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Article(id=1228011507296961454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1652198400000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-11, revisedDate=1661875200000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770710358690, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770710358690, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770710358690, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770710358690, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228011505698931621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770710358308, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795378159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368104862974870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368104862974871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=104, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228011507540231089, articleId=1228011507296961454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Pumped-storage unit stability parameter comparisons of pumping operation to generating operation in different modes, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The construction of a new power system requires to improve the response time of pumped storage units. In this paper，taking a specific pumped-storage unit as an example，systematical research is performed on the main differences of sequence control process and the variation law of unit stability parameters under normal and fast pumping to generating mode. Based on that，the inverse-time vibration evaluation method is introduced to evaluate the impact of transition modes on the unit vibration peak-to-peak values. By analyzing the pressure fluctuation in the vaneless zone with the frequency spectrum analysis method，the phenomenon of hydraulic resonance in the vaneless region at low speed is found in generating rotation，and the correlation between resonance amplitude，frequency and speed is revealed. The research indicates that the mode transition from pumping to generate the fast transition is better than the normal transition. Compared with the braking method of electrical brake plus mechanical brake in normal transition，the hydraulic braking mode under fast transition can significantly shorten the transition time from 438 s to 220 s. From the perspective of vibration damage to the unit，13 of the 14 vibration and runout monitoring points prove that fast transition is conducive to prolong the expected life of the unit. Meanwhile，the fast transition is favorable to pass the hydraulic resonance occurring in vaneless zone at low speed. The hydraulic resonance time is reduced from 15 s in normal transition to 5 s in the fast transition，and the resonance speed range is compressed by more than 60%.

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新型电力系统建设要求缩短抽水蓄能机组的快速响应时间。以具体电站机组为例，研究了正常与快速抽水转发电模式下监控流程的主要差异和机组稳定参数的变化规律。在此基础上，引入反时限振动评价方法对两种模式下的振动峰峰值进行计算，评估了转换模式对机组的影响；采用频谱分析方法对无叶区压力脉动进行分析，发现了低转速下无叶区存在水力共振现象，并揭示了共振幅值、频率与转速的相关性。研究结果表明：抽水转发电快速流程优于正常流程，快速转换模式下的水力制动方式较正常转换模式下的电气制动加机械制动方式流程时间由438 s缩短至220 s，显著提高工况转换效率；在振动对机组损伤方面，14个振动、摆度监测点中13个监测点证明快速转换模式有利于延长机组预期寿命；同时，快速转换模式有利于机组快速通过低转速下无叶区产生的水力共振区，将水力共振时间由15 s缩减至5 s，共振转速区间压缩超过60%。

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张飞（1983—），男，硕士，高级工程师。E-mail：。

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张飞（1983—），男，硕士，高级工程师。E-mail：。

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张飞（1983—），男，硕士，高级工程师。E-mail：。

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Mechanical vibration—Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts—Part 5： machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pumping plants： GB/T 6075.5—2002 ［S］. 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remark=1Pumped Storage Technological & Economic Research Institute of State Grid Xinyuan Company Ltd., Beijing 100761, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228042455476532009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011507296961454, companyId=1228042455459754791, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1国网新源控股有限公司抽水蓄能技术经济研究院,北京　100761)]), AuthorCompany(id=1228042455623332654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011507296961454, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228042455627526959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011507296961454, companyId=1228042455623332654, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228042455635915568, 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articleId=1228011507296961454, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Fundamental parameters of tested unit

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参数数值
水轮机额定水头540 m
水轮机额定流量62.09 m3/s
水泵工况最大扬程/流量577 m/45 m3/s
水泵工况最小扬程/流量539 m/53 m3/s
机组额定转速500 r/min
稳态飞逸转速660 r/min
瞬态飞逸转速725 r/min
转轮叶片数9
活动导叶数20
额定容量（发电/电动）333.3 MVA/325 MW
额定电压18 kV
额定电流10692 A
额定功率因数（发电/电动）0.9/0.975
), ArticleFig(id=1228042462388744236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011507296961454, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验机组基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
水轮机额定水头540 m
水轮机额定流量62.09 m3/s
水泵工况最大扬程/流量577 m/45 m3/s
水泵工况最小扬程/流量539 m/53 m3/s
机组额定转速500 r/min
稳态飞逸转速660 r/min
瞬态飞逸转速725 r/min
转轮叶片数9
活动导叶数20
额定容量（发电/电动）333.3 MVA/325 MW
额定电压18 kV
额定电流10692 A
额定功率因数（发电/电动）0.9/0.975
), ArticleFig(id=1228042462501990451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011507296961454, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Cumulative of peak-to-peak values for vibration and runout measurement points

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点累积量/s
正常转换快速转换
上机架垂直0.120.00
上机架水平32.184.60
下机架垂直0.000.00
下机架水平0.070.46
定子基座垂直0.740.20
定子基座水平9.061.70
顶盖垂直15.6511.41
顶盖水平27.741.16
上导+X5.361.65
上导+Y6.221.52
下导+X9.784.55
下导+Y8.394.21
水导+X0.290.00
水导+Y0.290.00
), ArticleFig(id=1228042462606848056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011507296961454, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

振动与摆度测点峰峰值累积量计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点累积量/s
正常转换快速转换
上机架垂直0.120.00
上机架水平32.184.60
下机架垂直0.000.00
下机架水平0.070.46
定子基座垂直0.740.20
定子基座水平9.061.70
顶盖垂直15.6511.41
顶盖水平27.741.16
上导+X5.361.65
上导+Y6.221.52
下导+X9.784.55
下导+Y8.394.21
水导+X0.290.00
水导+Y0.290.00
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不同抽水转发电模式下抽蓄机组稳定性参数对比
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张飞 1 , 郑源 2 , 赵毅锋 1 , 王康生 3
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(1): 104-112
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(1): 104-112
不同抽水转发电模式下抽蓄机组稳定性参数对比
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张飞1 , 郑源2, 赵毅锋1, 王康生3
作者信息
  • 1国网新源控股有限公司抽水蓄能技术经济研究院,北京　100761
  • 2河海大学能源与电气学院,江苏　南京　211100
  • 3江西洪屏抽水蓄能有限公司,江西　宜春　330603

    • 张飞（1983—），男，硕士，高级工程师。E-mail：。

Pumped-storage unit stability parameter comparisons of pumping operation to generating operation in different modes
Fei ZHANG1 , Yuan ZHENG2, Yi-feng ZHAO1, Kang-sheng WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1Pumped Storage Technological & Economic Research Institute of State Grid Xinyuan Company Ltd., Beijing 100761, China
  • 2College of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
  • 3Jiangxi Hongping Pumped Storage Co., Ltd., Yichun 330603, China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.011
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摘要
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新型电力系统建设要求缩短抽水蓄能机组的快速响应时间。以具体电站机组为例，研究了正常与快速抽水转发电模式下监控流程的主要差异和机组稳定参数的变化规律。在此基础上，引入反时限振动评价方法对两种模式下的振动峰峰值进行计算，评估了转换模式对机组的影响；采用频谱分析方法对无叶区压力脉动进行分析，发现了低转速下无叶区存在水力共振现象，并揭示了共振幅值、频率与转速的相关性。研究结果表明：抽水转发电快速流程优于正常流程，快速转换模式下的水力制动方式较正常转换模式下的电气制动加机械制动方式流程时间由438 s缩短至220 s，显著提高工况转换效率；在振动对机组损伤方面，14个振动、摆度监测点中13个监测点证明快速转换模式有利于延长机组预期寿命；同时，快速转换模式有利于机组快速通过低转速下无叶区产生的水力共振区，将水力共振时间由15 s缩减至5 s，共振转速区间压缩超过60%。

抽水转发电  /  稳定性参数  /  水力共振  /  水力制动  /  振动评价

The construction of a new power system requires to improve the response time of pumped storage units. In this paper，taking a specific pumped-storage unit as an example，systematical research is performed on the main differences of sequence control process and the variation law of unit stability parameters under normal and fast pumping to generating mode. Based on that，the inverse-time vibration evaluation method is introduced to evaluate the impact of transition modes on the unit vibration peak-to-peak values. By analyzing the pressure fluctuation in the vaneless zone with the frequency spectrum analysis method，the phenomenon of hydraulic resonance in the vaneless region at low speed is found in generating rotation，and the correlation between resonance amplitude，frequency and speed is revealed. The research indicates that the mode transition from pumping to generate the fast transition is better than the normal transition. Compared with the braking method of electrical brake plus mechanical brake in normal transition，the hydraulic braking mode under fast transition can significantly shorten the transition time from 438 s to 220 s. From the perspective of vibration damage to the unit，13 of the 14 vibration and runout monitoring points prove that fast transition is conducive to prolong the expected life of the unit. Meanwhile，the fast transition is favorable to pass the hydraulic resonance occurring in vaneless zone at low speed. The hydraulic resonance time is reduced from 15 s in normal transition to 5 s in the fast transition，and the resonance speed range is compressed by more than 60%.

pumping operation to generating operation  /  stability parameters  /  hydraulic resonance  /  hydraulic braking  /  vibration evaluation
张飞, 郑源, 赵毅锋, 王康生. 不同抽水转发电模式下抽蓄机组稳定性参数对比. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (1) : 104 -112 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.011
Fei ZHANG, Yuan ZHENG, Yi-feng ZHAO, Kang-sheng WANG. Pumped-storage unit stability parameter comparisons of pumping operation to generating operation in different modes[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (1) : 104 -112 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.011
正文
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引言
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随着以新能源为主体的新型电力系统的快速发展，电网调峰、调频等需求更加迫切，同时要求相关调节电源的响应速度更快。抽水蓄能机组由于很好地满足了电力系统这一需求，在“十三五”期间进入了发展快车道。根据中国《抽水蓄能中长期发展规划（2021—2035年）》［1］，到2025年，抽水蓄能投产总规模6200万千瓦以上，到2030年，投产总规模1.2亿千瓦左右。可再生能源工程建设周期短、发展速度快，而抽水蓄能建设周期长，虽然抽水蓄能发展步入了快车道，但仍不能满足可再生能源消纳的快速增长需求。当前形势下，对商运机组性能的挖掘是支撑当前阶段可再生能源以及电网发展最为有利的方式。
根据抽水蓄能机组运行的特点，以及各区域电网调度方式的差异，抽水蓄能机组多以稳态发电、稳态抽水、调相等工况运行。近年来，随着间歇性新能源的大规模并网，以及特高压电网的运行，抽水蓄能机组的紧急支撑作用凸显［2］。若大容量风电、太阳能等发电场站因故障脱网导致电力系统发电负荷骤降，此时抽水蓄能机组由调相或抽水态转至发电态。工况转换过程中涉及复杂的水力、机械和电气过程，尤其是抽水转发电过程。针对工况转换过程，大量文献集中于发电开、停机［3-5］、发电甩负荷［6-8］以及水泵断电［9-11］等过程；针对快速抽水转发电过程，学者多采用数值仿真、模型试验等方式对此进行研究，如：Braun等［12］针对模型水泵轮机采用数值仿真与模型试验相结合的方式研究了全功率变速机组快速抽水转发电过程中的压力脉动情况； Stens等［13-14］基于OpenFOAM平台研究了快速抽水转发电过程中不同策略下流道内的永流动状况及压力脉动情况，进一步通过一维过渡过程计算加三维流场仿真方式进行快速抽水转发电过程模型仿真计算，并与真机电站进行了对比分析［15］； Svarstad等［16］研究了模型与真机快速抽水转发电过程中的压力脉动幅值变化情况，指出在水泵制动区压力脉动最大；Nicolet等［17］在SIMSEN软件中建立了全功率变频机组快速抽水与发电互转过程的仿真模型，验证了真机快速转换的可行性。文献调研结果表明，尚未有针对大型抽水蓄能机组快速抽水转发电过程进行真机试验的系统研究和报道。
为挖掘抽水蓄能机组对电网支撑的快速响应能力，在洪屏抽水蓄能电站调试期间实施了抽水转发电快转试验。通过试验对这一过程中关键设备控制流程进行了检验，详细测试了机组振动、摆度、压力脉动等稳定性参数，验证了原型机组的快速工况转换能力。
1　试验基本条件
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1.1　机组参数
洪屏抽水蓄能电站位于江西省靖安县，电站安装4台额定功率为306 MW的单级可逆式水泵水轮机，水泵水轮机与发电电动机基本参数如表1所示。
1.2　测试描述
为评估抽水转发电过程中机组相关参数的变化规律，对机组振动、摆度和压力脉动进行了测量，测试具体位置如图1所示。
图1中振动包括：上机架水平与垂直振动V1、定子基座水平与垂直振动V2、下机架水平与垂直振动V3、顶盖水平与垂直振动V4；摆度测点包括：上导摆度R1、下导摆度R2和水导摆度R3；压力脉动测点包括：蜗壳进口压力P1、无叶区压力P2、上止漏环外侧压力P3、底环外侧压力P4、尾水锥管压力P5和尾水出口压力P6。
除上述稳定性测点外，还采集了机组发电电动机断路器位置、导叶开度、有功功率、机组转速等信号，以获得机组运行状态。
机组振动采用豪瑞斯MLS/V-9位移型低频振动速度传感器测量，频率响应范围为0.5~200 Hz，灵敏度为8 mV/μm±5%；摆度与键相采用本特利3300 XL 8 mm电涡流位移传感器测量，频率响应范围为0~10 kHz，灵敏度为7.87 mV/μm±5%；采用德鲁克PTX5072-TC-A3-CA-H0-PA压力传感器测量压力，频率响应范围为0~5 kHz（-3 dB），精度为±0.2%。
振动与摆度数据采用本特利公司的ADRE408 DSPi进行采集，压力脉动与状态量数据采用HBM公司的QuantumX MX840A-P进行采集。两套系统同步采集，采样精度为24位A/D，采样率为1280 Hz。整个试验平台如图2所示。
1.3　水文条件
正常抽水转发电试验时上库水位为951.2 m，下库水位为327.8 m，毛水头为623.4 m；快速抽水转发电试验时上库水位为945.3 m，下库水位为331.5 m，毛水头为613.8 m。
2　控制流程分析
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工况转换流程是一系列子流程的串联，工况转换时由监控系统上位机发命令执行相关操作。正常抽水转发电时，上位机发令后，机组执行的流程为：抽水→旋转停机→停机热备→空转→空载→发电，各子流程状态定义见相关规范［18］。而快速抽水转发电执行的则是特殊流程。为充分明晰二者之间的差异，图3给出了抽水转发电正常流程与快速流程下关键状态参数有功功率、导叶反馈和机组转速随时间的变化曲线。图中给出了机组关键设备的开关动作时序，包括指令下发、励磁启停、高油压顶起装置启停、GCB状态等，并标识了两个工况转换流程之间的显著差异。
由正常抽水转发电过程图3（a）可见：机组从收到转换指令到进入发电态时间为438 s；机组在接到指令后，首先关导叶降低水泵入力，当水泵入力降至预设值时断开电动机回路断路器、灭磁、启动高油压顶起装置，随后关进水球阀，并分抽水方向换向开关；当转速下降至50%额定转速时采用电气制动加速机组停机过程，当转速下降至5%额定转速时启动机械制动装置；机组转速为零后，合发电方向换向开关，置水轮机模式令，此后开球阀、开导叶，机组进入升速过程；当转速到90%额定转速时，停高油压顶起装置、启励磁，随后同期并网进入发电态。
由快速抽水转发电过程图3（b）可见：机组从收到转换指令到进入发电态时间为220 s；机组接到指令后，首先关导叶降低水泵入力并启高油压顶起装置，当水泵入力降至预设值时断开电动机回路断路器、灭磁；随后分抽水方向换向开关并合发电方向换向开关；在转速降至50%额定转速时开导叶进行水力制动，导叶开度为5%；在转速反转后进入水轮机模式运行，开导叶至发电方向空转；当转速到90%额定转速时，停高油压顶起装置、启励磁，随后同期并网进入发电态。
对比图3（a）和图3（b），快速转换较正常转换大幅节约了流程时间，两者之间主要差异在于两点：一是正常转换时球阀执行“全开-全关-全开”流程，而快速转换时球阀状态保持不变；二是正常转换时制动方式采用“电气+机械”的组合方式，而快速转换时采用水力制动方式。正常转换时，监控系统调用各独立子流程，由于子流程之间的独立性，球阀关闭后再次开启，正常转换工况停机时采用电气制动加机械制动方式加速水泵方向低转速停机，由于球阀从全开到全关、并考虑球阀工作密封投入时间，流程约需80 s；当球阀工作密封退出，球阀从全关到全开，流程亦需80 s。而快速转换时，为节约流程时间，球阀开度保持不变，采用水力制动方式加速水泵方向低转速停机过程。同时对比两个转换流程可以明显看出，当电力系统需要紧急负荷时，由于快速工况转换时间显著缩短，有利于快速响应电力系统的负荷需求。
3　稳定性参数分析
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通常采用振动、摆度和压力脉动峰峰值对机组稳定性进行评价。正常与快速转换过程中，主要差异在于机组制动方式与球阀状态，体现在机组稳定性差异上蜗壳进口压力、无叶区压力，以及顶盖振动、水导摆度差异最为明显。因此，图4和5分别给出了正常与快速抽水转发电过程中蜗壳进口压力、无叶区压力、水导+Y与+X摆度、顶盖水平与垂直振动时域波形图。与稳定性参数关联密切的导叶开度与机组转速也同时标出。
由正常抽水转发电时域曲线图4可见：无叶区压力、顶盖振动与水导摆度存在三次明显增大过程，分别发生在水泵停机导叶关闭过程中、发电方向小开度低转速过程中与空载开度额定转速运行中；蜗壳进口压力在水泵停机时受负水击影响先减小后增大，导叶全关后受调压井与活动导叶前往返压力波以及管道阻尼影响，出现周期波动，同时振幅逐渐减小；球阀工作密封投入后，蜗壳进口压力迅速降低至下游水位压力；球阀工作密封退出，球阀全开恢复至上游水位压力；在导叶开启后压力降低为上游水位压力与上游管路水力损失的差值；无叶区压力受导叶快速关闭形成的水击影响，压力先增大后缓慢降低至下游水位压力；发电方向导叶开启后，在低转速时形成了水力共振，共振随着机组转速的增大而消失；无叶区压力在进入空载开度以及带负荷后逐渐稳定；水导摆度与顶盖振动趋势一致，水泵停机时增大后逐渐降低；发电方向时，水导摆度与顶盖振动在小开度低转速及空载开度额定转速时较大，带负荷后降低至稳定水平。
由快速抽水转发电时域曲线图5可见：无叶区压力、顶盖振动与水导摆度存在四次明显增大过程，分别发生在水泵停机导叶关闭过程中、水力制动过程中、发电方向小开度低转速过程中与空载开度额定转速运行中。快速转换过程中，受导叶开度变化产生的水击影响，蜗壳进口前压力多次产生波动现象。无叶区压力与正常抽水转发电时基本一致，但在水力制动过程中，由于导叶打开，压力脉动幅值略增大，幅值随着机组转速的降低而降低；机组反转后，无叶区压力变化与正常发电启动过程中基本一致。水导摆度与顶盖振动趋势一致，水泵停机时增大后逐渐降低，在水力制动导叶开启时增大，随后随着机组转速降低而降低；转速反转进入发电方向时，水导摆度与顶盖振动在小开度低转速及空载开度额定转速时较大；带负荷后降低至稳定水平。
正常转换与快速转换时水泵方向降入力及水泵低入力断电时，由于导叶快速关闭导致流道内流态紊乱［19-20］，并引发机组振动、摆度及流道内压力脉动增大，具体如图6和7所示。当机组进入空载运行时，由于水泵水轮机转轮远偏离最优工况运行，转轮叶片进口水流冲角大，流道内产生流动不稳定现象［21］，造成机组稳定性参数幅值处于较高水平上。两种转换方式下均在发电方向低转速引发了水力共振现象，造成无叶区压力脉动、顶盖振动及水导摆度的显著增大，下文将对该现象进行深入分析。快速转换时，水泵方向水力制动造成的无叶区压力脉动增大要小于发电方向低转速水力共振造成的影响，也低于空载运行时无叶区压力脉动，这意味着对于整个工况转换过程，采用水力制动从机组稳定性角度是安全的。
为充分揭示正常与快速抽水转发电过程中机组稳定性参数的变化规律，图6和7分别给出了两个过程中机组振动、摆度、压力脉动峰峰值的变化趋势。峰峰值采用GB/T 17189—2017［22］推荐的算法，置信区间取95%，计算时长取8个旋转周期，步长取4个旋转周期。
由正常与快速抽水转发电峰峰值趋势图6和7可见：两个工况转换过程中，机组稳定性测点峰峰值变化规律基本一致，主要差异体现在：正常转换过程中电气制动加机械制动过程与快速转换过程中水力制动过程机组稳定性测点峰峰值数值大小差异。在快速转换过程中由于水力制动时导叶打开导致机组振动、摆度和压力脉动峰峰值上升，在正常转换过程中机械制动启动时，造成定子基座水平振动产生瞬间冲击现象。因此，对比正常转换过程中电气制动加机械制动与快速转换过程中水力制动对机组峰峰值影响，水力制动加速了机组停机过程，但是在停机过程中增大了振动、摆度与压力脉动峰峰值。
由于水力制动时间短、稳定性水平高，电气制动加机械制动停机时间长、稳定性水平低，为合理评估两个过程中对机组性能的影响，引入振动累积效应对两个过程进行评估，其基本原理参照文献［23］。这一原理考虑振动导致的应力变化及其损伤效应，能够将不同的振动过程统一到同一尺度下进行评估，计算原理为：
式中　 V为当前振动峰峰值（μm）；VBase为振动峰峰值基准（μm）；Δt为峰峰值更新步长（s）；r为幂指数，通常幂指数介于0~2之间，不同r值适用于不同的场景。根据文献［23］，不同的r值影响同一组数据累积数值的结果，但不影响不同组数据纵向对比的结果，不失一般性，本文取r=0.5。
式（1）根据振动峰峰值基准将振动峰峰值标幺化，并进行累积。采用该方法对机组振动累积评价时涉及两个关键参数：评价时长及振动基准值。由于正常转换与快速转换时起始阶段均为水泵稳态，终止阶段均为发电态，因此，振动时长选取自监控系统下令执行工况转换流程开始至监控系统判断机组到达发电态终止；由于机组为基建调试新安装机组，摆度基准参考GB/T 11348.5—2008［24］中A/B区分界线确定为140 μm，振动基准参考GB/T 6075.5—2002［25］中A/B区分界线确定为30 μm。根据计算公式（1），当前振动峰峰值小于振动峰峰值基准时，单次计算结果为负值，该值表明设备可以在此状态下无限次运行，表示该振动值对设备无影响，此时强制计算结果为零。计算结果如表2所示，对比结果如图8所示。
由表2和图8可见，除下机架水平振动测点外，其余测点振动累积值均是正常转换大于快速转换。这表明对于抽水转发电过程，快速转换流程整体上有利于机组稳定性参数的改善。导致这一结论的主要原因在于：一是快速转换流程中的水力制动环节显著缩短了水泵方向制动时间；二是缩短了发电方向转速上升时间，从而缩短了小开度低转速的水力共振时间，这在图6（c）和7（c）中的大幅无叶区压力脉动峰峰值持续时间得到进一步验证。
除关注机组振动、摆度和压力脉动信号的时域特征外，还需关注其信号中的主要频率成分。由于正常转换与快速转换的主要差异在于制动环节的差异，因此重点关注无叶区压力脉动。考虑整个工况转换过程属于典型过渡过程，所获得的信号为暂态信号，故采用短时傅里叶变换方法进行分析，窗函数为汉宁窗，窗口长度（计算时长）和步长与峰峰值计算参数相同，计算结果如图9所示。
由图9可见，正常与快速转换过程中无叶区压力频率成分大致相同，两种工况转换下，抽水方向80%以上转速和发电方向全部转速时，无叶区压力脉动的主频是一倍和两倍叶片通过频率。两种方式主要差别在于抽水方向80%以下转速，快速转换时，由于导叶开至5%开度，存在明显一倍叶片过流频率，而正常转换时因导叶全关则幅值极小。
图9中可以观察到，两种方式下发电方向低转速时存在明显的水力共振，正常转换持续约15 s，快速转换时由于机组导叶预开，机组快速穿越共振，持续约5 s。为分析两个流程下的水力共振情况，图10给出了两个转换流程下发生水力共振时的无叶区压力及其机组转速、导叶开度曲线，图11给出了相应的时频图，并在图中标识出了机组转速曲线。计算时取窗口长度为2 s，步长为0.125 s，采用汉宁窗函数。为便于观察时频图，分别对频率坐标值进行了调整。
由图10（a）可见，正常转换下发电方向导叶直接开至空载开度，水力共振时对应机组转速2%~58%。由图10（b）可见，快速转换下发电方向导叶由5%开至空载开度，水力共振时对应机组转速5%~24%。引起两者差异的主要其原因可能是：正常转换与快速转换时导叶动作规律不同，以及两次测量时的上、下库水位条件不同。整体上看，较正常转换，快速工况转换时机组能够快速穿越水力共振区，缩短共振转速区间60%以上。
由图11可见，无论正常转换或快速转换，水力共振时无叶区压力脉动主频与机组转速呈线性相关，均是一倍叶片通过频率，对应幅值均随转速增大先增大后减小，进一步验证了该过程中存在的水力共振现象。
4　结论
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本文针对洪屏电站2号机组正常与快速抽水转发电模式下机组监控流程、运行状态量和稳定性测点数据进行分析，研究结果表明：
（1） 较采用电气制动加机械制动方式的正常转换，采用水力制动的快速转换时间由438 s缩短至220 s，工况转换时间显著缩短，有利于抽水蓄能机组在新型电力系统中快速响应负荷调整的需求；
（2） 采用振动累积方法能够实现对正常转换与快速转换过程中机组振动、摆度峰峰值进行评价；评价结果表明：14个振动、摆度监测点中13个监测点证明快速转换有利于延长机组预期寿命，快速转换较正常转换有利于机组的运行安全；
（3） 在发电方向低转速时无叶区存在明显的水力共振现象，快速转换较正常转换将水力共振时间由15 s缩减至5 s，显著缩短了水力共振的时间。
随着新型电力系统建设，拓展抽水蓄能机组运行方式，提高抽水蓄能机组响应电网负荷速度是必要的、可行的。由于真机试验限制，在快速水泵转发电试验时，研究人员仅进行了5%开度下的水力制动试验，可以研究通过增大导叶开度以及优化相关流程时序配合的方式，进一步提升抽水蓄能机组响应速度。
基金
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  • 国家电网公司科技项目(52573021N00C)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51809082)
文献
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General Administration of Quality Supervision， Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China. Mechanical vibration—Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts—Part 5： machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pumping plants： GB/T 6075.5—2002 ［S］. Beijing： China Quality and Standards Publishing & Media Co.， Ltd.， 2002.
2024年第37卷第1期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.011
  • 接收时间：2022-05-11
  • 首发时间：2026-02-10
  • 出版时间：2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期：2022-05-11
  • 修回日期：2022-08-31
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国家电网公司科技项目(52573021N00C)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51809082)
作者信息
    1国网新源控股有限公司抽水蓄能技术经济研究院,北京　100761
    2河海大学能源与电气学院,江苏　南京　211100
    3江西洪屏抽水蓄能有限公司,江西　宜春　330603
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zdgcxb/CN/10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.011
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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