Article(id=1227627712962032038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227627707664630277, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.06.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1662307200000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-05, revisedDate=1669132800000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770618854990, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1719504000000, pubDateStr=2024-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770618854990, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770618854990, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770618854990, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227627707664630277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='6', pageStart='903', pageEnd='1088', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770618853726, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795304861, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228367797449851747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227627707664630277, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228367797449851748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227627707664630277, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1006, endPage=1014, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227627713163358631, articleId=1227627712962032038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Parameter optimization of viscous damper for cable-stayed bridge using improved multi-objective particle swarm algorithm, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Traditional designs of viscous dampers for large-span cable-stayed bridges often suffer from low efficiency and challenges in balancing multiple,mutually constrained damping control objectives. To address these issues,this paper proposes an improved multi-objective particle swarm algorithm for optimal damper parameters design,based on the "variational" method of genetic algorithms. A finite element model of a large span cable-stayed bridge was established,and a seismic response analysis of the entire bridge was conducted. Viscous dampers were installed in the longitudinal direction of the bridge according to the seismic demand. Response surface mathematical models were established to represent the relationships between the seismic responses of the tower bottom bending moment,damping force,beam end displacement,and the damper parameters. Using the seismic response surface model,a global automatic optimization search analysis of the damper parameters was performed using the proposed algorithm,resulting in the determination of the optimal damper parameters. Additionally,a set of damping parameter combinations were determined for comparative analysis using the traditional parameter sensitivity analysis method. The results show that the optimization method offers good computational accuracy,high optimization efficiency,and a better trade-off among multiple,mutually constrained seismic control objectives. The combination of damper parameters obtained by the optimization algorithm,compared to the damping response of the combination of damping parameters obtained by the conventional method,increases the bottom bending moment of the tower by 1.73%,reduces the damping force by 5.97%,and reduces the displacement of the beam end by 1.66%. The optimized parameter combinations of dampers with higher accuracy are determined without the need for multiple finite element trial calculations,resulting in improved damping effect and significant time savings.

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为克服大跨度斜拉桥黏滞阻尼器优化设计效率低、多个相互制约的减震控制目标的问题难以权衡,基于遗传算法的“变异”方法,提出了改进多目标粒子群算法来进行阻尼器参数优化设计。建立大跨度斜拉桥的有限元模型,开展了全桥地震响应分析,根据抗震需求在桥梁纵向设置黏滞阻尼器;分别建立了塔底弯矩、阻尼力和梁端位移的减震响应与阻尼器参数之间的响应面数学模型;以减震响应面模型为研究对象,通过该算法进行阻尼器参数全局自动寻优分析,确定了阻尼器的最优参数,并与采用参数敏感性分析方法确定的一组阻尼参数进行对比分析。研究结果表明:该优化方法具有计算精度好、优化效率高和更好地权衡多个相互制约的减震控制目标的优点;通过优化算法获得的阻尼器参数组合相比采用参数敏感性分析方法获得的阻尼参数组合的减震响应,塔底弯矩增大1.73%,阻尼力减小5.97%,梁端位移减小1.66%;在无需多次有限元试算的基础上确定了更高精度的阻尼器优化参数组合,在提高减震效果的同时大大提升了计算效率。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
贾宏宇(1981―),男,博士,副教授。 E-mail:
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许莉(1976—),女,博士,教授。 E-mail:

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许莉(1976—),女,博士,教授。 E-mail:

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journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227627712962032038, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=改进粒子群算法), Keyword(id=1227675542871274152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227627712962032038, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=斜拉桥), Keyword(id=1227675542934188713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227627712962032038, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=响应面法), Keyword(id=1227675542997103274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227627712962032038, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=多目标优化)], refs=[Reference(id=1227675546390295237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227627712962032038, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=22, issue=1, pageStart=81, pageEnd=93, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Xu L, Zhang H, Gao J F, journalName=Advances in Structural Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu LZhang HGao 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注:P为当前粒子总量,SIZE为外部档案粒子最大容纳值。

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Boundary conditions of finite element model

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结构部位
各桩基底部111111
主塔与主梁交接处011100
边墩、辅助墩与主梁交接处011100
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有限元模型边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构部位
各桩基底部111111
主塔与主梁交接处011100
边墩、辅助墩与主梁交接处011100
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Fitting accuracy of response surfaces

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减震响应多重拟合系数
主塔塔底弯矩0.9800
黏滞阻尼器阻尼力0.9993
主梁梁端纵向位移0.9979
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响应面拟合精度检验

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减震响应多重拟合系数
主塔塔底弯矩0.9800
黏滞阻尼器阻尼力0.9993
主梁梁端纵向位移0.9979
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Optimization results of the damping design algorithm

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序号塔底弯矩/(106 阻尼力/(104 梁端位移/m阻尼系数/[103 ]速度指数
12.3281.5390.6549.2920.954
22.2891.6740.63610.0001.000
32.4761.1200.7166.2981.000
42.6950.7570.7743.9951.000
52.3891.3140.6877.5631.000
62.6750.7860.7694.1771.000
72.4021.3420.6828.4600.837
82.5271.0230.7315.6771.000
92.5181.1400.7098.4300.514
102.3141.6340.64110.0000.945
112.7740.6480.7923.3201.000
122.5550.9750.7395.3661.000
132.5701.0210.7288.0240.389
142.6011.1820.68910.0000.283
), ArticleFig(id=1227675546046362306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227627712962032038, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

减震设计算法优化结果

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序号塔底弯矩/(106 阻尼力/(104 梁端位移/m阻尼系数/[103 ]速度指数
12.3281.5390.6549.2920.954
22.2891.6740.63610.0001.000
32.4761.1200.7166.2981.000
42.6950.7570.7743.9951.000
52.3891.3140.6877.5631.000
62.6750.7860.7694.1771.000
72.4021.3420.6828.4600.837
82.5271.0230.7315.6771.000
92.5181.1400.7098.4300.514
102.3141.6340.64110.0000.945
112.7740.6480.7923.3201.000
122.5550.9750.7395.3661.000
132.5701.0210.7288.0240.389
142.6011.1820.68910.0000.283
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采用改进多目标粒子群算法的斜拉桥阻尼器参数优化
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许莉 1 , 李煜民 1 , 丁自豪 2 , 刘耿耿 3 , 刘康 1 , 贾宏宇 2
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(6): 1006-1014
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(6): 1006-1014
采用改进多目标粒子群算法的斜拉桥阻尼器参数优化
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许莉1 , 李煜民1, 丁自豪2, 刘耿耿3, 刘康1, 贾宏宇2
作者信息
  • 1福州大学土木工程学院, 福建福州 350116
  • 2西南交通大学土木工程学院, 四川成都 610031
  • 3福州大学计算机与大数据学院, 福建福州 350116
  • 许莉(1976—),女,博士,教授。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

贾宏宇(1981―),男,博士,副教授。 E-mail:
Parameter optimization of viscous damper for cable-stayed bridge using improved multi-objective particle swarm algorithm
Li XU1 , Yu-min LI1, Zi-hao DING2, Geng-geng LIU3, Kang LIU1, Hong-yu JIA2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
  • 2School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
  • 3College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
出版时间: 2024-06-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.06.011
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为克服大跨度斜拉桥黏滞阻尼器优化设计效率低、多个相互制约的减震控制目标的问题难以权衡,基于遗传算法的“变异”方法,提出了改进多目标粒子群算法来进行阻尼器参数优化设计。建立大跨度斜拉桥的有限元模型,开展了全桥地震响应分析,根据抗震需求在桥梁纵向设置黏滞阻尼器;分别建立了塔底弯矩、阻尼力和梁端位移的减震响应与阻尼器参数之间的响应面数学模型;以减震响应面模型为研究对象,通过该算法进行阻尼器参数全局自动寻优分析,确定了阻尼器的最优参数,并与采用参数敏感性分析方法确定的一组阻尼参数进行对比分析。研究结果表明:该优化方法具有计算精度好、优化效率高和更好地权衡多个相互制约的减震控制目标的优点;通过优化算法获得的阻尼器参数组合相比采用参数敏感性分析方法获得的阻尼参数组合的减震响应,塔底弯矩增大1.73%,阻尼力减小5.97%,梁端位移减小1.66%;在无需多次有限元试算的基础上确定了更高精度的阻尼器优化参数组合,在提高减震效果的同时大大提升了计算效率。

桥梁工程  /  黏滞阻尼器  /  改进粒子群算法  /  斜拉桥  /  响应面法  /  多目标优化

Traditional designs of viscous dampers for large-span cable-stayed bridges often suffer from low efficiency and challenges in balancing multiple,mutually constrained damping control objectives. To address these issues,this paper proposes an improved multi-objective particle swarm algorithm for optimal damper parameters design,based on the "variational" method of genetic algorithms. A finite element model of a large span cable-stayed bridge was established,and a seismic response analysis of the entire bridge was conducted. Viscous dampers were installed in the longitudinal direction of the bridge according to the seismic demand. Response surface mathematical models were established to represent the relationships between the seismic responses of the tower bottom bending moment,damping force,beam end displacement,and the damper parameters. Using the seismic response surface model,a global automatic optimization search analysis of the damper parameters was performed using the proposed algorithm,resulting in the determination of the optimal damper parameters. Additionally,a set of damping parameter combinations were determined for comparative analysis using the traditional parameter sensitivity analysis method. The results show that the optimization method offers good computational accuracy,high optimization efficiency,and a better trade-off among multiple,mutually constrained seismic control objectives. The combination of damper parameters obtained by the optimization algorithm,compared to the damping response of the combination of damping parameters obtained by the conventional method,increases the bottom bending moment of the tower by 1.73%,reduces the damping force by 5.97%,and reduces the displacement of the beam end by 1.66%. The optimized parameter combinations of dampers with higher accuracy are determined without the need for multiple finite element trial calculations,resulting in improved damping effect and significant time savings.

bridge engineering  /  viscous damper  /  improved particle swarm algorithm  /  cable-stayed bridge  /  response surface method  /  multi-objective optimization
许莉, 李煜民, 丁自豪, 刘耿耿, 刘康, 贾宏宇. 采用改进多目标粒子群算法的斜拉桥阻尼器参数优化. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (6) : 1006 -1014 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.06.011
Li XU, Yu-min LI, Zi-hao DING, Geng-geng LIU, Kang LIU, Hong-yu JIA. Parameter optimization of viscous damper for cable-stayed bridge using improved multi-objective particle swarm algorithm[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (6) : 1006 -1014 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.06.011
斜拉桥结构体系主要由主塔、主梁和斜拉索3种基本构件组成,该结构由于具有受力性能好、跨越能力大、造型优美等优点,被广泛应用于现代大跨度和景观桥梁工程。斜拉桥结构根据受力特点可分为固结体系、半漂浮体系和漂浮体系3类,其中漂浮体系斜拉桥1跨越能力强,常用于大跨度桥梁结构。但由于体系结构较柔,在强震作用下主梁构件容易产生较大的位移,从而导致伸缩缝破坏,甚至产生引桥落梁等严重震害2-4。为了减小强震作用下大跨度斜拉桥的地震响应,工程上通常附加黏滞阻尼器作为斜拉桥纵向约束装置5-6,该装置可以有效减小主梁纵向位移与主塔内力。如何选取与优化黏滞阻尼器设计参数,将对斜拉桥减震效果起到至关重要的作用。
在黏滞阻尼器最优参数取值方面,通常是根据减震控制目标需求,采用动力时程分析法进行大量参数多工况分析,然后基于工程经验,选择减震效果较好的一组作为最优设计参数。该类方法计算效率和计算精度均较低,耗时费力,且难以平衡多个减震控制目标之间的相制问题7-9
国内外学者对黏滞阻尼器参数优化问题也开展了一些研究工作,针对附加线性和非线性阻尼器的结构,美国联邦应急管理局(FEMA)10和美国国家地震工程研究中心(NCEER)11使用了简化设计方法来确定相应的阻尼系数;对安装有黏滞阻尼器的公路常规桥梁,Hwang等12基于等效阻尼比,给出了阻尼器最优参数设计公式。然而,由于大跨度斜拉桥结构周期长、阻尼小,结构体系复杂,上述附加黏滞阻尼器参数设计简化方法并不适用于大跨度斜拉桥体系。近年来,有些学者提出通过响应面法等方法提高阻尼器参数的优化效率。如巫生平等13采用加权求和法,通过赋予梁端位移、塔底弯矩和塔底剪力3个目标函数各1/3的权重因子,构造一个单目标函数,进而求解函数极值,获得最优阻尼参数。该方法虽然简单易行,但权重因子的设置存在很强的先验性,精度难以保证。王波等14基于ε-约束法与响应面法,通过对关键构件地震响应和黏滞阻尼器参数之间的关系进行拟合,将阻尼器最大行程和主塔最大弯矩转换为约束条件,生成唯一目标近似函数阻尼力的表达式,从而将其转化成一个约束单目标优化问题的求解。但当约束较多时,潜在解的质量会受到影响,且唯一目标函数的选取需要很强的先验性,精度不高。He等15基于最小二乘法,根据目标函数最小值进行黏滞阻尼器最优参数的选取,该方法同样无法较好地处理或平衡多减震控制目标。
多目标粒子群算法具有收敛速度快、算法参数少、编码方式简单等优点16,是解决多目标优化问题的有效途经之一,已在桥梁领域得到应用17-18。如Pournminian等19为了对拱桥形状优化,基于几何参数化桥梁模型,采用多目标粒子群算法进行优化,取得了良好的优化效果,同时还最大化地兼顾了结构安全和施工成本这两个目标互斥问题。占玉林等20结合响应面法和粒子群算法开展了异形斜拉索索力优化,结果表明,优化后全桥成桥索力及主梁弯矩均匀性均有所提升,主梁受力、线形更加合理。多目标粒子群算法是解决斜拉桥黏滞阻尼器参数优化设计的潜在方案,本文基于多目标粒子群算法开展斜拉桥黏滞阻尼器参数优化设计研究,可望解决多个互斥减震控制目标的黏滞阻尼器参数选取问题。
鉴于此,本文以一座安装有黏滞阻尼器的双塔斜拉桥为研究对象,基于遗传算法的变异方法,提出改进多目标粒子群算法,针对斜拉桥关键构件的减震响应,开展黏滞阻尼器最优参数取值设计方法研究,并采用参数敏感性分析方法确定一组阻尼参数,从多个角度与粒子群优化结果进行对比分析。
多目标粒子群优化算法是通过模拟自然界中鸟群捕食行为而建立的智能优化算法。该算法具有概念简单、参数少、收敛快等优点,但其易陷入局部最优的缺点也十分突出,该缺点会严重影响算法寻找全局最优解的能力21。算法在每一次迭代过程中,粒子速度和位置的更新方式分别为:
式中  为种群中的粒子数量;分别为个体最优位置和全局最优位置;n为输入设计决策问题/变量维数;分别为种群中第个粒子在第次迭代后的速度矢量和位置矢量的第维分量;为学习因子,一般为指定常数2;为0~1之间的随机数。
图1所示为粒子更新路径示意图,其中学习因子分别发挥着调整粒子向飞行步长的作用。
本文在遗传算法的变异步骤中,引入扰动变异算子来解决多目标粒子群优化算法易陷入局部最优的问题18
考虑到粒子群优化算法前期更偏向于开拓探索整个目标空间,为避免过早陷入局部最优,需要比较多的粒子进行变异,从而保持较强的搜索全局的能力。后期更偏向于在已经找到的全局最优位置周围进行局部精细搜索,此时需要减少粒子变异的数量,避免已搜索到的被变异。因此,本文提出随算法迭代次数增加线性减小的变异率来控制算法优化迭代过程中种群所有粒子的变异概率。具体如下式所示:
式中  分别为mu的最大值0.9和最小值0.05,随着算法迭代不断深入,变异率从0.9线性递减至0.05;分别为当前迭代次数和最大迭代次数。
此外,考虑到粒子群算法的随机性,特别是变异本身就具有随机性,参考粒子群算法更新公式中0~1之间的随机数,给每个粒子设置同样为0~1之间的附属随机数。只有粒子满足其附属随机数小于变异率时,该粒子才可以参与变异操作,具体变异公式为:
式中  分别为第个粒子的两维位置向量和速度向量的第维分量;在1和2这两个数中随机选取;扰动变异系数是一个大于1的常数,起到加快粒子飞行速度,从而使其能够跳出局部最优解范围的作用。经分析确定,扰动变异系数为2.5时,算法性能最优,故取扰动变异系数
琅岐闽江大桥是中国福建省福州市境内的跨江通道,为主跨680 m的大跨度双塔斜拉桥,该桥为双塔、7跨连续的半漂浮体系,总长1280 m,跨径布置为(60+90+150+680+150+90+60) m;主梁采用单箱3室流线型扁平整体钢箱,梁高3.5 m,宽30.6 m;主塔采用混凝土结构,塔座以上高220 m,两侧各有2×21根斜拉索;墩身为空心板式结构,基础采用钻孔灌注桩,塔梁连接处设竖向支座和横向抗风支座。钢箱梁采用Q370钢,主塔采用C50混凝土。桥梁全桥及横断面如图2所示。
采用有限元软件SAP2000建立桥梁的全桥有限元模型,如图3所示。该模型共有1879个节点和2043个框架单元。主梁采用单主梁模型,通过将桥面系的质量与刚度集中于主梁模型节点,对主梁实际截面特性进行模拟22,经网格收敛性分析确定主梁单元长度为15.0031 m,弹性模量和泊松比分别为2.1×106 MPa和0.3,质量密度为12871 kg/m3;斜拉索采用空间梁单元模拟,忽略其弯曲刚度,通过拉压限值的设置对其只受拉而不受压的受力特性进行模拟,采用考虑垂度效应的Ernst等效弹性模量法14进行弹性模量的换算,弹性模量和泊松比分别为1.95×106 MPa和0.3,质量密度为8395 kg/m3
考虑到主塔及桥墩在强震作用下可能会进入塑性状态23,故采用钢筋混凝土弹塑性梁柱单元对主塔和引桥桥墩进行模拟,桥墩单元长2 m;桩土效应采用m法嵌固模型模拟;承台近似按刚体模拟,其质量堆聚在承台质心,墩底与承台中心主从相连;减震控制阶段在斜拉桥主梁与主塔下横梁结合位置处对称安装纵向黏滞阻尼器,以进行减震控制,附加黏滞阻尼器通过设置非线性阻尼单元模拟。各构件截面特性、连接方式以及边界条件按实际情况确定,主桥为半漂浮体系,主梁与主塔相接处、过渡墩(主桥侧)以及辅助墩上均设置一个纵向滑动支座(横向约束)和一个双向滑动支座。另外主梁与主塔交接处,在塔和主梁之间设置横向抗风支座,以约束主梁的横向位移。其中,有限元模型中各结构部位的边界条件处理如表1所示,分别表示沿纵桥向、竖向、横桥向的线位移;分别表示绕纵桥向、竖向、横桥向的转角位移;表中1表示约束,0表示自由。
根据斜拉桥所在场地的地震危险性分析24,该桥梁为A类抗震设防桥梁,桥址基本设计烈度为Ⅶ度,场地类别为Ⅲ类,对应的基本地震动峰值加速度属于0.15g分区。研究表明,通常是E2地震作用控制斜拉桥抗震设计。因此,本文选取100年超越概率为4%的地震动输入。根据工程场地的地质条件,选择了3条E2水准的地震动记录和1条人工模拟地震动记录作为输入地震波。地震动的模拟还需确定地震波输入方向。通常,以最不利方向输入地震动。然而,地震发生的时间和空间因素是随机的,难以确定地震对结构造成最大影响的作用方向。考虑到本文研究对象是漂浮体系斜拉桥,其梁端纵向位移往往较大,故本文采用“纵向+竖向”的地震动输入模式。其中,竖向地震加速度输入值参考文献[25],取相应纵向输入值的1/2。对本斜拉桥进行地震响应结果分析时,其关键截面最终的内力和变形响应取4条地震波计算结果的包络值,地震波加速度时程曲线如图4所示。
需要注意的是,工程实际竖向地震波不能由纵向地震波简单调幅得到,同时考虑行波效应采用多点激励。考虑到本文研究对象为桥梁纵向地震响应,经试算竖向地震波对纵向地震响应影响很小,为简化研究与控制变量,突出研究目的,采用上述简化的地震动输入方法。
在减震分析前,应对该桥进行不同PGA地震作用下的地震响应分析,根据所得的实际地震响应数值结果进行判断,确定在何种情况下需要安装黏滞阻尼器进行减震控制。为此,根据文献[24]中不同地震烈度所对应的加速度时程分析最大值,分别开展不同地震烈度下的漂浮体系斜拉桥地震响应分析,加速度峰值分别设置为2.2,3.1,4.0,5.1和6.2 m/s2。根据纵向漂浮体系双塔斜拉桥的结构和震害特点,选取主梁梁端纵向位移作为结构位移响应分析指标,具体结构位移响应如图5所示。
图5可知,当输入的地震波PGA增长到5.1 m/s2时,主梁梁端纵向位移响应峰值为0.846 m,略微超出了其预设伸缩缝的宽度(0.800 m),结构有可能在地震中发生破坏。当输入地震波PGA增长到6.2 m/s2时,主梁梁端纵向位移响应峰值为1.003 m,大大超出了其预设伸缩缝的宽度(0.800 m),结构极易在地震中发生破坏。因此,本文针对斜拉桥在PGA为6.2 m/s2地震作用下存在较大安全隐患的情况,在斜拉桥主梁与主塔下横梁结合位置处对称安装纵向黏滞阻尼器,以进行减震控制,全桥共设4个黏滞阻尼器,并对其参数展开优化分析。
针对黏滞阻尼器参数敏感性方法计算效率低的问题,本文通过响应面法建立准确高效的响应面数学模型,避免多次运行有限元软件,提高优化设计的效率。为了保证双塔斜拉桥结构的抗震安全性以及尽量降低工程所需的建造成本,考虑将主塔塔底弯矩、黏滞阻尼器阻尼力和主梁梁端纵向位移作为3个关键减震控制目标。在响应面设计方面,把阻尼力最小作为目标函数,设计变量为阻尼系数和速度指数,约束条件为主梁梁端纵向位移小于800 mm、阻尼系数在2000~10000 之间,速度指数在0.2~1.0之间,主塔塔底弯矩小于塔底截面屈服弯矩。在响应面函数方面,采用适用性较强的二阶多项式构造双塔斜拉桥黏滞阻尼器减震响应面模型26,如下式所示:
式中  分别为偏移项、线性偏移项和二阶偏移系数;为交互作用系数;为设计参数点的数量。
在响应面样本点参数选取方面,采用中心复合实验进行设计参数点的抽样选取27
图6分别为3个关键构件减震响应与阻尼器参数之间的响应面。从响应面的整体趋势看,当速度指数取定值时,主塔塔底弯矩和主梁梁端纵向位移随着阻尼系数的增大呈现逐渐减小的趋势,阻尼力则与前二者相反,呈现逐渐增大的趋势。当阻尼系数取定值时,主塔塔底弯矩和主梁梁端纵向位移随着速度指数的增大整体呈现逐渐减小的趋势,阻尼力则与前二者相反,呈现逐渐增大的趋势。需要指出,通常阻尼系数越小,耗能面积越大;阻尼大并不一定会导致结构响应减小,阻尼过大可能会导致负效应28-29。因此,塔底弯矩与梁端位移随速度指数的变化趋势与已有研究的趋势有方向性的差异。该差异性对于本文的研究目标有一定影响,但仅限于对优化空间的影响。在总体变化趋势上,3个关键控制目标减震效果之间是相互制约的,难以实现多个控制目标同时达到最优效果。
采用经典的多重拟合系数进行响应面模型整体的拟合精度检验,如下式所示:
式中  为通过CCD确定的设计参数分组数量;为第组设计参数点所对应的有限元模型计算值;为第组设计参数点所对应的响应面函数计算值;组设计参数点所对应的有限元模型计算值的平均值。
根据式(6)可知的取值范围在0~1之间,值越趋近于1,表明被检验的响应面模型的拟合精度越高,越接近实际情况。当被用于检验的多重拟合系数值大于0.95时,可认为该模型精度符合要求30
表2给出了减震响应面数学模型所对应的拟合精度评价指标。由表2可以看出,基于中心复合试验设计的二阶多项式响应面法能够很好地拟合所有关键构件减震响应,可以满足阻尼器参数优化控制的精度要求。
基于改进多目标粒子群算法的黏滞阻尼器参数优化控制流程如图7所示。针对黏滞阻尼器参数敏感性方法精度差的问题,基于响应面法获得3个相互制约的减震控制目标模型,通过多目标粒子群算法对不同阻尼参数组合下的减震响应进行分析,避免根据经验间断选取阻尼参数,从而错失更优的阻尼参数组合,提高优化设计的精度。
针对斜拉桥黏滞阻尼器减震设计所考虑的3个关键减震控制目标(即主塔塔底弯矩、黏滞阻尼器阻尼力和主梁梁端纵向位移),通过前文改进多目标粒子群算法进行黏滞阻尼器参数优化,最终优化结果分别如表3图8所示。从上述图表中可以看出:黏滞阻尼器选择第2组参数组合时,斜拉桥主梁梁端纵向位移和主塔塔底弯矩均最小,但是阻尼器阻尼力却最大;黏滞阻尼器选择第11组参数组合时,斜拉桥阻尼器阻尼力最小,但是主梁梁端纵向位移和主塔塔底弯矩均最大;黏滞阻尼器选择第4,8和12组参数组合时,斜拉桥主梁梁端纵向位移、主塔塔底弯矩和阻尼器阻尼力均相对适中。考虑到斜拉桥属于纵向漂浮结构体系,故更偏重于主梁梁端纵向位移控制目标保留更多的安全量。因此,从这3组参数组合中选取梁端位移最小的第8组参数组合作为黏滞阻尼器参数的最优解。
按照参数敏感性分析方法,黏滞阻尼器速度指数分别取为0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8和1.0,阻尼系数分别取为2000,3000,4000,5000,6000,7000,8000,9000和10000 ,对共计45组不同的阻尼参数组合工况进行分析。具体减震响应变化规律如图9所示。
图9(a)所示,当阻尼系数取定值时,主塔塔底弯矩随着速度指数的增大呈现逐渐减小的趋势。当速度指数取定值,阻尼系数范围内变化时,主塔塔底弯矩随着阻尼系数的增大也呈现逐渐减小的趋势。而当阻尼系数范围内变化时,部分速度指数对应的主塔塔底弯矩随着阻尼系数的增大呈现不同程度的增大趋势,这种相反变化的趋势随着速度指数的增大而逐渐减弱。对于这45组黏滞阻尼器参数组合,主塔塔底弯矩的变化范围为。而未安装黏滞阻尼器时,主塔塔底弯矩为,最大减震率达到29.71%(减震率=(|减震后最大值‒减震前最大值|/减震前最大值)×100%)。可见设置纵向黏滞阻尼器对减小背景斜拉桥主塔塔底弯矩效果明显,从减小主塔塔底弯矩的角度看,阻尼系数和速度指数仍均宜取较大值。
图9(b)所示,当阻尼系数取定值时,阻尼器阻尼力随着速度指数的增大呈现逐渐增大的趋势;当速度指数取定值时,阻尼器阻尼力随着阻尼系数的增大也呈现逐渐增大的趋势。对于这45组黏滞阻尼器参数组合,阻尼器阻尼力的变化范围为。从减小阻尼器阻尼力的角度看,阻尼器的阻尼系数和速度指数均宜取较小值。
图9(c)所示,当阻尼系数取定值时,主梁梁端纵向位移总体上随着速度指数的增大呈现逐渐减小的趋势;当速度指数取定值时,主梁梁端纵向位移随着阻尼系数的增大也呈现逐渐减小的趋势。可以看出相较于速度指数,阻尼系数对斜拉桥关键构件位移的影响更为明显。对于这45组黏滞阻尼器参数组合,主梁梁端纵向位移的变化范围为0.636~0.900 m。而未安装黏滞阻尼器时,主梁梁端纵向位移为1.003 m,最大减震率达到36.56%。可见设置纵向黏滞阻尼器对减小斜拉桥关键构件纵向位移的效果显著,从减小关键构件纵向位移的角度看,阻尼器的阻尼系数和速度指数均宜取较大值。
采用参数敏感性分析方法最终折衷选取阻尼系数和速度指数,此时塔底弯矩为,阻尼力为,梁端位移为0.719 m。
采用本文提出的方法获得的第8组阻尼系数和速度指数,相比于采用参数敏感性分析方法获得的阻尼参数组合的减震响应,塔底弯矩增大1.73%,阻尼力减小5.97%,梁端位移减小1.66%。在无需重复运行有限元软件的情况下细化并确定了更优更精确的阻尼器参数组合,节省了大量时间,且减震效果也得到一定程度的提高。
以安装有阻尼器的琅岐闽江大桥为研究对象,基于改进多目标粒子群算法,对黏滞阻尼器参数进行了优化。结论如下:
(1)琅岐闽江大桥的减震响应控制目标之间具有互制性,参数敏感性分析方法难以实现多减震控制目标同时达到最优,且计算效率和精度低。
(2)基于改进多目标粒子群优化算法进行参数优化的方法精度高,相比参数敏感性分析方法在输入和输出参数精度方面有极大提高。
(3)改进多目标粒子群算法可以有效解决琅岐闽江大桥黏滞阻尼器参数优化设计问题,较好地解决多个互斥减震控制目标的黏滞阻尼器参数选取。
  • 福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2020J01479)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52178169)
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2024年第37卷第6期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.06.011
  • 接收时间:2022-09-05
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2024-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-05
  • 修回日期:2022-11-23
基金
福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2020J01479)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52178169)
作者信息
    1福州大学土木工程学院, 福建福州 350116
    2西南交通大学土木工程学院, 四川成都 610031
    3福州大学计算机与大数据学院, 福建福州 350116

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贾宏宇(1981―),男,博士,副教授。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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