Article(id=1227614521473303267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1669046400000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-22, revisedDate=1675180800000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770615709893, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770615709893, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770615709893, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770615709893, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227614514896634485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='4', pageStart='539', pageEnd='728', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770615708325, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795248114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228367559410512191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228367559410512192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=708, endPage=716, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227614521834013429, articleId=1227614521473303267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Gear walk dynamical characteristics study of braking landing gear systems, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The braking torque of the carbon ceramic braking system of the landing gear increases with the reduction of wheel speed under the condition of rapid change of angular speed. The negative slope of the braking torque and wheel speed curve has a great relationship with the landing gear walking vibration. Focusing on the impact of the negative slope of the braking torque on the landing gear brake vibration,a three degree of freedom landing gear brake walking model is established,and the main landing gear brake vibration of amphibious aircraft is analyzed. The calculated acceleration response and frequency are consistent with the test results of the landing gear field skid brake test. The effects of initial braking torque,negative slope,landing gear heading stiffness and damping,strut equivalent height and other parameters on the landing gear dynamic system are studied,and the dual parameter vibration convergence boundary of initial braking torque and negative slope of braking torque under high speed braking is given. By means of Hopper bifurcation analysis,the two parameter stability boundary of the negative slope of braking torque and velocity under the global state of the landing gear system is given. Through analysis,it is concluded that the gear walk may be caused by two reasons: the negative slope of the braking torque exceeds a certain range,or the braking torque is too large due to large braking pressure,and the slip ratio exceeds the limit. Compared with high speed braking,the negative slope of braking torque has greater influence on the stability of low speed braking. Finally,based on the analysis results,the methods and suggestions to improve the gear walking vibration of landing gear are given.

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起落架碳陶刹车系统的刹车力矩在角速度快速变化时,随着机轮转速的减小而增大,刹车力矩和机轮转速曲线的负斜率与起落架刹车走步振动有较大的关系。本文建立了一个三自由度起落架刹车走步动力学模型,对水陆两栖飞机主起落架刹车振动进行了分析,重点研究刹车力矩负斜率对起落架刹车振动的影响,计算的加速度响应、频率与起落架外场滑跑刹车试验测试结果一致。研究了初始刹车力矩、负斜率、起落架航向刚度与阻尼、支柱等效高度等参数对起落架动力学系统的影响,给出了初始刹车力矩与刹车力矩负斜率在高速刹车状态下的双参数振动收敛边界。通过Hopf分岔分析得到了起落架刹车系统的刹车力矩负斜率与初始速度的双参数分岔图。通过分析得出,起落架刹车低频振动发散可能由刹车力矩负斜率超过一定范围或刹车压力大导致刹车力矩过大,滑移率超过限值两种原因导致。相对于高速刹车,刹车力矩负斜率对低速刹车稳定性影响更大。在分析结果的基础上给出了抑制起落架刹车走步的方法与建议。

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刘冲冲(1985—),男,博士研究生,高级工程师。电话: (029)88268399; E-mail:

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2中国飞机强度研究所,陕西 西安 710065
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刘冲冲(1985—),男,博士研究生,高级工程师。电话: (029)88268399; E-mail:

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刘冲冲(1985—),男,博士研究生,高级工程师。电话: (029)88268399; E-mail:

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起落架系统刹车走步动力学特性研究
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刘冲冲 1, 2, 3 , 刘小川 2, 3 , 许勇 4 , 黄兆铭 2, 3 , 杨正权 2, 3
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(4): 708-716
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(4): 708-716
起落架系统刹车走步动力学特性研究
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刘冲冲1, 2, 3 , 刘小川2, 3, 许勇4, 黄兆铭2, 3, 杨正权2, 3
作者信息
  • 1西北工业大学力学与土木建筑学院, 陕西 西安 710072
  • 2中国飞机强度研究所,陕西 西安 710065
  • 3结构冲击动力学航空科技重点实验室,陕西 西安 710065
  • 4西北工业大学数学与统计学院,陕西 西安 710072
  • 刘冲冲(1985—),男,博士研究生,高级工程师。电话: (029)88268399; E-mail:

Gear walk dynamical characteristics study of braking landing gear systems
Chong-chong LIU1, 2, 3 , Xiao-chuan LIU2, 3, Yong XU4, Zhao-ming HUANG2, 3, Zheng-quan YANG2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanics, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
  • 2Aircraft Strength Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Aerospace Science and Technology for Structural Impact Dynamics, Xi’an 710065, China
  • 4School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.017
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起落架碳陶刹车系统的刹车力矩在角速度快速变化时,随着机轮转速的减小而增大,刹车力矩和机轮转速曲线的负斜率与起落架刹车走步振动有较大的关系。本文建立了一个三自由度起落架刹车走步动力学模型,对水陆两栖飞机主起落架刹车振动进行了分析,重点研究刹车力矩负斜率对起落架刹车振动的影响,计算的加速度响应、频率与起落架外场滑跑刹车试验测试结果一致。研究了初始刹车力矩、负斜率、起落架航向刚度与阻尼、支柱等效高度等参数对起落架动力学系统的影响,给出了初始刹车力矩与刹车力矩负斜率在高速刹车状态下的双参数振动收敛边界。通过Hopf分岔分析得到了起落架刹车系统的刹车力矩负斜率与初始速度的双参数分岔图。通过分析得出,起落架刹车低频振动发散可能由刹车力矩负斜率超过一定范围或刹车压力大导致刹车力矩过大,滑移率超过限值两种原因导致。相对于高速刹车,刹车力矩负斜率对低速刹车稳定性影响更大。在分析结果的基础上给出了抑制起落架刹车走步的方法与建议。

起落架走步  /  刹车振动  /  稳定性  /  负斜率  /  Hopf分岔

The braking torque of the carbon ceramic braking system of the landing gear increases with the reduction of wheel speed under the condition of rapid change of angular speed. The negative slope of the braking torque and wheel speed curve has a great relationship with the landing gear walking vibration. Focusing on the impact of the negative slope of the braking torque on the landing gear brake vibration,a three degree of freedom landing gear brake walking model is established,and the main landing gear brake vibration of amphibious aircraft is analyzed. The calculated acceleration response and frequency are consistent with the test results of the landing gear field skid brake test. The effects of initial braking torque,negative slope,landing gear heading stiffness and damping,strut equivalent height and other parameters on the landing gear dynamic system are studied,and the dual parameter vibration convergence boundary of initial braking torque and negative slope of braking torque under high speed braking is given. By means of Hopper bifurcation analysis,the two parameter stability boundary of the negative slope of braking torque and velocity under the global state of the landing gear system is given. Through analysis,it is concluded that the gear walk may be caused by two reasons: the negative slope of the braking torque exceeds a certain range,or the braking torque is too large due to large braking pressure,and the slip ratio exceeds the limit. Compared with high speed braking,the negative slope of braking torque has greater influence on the stability of low speed braking. Finally,based on the analysis results,the methods and suggestions to improve the gear walking vibration of landing gear are given.

gear walk  /  brake vibration  /  stability  /  negative slope  /  Hopf bifurcation
刘冲冲, 刘小川, 许勇, 黄兆铭, 杨正权. 起落架系统刹车走步动力学特性研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (4) : 708 -716 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.017
Chong-chong LIU, Xiao-chuan LIU, Yong XU, Zhao-ming HUANG, Zheng-quan YANG. Gear walk dynamical characteristics study of braking landing gear systems[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (4) : 708 -716 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.017
飞机在地面滑跑刹车时,在某种特定状态下,起落架的支柱相对于它的垂直中心线会发生周期性的沿飞机航向的前后振动,即起落架走步振动,一般振动频率较低,在6~20 Hz之间。此种振动危害性很大,轻则引起起落架疲劳损伤,重则造成刹车失灵,甚至导致严重的事故1-4
水陆两栖飞机的主起落架由于功能需求,一般采用翼根或机身外伸式布局,起落架呈现出高支柱的结构特点。且考虑湿态刹车效率,力矩需求较常规起落架大的多,相对其他飞机,刹车时容易诱发起落架振动5。该飞机在外场滑行起落架刹车过程中,当防滑系统还没工作时,滑移率远低于最佳滑移率,振动就开始呈发散趋势,振动频率在12 Hz左右。应急刹车时,即刹车压力为恒定,起落架也发生走步振动,该类型走步振动并不是由于刹车压力控制频率与起落架固有频率接近引起的共振,而是与起落架系统自身动特性相关的自激振动。为解决该问题,需要开展动力学建模分析,研究该起落架走步振动产生的原因和机理,寻找改善走步振动的方法。
刹车诱导的起落架走步振动是起落架结构、刹车系统、地面摩擦、轮胎相互作用耦合的问题,国内外学者在起落架刹车走步分析、刹车控制率设计等方面开展了研究工作。Ryder等6推导出起落架走步动力学方程,采用解析法研究方程的稳定性,研究发现,如果车轮制动力矩与角速度的曲线在角速度快速变化的条件下具有负斜率,则模型将在低于某一临界飞机速度时不稳定,并简要讨论了振动抑制措施,包括阻尼装置的应用等。Batterson7考虑了轮胎弹性的影响以及施加和释放制动力矩所需的时间,对飞机制动系统进行了模拟分析,发现制动系统效率取决于轮胎频率、制动响应时间和防滑控制传感器频率值之间的复杂相互作用。库玉鳌8建立了起落架支柱的刚度、机轮转速、滚动半径、振动周期等与刹车力矩之间的定量关系。张陵等9构建了主起落架及各元件的力学计算模型,对其在纵向抖振过程中的动态特性进行了动力学仿真研究,讨论了主起落架支柱刚度等结构参数对主起落架纵向抖振的影响。
Yin等10-12建立了考虑起落架缓冲器行程变化和起落架航向运动耦合影响的非线性动力学模型,并进行参数敏感性分析,找出对起落架走步和制动性能影响较大的参数。使用多目标优化起落架走步振动和制动效率,并研究了刹车控制率对刹车稳定性的影响。D'avico等13-14为优化起落架防滑系统性能,引入了混合防滑和减速防滑控制器以适当地利用跑道抓地力,提出了一种滑模观测器来估计飞机机轮打滑。Jiao等15提出了一种基于单开关阀控制的新型飞机综合自激制动系统(ISBS),建立了飞机航向运动模型和单开关阀液压ABS模型,开发了一种具有延迟补偿的开关控制策略。Tunay等16提出了一种运输机防滑控制方法,使用基于反馈线性化和理论的内环控制器使摩擦系数略小于跑道条件允许的最大值。Khapane17通过SIMPACK对起落架走步现象进行了模拟,以分析飞机起落架的航向振动。Gualdi等18建立了全机多体动力学分析模型,对比了开环刹车控制律和防滑刹车控制律对起落架振动的影响。张明等19建立了飞机刹车滑跑刚柔耦合动力学模型,研究发现,当刹车力矩变化的频率接近起落架系统的共振频率时,抖振现象非常剧烈。
起落架走步是一种低频振动,由于涉及起落架结构、刹车系统结构、轮胎与跑道相互作用、刹车压力控制,因此抑制起落架在刹车过程中发生走步是工程难题。国内外关于起落架走步振动的研究在动力学建模、防滑控制率设计等方面较多,建模方法包括理论建模、多体动力学建模等。水陆两栖飞机为考虑湿态刹车效率,起落架刹车系统采用碳陶刹车片,该刹车系统刹车力矩在角速度快速变化时,随着机轮转速的减小而增大,这种刹车力矩负斜率是机轮刹车常见的动力学现象620。国内外学者关于刹车力矩负斜率对起落架刹车走步作用关系的研究,以及起落架相关参数对刹车走步影响的研究还不够充分。
本文建立了起落架刹车走步理论模型,通过Hopf分岔分析等数值方法给出了刹车力矩负斜率与起落架刹车走步的定量关系,对影响起落架走步的关键参数进行分析,给出了起落架刹车系统的稳定边界,并提出了一种抑制起落架刹车走步的方法。
起落架刹车走步振型是起落架系统围绕在支柱中心线的前后振动,如图1(a)所示。这种动力学行为的产生主要是由于轮胎-跑道作用、刹车系统与起落架结构之间的耦合作用。将起落架简化为与机体连接的旋转弹簧阻尼器1321,如图1(b)所示。
假设起落架垂直载荷为定值,忽略起落架垂向运动与航向运动的耦合作用,起落架刹车走步的非线性动力学模型如图1所示。可描述为:
式中  为飞机当量质量;为机轮质量;为起落架质量;为飞机航向运动速度;为机轮围绕轴向的转动惯量;刹车力矩;为起落架航向阻尼;为机轮与机体的连杆长度即起落架支柱等效高度;为起落架绕机体连接处的振动角度;为机轮转速;为轮胎滚动半径;地面对轮胎的航向力;为起落架航向刚度;为空气阻力,与飞机滑跑速度的平方成正比。
式中  为起落架航向转动惯量。
机轮在起落架刹车过程中受到地面垂直力与航向摩擦力的作用,简化地面垂直力为定值,航向摩擦力是机轮滑移率的函数。定义机轮滑移率为:
对应轮胎为纯滚状态,对应轮胎为抱死状态; 为机轮运动速度,定义为:
式中  为起落架支柱围绕与飞机连接处的振动角速度。
滚动半径定义为22
式中  为轮胎半径;为轮胎垂向变形。
地面对轮胎的航向力定义为:
式中  为地面对轮胎的垂直载荷;为轮胎与地面的航向结合系数,即轮胎航向摩擦系数,结合系数是滑移率的函数,其定义如下式23
式中  为拟合系数,不同的跑道其对应取值也不同。其中,影响结合系数的峰值,影响结合系数曲线的上升和下降斜率,参考文献[23],文中取
图2为式(10)对应轮胎与地面结合系数与滑移率的关系曲线,为最佳滑移率,滑移率达到最佳滑移率时,轮胎与地面结合系数最大。当时,结合系数随着的增大而增大;时,结合系数随着的增大而减小。一般将滑移率控制为比略小,可达到较高的刹车效率。
起落架刹车系统采用电传操纵,飞行员通过刹车踏板进行操纵,控制刹车压力的信号与刹车踏板角度成正比,即刹车压力与刹车踏板角度成正比。当刹车力矩过大导致起落架滑移率超过或接近最佳滑移率时,起落架刹车防滑系统开始工作,在控制装置内将刹车控制信号与防滑控制信号综合处理后,输出相应的刹车压力至刹车装置24
本文主要研究滑移率远低于最佳滑移率时发生的起落架走步,该振动发生时,防滑系统还没有工作,将刹车系统简化为恒定刹车压力,即刹车踏板在刹车过程中为恒定角度。研究起落架在恒定刹车压力下,滑移率增大,直至机轮抱死的动力学过程,可以更好理解起落架走步产生的原因与机理。
在恒定刹车压力下,刹车力矩测试曲线如图3所示,刹车试验原理与测试方法参考文献[25]。从图3中可以看出,刹车力矩随着机轮转速的减小而增大,故定义刹车力矩6
式中  为初始刹车力矩;为刹车力矩随机轮转速降低而增长的斜率,也称为负斜率;ω为机轮转速;为机轮初始角速度。当时,刹车力矩最小,为初始刹车力矩;当时,刹车力矩最大,为。对图3进行拟合,公式(11)中
将水陆两栖飞机及起落架的相关参数输入到本文建立的起落架刹车走步动力学方程中,其中速度为40 m/s,刹车力矩模型见公式(11),通过试验结果拟合, ,得到计算结果,图4为计算得到的角加速度与滑移率曲线,可以看出,起落架在该状态下刹车,发生发散性振动。图5为计算响应的频谱图,可以看出,振动频率为12.67 Hz。飞机外场刹车,起落架发生走步,轮轴处振动加速度峰值达到21g以上,振动频率为12.6 Hz。分析结果与外场测试结果相吻合。将设为0,其他参数不变,计算得到的角加速度与滑移率曲线如图6所示,振动收敛。
设为 设为,其他参数不变,计算得到的角加速度与滑移率曲线如图7所示,可以看出,滑移率很快升至1,在没有防滑系统作用的情况下,机轮抱死,会引起不可控的振动,一般当滑移率接近最佳滑移率时,防滑系统开始工作。因此,当增大至一定幅值,即飞行员深踩刹车踏板,就可能出现轮胎抱死的现象,为避免该问题,需要设置合适的防滑控制率。
从上述计算结果中可以得出,该起落架在刹车过程中可能出现两种类型的起落架低频振动发散现象:第一种起落架振动发散是由于刹车力矩负斜率引起的振动,当的值超过额定范围即可能发生第一种类型起落架走步;当总的刹车力矩超过额定范围后可能出现轮胎抱死的不稳定现象,轮胎抱死导致起落架在滑跑过程中不稳定,即发生第二种振动发散现象。刹车力矩过大导致滑移率超过最佳滑移率,轮胎与地面航向摩擦力随着滑移率的增大而减小,见图2,从计算结果中可以看出,滑移率一旦超过最佳滑移率,轮胎摩擦力与滑移率的负斜率关系很可能导致滑移率迅速增长,直至轮胎抱死8-9。一般防滑系统会避免该现象的发生,防滑控制率的设计不是本文的研究重点,不再赘述。
本文重点研究起落架刚度、阻尼、高度、刹车力矩等参数对起落架刹车走步振动特性的影响。
将初始速度V0设为60 m/s,研究飞机高速刹车工况下,起落架系统各参数对起落架走步的影响,通过数值计算得出关键参数变化下的起落架机轮振动加速度峰值变化,图8~12的纵轴为计算得到的最后3 s的机轮振动加速度峰值。机轮振动加速度通过下式计算:
随着刹车力矩负斜率()的增大,起落架振动加速度峰值从0升至100g,动力学系统在左右发生突变,增加会导致系统变得不稳定。在其他参数不改变的前提下,刹车力矩负斜率应在以下,系统才能振动收敛。
随着起落架航向刚度()变化,起落架走步动特性变化明显。当支柱刚度大于时,刹车振动收敛,而当支柱刚度小于时,起落架刹车系统振动发散,因此,支柱刚度变小可导致系统失稳。在其他参数不改变的前提下,起落架航向刚度应在以上,系统才能振动收敛。
起落架航向阻尼()对起落架走步特性的影响也较大,动力学系统在左右发生变化,阻尼越大,机轮振动加速度峰值越小。在其他参数不改变的前提下,刹车系统应提供的阻尼才能抑制刹车走步。
起落架等效高度(Lgw)升至1.5 m以上,起落架振动加速度峰值发生突变,起落架等效高度变大,可能导致起落架系统刹车振动发散。从分析结果中可以看出,应确保起落架支柱等效高度低于1.5 m。
图12中可以看出,起落架系统各参数不变,当初始刹车速度低于40 m/s时,起落架刹车走步振动不收敛。该起落架低速刹车比高速刹车更易发生发散性振动。
将初始速度设为60 m/s,通过数值计算双参数变化下机的轮振动加速度峰值变化和滑移率峰值变化分别如图1314所示。由图1314可以得出在初始速度为60 m/s时刹车振动收敛的边界,如图15所示。从图15中可以看出,起落架在60 m/s初始速度刹车,在约为0~80 kN·m,约为0~30 kN·m的范围内振动收敛。
将初始速度设为40 m/s,通过数值计算双参数变化下的机轮振动加速度峰值变化,如图16所示。当时,从图16的分析结果中可以得出,如果没有防滑控制作用,轮胎滑移率会快速上升,直至机轮抱死。当时,起落架在刹车时振动不收敛。
将初始速度设为20 m/s,研究飞机低速刹车工况下,初始刹车力矩()与负斜率()对刹车走步的影响。通过数值计算双参数变化下的机轮振动加速度峰值变化,如图17所示。从计算结果中可以看出,力矩负斜率现象存在会发生起落架走步振动,振动收敛区域较初始速度为40,60 m/s时明显减小。三个速度的刹车振动分析结果说明,随着速度的降低,力矩负斜率对刹车系统的稳定性影响越来越大。这与文献[6]分析结果相吻合,即具有负斜率特性的起落架刹车系统在低于某一临界飞机速度时不稳定。
动力系统的分岔是指系统动力学特性随参数的改变而产生的质的变化。特别是系统的平衡态发生稳定性改变或者出现方程解的轨道分岔。通过分岔分析可以得出参数定义域内的全局动力学特性。如果系统平衡点附近的Jacobi矩阵的所有特征值满足,那么平衡点是稳定的。当系统的Jacobi矩阵的某一对特征值满足下式时:
系统出现Hopf分岔,动力学方程出现周期解。控制参数的当前取值命名为Hopf分岔点26-28
利用上述理论开展起落架刹车系统的分岔分析,图18为初始刹车力矩,负斜率与初始刹车速度的双参数Hopf分岔图。结合刹车响应计算可以得出,该分岔图黑色曲线上方阴影区域为起落架走步区域,即起落架在一速度下开始刹车,如果刹车力矩负斜率高于黑色曲线该速度对应的负斜率,起落架刹车振动会不收敛,发生走步。红色曲线上方阴影区域为刹车轮胎抱死区域,即起落架在一速度下开始刹车,如果刹车力矩负斜率高于红色曲线该速度对应的负斜率,轮胎滑移率在没有防滑作用下会上升至1,即轮胎抱死。
分岔图分析结果与本文第2节得出的结论相互验证,即具有刹车力矩负斜率现象的起落架在刹车过程中,可能出现两种类型的起落架低频振动现象,当负斜率超过额定范围即可能发生第一种类型起落架走步;当刹车力矩过大导致滑移率超过最佳滑移率导致轮胎抱死,导致起落架在滑跑过程中振动发散。
图19为起落架在不同阻尼下的负斜率与速度的双参数Hopf分岔图,曲线上方区域为发生第一种类型刹车走步区域。从图19中可以看出,阻尼从300 增大至1000,一定速度下对应的刹车力矩负斜率相应增大,振动发散区域相应缩小。
图20为起落架在不同初始刹车力矩下的负斜率与速度的双参数Hopf分岔图。从图20中可以看出,初始刹车力矩从40降低至20,一定速度下对应的刹车力矩负斜率相应减小,振动发散区域相应扩大。
图21为起落架在不同刚度下的负斜率与速度的双参数Hopf分岔图。从图21中可以看出,起落架刚度从增大至,对负斜率与速度的发散边界影响不大,从该图中可以看出通过增大刚度抑制由于刹车力矩负斜率引起的刹车走步可能效果不明显。
图22为起落架在不同支柱等效高度下的负斜率与速度的双参数Hopf分岔图。从图22中可以看出,支柱高度从增大至 ,一定速度下对应的刹车力矩负斜率相应减小,振动发散区域相应扩大。
从本文分析结果中可以看出,提高起落架刚度和阻尼有利于抑制刹车振动。由于刹车力矩过大引起的轮胎抱死,应通过刹车压力控制与防滑控制避免。低速刹车相对高速刹车更易发生刹车走步,建议飞行员应从高速开始刹车,低速刹车时不要猛踩刹车,以免因刹车力矩增长过快而导致走步。
刹车力矩随着机轮转速的减小而增大,导致了起落架在低速工况下的起落架走步,刹车力矩负斜率对起落架走步影响很大,若通过控制刹车压力减弱负斜率现象,那么系统振动应有所改善。将刹车压力与刹车角踏角度的比值设置为随机轮转速变小而降低,那么刹车力矩可表示为:
将初始速度设为40 m/s,采用式(11)的刹车力矩输入,其中,,从计算结果可以看出,起落架走步振动发散,如图4所示。采用式(14)的力矩输入,得到的角加速度与滑移率曲线如图23所示,起落架走步振动收敛。将初始速度设为20 m/s或10 m/s,起落架走步振动也收敛。因此,可以得出针对具有负斜率特性的刹车片,在刹车过程中,将刹车压力设置为随机轮转速变小而降低,可以有效抑制起落架走步振动。
本文建立了一个三自由度起落架刹车走步动力学模型,对水陆两栖飞机主起落架刹车振动进行了分析,重点研究刹车力矩负斜率对起落架走步的影响。通过Hopf分岔等数值方法研究了关键参数对动力学系统的影响,并给出了改善起落架走步的建议,得出结论如下:
(1) 起落架刹车低频振动发散在两种状况下可能发生:一是当刹车力矩负斜率超过额定范围时会导致起落架发生走步;二是当刹车压力过大导致总的刹车力矩超过额定范围后可能出现轮胎抱死,一般防滑系统会避免该现象的发生。
(2) 相对于高速刹车,刹车力矩负斜率对低速刹车稳定性影响更大,相对于起落架刚度变化,阻尼变化对动力学系统稳定性影响更明显。
(3) 高速刹车起落架走步问题可通过参数优化设计避免。如果系统在低速刹车时不稳定,起落架在高速工况下刹车,即使通过本文的计算程序振动收敛,但是当机轮从高速降到低速时,外界的扰动可能会使系统失稳。
(4) 针对机轮刹车力矩负斜率导致系统刹车不稳定的现象,本文提出在整个刹车过程中,将刹车压力设置为随机轮转速变小而降低,计算得出起落架走步振动收敛。因此,通过刹车压力控制结合防滑刹车控制可抑制起落架刹车走步。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12272297)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.017
  • 接收时间:2022-11-22
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-22
  • 修回日期:2023-02-01
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(12272297)
作者信息
    1西北工业大学力学与土木建筑学院, 陕西 西安 710072
    2中国飞机强度研究所,陕西 西安 710065
    3结构冲击动力学航空科技重点实验室,陕西 西安 710065
    4西北工业大学数学与统计学院,陕西 西安 710072
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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