Article(id=1228011508861432241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1647446400000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-17, revisedDate=1657987200000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770710359063, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770710359063, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770710359063, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770710359063, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228011505698931621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770710358308, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795378159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368104862974870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368104862974871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=95, endPage=103, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228011510774034902, articleId=1228011508861432241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Robust dynamic topology optimization of structure with uncertain material parameters, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The robust dynamic topology optimization of a continuum planar structure is studied to reduce its natural frequency variation when the structural material parameter uncertainties are considered. The uncertainties of the material properties are represented with the uncertain-but-bounded interval variables based on the non-probabilistic convex model. The dynamic topology optimization model for maximizing the first natural frequency is constituted by mitigating its variation,such that the robust optimization problem can be simply solved into a single-level framework. By the derivative analysis of the material parameters,a quadratic Taylor series expansion of the first natural frequency is obtained,and the design sensitivity of the natural frequency is accordingly evaluated in an explicit form under the uncertain material properties. By means of the material density-based strategy,the robust dynamic topology optimization is implemented with the material volume constraint,and the results are compared with those of the deterministic topology optimization. Optimal results show that the first-order natural frequency obtained with the proposed method has a higher robustness against the material property uncertainties,which fully demonstrates the importance of considering the uncertainties of the material parameters in the structural design stage.

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本文在考虑材料参数不确定性的条件下,对连续体结构动力学稳健性拓扑优化设计进行研究。在使结构的第一阶固有频率最大化的同时,显著减小其对材料性能不确定性的影响。基于非概率凸集模型,将材料参数的不确定性用有界区间变量表示;建立了能够抑制频率改变的结构动力学拓扑优化模型,用单层优化策略求解稳健性优化设计问题。通过对材料参数的导数分析,获得了在材料性能不确定情形下结构第一阶固有频率的二阶泰勒展开式,并推导出了频率对拓扑变量的一阶灵敏度显性表达式。基于变密度法,开展了结构动力学稳健性拓扑优化设计,并与确定性优化结果进行对比,验证了用本文方法获得的结构第一阶固有频率稳健性更高,受材料参数不确定性扰动影响更小,展示了考虑材料参数不确定性的重要性。

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王栋(1962―),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
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王诗雨(1997—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

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王诗雨(1997—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

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王诗雨(1997—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

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Applied Sciences202010(7): 2577., articleTitle=An exact method for calculating the eigenvector sensitivities, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228042473474294649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508861432241, awardId=51975470, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51975470), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228042469405819560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508861432241, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228042469447762601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508861432241, companyId=1228042469405819560, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Aeronautics,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710072,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228042469481317035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508861432241, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The first order natural frequencies of the cantilever plate and their design sensitivities to the densities of the four elements,respectively,with different material parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料参数计算方法/Hz/Hz/Hz/Hz/Hz
E=E0 ρ=ρ0有限元法121.9133.0862.1361.8101.876
E=1.05E0泰勒公式125.2433.1502.1811.8481.916
ρ=0.95ρ0有限元法125.2443.1502.1811.8481.916
E=0.95E0泰勒公式118.5223.0192.0891.7701.835
ρ=1.05ρ0有限元法118.5213.0192.0891.7701.835
E=1.05E0泰勒公式124.6033.1742.1961.8611.929
ρ=1.05ρ0有限元法124.6023.1742.1961.8611.929
E=0.95E0泰勒公式119.1312.9962.0741.7581.822
ρ=0.95ρ0有限元法119.1322.9962.0741.7581.822
), ArticleFig(id=1228042472840954705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508861432241, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

材料参数变化情形下结构的第一阶固有频率及其对指定单元密度的灵敏度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料参数计算方法/Hz/Hz/Hz/Hz/Hz
E=E0 ρ=ρ0有限元法121.9133.0862.1361.8101.876
E=1.05E0泰勒公式125.2433.1502.1811.8481.916
ρ=0.95ρ0有限元法125.2443.1502.1811.8481.916
E=0.95E0泰勒公式118.5223.0192.0891.7701.835
ρ=1.05ρ0有限元法118.5213.0192.0891.7701.835
E=1.05E0泰勒公式124.6033.1742.1961.8611.929
ρ=1.05ρ0有限元法124.6023.1742.1961.8611.929
E=0.95E0泰勒公式119.1312.9962.0741.7581.822
ρ=0.95ρ0有限元法119.1322.9962.0741.7581.822
), ArticleFig(id=1228042472912257880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508861432241, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Robust topology optimization results of thecantilever plate

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结构动态性能权重因子 β
00.50.70.9
/Hz261.554261.295258.612248.683
/Hz14.82314.52514.15213.046
r=/%5.675.565.475.25
), ArticleFig(id=1228042473012921185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508861432241, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

悬臂板结构稳健性拓扑优化设计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构动态性能权重因子 β
00.50.70.9
/Hz261.554261.295258.612248.683
/Hz14.82314.52514.15213.046
r=/%5.675.565.475.25
), ArticleFig(id=1228042473092612965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508861432241, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Robust topology optimization results of the deep beam fixed at both ends

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构动态性能权重因子β
00.50.70.9
/Hz283.978282.480281.837268.064
/Hz35.40934.12133.16329.858
r=/%12.4612.0811.7711.14
), ArticleFig(id=1228042473239413613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011508861432241, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

两端固支深梁结构稳健性拓扑优化设计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构动态性能权重因子β
00.50.70.9
/Hz283.978282.480281.837268.064
/Hz35.40934.12133.16329.858
r=/%12.4612.0811.7711.14
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考虑材料参数不确定性结构动力学稳健性拓扑优化设计
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王诗雨 , 王栋
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(1): 95-103
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(1): 95-103
考虑材料参数不确定性结构动力学稳健性拓扑优化设计
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王诗雨 , 王栋
作者信息
  • 西北工业大学航空学院,陕西 西安 710072
  • 王诗雨(1997—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

王栋(1962―),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
Robust dynamic topology optimization of structure with uncertain material parameters
Shi-yu WANG , Dong WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Aeronautics,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710072,China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.010
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本文在考虑材料参数不确定性的条件下,对连续体结构动力学稳健性拓扑优化设计进行研究。在使结构的第一阶固有频率最大化的同时,显著减小其对材料性能不确定性的影响。基于非概率凸集模型,将材料参数的不确定性用有界区间变量表示;建立了能够抑制频率改变的结构动力学拓扑优化模型,用单层优化策略求解稳健性优化设计问题。通过对材料参数的导数分析,获得了在材料性能不确定情形下结构第一阶固有频率的二阶泰勒展开式,并推导出了频率对拓扑变量的一阶灵敏度显性表达式。基于变密度法,开展了结构动力学稳健性拓扑优化设计,并与确定性优化结果进行对比,验证了用本文方法获得的结构第一阶固有频率稳健性更高,受材料参数不确定性扰动影响更小,展示了考虑材料参数不确定性的重要性。

材料参数不确定性  /  稳健性动力拓扑优化  /  结构固有频率  /  有界区间变量

The robust dynamic topology optimization of a continuum planar structure is studied to reduce its natural frequency variation when the structural material parameter uncertainties are considered. The uncertainties of the material properties are represented with the uncertain-but-bounded interval variables based on the non-probabilistic convex model. The dynamic topology optimization model for maximizing the first natural frequency is constituted by mitigating its variation,such that the robust optimization problem can be simply solved into a single-level framework. By the derivative analysis of the material parameters,a quadratic Taylor series expansion of the first natural frequency is obtained,and the design sensitivity of the natural frequency is accordingly evaluated in an explicit form under the uncertain material properties. By means of the material density-based strategy,the robust dynamic topology optimization is implemented with the material volume constraint,and the results are compared with those of the deterministic topology optimization. Optimal results show that the first-order natural frequency obtained with the proposed method has a higher robustness against the material property uncertainties,which fully demonstrates the importance of considering the uncertainties of the material parameters in the structural design stage.

uncertain material parameters  /  robust dynamic topology optimization  /  structure natural frequency  /  bounded interval variable
王诗雨, 王栋. 考虑材料参数不确定性结构动力学稳健性拓扑优化设计. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (1) : 95 -103 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.010
Shi-yu WANG, Dong WANG. Robust dynamic topology optimization of structure with uncertain material parameters[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (1) : 95 -103 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.010
结构拓扑优化旨在满足给定约束条件下,寻求使结构的力学性能达到最优的材料布局设计1。在传统的结构拓扑优化问题中,人们通常假设与结构设计相关的各种参数都是确定的,不受环境变化和加载条件的影响。然而在实际工程中,不确定性因素却是普遍存在和难以避免的,如材料的物理性能、结构的几何尺寸、边界约束条件、外载荷状况等2-4。若在设计过程中对这些不确定性因素不做适当考虑,仍按确定性情形对结构进行优化设计,则所得最优拓扑构型在参数偶然变化情形下的有效性会大为降低,结构性能对不确定性参数扰动的影响极为敏感,甚至会出现结构破坏现象5。为了有效提高结构性能抵抗不确定性因素的能力,有必要在结构的初始设计阶段就考虑这些设计参数的不确定性,并基于定量化的不确定性因素建立优化模型,进而改变相应的设计优化策略35-7
工程结构在动态载荷作用下的响应很大程度上取决于结构的固有特性,特别是结构的第一阶固有频率(基频)及其相应的振型68-10。因此,增大结构的基频使之远离外激励频率,可显著降低结构的动响应水平10。众所周知,结构的固有频率与所用材料的弹性模量、密度等参数密切相关,而实际工程中的材料参数受制造工艺和使用环境等因素的影响,其真实值往往与名义值存在一定的偏差610-11。然而,在当前大多数有关固有频率的优化设计中,并未充分考虑结构动力学性能抵抗材料参数扰动的能力,难以满足真实环境中对工程结构性能的要求11,特别是航空航天工程对结构固有频率在复杂环境中的变化要求更严。因此在结构拓扑优化设计中充分考虑材料参数的不确定性不仅具有现实的工程背景,还具有重要的理论意义12-14
目前,对于结构不确定性拓扑优化设计的研究方法主要有基于可靠度的拓扑优化方法(Reliability-Based Topology Optimization,RBTO)和基于稳健性的拓扑优化方法(Robust Topology Optimization,RTO)。这两种方法均可通过概率或非概率模型量化不确定量的变化情况。而在结构的实际工作环境中,通常难以将不确定性设计量的随机性变化用精确的概率模型表示。而非概率区间分析方法可以通过指定区间模型的上、下界表示设计参数随机变化的范围,能在仅获得有限的不确定性信息条件下,较为安全地得到结构在不同工况下设计目标的最大波动状况,最大限度地保证结构在复杂环境中的可靠性,显著增强结构抵抗外界扰动的能力14-16。在此情形下,人们已广泛地开展了基于非概率区间理论的拓扑优化设计研究。Doltsinis等3通过综合考虑设计目标的概率统计特性,建立了结构稳健性设计的数学模型,并采用基于梯度的优化算法进行求解。Xu等6提出了一种基于不确定性材料参数的连续体结构非概率可靠性优化方法,优化目标是固有频率可靠性指标的最大化。王栋5将荷载作用位置偏移引起的结构动柔顺度的变化用二阶泰勒级数表示,并根据动柔顺度对不确定加载位置的最大灵敏度值提出了一种单循环优化方法。Xia等10提出了基于性能度量分析的可靠性拓扑优化方法,克服了区间模型可靠性优化过程中的收敛性问题。许焕卫等17分析了不确定性因素在某一区间变化时对系统整体性能的影响,建立了基于灵敏度分析的区间不确定性稳健设计优化模型。
本文采用区间模型描述材料性能(弹性模量和密度)的不确定性。利用二阶泰勒展开式表示结构基频随材料参数的变化情况,并提出一种表示结构固有频率波动的稳健性指标。基于材料属性的有理近似模型 (Rational Approximation of Material Properties,RAMP),建立了综合考虑结构基频与其稳健性的连续体结构拓扑优化模型。以整体材料用量为约束条件,在优化过程中采用单层循环策略,利用移动渐近法(Method of Moving Asymptotes,MMA)18开展了连续体结构动力学拓扑优化设计研究。最后用两个典型优化算例来验证本文所提方法的有效性,并与确定性条件下的优化结果进行对比,证明了本文所得稳健性拓扑优化设计结果对材料性能的变化更加稳定和可靠。
本文仅考虑材料的性能参数—弹性模量E和体积密度ρ—具有不确定性,并利用区间模型描述其变化状况10。此外在实际工程中,结构几何尺寸的不均匀性,如薄板的厚度,也可以转换成材料参数的不确定性。利用区间模型表示材料参数变化的形式为:
式中  E+E-分别表示弹性模量变化的上界和下界;ρ+ρ-分别为材料密度变化的上、下界。根据实际情况,它们可以是事先约定的量。基于区间变量的性质3,可定义区间变量的中点E0ρ0及区间半径Erρr
作为不确定性材料参数的名义值和变化量。而结构的确定性优化设计通常是在材料参数名义值情形下获得的,其性能和响应也仅是名义值,并不是实际结构真实的性能和响应。
假设材料的弹性模量与密度的变化相互独立。于是,由式(1)定义的两个区间模型可构成一个二维不确定区间,如图1所示。弹性模量和密度可以在这个二维区间内的任一点取值,这样可以最大限度地考虑在不确定情形下结构失效的可能性,是一种较为安全的设计方式。
在对结构进行拓扑优化设计时,人们通常希望所获得的结构特性保持基本稳定,不受或少受加工、装配和测量等误差的影响。对于一个振动结构,当考虑材料参数的区间具有不确定性时,其第一阶固有频率的可能波动范围为:
式中  x为拓扑优化设计变量集合;ωx)为不确定性条件下基频的最大值;ωx)为基频的最小值;而基频的名义值ω01x)一般在最大和最小值之间;g1可用于表征结构基频的稳健性,其值越小说明结构的第一阶固有频率受材料参数不确定性的影响越小,即结构振动性能的稳健性越高。
稳健性优化设计需要在满足结构性能达到最优的同时,使设计参数变化引起的波动最小,从而提高结构的抗扰动能力。本文拓扑优化设计使结构的基频达到最大的同时,也使其对材料参数变化的稳健性最大化,即稳健性指标g1达到最小。因此可构建基于结构基频与其稳健性的拓扑优化模型为:
式中  xj为第j个单元的材料相对密度;n为有限单元数量。式(6)中的第一式代表结构振动的特征方程;KM分别为结构的总体刚度和质量矩阵;ω1为结构第一阶固有频率;ϕ1为相应的振型。式(6)中的第二式代表对材料体积的约束;V为结构的体积;V0为设计域的体积;fv为体积约束系数。xmin(=0.001)是为了避免结构刚度矩阵奇异而设置的一个极小值;β为稳健性指标的权重因子,β越大对结构基频的稳健性要求也越高。
在以上稳健性拓扑优化模型中,设计目标为使结构的名义基频ω01x)达到最大值,而使其稳健性指标g1达到最小值,因此g1前面是负号。
考虑无阻尼的连续体结构,采用有限元法对其进行离散化处理,则结构的第i阶固有频率应满足如下特征方程:
式中  N为结构自由度总数;ωi为结构第i阶固有频率;ϕi为经过模态质量归一化后相应的振型,即满足:
结构的第i阶固有频率对一般的设计参数v的一阶导数计算公式1为:
通常,式(9)仅适用于固有频率为单频的情形。对于重频的情形,应计算其方向导数19。本文仅考虑固有频率为单频的结构优化设计。
若只考虑结构的第一阶固有频率,当v为结构拓扑优化的设计变量xj时,式(9)可简化到单元层面上计算:
式中  kjmj分别为第j个单元的刚度和质量矩阵;ϕ1j为结构第一阶振型在第j个单元上的分量。
为了合理地描述结构的动力学性能,本文采用RAMP模型对单元质量和刚度矩阵进行插值5
式中  k0m0分别为实体单元的刚度和质量矩阵;q为RAMP模型中的惩罚因子,一般取为5。
将式(11)代入式(10),可得:
于是,当结构的材料参数取名义值时,通过有限元计算可获得振动结构第一阶固有频率的名义值及其对拓扑设计变量的灵敏度值。但当材料参数发生变化时,若仍按照有限元方法先组装刚度和质量矩阵,再由方程式(7)求解结构的特征值,则计算效率会很低。如何利用第一阶固有频率的名义值快速计算其变化值及灵敏度,是本文首先要解决的问题。
对于一个振动系统,若其构型和尺寸已经确定,则结构的固有频率主要由材料的弹性模量和密度决定。当材料的物理参数由于环境的变化而发生改变时,必然会导致结构的固有频率也发生变化。若能利用二阶泰勒(Taylor)级数展开公式,将基频的变化表示成材料性能变化的显函数,则仅通过一次有限元分析即可获得结构频率的变化值及其对拓扑设计变量xj的一阶灵敏度值,这样就可极大地提高结构优化设计的效率。
在材料参数名义值附近,利用泰勒展开式,可得结构的第一阶固有频率ω1随材料参数变化的二阶近似表达式:
式中 ΔE与Δρ分别表示材料弹性模量和材料密度偏离各自名义值的改变量。
本文仅考虑结构附加集中质量的情形。设M=M0+ML,其中M0为结构本身的质量矩阵,ML为附加的集中质量矩阵。对于由线性匀质单一材料构成的二维平面结构,根据有限元总体刚度和质量矩阵的性质则有:
将式(14)代入式(9),可得结构的基频对材料密度的一阶导数计算为
上式两边对ρ再求一次微分,经整理后可得基频对材料密度的二阶导数:
将式(15)代入式(9)计算基频对弹性模量的一阶导数,则有:
将式(18)分别对弹性模量和密度求导,可分别得到基频对弹性模量的二阶导数和对弹性模量与密度的混合导数:
将式(16)~(20)代入式(13),即可利用二阶泰勒公式快速计算因材料参数变化而引起的振动结构的基频值。其中,第一阶固有振型ϕ1对材料密度的一阶导数可以通过Nelson方法快速近似得到19
另外,由式(16)两边对E求导,可以得到:
由于交换求导顺序并不改变ω01Eρ的混合二阶导数值,比较式(21)与式(20)可以发现。附录也给出了证明。
在稳健性拓扑优化设计过程中,需要计算材料参数不确定性条件下,结构基频对每一个拓扑变量的一阶灵敏度值。将式(13)两端同时对设计变量xj求导,可得材料参数偏离名义值时基频灵敏度的近似表达式:
其中,右边第一项可以通过式(10)得到。而第二项中的微分项可由式(18)对xj微分得到:
即仍可由式(10)计算得到。
第三项中的微分项可由式(10)对ρ微分得到:
第四项中的微分项可由式(23a)对E微分得到:
第五项中的微分项可由式(23b)对ρ微分得到:
第六项中的微分项可由式(23a)对ρ微分得到:
式(23d)中振型对材料密度的二阶导数可以通过文献[20]中提出的振型灵敏度显式表达式高效地获得:
式中
将式(24)中振型对密度的二阶导数在各单元上的分量代入式(23d),进而可由式(22)计算弹性模量和密度偏离名义值时结构的第一阶固有频率对设计变量的灵敏度。相比基于多次有限元分析的顶点组合法10,本文提出的方法仅通过一次有限元模态分析即可得到基频的变化值以及所需的全部灵敏度值,可有效提高优化设计的效率。
求解由参数区间模型构成的拓扑优化问题(式(4)~(6))时,传统的稳健性优化模型将其视为双层优化问题10。即在内层循环寻求由不确定性参数构成的区间内第一阶频率的最大和最小值及其灵敏度,外层循环将得到的灵敏度代入确定性优化算法中对结构进行迭代设计。双层优化方法需要在每次优化迭代中计算区间内的第一阶频率并对其进行排序,优化流程较为复杂,很大程度上影响了结构优化设计的效率。
对于一个无阻尼自由振动的结构,由式(18)可知,结构的第一阶固有频率对弹性模量的一阶导数总是正值,即在不确定性材料参数区间内任一点,结构的基频对弹性模量的增加总是单调递增的。
无论一个结构是否附加了集中质量,T=总是代表了结构(不含附加集中质量)的第一阶模态动能。若第一阶模态不是结构的刚体运动模式(ω01≠0),则在式(16)中总有>0,即结构基频随着密度的增加单调递减。于是可知在材料的弹性模量与密度构成的二维区间内,结构基频的最大值一定在弹性模量最大且密度最小的顶点上;反之,结构基频的最小值出现在弹性模量最小而密度最大的顶点。这也与人们的预期情况是一致的。因此,传统的双层优化问题可以转化为单层优化问题。
通过对以上两个不确定性参数区间顶点的计算直接得到区间内结构的最大和最小基频及其灵敏度值,并将它们代入到优化算法中对拓扑变量进行修改。在以上的不确定性参数区间顶点,利用式(2b)所定义的区间半径Erρr,结构第一阶固有频率可以通过二阶泰勒公式近似计算获得:
图2所示的悬臂板在右下端点处有一个集中质量块ML=20 kg。板的厚度是10 mm,材料的弹性模量名义值E0=210 GPa,密度名义值ρ0=7800 kg/m3,泊松比ν=0.3。假设由于材料制备过程的不确定性,其弹性模量和密度均可能有最大5%的相对变化量,即弹性模量实际取值区间EI=[0.95E0,1.05E0],密度取值区间ρI=[0.95ρ0,1.05ρ0]。将设计区域均匀划分成80×60的有限元网格,并采用四结点平面应力单元,仅考虑结构在平面内的变形。材料体积约束系数fv=0.5,优化过程收敛条件为相邻两次迭代设计变量的最大改变量小于0.01。
首先对本文推导的固有频率二阶泰勒展开式及其灵敏度计算公式进行验证。对于图2所示的4个指定单元,当材料的弹性模量与密度分别位于可变化区间的顶点时,结构的第一阶固有频率及其对各单元相对密度(设计变量)的灵敏度也将发生改变。两种方法的计算结果如表1所示。经过对比可知,用二阶泰勒展开式能获得非常精确的第一阶固有频率及其对拓扑设计变量的灵敏度值。即无需利用有限元进行特征值求解,仅用式(13)和式(22)即可得到材料参数不确定性情形下结构的基频及其灵敏度值。
表1还可以发现,当材料的性能参数发生改变时,结构的第一阶固有频率也是一个区间变量,f1=(ω1/2π)∈[118.522,125.243] Hz。而且第一阶频率名义值f10=121.913 Hz并不在区间的中点,这是因为固有频率相对于材料参数的变化是非线性关系。第一阶频率变化幅值g1/(2π)=6.721 Hz,是名义值的5.51%。
此外,当材料的弹性模量E取变化区间的上界值,而材料的密度ρ取变化区间的下界值时,结构的第一阶固有频率最大,见表1的第二行结果;反之,当材料的弹性模量E取变化区间的下界值,而材料的密度ρ取变化区间的上界值时,结构的第一阶固有频率最小,见表1的第四行结果。这也验证了前面的分析结果。
分别取基频稳健性优化设计目标函数中的权重因子β=0.5,0.7和0.9,对悬臂板开展稳健性拓扑优化设计,并与确定性(β=0)优化结果进行对比。图3分别示出了β取不同值时结构的拓扑构型,其材料布局存在比较显著的差别。由于考虑了材料性能的不确定性,稳健性结构拓扑构型更加复杂,为集中质量块构造的传力路径更加多元化。对结构第一阶固有频率分散性控制愈严(β越大),稳健性拓扑构型传力分支路径愈多,与确定性拓扑设计结果相差也愈大。而且在集中质量附近的材料分布也会发生改变,构造新的局部传力路径。
表2列出了不同设计策略下悬臂板的拓扑优化数值结果。与表1相比可以发现,经过拓扑优化后,结构的基频都有了明显增大,同时基频的波动幅度g1也明显增大了。确定性优化得到的结构第一阶频率对材料参数的不确定性比较敏感,相对波动量r最大(5.67%)。而稳健性结构拓扑优化设计基频的相对波动量r随着权重因子β的增大而逐渐减小,即结构的第一阶频率对材料参数的不确定性敏感性逐渐降低,其动力性能的稳健性逐渐提高。此外,稳健性优化设计得到的最大名义基频比确定性优化结果稍小一点,其原因是有一部分材料被用来构造备用辅助的传力路径,以加强结构性能的稳健性。因此在相同的材料体积约束条件下,结构的刚度会有一定的损失,导致结构的固有频率有所降低,以换取结构抵抗材料参数扰动能力的提高,但这种损失可以通过适当增加材料体积得到补偿516
图4所示的两端固支深梁结构在底边中点处有一个集中质量块ML=10 kg。假设材料的弹性模量和密度均可能有最大10%的变化量,即弹性模量取值区间EI=[0.9E0,1.1E0],密度取值区间ρI=[0.9ρ0,1.1ρ0]。其余参数与算例1相同。将设计区域均匀划分为140×20的有限元网格,材料体积约束系数fv=0.5。
图5分别示出了权重因子β=0,0.5,0.7和0.9时固支深梁结构的稳健性拓扑优化构型,它们仍有比较显著的差别。由于考虑了材料性能的不确定性,随着β值的增大,深梁中间两根斜杆的尺寸在逐渐减小,但夹角却在不断增大。而且在附加集中质量附近的材料用量也逐渐减少,分别向梁两端聚集。造成这种材料分布的原因是经过拓扑优化以后,结构的第一阶固有振型是反对称扭转变形,梁两端的弯曲变形更加突出。图6示出了优化后结构的第一阶振型。
表3列出了不同设计策略下两端固支深梁的拓扑优化数值结果。虽然确定性优化设计得到的结构第一阶固有频率名义值最大,但其波动量也最大(12.46%),结构第一阶固有频率的稳健性相对较低。而稳健性优化设计得到的结构第一阶固有频率名义值比确定性优化值稍小一些,但其相对波动量随着权重因子β的增大而逐渐减小,结构动力性能的稳健性也在逐渐提高。
本文研究了在材料参数不确定性条件下,以提高结构的第一阶固有频率并增强其稳健性为目标的连续体结构动力学拓扑优化设计问题。运用区间模型描述材料参数(弹性模量、密度)的不确定性。采用二阶泰勒展开式,获得了在材料参数不确定性情形下结构固有频率的显性表达式及其对拓扑变量的灵敏度计算公式。构造了结构动力学稳健性优化设计模型,并采用确定性优化方法对结构拓扑构型进行了设计。研究结果如下:
(1)考虑材料参数不确定性条件下得到的稳健性结构拓扑优化设计,其拓扑构型相对于确定性条件下的拓扑优化结果有着明显不同。不确定性条件下所得拓扑构型更加复杂,传力路径更加多元化,尤其表现在附加集中质量处附近。
(2)经过对固有频率一阶导数的分析发现,结构第一阶固有频率的最大值总是在弹性模量最大且密度最小的顶点上取得;反之,第一阶固有频率的最小值总是出现在弹性模量最小而密度最大的顶点上。
(3)当材料参数具有不确定性时,虽然稳健性拓扑优化设计得到的结构第一阶固有频率名义值小于相应的确定性优化结果,但其波动量也明显低于确定性的结果。这对降低结构在材料参数发生变化时可能出现的失效风险有极大的帮助。因此,在结构初步设计阶段考虑材料参数的不确定性是非常有必要的。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51975470)
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2024年第37卷第1期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.010
  • 接收时间:2022-03-17
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-17
  • 修回日期:2022-07-17
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51975470)
作者信息
    西北工业大学航空学院,陕西 西安 710072

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王栋(1962―),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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