的变化频率较低,此时电感可忽略不计。
利用拉格朗日方程推导反作用飞轮与隔振装置的耦合动力学方程:
式中  分别表示系统的总动能、总势能和总耗散能;表示广义力;表示广义自由度。
系统总动能可以表示为:
式中  分别为反作用飞轮和隔振装置的动能。
由于忽略飞轮内部的弹性作用,所以隔振系统的总势能为隔振单元中弹簧的弹性势能之和:
式中  为弹簧轴向变形系数;k为弹簧轴向刚度系数,即隔振单元刚度或支承刚度。
将式(10)积分代入式(18)可以得到:
式中 令
隔振系统的总耗散能由隔振单元中的结构阻尼引起,采用瑞利阻尼模型,可表示为:
式中  表示瑞利阻尼系数,且令
由式(12)可以得到隔振装置提供的电磁阻尼力为:
式中  为单个隔振单元提供的电磁阻尼力。
根据基本假设④,可以得到飞轮因转子质量不平衡所带来的扰动力5
式中  分别为转子转动时静、动不平衡引起的扰动输入,在o-xpypzp中可以分别表示为:
式中  分别表示静、动不平衡量和对应的初始相位角;为飞轮转子转速。
综上,可得到系统的耦合动力学方程:
式中  为陀螺矩阵;为系统的质量矩阵,可表示为:
式中  n阶单位矩阵;分别为飞轮的质量和相对其惯性主轴的转动惯量;分别为安装平台的质量和相对其惯性主轴的转动惯量。
假设飞轮和安装平台的转动惯量均关于z轴对称。此时有:
式中  分别为反作用飞轮的径向惯量和极惯量。
式中  分别为安装平台绕xy)轴和z轴的转动惯量。
此外,为转子转动时系统的陀螺矩阵,其中:
根据方程(25),可以得到经隔振后系统的扰动输出为:
本文中隔振单元采用Stewart空间构型进行安装22,此时,o-xpypzp中分别如下式所示:
根据该空间构型,结合式(7)~(10)可以计算得到雅可比矩阵。反作用飞轮及隔振装置的基本参数如表1所示。
由方程(25)忽略阻尼后进行特征值求解,可以得到系统的无阻尼固有频率和模态如表2所示。通过分析可知:
a) 由于隔振系统具有结构对称性,当飞轮转速为零时,f1f2f4f5两对模态分别具有对称性,且分别具有相同的固有频率。
b) 当飞轮转速不为零时,受陀螺效应的影响,上述对称模态的固有频率不再相等。此时,系统频率随着转速发生变化,分别分化为两对正、反进动模态。其中,正进动模态随着转速的增大而增大,而反进动模态随着转速的增大而减小。由于转子的质量的不平衡使得转子在转动过程中会输出一种简谐激励,此时仅会激发其与转子自转方向相同的固有振动,这意味着只有当激励与正进动模态频率相同时才会引起共振,而反进动模态一般不易激发23。此时,系统存在两个临界转速,分别在600和1200 r/min附近,如图7所示。
c) 由于转子的陀螺效应与系统z方向的运动解耦,因此,对应的系统频率不随转速变化。
由上述分析可知,反作用飞轮转动时的陀螺效应对系统结构动力学特性的影响非常大,它不仅会改变系统的固有频率,还会引发系统在多个方向产生运动耦合,导致复杂的耦合动力学现象。
考虑到本文中飞轮隔振系统的结构对称性,经隔振后,系统在xy方向的扰动输出响应特性相同,因此,以下仅对x方向的响应进行分析。
a) 电阻对隔振性能的影响
当隔振单元刚度k=3×104 N/m,隔振单元长度l=0.3 m,总电阻R分别为7.5,4.7,4,2和1.5 Ω时,反作用飞轮-隔振装置耦合系统在x方向的扰动输出如图8所示。分析图8可知,在高转速区,沿着飞轮径向的扰动力F和扰动力矩Tθ均大幅降低。以x方向为例,当飞轮转速为2000 r/min时,扰动力衰减75.68%,在转速为6000 r/min处,扰动力衰减98.14%。由图8可知,当隔振单元的构型和支承刚度一定时,外接分流阻尼电路中的电阻越小,在临界转速区域的减振效果越好。
上述仿真分析中仅考虑了分流阻尼电路的电阻对振动能量的耗散作用。根据实际设计需求,隔振装置可通过即时调整电阻来满足在不同频段范围内的阻尼需求,从而为反作用飞轮在宽转速范围内实现指定隔振性能提供了可行性。需要补充说明的是,考虑到总电阻趋于零时,整个分流阻尼电路的总阻抗为零,可能会导致负阻抗电路功能异常,进而引起系统不稳定1824。因此,在实际应用中,需要对隔振单元分流阻尼电路的电阻进行精细设计与调节。
b) 支承刚度对隔振性能的影响
当总电阻R=4 Ω、隔振单元长度l=0.3 m、隔振单元刚度k=1.5×104~5×104 N/m时,隔振系统的扰动输出响应如图9所示。分析可知,高转速区隔振效果明显,在转速为3000和6000 r/min处,隔振效果分别达到了95.11%和98.45%。由图9可见,隔振单元的刚度越小,系统的临界转速越小,且对应的共振峰值越小。
c) 隔振单元长度对隔振性能的影响
考虑隔振单元长度的影响,此时总电阻R=4 Ω,隔振单元刚度k=3×104 N/m,分别得到l=0.2,0.3,0.35,0.4和0.45 m时隔振系统的扰动输出响应,如图10所示。总体上,随隔振单元长度的增大,系统的临界转速增大,但对临界转速区扰动的放大作用存在较大区别。在第一个临界转速区,随隔振单元长度的增大,扰动力共振峰值增大,而扰动力矩共振峰值减小;当转速增大到第二临界转速区时,随隔振单元长度的增大,扰动力共振峰值减小,而扰动力矩共振峰值增大。由于隔振单元长度很大程度上决定了其几何构型,因此可以看出,隔振装置构型对系统的隔振性能的影响很大。
本节选取隔振单元刚度k、长度l和电磁分流阻尼电路的总电阻R作为优化设计参数,写成向量的形式为:
安装隔振装置的最直接目的是降低飞轮系统传递到航天器上的扰动。因此,选取隔振系统的扰动输出最小作为优化指标之一:
飞轮的不平衡激励为与转速频率相同的同频激励,在不同方向上的扰振频率相同,但当对应的固有频率存在差别时,将导致最终输出到各方向上的响应存在较大差异。为了减小这种差异,应尽量减小固有频率的分布间隔,因此,选取另一优化目标为:
综合优化指标式(34)和(35),可以将飞轮隔振系统的优化设计描述为一个非线性的多目标优化问题,如下式所示:
减小隔振装置的支承刚度可明显降低系统的扰动输出。但考虑到航天器对飞轮系统动量矩指向精度的严格要求,隔振装置的支承刚度又不能过低;同时,考虑到航天器内部空间有限等因素,必须对隔振单元的长度作出限制。因此,隔振系统的优化设计参数只能在一定的范围内选择,如表3所示。
依据表3的参数设计范围,并利用方程(25)进行优化,得到优化前后系统的参数如表4所示。
经优化设计,隔振系统的频率比()由原来的2.55(≈24.61 Hz/9.63 Hz)减小到2.36(≈15.66 Hz/6.65 Hz),可有效降低飞轮扰动在临界转速区各方向上动力放大的差异。此外,根据图11给出的优化前后的结果可以看出,经过优化设计后,系统仍存在两个临界转速,但是系统的临界转速及在临界转速区的共振峰值均大幅减小。
采用Wilson-θ方法,可求解反作用飞轮转子转速从0 r/min到5500 r/min加速过程的瞬态响应,得到优化前后各方向的扰动输出力和力矩响应。其中,图12给出了x方向的响应分量,可以看出,在优化后,幅值明显减小,共振峰值向低频处移动。综上可知,通过优化设计,能够有效降低扰动输出,提升隔振系统在反作用飞轮高转速区的隔振性能。
图13给出了安装平台在x方向的角位移的响应,可以看到,在临界转速处(约为400 r/min),角位移响应的最大幅值为1.26×10-5 rad,满足航天器设计研制中对飞轮系统动量矩矢量指向精度小于10-4 rad量级的一般要求。
本节对图1所示六脚隔振装置的核心部件——隔振单元的隔振性能进行测试。所搭建的地面实验系统主要包括激振器、质量块和被测隔振单元,以及配套的数据采集和信号发生系统等部分,如图14所示。其中,质量块采用弹簧绳悬吊,以抵消重力对隔振单元的影响。
图15给出了隔振单元隔振性能的测试原理。通过测量不同频率的激励作用下隔振单元输出端的响应,评价其隔振性能。其中,为簧上质量,即质量块的质量;为隔振单元的弹簧刚度;为隔振单元的机械阻尼。因此,可以利用以下传递率对隔振单元的性能进行评价:
根据前述理论分析可知,隔振单元的支承刚度和EMSD的电阻是设计的关键。该被测隔振单元的实物如图16所示,主要由分流阻尼电路、负阻抗电路以及弹簧组成,如图17所示,其主要参数如表5所示。其中,分流阻尼电路的总电阻可调,以测定不同电阻对隔振单元性能的影响;负阻抗电路主要用于抵消分流电路中的内阻。此外,弹簧膜片采用了铍青铜和弹簧钢制成,以测定不同的支承刚度对隔振性能的影响,主要参数如表6所示。
考虑到反作用飞轮产生的微振动的振幅较小,且工作转速一般不超过6000 r/min,对应的不平衡激励的频率不超过100 Hz,因此采用如表7所示的激励工况。激励为正弦扫频,扫频速度为0.1 Hz/s,以确保在每个频率点处都可以实现稳态响应。
测定采用SP1和SP2两组弹簧的隔振单元的传递率,结果分别如图1819所示,给出了理论仿真结果作为对比。由实验结果可知,两组隔振单元对应的一阶共振频率分别为9.40和12.03 Hz,与仿真结果一致。由于SP2采用弹簧钢材料,支承刚度更大,因此,对应的共振频率更高。此外,在高频处,隔振单元的高阶共振频率被激发。同时,分析图1819中曲线可知,对于同一隔振单元,系统的一阶共振峰值随着EMSD中总电阻的减小而降低,这与1.4.2节分析所得的结论相同。
图20对比了分别采用SP1和SP2时隔振单元的隔振性能。两类弹簧提供了高、低两种刚度,对于高、低频系统有一定的代表性。无阻尼工况表示EMSD此时未工作,主要依靠隔振单元的弹簧刚度和机械阻尼进行减振,此时在临界转速区共振峰值最大。当EMSD工作时,共振峰值大幅减小,对于SP1,当EMSD电阻为1.5 Ω时,共振峰值由2.423 dB降低到0.5347 dB,减小了1.8883 dB;相应地,对于SP2,共振峰值减小了2.1941 dB。为分析EMSD对高、低频系统的影响,提取第一阶共振峰值处的响应幅值与无阻尼工况进行对比,如表8所示。可以看出,在不同的支承刚度下,当EMSD采用同样的电阻时,其所提供的阻尼对高频系统共振峰值的削减效果更为明显。
本文基于EMSD技术对反作用飞轮进行了隔振设计与分析,建立了反作用飞轮与隔振装置的耦合动力学模型。利用该模型,通过仿真手段获取了系统的结构动力学特性,分析表明隔振系统的动力学特性受飞轮转子转动时陀螺效应的影响较大。随后研究了关键参数对系统隔振性能的影响规律,如隔振单元刚度和EMSD电路的电阻等,基于该影响规律,对系统的隔振性能进行优化设计,使得飞轮的微振动扰动大幅减小。最后通过实验验证了采用EMSD技术的隔振单元的隔振性能。仿真和实验结果表明,可通过调节外接电阻值来调节隔振单元的阻尼性能。且相比于通过传统方法设计的阻尼,本文方法具有便利和可调范围大等优势。下一步,可根据飞轮转速的变化,通过连接不同电路元件(如电阻、电感、电容等组合元件)实现对频率和阻尼的多元化调节,以进一步满足变转速条件下反作用飞轮的隔振性能要求。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(11702321)
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2024年第37卷第2期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.02.007
  • 接收时间:2022-06-09
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2024-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-09
  • 修回日期:2022-08-30
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(11702321)
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    国防科技大学空天科学学院,湖南 长沙 410073

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罗青(1986―),男,博士,副研究员。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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