Article(id=1228011506554569639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1648396800000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-28, revisedDate=1659974400000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770710358512, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770710358512, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770710358512, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770710358512, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228011505698931621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770710358308, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795378159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228368104862974870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228368104862974871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228011505698931621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=60, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228011506957222828, articleId=1228011506554569639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Nonlinear vibration characteristics and experimental validation of a human-vehicle-road coupled system, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problem of complex nonlinear vibration response in the traveling vehicle system,a nonlinear dynamical model for a coupled human-vehicle-road system with three-degree-of-freedom is established. The coupled vibration equations of human-vehicle-road with three-degree-of-freedom are derived by the Lagrange equation,and the sine and cosine functions of this system arise from the geometric nonlinearity of torsional deformation. The nonlinear restoring force surfaces,potential energy surfaces and analytical expressions of natural frequency are obtained for the free vibration of the human-vehicle-road system. For the forced vibration,the influence of vehicle system parameters of vehicle mass,moment of inertia,passenger mass,seat stiffness,suspension stiffness,damping,centroid position,road wavelength and wave amplitude on the response curves of amplitude velocity is analyzed by using the numerical simulation method. The experimental platform of the coupled human-vehicle-road vibration system is built and the reliability of theoretical analysis and numerical results is verified by the experiments. The results show that this nonlinear dynamical coupled system with three degree-of-freedom can accurately describe the human-vehicle-road response characteristics,and reasonable selection of the system parameters can effectively reduce the vibration response amplitude and improve the human riding comfort.

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为了解决车辆行驶中产生的复杂非线性振动响应问题,建立三自由度人车路耦合非线性动力学模型。基于扭转几何变形非线性特征,利用拉格朗日方程推导出三自由度人车路耦合非线性振动方程,该方程中的正弦和余弦函数项来源于几何非线性扭转变形。针对自由振动,给出非线性恢复力曲面、势能曲面及固有频率解析表达式。针对强迫振动,运用数值仿真方法分析车辆质量、转动惯量、乘客质量、座椅刚度/阻尼、悬架刚度/阻尼、阻尼、质心位置、路面波长及波幅等系统参数对振幅速度响应曲线的影响。搭建人车路耦合振动系统的实验平台,通过振动实验结果验证理论分析与数值结果的可靠性。研究结果表明:该三自由度非线性动力学耦合系统可精确描述人车路耦合系统的响应特性,合理选择系统参数能够有效减小振动响应幅值和提升乘坐舒适性。

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张子建(1985—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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韩彦伟(1979—),男,博士,讲师。E-mail:

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Journal of Transportation Engineering2016142(2): 04015043., articleTitle=Nonlinear safety analysis of a running road vehicle under a sudden crosswind, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228042480885629077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506554569639, awardId=51705241, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51705241), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1228042481003069593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506554569639, awardId=SKLRS-2022-KE-19, language=CN, fundingSource=机器人技术与系统国家重点实验室开放研究项目(SKLRS-2022-KE-19), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228042472778040138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506554569639, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228042472786428747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506554569639, companyId=1228042472778040138, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228042472790623052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506554569639, companyId=1228042472778040138, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1河南科技大学土木工程学院, 河南 洛阳 471023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1228042472887092054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506554569639, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228042472895480662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506554569639, companyId=1228042472887092054, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Mathematics and Statistics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228042472908063575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506554569639, companyId=1228042472887092054, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2河南科技大学数学与统计学院,河南 洛阳 471023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1228042473004532575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506554569639, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228042473012921184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506554569639, companyId=1228042473004532575, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228042473017115489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506554569639, companyId=1228042473004532575, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3南京航空航天大学航天学院, 江苏 南京 210016)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1228042475986682850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506554569639, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The human-vehicle-road coupled nonlinear vibration mechanic model, figureFileSmall=stq4kIe0o9J4XkWlS+dtBQ==, figureFileBig=IxDxwVMAHf47XWMoSJHgOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042476062180325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506554569639, language=CN, label=图1, caption=人车路耦合非线性振动力学模型, figureFileSmall=stq4kIe0o9J4XkWlS+dtBQ==, figureFileBig=IxDxwVMAHf47XWMoSJHgOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042476150260717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506554569639, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Nonlinear restoring force surface, figureFileSmall=d5gIR+wQ6iJSRPvz8PNhIQ==, figureFileBig=raLH0pELSH71xb37CU+lPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228042476234146802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506554569639, language=CN, label=图2, caption=非线性恢复力曲面

注:(a),(b)为力F1曲面;(c),(d)为力矩M曲面;(e),(f)为力F2曲面。

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language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of human-vehicle-road coupled system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数符号单位取值
车体质量m1kg0~2×103
车身惯性矩ICkg·m20~9×103
人的质量m2kg0~200
前悬架刚度k11N/m0~9×105
后悬架刚度k12N/m0~9×105
座椅刚度k2N/m0~9×103
前悬架阻尼c11N·s/m0~9×103
后悬架阻尼c12N·s/m0~9×103
座椅阻尼c2N·s/m0~2×103
质心到前轮的距离l11m0~2
质心到后轮的距离l12m0~2
质心到座椅的距离l2m0~0.5
路面波长l3m60~200
路面波幅h0m(1~5)×10-2
行驶速度vm/s0~20
), ArticleFig(id=1228042480348758150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506554569639, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

人车路耦合系统参数列表

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参数符号单位取值
车体质量m1kg0~2×103
车身惯性矩ICkg·m20~9×103
人的质量m2kg0~200
前悬架刚度k11N/m0~9×105
后悬架刚度k12N/m0~9×105
座椅刚度k2N/m0~9×103
前悬架阻尼c11N·s/m0~9×103
后悬架阻尼c12N·s/m0~9×103
座椅阻尼c2N·s/m0~2×103
质心到前轮的距离l11m0~2
质心到后轮的距离l12m0~2
质心到座椅的距离l2m0~0.5
路面波长l3m60~200
路面波幅h0m(1~5)×10-2
行驶速度vm/s0~20
), ArticleFig(id=1228042480516530316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506554569639, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of experimental system

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参数符号单位取值
车体质量m1kg0.6
车身惯性矩ICkg·m20.02
人的质量m2kg0.05
前悬架刚度k11N/m300
后悬架刚度k12N/m300
座椅刚度k2N/m40
前悬架阻尼c11N·s/m10
后悬架阻尼c12N·s/m10
座椅阻尼c2N·s/m10
质心到前轮的距离l11m0.2
质心到后轮的距离l12m0.2
质心到座椅的距离l2m0.1
路面波长l3m60
路面波幅h0m0.01
行驶速度vm/s0~60
), ArticleFig(id=1228042480654942352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228011506554569639, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实验系统参数列表

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参数符号单位取值
车体质量m1kg0.6
车身惯性矩ICkg·m20.02
人的质量m2kg0.05
前悬架刚度k11N/m300
后悬架刚度k12N/m300
座椅刚度k2N/m40
前悬架阻尼c11N·s/m10
后悬架阻尼c12N·s/m10
座椅阻尼c2N·s/m10
质心到前轮的距离l11m0.2
质心到后轮的距离l12m0.2
质心到座椅的距离l2m0.1
路面波长l3m60
路面波幅h0m0.01
行驶速度vm/s0~60
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人车路耦合系统的非线性振动特性及试验研究
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韩彦伟 1 , 申明亮 1 , 高梦圆 2 , 张子建 3
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(1): 60-70
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(1): 60-70
人车路耦合系统的非线性振动特性及试验研究
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韩彦伟1 , 申明亮1, 高梦圆2, 张子建3
作者信息
  • 1河南科技大学土木工程学院, 河南 洛阳 471023
  • 2河南科技大学数学与统计学院,河南 洛阳 471023
  • 3南京航空航天大学航天学院, 江苏 南京 210016
  • 韩彦伟(1979—),男,博士,讲师。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张子建(1985—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Nonlinear vibration characteristics and experimental validation of a human-vehicle-road coupled system
Yan-wei HAN1 , Ming-liang SHEN1, Meng-yuan GAO2, Zi-jian ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
  • 2School of Mathematics and Statistics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
  • 3College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.007
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为了解决车辆行驶中产生的复杂非线性振动响应问题,建立三自由度人车路耦合非线性动力学模型。基于扭转几何变形非线性特征,利用拉格朗日方程推导出三自由度人车路耦合非线性振动方程,该方程中的正弦和余弦函数项来源于几何非线性扭转变形。针对自由振动,给出非线性恢复力曲面、势能曲面及固有频率解析表达式。针对强迫振动,运用数值仿真方法分析车辆质量、转动惯量、乘客质量、座椅刚度/阻尼、悬架刚度/阻尼、阻尼、质心位置、路面波长及波幅等系统参数对振幅速度响应曲线的影响。搭建人车路耦合振动系统的实验平台,通过振动实验结果验证理论分析与数值结果的可靠性。研究结果表明:该三自由度非线性动力学耦合系统可精确描述人车路耦合系统的响应特性,合理选择系统参数能够有效减小振动响应幅值和提升乘坐舒适性。

非线性振动  /  人车路耦合系统  /  自由振动  /  强迫振动  /  幅速响应

In order to solve the problem of complex nonlinear vibration response in the traveling vehicle system,a nonlinear dynamical model for a coupled human-vehicle-road system with three-degree-of-freedom is established. The coupled vibration equations of human-vehicle-road with three-degree-of-freedom are derived by the Lagrange equation,and the sine and cosine functions of this system arise from the geometric nonlinearity of torsional deformation. The nonlinear restoring force surfaces,potential energy surfaces and analytical expressions of natural frequency are obtained for the free vibration of the human-vehicle-road system. For the forced vibration,the influence of vehicle system parameters of vehicle mass,moment of inertia,passenger mass,seat stiffness,suspension stiffness,damping,centroid position,road wavelength and wave amplitude on the response curves of amplitude velocity is analyzed by using the numerical simulation method. The experimental platform of the coupled human-vehicle-road vibration system is built and the reliability of theoretical analysis and numerical results is verified by the experiments. The results show that this nonlinear dynamical coupled system with three degree-of-freedom can accurately describe the human-vehicle-road response characteristics,and reasonable selection of the system parameters can effectively reduce the vibration response amplitude and improve the human riding comfort.

nonlinear vibration  /  human-vehicle-road coupled system  /  free vibration  /  forced vibration  /  amplitude velocity response
韩彦伟, 申明亮, 高梦圆, 张子建. 人车路耦合系统的非线性振动特性及试验研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (1) : 60 -70 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.007
Yan-wei HAN, Ming-liang SHEN, Meng-yuan GAO, Zi-jian ZHANG. Nonlinear vibration characteristics and experimental validation of a human-vehicle-road coupled system[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (1) : 60 -70 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.007
车辆行驶在起伏道路上会激励起车辆系统的复杂振动响应。在路面、车速、汽车固有频率及乘客位置等参数的组合影响下,车辆系统易产生强烈振动,影响车辆行驶的稳定性、乘坐的舒适度以及使用的长久性,因此研究车辆行驶的复杂非线性振动特性显得非常必要。迄今关于人车路耦合系统的研究围绕着多自由度车辆动力学建模、解析理论分析、数值仿真模拟以及实验测试验证等方面展开。
许多学者利用理论分析方法,诸如叠加法、传递矩阵法、可靠性理论及频域法等,研究了多自由度人车路耦合线性系统的振动响应。陶向华等1用叠加法分析了三自由度人车路系统在动载荷作用下的幅频特性、功率谱密度、加速度因子与加速度谱,得到了动载荷与车辆乘坐舒适性的关系,结果表明该系统能很好地体现路面不平度与舒适性的关系。张洪亮等2利用矩阵传递法分析了五自由度车路耦合振动模型,研究了车速、转动惯量、座椅刚度和阻尼及轮胎刚度系数对加速度均方根值的影响,建立路面平整度评价方法用于评价货车行驶的舒适性。贺宜等3用可靠性理论定量化评估和预测了三自由度车路耦合系统在侧向风、弯道曲线及道路横坡角等道路环境因素作用下的行驶状态的稳定性,为研究复杂环境下的车辆状态提供了新思路和新手段。左卓等4运用频域法对五自由度人车路振动模型的幅频特性、功率谱密度、加速度因子及加速度谱进行了求解,研究路面不平度对人体舒适性的影响,对深入分析道路结构的动力响应具有重要意义。
数值仿真方法如MATLAB,ADAMS等被广泛应用到人车路耦合线性动力学方程求解中。李小亮等5运用MATLAB编程求解人车路三质量振动系统,求得响应的功率谱密度,研究行驶速度与道路路面条件对汽车行驶平顺性的影响,为提升汽车平顺性设计效率提供参考。胡启国等6借助MATLAB对非平稳路面激励下的五自由度汽车动力学方程进行仿真分析,结果表明:减小座椅悬架和后悬架刚度、提高座椅悬架和后悬架阻尼可以提升驾驶员的舒适性。黄小兵7用帕累托耦合遗传算法对五自由度人车路振动系统的前后轮速、簧载质量、前后轮相对位移及座椅垂向加速度进行优化,通过MATLAB软件对优化值进行动力学仿真,结果显示;优化算法改善了座椅的舒适性,使座椅的加速度响应降低50%。解文辰等8运用MATLAB软件对五自由度人车路耦合振动方程进行仿真分析,给出不同车速和不同路面不平度激励作用下的位移、速度和加速度响应,为车辆舒适性分析提供参数指导。孙阳敏等9运用MATLAB对八自由度人车路耦合系统摩擦进行仿真研究,得到人体、车身及座椅的振动加速度、悬架挠度及车轮位移响应曲线,研究结果对汽车仿真建模简化与车辆平顺性具有参考价值。钱凯等10借助MATLAB平台对十二自由度人车路耦合振动模型进行分析,研究了不同车速不同路面下儿童头部、臀部的振动响应,结果表明:提高路面等级及车速、降低座椅刚度、提高阻尼及合理布局座椅位置可提升儿童乘坐舒适性。张丙强等11采用Newmark积分法对七自由度人车路耦合振动方程进行求解,研究了路面级别、车速、乘客数、车轮刚度及非簧载部分阻尼参数对系统响应的影响,分析结果为路面不平度与乘客舒适性评价提供理论依据。刘昌文等12通过Newmark算法对二十三自由度人车耦合动力学方程进行求解,探究车辆悬架、驾驶室和座椅悬架刚度与阻尼对重型卡车的平顺性的影响,利用大腿和背部的垂向振动对重型卡车平顺性进行评价,结果表明:人车耦合作用对人的振动与车辆平顺性有较大影响。
实验测试方法常被用来验证理论分析和数值分析结果的正确性与有效性。张鄂等13利用电磁振动台构建人车系统的生物力学ADAMS仿真模型与实验模型,分析不同路面和不同车速下的人体振动响应实验与仿真计算,实验测试结果与仿真计算结果基本一致,验证了该模型的可靠性,为汽车产品设计与舒适性评价提供有效方法。苏鸣等14搭建了七自由度车路耦合试验装置并进行振动试验,证明了不同载荷与不同速度下产生的动载荷具有相关性和规律性,为汽车的性能优化设计提供参数依据。
综上分析,已有人车路耦合振动研究主要集中在多自由度线性振动系统,而关于多自由度人车路耦合非线性动力学系统建模的探讨较少。本文基于大扭转几何变形因素,建立三自由度人车路耦合非线性振动力学模型,该模型的本质几何非线性特征能够精确描述人车路耦合线性振动系统:(1)基于扭转几何运动非线性机制,建立人车路耦合系统的非线性振动微分方程。(2)人车路耦合非线性模型详细考虑了诸多物理参数和几何参数,如车辆质量和转动惯量、乘客质量、座椅刚度和阻尼、悬架刚度和阻尼、质心位置、路面波长和波幅等。利用数值仿真方法求解人车路耦合非线性振动微分方程,得到不同系统参数条件下的振幅速度响应曲线。(3)搭建三自由度人车路耦合振动试验平台,通过实验测试的方法验证理论研究和数值仿真结果的可靠性。
图1所示,建立人车路耦合非线性振动系统的三自由度动力学模型。人车路耦合系统力学模型的参数设定如下:车体质量为m1,人的质量为m2,相对于质心o的转动惯量为IC,前悬架和后悬架弹簧的支撑刚度分别为k11k12,座椅的刚度为k2,前悬架和后悬架阻尼器的阻尼分别为c11c12,座椅的阻尼为c2,车辆质心横坐标和纵坐标分别为xy1,车辆转动角位移为θ,人的垂直位移为y2,质心o到前、后轴的长度分别为l11l12,人到车身质心o的距离为l2,轴距为l=l11+l12,车辆行驶速度为v,路面激励的波长为l3,路面激励的波幅为h0。前、后轮垂向激励位移分别为:
式中  为前轮走过的行程;为路面激励的频率;为前轮和后轮激励之间的相位差。
利用分析力学方法,推导人车路耦合系统的非线性动力学方程。假设人车路耦合系统的动能EK、势能EP及瑞利耗散Ψ函数分别为:
式中  为车身的上下振动速度;为扭转振动角速度;为乘客的上下振动速度;分别为前轮和后轮的垂向激励速度;g为重力加速度。势能函数和瑞利耗散函数中的非线性项为正弦和余弦函数,是工程应用中一种常见的本质非线性函数。
令系统的动能EK减去势能EP,得到人车路耦合振动系统的拉格朗日函数为:
结合式(1)~(4),代入下面的拉格朗日方程组,即如下表达式:
将式(5)化简整理后,得到三自由度人车路耦合振动系统的动力学方程为:
式中 质量矩阵m、阻尼矩阵c、刚度矩阵k、外激励力向量f、加速度向量、速度向量、位移向量y及重力向量g分别为:
式中  代表角加速度。人车路耦合系统的非线性振动方程(6)的质量矩阵m是对角矩阵(对角线之外的元素皆为零),所以系统不存在惯性或动力耦合;刚度矩阵k是非对角矩阵(对角线之外的元素不全为零),因此系统存在刚度或静力耦合。
为了方便地研究人车路耦合振动系统的非线性动力学特性,采用如下变量、参数及时间的无量纲变换关系式:
式中  Y1Y2为无量纲位移;ω11ω12为固有频率;T为无量纲时间;ξ11ξ12为阻尼比;ααC分别为质量比和惯量比;β11β12β2β3为几何参数比;γ12和γ2为刚度比;H0为无量纲激励振幅;为前轮激励力;为后轮激励力;V为无量纲行驶速度;代表车体无量纲重力系数;代表人的无量纲重力系数;Ω为无量纲路面激励频率;Φ为路面激励相位。
利用变量、参数及时间的无量纲变换关系式(7),对式(6)描述的振动系统做无量纲处理,得到无量纲形式的人车路耦合非线性振动系统:
式中 无量纲质量矩阵M、阻尼矩阵C、刚度矩阵K、外激励力向量F、加速度向量、速度向量、位移向量Y及重力向量G分别为:
式中  。容易得到,无量纲系统与有量纲系统一样没有惯性或动力耦合,而具有刚度或静力耦合项。
人车路耦合系统是一个非常复杂的非线性振动系统,其中的正弦和余弦函数具有本质非线性特性。该系统的本质非线性来源于汽车扭转振动大变形。在理论上,人车路耦合非线性振动系统的解析解是无法求得的。
在无量纲人车路耦合非线性振动方程中,对应的无量纲非线性恢复力Fii=1,2)和非线性恢复力矩M分别为:
在人车路耦合振动系统中,设定无量纲参数为 图2给出系统的非线性恢复力和非线性恢复力矩曲面图。图2(a),(b)为车身受到无量纲非线性恢复力F1图,曲面接近平面,表现为弱非线性;图2(c),(d)为车身受到的非线性恢复力矩M1图,是一个弧形曲面,具有强非线性特性;图2(e),(f)为人受到的非线性恢复力F2,曲面近似为平面,呈现出弱非线性。综述分析可得,系统的强非线性各项主要来源于车辆的扭转振动。
对非线性势能函数(2)进行无量纲处理,得到对应于无量纲人车路耦合系统(8)的无量纲非线性势能函数为:
设人车路耦合非线性振动系统的无量纲参数为 图3给出系统的非线性势能曲面图。图3(a)为势能与扭转角θ和质心位移Y1的依存关系曲面图,这是一个盆形曲面图,因此具有单一的极小值;图3(b)为势能与扭转角θ和质心位移Y2的相互关系曲面图,可以看出一个凹槽形的曲面,表现极小值的非唯一性。
设人车路耦合非线性振动系统的阻尼为c11=c12=c2=0,路面激励为h1=h2=0,重力加速度为g=0,式(6)所示系统经过线性化处理后,可以得到人车路耦合线性振动系统:
式中 质量矩阵和刚度矩阵分别为:
设系统做简谐振动的谐波解为:
式中  表示振幅。
将式(14)代入式(13),得到线性振动系统的固有频率,给出本征值方程为:
将关于本征值方程的行列式(15)展开后,得到关于固有频率平方ω2的一元三次代数方程:
其中系数分别为:
当六次方系数a≠0时,代数方程(16)有三个正实数解,对应线性振动系统的前三阶固有频率:
其中:
图4给出人车路耦合线性振动系统的固有频率与系统参数的关系图。图4(a)给出不同簧载质量对固有频率特性的影响,看出随着簧载质量m1的增大,三个固有频率均表现出逐渐减小的趋势。图4(b)为不同前悬架刚度下的固有频率图,得到随着刚度k11的增加,一阶固有频率基本保持不变,而二阶和三阶固有频率均会增大。图4(c)为不同前轮质心位置下的固有频率图,发现当l11增大时一阶固有频率增大,二阶固有频率基本保持不变,而三阶固有频率逐渐减小。图4(d)为不同座椅质心位置下的固有频率图,随着l2的增大,一阶固有频率减小,二阶固有频率增大,而三阶固有频率基本保持不变。
为探讨本文建立的人车路耦合振动模型的正确性与有效性,应用数值仿真软件对人车路耦合非线性振动系统进行动力学仿真。人车路耦合系统的参数,如质量、转动惯量、刚度、阻尼、波长、波幅、速度及几何尺寸等的取值范围参考了文献[15],如表1所示。
人车路耦合振动系统的参数设定如下:汽车的质量m1=1200 kg,转动惯量IC=1500 kg·m2,乘客的质量m2=60 kg,悬架的刚度k11=k12=300000 N/m,座椅的刚度k2=20000 N/m,质心到前轮的长度l11=1.2 m,质心到后轮的长度l12=1.3 m,质心到座椅的长度l2=60m,路面波长l3=60 m,阻尼系数c11=c12=3000 N·s/m,座椅的阻尼c2=500 N·s/m,路面起伏振幅h0=0.01 m,重力加速度g=9.8 m/s2,车辆的行驶速度v=20 m/s。下面通过选取不同的参数值,探讨各系统参数对人车路耦合非线性复杂振动响应的影响规律。
图5给出车体质量m1分别为750,1000,1250,1500,1750,2000 kg时的幅速响应曲线16。可以看出,随着车身质量的增大,系统振幅的峰值都将减小,车辆的上下振幅和车辆的俯仰振幅减小,乘客响应峰值减小,从而提升了乘客的舒适度,但是随着速度的增加,影响会越来越小。
图6所示为转动惯量IC分别为2000,3000,5000,7000,9000 kg·m2时的幅速响应曲线17。可以看出,质心的响应峰值基本不变、扭转振幅峰值响应减小且共振频率也减小、人的响应峰值逐渐减小。车辆转动惯量的增大对车辆的上下振幅与乘客的振幅程度影响不大,反而对车辆的俯仰振幅的峰值所对应的速度有影响,使得峰值对应的速度提前,但是对振幅影响不大。
图7所示为乘客质量m2分别为30,60,90,120,150,180 kg时的幅速响应曲线18。随着乘客质量的增加,乘客的振幅峰值逐渐减小,且达到振幅峰值对应的速度相应减小。随着速度的增大,车辆的振幅均在速度区间[0,5]呈上升趋势,当v≈5 m/s时出现峰值,之后车辆的振幅随着速度的增加而减小,并且乘客质量为30~180 kg时车辆上下与扭转的振幅大小及变化趋势完全相同,即乘客质量的变化对车辆振幅的影响较小。
图8给出车辆悬架刚度k11分别为3×105,4.5×105,6×105,7.5×105,9×105 N/m时的幅速响应图19。结果表明,改变悬架刚度对系统的响应峰值影响不大。从图8中可以看出,改变车辆的悬架刚度k11的值,乘客和车辆的振幅变化趋势相同。随着速度的增大,乘客和车辆的振幅均在0~5区间内呈上升趋势,当v≈5 m/s时出现峰值,之后乘客和车辆的振幅随着速度的增加而减小。当车辆悬架刚度为k11=3×105 N/m时,乘客的振幅峰值最大,车辆的振幅峰值最小;当车辆悬架刚度为k11=2×105 N/m时,乘客的振幅峰值最小,车辆的振幅峰值最大;但峰值差异较小,车辆悬架刚度的改变对乘客和车辆的振幅几乎没有影响。
图9所示为座椅刚度k2分别为1000,2000,3000,4000,5000,6000 N/m时的幅速响应图20。由图9可知,乘客在v≈5 m/s处有振幅峰值且随着座椅刚度系数k2的增大而增大,而车辆的上下振幅与俯仰振幅受座椅刚度系数变化的影响不大,随着速度的增加,三者收敛于小振幅振动。可以得到结论:座椅刚度越大,乘客的振幅峰值越大,而车辆的振动受其影响不大。
图10所示,得到阻尼系数c11分别为1000,2000,3000,4000,5000 N·s/m时的幅速响应图21。可以看出,随着阻尼的增大,乘客和车辆的响应峰值都在减小。
图11所示为座椅阻尼系数c2分别为250,500,750,1000,1250,1500 N·s/m时幅速响应图。从图中可以看出,增大座椅阻尼,车辆上下振幅响应峰值和俯仰振动响应峰值都增大,而乘客的响应峰值则会减小。
图12给出不同车辆质心位置0.5,0.75,1.0,1.25,1.5,1.75 m时的幅速响应图22。可以看出,增大质心车轮距离,车身上下振幅响应峰值先增大后减小,扭转振幅响应峰值先减小后增大,人的振幅响应峰值为先增大后减小。
图13所示为乘客位置l2分别为0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9 m时的幅速响应图。研究表明,增大乘客与质心的距离,对车体质心的上下振幅幅值影响不大,而车身扭转振幅峰值逐渐减小,人的振幅峰值会增大。当乘客靠近质心,其在v≈5 m/s时有振幅峰值且减小。而车辆的振幅没有明显变化。随着速度的增加,三者都收敛于0。可以得到结论:乘客越靠近质心,其振幅峰值越小,而车辆的振动几乎不受乘客到质心的距离影响。
图14所示为路面波长l3=40,60,80,100,120,140 m时的幅速响应图。从图中可知,乘客与汽车出现振幅峰值时的速度随路面波长的增大而增大,而其共振峰值大小没有明显改变,可以得到结论:路面波长越大,耦合系统出现振幅峰值时的速度越大。
图15给出路面激励波幅h0=0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04,0.05,0.06 m时的幅速响应图。从图中可以看出,当增大路面激励波幅时,车和人的振动都明显增大。
为了验证本文提出的人车路耦合系统结构的正确性与数值结果的准确性,根据图1设计了人车路耦合振动实验原理样机如图16(a)所示,探讨模型参数对车辆乘坐舒适性的影响。实验模型由滑杆、滑块m1m2以及三个弹簧k11k12k2构成,滑块与滑杆之间的阻尼为c11c12c2图16(b)为人车路耦合振动实验平台,主要设备为激振器(WS-Z30)、功率放大器、加速度计放大器和电荷放大器。电脑生成控制信号,再由功率放大器控制激振器的振动方式,若干加速度计布置于试验原型各处。
在振动测试模型中,振动台的激励频率设定为ω=2πv/l3=2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,4.5 rad/s,激励幅值为h0=0.01 m。试验原理样机中的物理参数和几何参数的设定如表2所示。需要指出的是,表1中的参数是参考工程实际车辆系统选取的,而表2中的参数是针对振动实验力学原理样机选取的,这两种取值方法的目的都是为了验证人车路耦合非线性振动系统的精确性。
图17所示为幅频响应曲线实验与仿真结果对比。数值仿真结果由红色实线代表振幅A1,绿色划线代表振幅A2,蓝色点线表示振幅A3;实验测试的振动响应幅频响应由叉号代表A1,正方形代表A2,菱形代表A3。对比人车路耦合系统的数值仿真与实验测试的结果,容易发现试验模型振动幅值与数值结果变化趋势基本一致,从而验证了本文提出模型的可靠性。
本文建立了三自由度人车路耦合非线性振动模型,该模型能够精确描述车辆和乘客的复杂非线性耦合振动特性。利用谐波分析方法,得到对应线性振动系统的固有频率解析表达式。应用数值仿真给出人车路耦合非线性振动系统的幅速响应图,分析乘客、车身及路面参数对幅速响应非线性振动的影响规律。搭建了人车路耦合实验平台,验证了理论分析和数值分析的有效性,得到主要结论如下:
(1)基于几何扭转非线性运动特性,建立人车路耦合振动模型,模型参数包括:乘客质量、车辆的质量与转动惯量、悬架和座椅的刚度与阻尼,质心位置、乘客与质心的距离、路面波长与波幅及车辆行驶速度等参数,模型能够精确地描述人车路耦合系统的非线性振动特性。
(2)分析了人车路耦合振动系统的自由振动特性,给出非线性恢复力和力矩曲面,发现扭转运行导致了系统的非线性恢复力特征。利用谐波法得到固有频率的解析表达式,利用该表达式可以看出:增大乘客质量会导致三阶固有频率减小,增大悬架刚度会引起二阶和三阶固有频率增大,增大车辆质心位置会使得系统的一阶固有频率增大而三阶固有频率减小,当增大座椅与质心位置时,系统的一阶固有频率会下降。
(3)利用数值对人车路耦合非线性振动方程进行求解,获得了乘客参数、车路参数及道路参数等因素对系统振动幅速响应的影响规律,给出减小振动响应幅值的方法:增大车身质量、增大转动惯量、降低车辆悬架和座椅的刚度,增大车辆悬架和座椅的阻尼、减小质心与中点的距离,减小路面激励幅值。
(4)设计人车路耦合非线性振动实验样机,实验平台测试振动响应结果验证了理论模型与数值结果的正确性与可靠性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51705241)
  • 机器人技术与系统国家重点实验室开放研究项目(SKLRS-2022-KE-19)
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2024年第37卷第1期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.01.007
  • 接收时间:2022-03-28
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-28
  • 修回日期:2022-08-09
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51705241)
机器人技术与系统国家重点实验室开放研究项目(SKLRS-2022-KE-19)
作者信息
    1河南科技大学土木工程学院, 河南 洛阳 471023
    2河南科技大学数学与统计学院,河南 洛阳 471023
    3南京航空航天大学航天学院, 江苏 南京 210016

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张子建(1985—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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