Article(id=1228011507586363816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1649606400000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-11, revisedDate=1658678400000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770710358758, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770710358758, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770710358758, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770710358758, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228011505698931621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770710358308, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795378159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368104862974870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368104862974871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=71, endPage=82, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228011507842216364, articleId=1228011507586363816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Nonlinear wave energy dissipator with high efficient wave attenuation and energy harvesting at low frequencies, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The constant erosion of ocean waves seriously affects the safe operation and service performance of ocean engineering equipment,and ocean wave energy is a green renewable energy with many advantages. How to reduce the wave load and utilize the ocean wave energy through the hybrid wave attenuation and energy harvesting structure is one of basic scientific problems in the field of ocean engineering. The traditional wave attenuation and energy harvesting structure,especially the floating structures in the deep sea,has the technical bottleneck of wave attenuation and energy harvesting at a low frequency range. In this paper,based on the idea of reducing the equivalent dynamic stiffness of the system,a nonlinear hybrid wave attenuation and energy harvesting structure is proposed,and the characteristics are studied. A new type of negative stiffness mechanism is designed and applied to hybrid wave attenuation and energy harvesting structure. In order to solve the fluid-structure interaction problem of nonlinear hybrid wave attenuation and energy harvesting structure,a semi-analytical nonlinear frequency domain method of hybrid eigenfunction expansion matching method and multi-harmonic balance method is proposed. The influence of the key parameters of the mechanism on the wave attenuation and energy harvesting performance is studied,and the “phase control” mechanism of the negative stiffness mechanism to improve the low frequency wave attenuation and energy harvesting performance is revealed.

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时刻存在的海洋波浪侵扰严重影响海洋工程装备的安全运行和服役性能,而海洋波浪能又是具有诸多优点的绿色可再生能源。如何通过混合消波-俘能结构减小波浪载荷的同时利用海洋能源是海洋工程领域的基础科学问题。传统消波-俘能结构尤其是深远海浮式结构存在低频消波俘能难的技术瓶颈。基于减小系统等效动刚度思想,提出非线性混合消波-俘能结构,并开展消波俘能特性研究。设计了一种连杆拉簧负刚度机构并应用于混合消波-俘能结构。为了求解非线性混合消波-俘能结构的波浪-结构物流固耦合问题,提出了混合特征值匹配法和谐波平衡法的半解析非线性频域求解方法。研究了机构关键参数对消波俘能性能的影响,揭示了负刚度机构提高低频消波俘能性能的“相位控制”机理。

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张海成(1987―),男,博士,副教授。 E-mail:
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李鹏程(2002—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

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李鹏程(2002—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

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李鹏程(2002—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

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1. 浮子主体;2. 非线性刚度机构;3. PTO;4. 中间立柱;5. 滑道;6. 滑块;7. 燕尾槽;8. T型连杆;9. 圆环槽;10. 球铰;11. 拉簧

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Main parameters of nonlinear system

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浮子宽度2a/m吃水深度d1/m水深h1/mT型连杆长度Lc/m入射波振幅A/m水密度ρ /(kg·m‒3)重力加速度g/(m·s‒2)
82.5105110009.8
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非线性系统的主要参数

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82.5105110009.8
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高效低频消波俘能非线性防波结构
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李鹏程 1 , 张海成 1 , 金华清 1 , 毕仁贵 2 , 徐道临 1 , 刘磊磊 3 , 王新宇 3 , 陈彧超 4
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(1): 71-82
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(1): 71-82
高效低频消波俘能非线性防波结构
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李鹏程1 , 张海成1 , 金华清1, 毕仁贵2, 徐道临1, 刘磊磊3, 王新宇3, 陈彧超4
作者信息
  • 1湖南大学机械与运载工程学院,湖南 长沙 410082
  • 2吉首大学物理与机电工程学院,湖南 吉首 416000
  • 3上海船舶设计研究院,上海 200120
  • 4中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 李鹏程(2002—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

张海成(1987―),男,博士,副教授。 E-mail:
Nonlinear wave energy dissipator with high efficient wave attenuation and energy harvesting at low frequencies
Peng-cheng LI1 , Hai-cheng ZHANG1 , Hua-qing JIN1, Ren-gui BI2, Dao-lin XU1, Lei-lei LIU3, Xin-yu WANG3, Yu-chao CHEN4
Affiliations
  • 1College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
  • 2College of Physics and Electromechanical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China
  • 3Shanghai Merchant Ship Design & Research Institute, Shanghai 200120, China
  • 4China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.008
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时刻存在的海洋波浪侵扰严重影响海洋工程装备的安全运行和服役性能,而海洋波浪能又是具有诸多优点的绿色可再生能源。如何通过混合消波-俘能结构减小波浪载荷的同时利用海洋能源是海洋工程领域的基础科学问题。传统消波-俘能结构尤其是深远海浮式结构存在低频消波俘能难的技术瓶颈。基于减小系统等效动刚度思想,提出非线性混合消波-俘能结构,并开展消波俘能特性研究。设计了一种连杆拉簧负刚度机构并应用于混合消波-俘能结构。为了求解非线性混合消波-俘能结构的波浪-结构物流固耦合问题,提出了混合特征值匹配法和谐波平衡法的半解析非线性频域求解方法。研究了机构关键参数对消波俘能性能的影响,揭示了负刚度机构提高低频消波俘能性能的“相位控制”机理。

波浪能  /  消波俘能  /  相位控制  /  非线性刚度

The constant erosion of ocean waves seriously affects the safe operation and service performance of ocean engineering equipment,and ocean wave energy is a green renewable energy with many advantages. How to reduce the wave load and utilize the ocean wave energy through the hybrid wave attenuation and energy harvesting structure is one of basic scientific problems in the field of ocean engineering. The traditional wave attenuation and energy harvesting structure,especially the floating structures in the deep sea,has the technical bottleneck of wave attenuation and energy harvesting at a low frequency range. In this paper,based on the idea of reducing the equivalent dynamic stiffness of the system,a nonlinear hybrid wave attenuation and energy harvesting structure is proposed,and the characteristics are studied. A new type of negative stiffness mechanism is designed and applied to hybrid wave attenuation and energy harvesting structure. In order to solve the fluid-structure interaction problem of nonlinear hybrid wave attenuation and energy harvesting structure,a semi-analytical nonlinear frequency domain method of hybrid eigenfunction expansion matching method and multi-harmonic balance method is proposed. The influence of the key parameters of the mechanism on the wave attenuation and energy harvesting performance is studied,and the “phase control” mechanism of the negative stiffness mechanism to improve the low frequency wave attenuation and energy harvesting performance is revealed.

wave energy  /  wave attenuation and energy capture  /  phase control  /  nonlinear stiffness
李鹏程, 张海成, 金华清, 毕仁贵, 徐道临, 刘磊磊, 王新宇, 陈彧超. 高效低频消波俘能非线性防波结构. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (1) : 71 -82 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.008
Peng-cheng LI, Hai-cheng ZHANG, Hua-qing JIN, Ren-gui BI, Dao-lin XU, Lei-lei LIU, Xin-yu WANG, Yu-chao CHEN. Nonlinear wave energy dissipator with high efficient wave attenuation and energy harvesting at low frequencies[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (1) : 71 -82 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.008
地球近80%的面积被海洋覆盖,波涛汹涌的海洋一方面蕴藏着丰富的海洋资源,另一方面也时刻侵扰着海洋结构建筑物的安全1。防波堤,也被称为波浪衰减器,能够有效地减少波浪的作用载荷,从而减少波浪的冲击和侵蚀并提供安全的避风港2。同时,从能量角度看,海洋波动激励也是一种能量作用,且海洋波浪能是一种典型的绿色可再生能源3,因此合理设计防波结构消减波浪作用载荷的同时综合利用海洋波浪能源是海洋工程中研究的重点之一。浮式防波堤因其具有建设成本低、灵活性好和对环境友好的优势而广受研究人员的青睐2。通过将浮式防波堤与波能转换器(Wave Energy Converter,简称WEC)集成设计,可以实现成本分摊以及消波功能和俘能功能集成4。近年来,浮式防波堤与WEC的混合技术迅速发展,Michailides等5提出了一种由多个模块组成的柔性浮式防波堤,类似于筏式WEC,相邻模块之间通过能量捕获(Power take-off,简称PTO)系统连接,PTO系统由模块的相对纵摇运动驱动。赵玄烈6对单浮筒式浮式防波堤-波浪能装置集成系统的水动力特性和能量输出特性开展了理论分析和试验研究,并在此基础上,采用了多浮体的方案对集成系统进行改进。纪巧玲等7基于方箱式浮式防波堤-波浪能转换集成系统和幕帘式防波堤的研究成果,提出了一种方箱-垂直挡浪板式浮式防波堤-波浪能转换集成系统,建立了数学模型对该集成系统的水动力特性和能量输出特性进行研究。关于混合消波-俘能装置的研究很多,这里不一一列举,但以往研究表明,当浮箱式防波堤的宽度至少为入射波长的三分之一时,才能具备良好的消波效果(即透射系数小于0.5)1。同时通过运动浮体俘获波浪能量需要浮体的固有频率与波浪激励频率一致才能获得最优的能量俘获效率。由于波浪的主导频率可能会不时发生变化,当波浪的主导频率偏离线性WEC的设计频率时,线性WEC的能量捕获性能可能会很差,对于低频波浪同样需要较大的浮体尺寸才能使得其固有频率与波浪频率匹配8,因此对于海洋低频高能量波浪的消波俘能仍然是海洋工程界公认的技术瓶颈问题。
为了提高混合消波-俘能结构的低频性能,已有学者通过优化浮体结构、引入主动控制系统等方法对其进行改善,但仍然没有很好地解决混合浮式防波堤的低频消波俘能性能差的问题。近年来,基于减小系统等效固有频率的基础思路,一些研究人员将负刚度机构应用于WEC以提高系统的低频波能捕获效率。Zhang等9-10将两个对称斜弹簧组成的经典双稳态机构引入到点吸收式WEC中,研究了在规则和非规则海况下非线性能量吸收系统的性能。Younesian等11提出了一种由两个斜向刚性杆和两个斜向弹簧组成的多稳态机构用于WEC。席儒等12提出了一种磁力双稳态机构,可通过调整磁环参数有效改变双稳态装置的势垒高度,从而克服传统型双稳态装置在小幅波浪激励下转换效率低的难题。关于非线性机构研究已有很多13,其结构多是通过气弹簧14、磁弹簧15和螺旋弹簧16等组成的单稳态、双稳态和多稳态系统。研究结果表明,非线性机制可以有效提高WEC在低频波浪下的能量捕获性能,并拓宽能量俘获频带。与非线性WEC一样,浮式防波堤的响应运动与系统的刚度有关,从动力系统的角度来看,将非线性刚度机构引入传统的浮式防波堤可以在不增加防波堤尺寸的情况下提高其消波性能。然而,当前还未有学者对非线性机构应用于混合装置后的性能进行研究,非线性机制能否在低频区同时提高混合装置消波性能这一问题值得研究。此外,已有的非线性机构中,多数弹簧负刚度机构采用压簧,使用时容易出现“失稳”现象,且混合装置结构较为复杂。混合装置引入非线性机构后,带来了波浪与结构之间的非线性流固耦合问题,使得解析求解困难。对于浮子的非线性运动问题,常采用基于时频转换的Cummins方程求解17,但是,它不能获得波面的有效信息,很难开展消波性能分析。对于非线性的混合消波-俘能结构,通常采用CFD等完整的数值方法18-19,但这种方法费时且不便于参数化研究。
本文开展非线性混合消波-俘能结构创新设计和性能分析,旨在设计一种结构简单、稳定性好的非线性刚度机构以改善混合消波-俘能结构在低频区的性能,并提出特征值匹配法20与谐波平衡法21相结合的半解析混合求解方法对混合消波-俘能结构进行理论求解,对其进行性能分析,揭示非线性消波俘能新机理。
图1为具有非线性刚度机构的混合消波-俘能结构的结构图和简化几何示意图。本文考虑桩柱约束型消波-俘能结构,即浮子受到立柱的约束仅能沿垂荡方向运动。本文提出的非线性刚度机构由T型连杆和拉簧,以及约束T型连杆的滑道滑块组成。T型连杆的一端与立柱通过球铰连接,T型连杆的横杆两端通过球铰与滑块铰接,拉簧安装于T型连杆的圆环槽上,滑块可以通过固定于浮子上的滑道作水平运动。当浮子沿立柱做垂荡运动时,带动T型连杆运动,从而推动滑块在滑道运动,并通过T型连杆带动拉簧在水平方向发生变形。为简化考虑,本文仅研究单个非线性混合消波-俘能结构,且将其简化为二维问题开展机理研究。在图1中,将WEC的PTO模拟为阻尼器,水平放置的拉簧通过T型连杆在垂直方向上提供负刚度。采用笛卡尔坐标系,原点位于防波堤的无扰动中轴线上,x轴指向入射波的传播方向,z轴指向上方。浮子宽度为2a,吃水为d1,水深为h1
本文仅考虑浮子的升沉模态响应,并基于线性波浪理论20构建消波-俘能结构的水动力模型,整个流体域中水质点的运动可以用速度势表示:
式中  ω为波角频率;t为时间;为满足拉普拉斯方程的复速度势,在二维笛卡儿坐标系下可以写成:
当波与结构相互作用时,速度势可分解为入射势,绕射势和辐射势。因此,可以表示为:
给定入射波幅值A,水深h1时,入射波可表示为:
式中  g为重力加速度;k为波数,满足色散关系ω2=gktanh(kh1)。
辐射势与浮体的运动频率和幅值有关,浮子在升沉模态下对应的辐射势可表示为:
式中  为浮子运动引起的单位辐射势;u为浮子的复振幅。
绕射势和单位辐射势满足拉普拉斯方程和线性化的边界条件22
本文采用文献[20]中特征值匹配的解析方法求解水动力问题,得到波速度势后,根据伯努利方程,对浮子湿面上的压力进行积分,得到作用在浮子上的波浪激励力,则升沉激励力为:
式中  表示水的密度。
对于辐射力,浮子在垂荡方向作谐波运动时,辐射力为:
式中  分别表示附加质量和辐射阻尼,其表达式分别为:
当浮子作谐波运动时,浮子的复振幅位移可写成。根据速度、加速度和位移的关系,式(7)中的辐射力可以写成:
根据牛顿第二定律,混合消波-俘能结构在纯升沉模式下的运动方程为:
式中  M为浮子质量;z为升沉实位移,上圆点表示对时间的微分;分别为静水恢复力、PTO阻尼力、非线性机构力、波浪激励力和辐射力。
基于小振幅运动假设,静水恢复力可表示为:
式中  为静水恢复刚度,S为水面面积,在本文二维模型中
PTO阻尼力为:
式中  代表PTO的阻尼。
非线性机构力可以通过如图2所示的非线性刚度机构运动简图进行计算。设每根拉簧的刚度为,初始长度为2L0,T型连杆长Lc,T型连杆和拉簧的夹角为,单根弹簧施加于T型连杆的单侧拉力设为。拉簧在T型连杆处于水平时始终处于拉伸状态,即。当浮子运动z时,处于水平预拉伸的拉簧往回收缩,通过T型连杆在垂直方向上提供负刚度。
根据结构几何关系可知可以表示为:
对于拉簧通过单根T型连杆施加于WEC的力可表示为:
则非线性机构力的表达式为:
用总恢复力表示静水恢复力与非线性机构力之和,有:
为方便解析方法求解,简化式(16)中的非线性项,将总恢复力在静平衡位置()处进行泰勒展开,用表示其展开值,展开公式为:
将式(17)保留三阶,得到近似公式为:
简化公式的表达形式,引入以下中间变量:
式(18)可以通过式(19)简化表示为:
采用非线性频域方法23求解非线性动力学方程式(10),采用多谐波平衡法21将系统响应假设为有限次谐波和:
式中  为双稳态系统中可能出现的常数项;为与激励频率一致的基频;为第j次谐波的待定系数。
则可以将辐射力看作是多次谐波辐射力的总和。根据式(9)中单次谐波的辐射力表达式,多次谐波的辐射力可表示为:
阻尼力和刚度力也是响应谐波的函数,将所有的力表达式代入方程(10),可以得到一个由不同频率的正弦和余弦组成的代数方程式。忽略代数式中高于N阶的谐波,基于谐波平衡原理,得到了由2N个方程和2N个未知数组成的可解非线性代数方程组。
当确定后,系统实响应随之确定。为了进一步获得耦合浮子非线性运动产生的波场信息,需要将实部响应转换为复响应来解决1.2节中描述的波场问题。第j次谐波的复响应表达式为:
式中  表示第j次谐波的复振幅;表示波浪激励力与入射波的相位差。
现在,可以通过匹配得到不同阶次谐波的辐射势对应的单位辐射势,由式(5)可以表示为:
因此,根据线性波理论的叠加原理,整个辐射势场可以写成:
根据线性波理论,通过波前单位长度的入射波功率可表示为:
式中  表示波的群速度,计算公式为:
在得到混合消波-俘能结构的运动响应后,WEC的平均功率为:
式中  Tca为持续时间,为式(21)谐波解最大周期的整数倍。
包含多个频率分量的非线性混合消波-俘能结构的运动响应如式(21)所示,PTO吸收的平均功率计算公式为:
捕获宽度比CWR定义为WEC吸收的功率与入射波功率的比值,该参数是量化WEC效率的重要因素,可以写成:
此外,由于WEC的多次谐波运动,第j次谐波PTO吸收的功率与入射波功率之比为:
透射系数、反射系数和捕获宽度比是用来评估混合消波-俘能结构性能的核心指标,而透射系数是评估消波效率的重要指标之一,它定义为透射波高度与入射波高度的比值。在线性系统中,入射波、绕射波和辐射波都是单色的,所以定义很清楚,而本文由于浮子的非线性运动所产生的辐射波不是单色波,传统的透射系数定义已经不再适用非线性系统。
由式(21)可知,非线性系统产生的辐射波可以认为是由多频次谐波组成的,因此,定义第j阶透射系数Tj和反射系数Rj为各谐波振幅与入射波振幅的比值24,写为:
式中  A代表入射波幅值;代表第j次频率上的透射波幅值;代表第j次频率上的反射波幅值。
基于波浪自由表面的线性边界条件,波浪的波高表示为:
所以透射系数和反射系数可以通过速度势表示,在本文的问题中,入射波和绕射波是单色的,而辐射波可能包含多次谐波,因此,基波的透射系数和反射系数可以写成:
式中  分别为入射波波高和绕射波波高;为非线性系统基频谐波响应引起的辐射波波高;表示浮子在基频谐波响应引起的辐射势。
对于高阶的透射系数和反射系数可以表示为:
式中  为非线性系统第j次谐波响应引起的辐射波波高。
非线性混合消波-俘能结构在流体域的简化几何示意图如图1所示,本文进行数值仿真时,采用了文献[25]中具有桩柱约束的线性系统的几何参数,表1给出了非线性消波-俘能系统的主要参数值。
为了保证系统不失一般性,对系统的参数进行了无量纲化处理,引入以下无量纲参数:
式中  表示浮子运动幅值;表示浮子运动速度。
则对非线性刚度机构静态分析时,式(16)无量纲化后得到总恢复力的表达式为:
则系统等效刚度为:
系统的弹性势能为:
本文首先分析非线性刚度机构的静态特性,以揭示非线性刚度机构几何参数对系统刚度的影响规律,便于对非线性混合消波-俘能结构总体性能进行机理分析。在此节初步解释了非线性刚度机构改善混合消波-俘能结构性能的原因。
取非线性系统在静平衡位置()处等效刚度等于零,此时非线性刚度机构提供的负刚度与波浪提供的静水恢复刚度即正刚度刚好相互抵消,系统可称为准零刚度系统。由式(38)可得出当系统为准零刚度时,存在以下准零刚度关系式:
对于式(38)所示的非线性系统等效刚度,有三种具有不同协调参数的典型刚度类型,由式(38)和(40)可以得到,当时,系统的等效刚度在部分位移范围内为负,此时称为双稳态系统,通常用于振动能量捕获26。当时,称为准零刚度系统,广泛用于非线性隔振器。当时,系统等效刚度在浮子运动时始终为正,称为全部正刚度系统。三种典型刚度类型的系统等效刚度图如图3(a)所示,同时为获得一般的结果,作出参数取不同值时非线性系统的状态图如图3(b)所示,深蓝色区域Ⅰ表示非线性系统具备双稳态,深蓝色区域Ⅰ和绿色区域Ⅲ的交界处区域Ⅱ表示非线性系统具备准零刚度,绿色区域Ⅲ表示非线性系统具备全部正刚度。准零刚度系统具有高静低动刚度的特性,并且可以降低系统的等效固有频率27,这有助于混合消波-俘能装置在低频范围内取得优异的性能。因此,本文以准零刚度系统为例,对非线性混合消波-俘能装置进行性能分析。
为便于分析,使用谐波平衡法时采用三阶泰勒展开式(18),同时考虑到误差影响,本文将给出数值方法对比的结果,验证谐波平衡法的可行性,在分析时考虑了非线性消波-俘能结构响应的频率为的谐波,则系统的运动响应可以表示为:
所以非线性防波堤与WEC混合系统的多频辐射力可以写为:
将所有的力表达式和位移表达式代入式(10),可以得到由不同频率的正弦和余弦系数组成的方程,在谐波平衡的基础上,可以求解未知系数的非线性代数方程。
为验证本文研究方法的可行性,采用本文研究的参数,将本文的研究方法与Zhao等25对线性消波-俘能结构的研究方法进行对比,其结果如图4所示。可以看出,两种方法获得的结果完全吻合,说明本文所提方法的可行性。
下面采用四阶龙格-库塔数值方法和本文解析方法求解动力学方程,获得的各阶谐波的幅频曲线如图5所示。从图5中可以看出,系统在低频区域出现了高频响应,且随着谐波响应阶次升高,对应的谐波响应幅值减小。对比数值方法和解析方法结果可以看出,采用谐波平衡法在低频波区的响应幅值出现了一小段偏差,而在其他区域计算的结果与数值方法完全相同。这是由于解析方法采用泰勒级数近似展开,同时假设解仅考虑了一阶和三阶谐波,但从数值结果可以看出系统还存在五阶甚至更高阶次的谐波成分,导致误差产生,但其对于机理解释和参数分析的影响很小,可以忽略。从能量守恒角度来看,混合消波-俘能结构的波能捕获宽度比CWR、透射系数T和反射系数R应满足。对于非线性系统,能量分布在不同阶次谐波上,但从图5可以看出,系统高阶谐波对应的幅值很小,即高阶谐波能量较小。仅考虑一阶谐波,对应的波能捕获宽度比、透射系数和反射系数图6所示。从图6可以看出,的计算值除了低频波一小段外都接近于1,这是由于高次谐波未加入计算,这也说明高阶谐波仅在低频区很小的区间内对系统有影响。由于高阶谐波对波浪传播和能量捕获影响很小,所以以下研究中仅考虑一阶谐波即基频谐波下系统的消波特性和俘能特性。
表示线性系统的透射系数和反射系数,表示准零刚度系统的透射系数和反射系数。透射系数和反射系数及捕获宽度比的幅频特性如图7所示,可以看出,在全计算频域里,准零刚度系统相比于线性系统,透射系数降低,捕获宽度比峰值明显向低频波区移动。采取文献[28]对混合系统综合评价的方法对系统性能进行评估,对应的有效带宽为:。从图7(a)可以看出,准零刚度系统的有效消波频带为,明显大于线性系统的有效消波频带,就消波性能而言,准零刚度系统相对于线性系统在整个频段上的透射系数降低近50%。在仅考虑浮子升沉运动时,理论上二维装置的最大能量转换效率为29,从图7(b)可以看出,相比于线性系统,准零刚度系统的有效能量捕获带宽为,其相比于线性系统拓宽了约,且明显向低频区移动。
下面通过波的叠加原理进行机理探讨。考虑到非线性结构仅在辐射波上与传统线性结构有差异,且散射波(Scattering Wave,用S表示)为入射波和绕射波的叠加波,作出图8来分析散射波和辐射波的叠加效应。图8(a)为散射波和辐射波的波幅在频域内的变化,表示无量纲化后的波幅,ηRL表示线性系统的辐射波,ηRN表示准零刚度系统的辐射波。图8(b)为在频域内线性系统和准零刚度系统的散射波与辐射波的相位差变化,其中表示散射波和辐射波的相位差,分别代表线性系统和准零刚度系统。如图8(a)所示,在低频波区,散射波幅值明显大于辐射波的幅值,但准零刚度系统引起的辐射波波幅大于对应的线性系统,更接近散射波幅值。同时从图8(b)可以看出准零刚度系统散射波和辐射波的相位差更接近于,因此幅值接近,相位反向的两个波叠加具有更小的叠加波幅,所以导致准零刚度系统具有更好的消波性能。在中频波区,准零刚度系统两者的相位差依旧更接近,即非线系统在消波方面仍具有优势。在高频波区,准零刚度系统和线性系统无论是辐射波波幅还是辐射波与散射波的相位差均相差不大,所以在高频区两者透射系数基本相同。非线性刚度机构引入混合消波-俘能结构可以调节辐射波与散射波的相位,即“相位控制”,从而使得准零刚度系统的消波性能优于线性系统。
下面分别取高、中、低频段上的三个不同频率点绘制散射波、辐射波以及透射波的波面如图9所示。其中表示无量纲化后的波高,ηTL表示线性系统的透射波,ηTN表示准零刚度系统的透射波。从图9(a)可知,随着波频率的增加,准零刚度系统相对于线性系统,散射波与辐射波的相位差更接近,并且辐射波的波高更接近散射波的波高,其消波性能也随之提高。从图9(b)可知,准零刚度系统透射波的波高明显小于散射波,即由准零刚度系统产生的辐射波更有利于消波,而线性系统所产生的辐射波消波效果较差,透射波的波高接近甚至大于散射波。
从动力学的角度可知当激励力与浮子速度相位相同时,捕获功率最大29。下面取图7(b)中几个频率点探讨非线性刚度机构增强能量捕获宽度的根本原因,绘制出波浪激励力和浮子速度图10所示。准零刚度系统可能在某一给定频率下出现高阶谐波,不方便确定相位差,为此,除了与线性系统对比之外,作图时将基频速度响应也加入进行对比。如图10所示,准零刚度系统的基频速度在低频区相位更接近激励力,并在时与激励力相位相同,准零刚度系统的捕获宽度比达到峰值,而线性系统在时与激励力相位相同,捕获宽度比达到峰值。准零刚度系统作为一种被动相位控制元件,可以使系统的相位在低频区更接近于波浪激励力,而在低频区线性系统的响应速度与激励力之间存在着显著的相位差,因此非线性刚度机构在低频区具有改善能量捕获性能的优势。随着频率的增加,准零刚度系统的速度响应相对于线性系统与波浪激励力的相位差更大,这也是准零刚度系统在高频区的能量捕获性能低于线性系统的原因。
以上低频消波俘能机理研究过程中均是取一组特定参数进行分析,本节对不同系统参数和波况参数进行研究,对不同参数的准零刚度系统的运动响应和工作性能进行综合探讨,并与线性系统对比。图11给出了不同非线性机构参数下系统消波俘能性能参数随频率的变化曲线图。从图11(a)图11(b)可以看出,随着参数的减小,准零刚度系统的透射系数降低,捕获宽度比的有效带宽()被拓宽,并向低频波区移动。因为随着参数的减小,非线性系统的低动态刚度范围增大,相应的等效固有频率降低,其在低频波区的消波性能和俘能性能得以改善。
由于海况多变,对于不同的入射波波幅,准零刚度系统的工作性能并不会像线性系统一样保持不变。对于入射波波幅参数的影响,其结果如图12所示。如图12(a)所示,随着入射波幅值的减小,透射系数显著降低。如图12(b)所示,随着入射波波幅的减小,准零刚度系统捕获宽度比的有效带宽()被拓宽,并向低频波区移动。可以看出,本文采取的准零刚度系统相对于线性系统而言具有良好的工作性能。
PTO阻尼对混合消波-俘能装置的消波性能和能量捕获性能有重要影响,对于线性系统的最佳PTO阻尼值可能不再是非线性系统的最佳值,因此有必要对PTO阻尼如何影响混合消波-俘能装置的性能展开研究。
不同PTO阻尼对应的线性系统和非线性系统透射系数T和捕获宽度比CWR的云图如图13所示。如图13(a)和(c)所示,在较小的范围内,阻尼越大,线性和非线性系统的消波性能都有所增加。值得注意的是,如图13(c)所示,非线性系统在中频范围内()时,在较小的阻尼范围内,阻尼越大,消波性能越差,但总体而言,非线性系统的消波性能优于线性系统,尤其是在低频区。对于系统能量捕获性能分析,从图13(b)和(d)可以看出,WEC的有效能量捕获范围明显向低频区域移动,非线性系统可以有效捕获低频波的能量,但在捕获高频波的能量时没有优势。
本文提出了一种结构简单的非线性刚度机构,并将其应用于混合消波-俘能结构。针对非线性混合消波-俘能结构的复杂流固耦合问题,提出了一种半解析的混合求解方法,即特征值匹配法与谐波平衡法相结合的非线性频域方法,求解该非线性流固耦合动力学模型。通过数值仿真得出以下结论:
(1) 在混合消波-俘能结构中引入负刚度机构可以有效改善系统在低频区的消波和能量捕获性能。
(2) 引入负刚度结构能够在低频区域内有效调节波浪激励力与浮体运动响应间的相位差,进而调节辐射波与散射波的相位差,提高其低频消波性能。同理,负刚度机构同样可以在低频区域内调节波浪激励力与浮体运动速度间的相位,使其更加接近同向,从而提高低频波能捕获性能,即负刚度机构具有被动相位控制的作用。
(3) 不同于线性波能捕获系统,非线性混合消波-俘能结构的性能受入射波幅值的影响,在小波高下非线性刚度结构更能有效提高系统在低频区的消波性能和俘能性能。
  • 工信部高技术船舶科研项目(2019[357])
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2024年第37卷第1期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.008
  • 接收时间:2022-04-11
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-11
  • 修回日期:2022-07-25
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工信部高技术船舶科研项目(2019[357])
作者信息
    1湖南大学机械与运载工程学院,湖南 长沙 410082
    2吉首大学物理与机电工程学院,湖南 吉首 416000
    3上海船舶设计研究院,上海 200120
    4中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082

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张海成(1987―),男,博士,副教授。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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