Article(id=1227614520600888000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1659024000000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-29, revisedDate=1664553600000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770615709686, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770615709686, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770615709686, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770615709686, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227614514896634485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='4', pageStart='539', pageEnd='728', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770615708325, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795248114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228367559410512191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228367559410512192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=632, endPage=644, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227614520814797511, articleId=1227614520600888000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Fractional-order time-delayed feedback control of nonlinear dynamics in a giant magnetostrictive actuator, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper,a fractional-order time-delayed feedback controller is designed to control the nonlinear dynamic response of a single-degree-of-freedom giant magnetostrictive actuator (GMA). Considering the effect of geometric nonlinear factors introduced by the preloaded disc spring mechanism,a nonlinear mathematical model of the GMA system is established. The amplitude-frequency response equation of the main resonance of the system under the feedback control strategy with fractional-order time-delayed is obtained by the averaging method,and the stability condition of the system is obtained according to the Routh-Hurwitz criterion. The influence of key structural parameters in the GMA system on the amplitude-frequency response characteristics,as well as the characteristic law of the main resonance peak and system stability with each time-delayed feedback parameter are studied through numerical simulation. The bifurcation diagram and Lyapunov exponent diagram are obtained and the influence of the external excitation amplitude on the chaotic motion of the system is studied; finally,the time-delayed feedback gain and fractional order are used to suppress the chaotic motion of the system. The results show that the time-delayed feedback gain and fractional order can effectively suppress the main resonance peak and unstable region of the system,and the system response can be adjusted from chaotic motion to stable periodic movement to improve the stability of the system.

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设计了一种分数阶时滞反馈控制器,用于控制单自由度的超磁致伸缩致动器(GMA)的非线性动态响应。考虑到预压碟形弹簧机构引入的几何非线性因素影响,建立了GMA系统的非线性数学模型。利用平均法求解系统在含分数阶时滞反馈控制策略下主共振的幅频响应方程,根据Routh-Hurwitz准则得到系统的稳定性条件。通过数值模拟研究GMA系统中关键结构参数对幅频响应特性的影响,以及主共振峰值和系统稳定性随每个时滞反馈参数变化的特性规律;通过分岔图和Lyapunov指数图得到外激励幅值对系统混沌运动的影响;最后调节时滞反馈增益和分数阶次抑制系统的混沌运动。结果表明,时滞反馈增益和分数阶次能够有效抑制系统的主共振峰值和不稳定区域,可以将系统响应从混沌运动调整为稳定的周期运动,提高系统的稳定性。

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付 鑫(1998―),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:
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闫洪波(1981—),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师。 E-mail:

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闫洪波(1981—),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师。 E-mail:

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caption=Influence of eedback gain K1 on system amplitude-frequency characteristic curve when , figureFileSmall=8fXVpWp9PrIscchqThRxyw==, figureFileBig=MW6a7ZzBrD7YoqrdDJSAtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639827064091415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614520600888000, language=CN, label=图7, caption=时反馈增益K1对系统幅频特性曲线的影响, figureFileSmall=8fXVpWp9PrIscchqThRxyw==, figureFileBig=MW6a7ZzBrD7YoqrdDJSAtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639827156366105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614520600888000, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Influence of feedback gain K1 on system amplitude-frequency characteristic curve when f = 0.32 and , figureFileSmall=+bilrSXNIaTSJRQZDVUdLg==, figureFileBig=H2tPWcWaZ4FaM7mlVTbKWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639827223474969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614520600888000, language=CN, label=图8, 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caption=

Parameters related to the model material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
GMM棒的有效长度l/m0.4
GMM棒的横截面积/m21.21π×10-4
GMM棒的弹性模量E1/(N·m-2)3×1010
压磁系数d33/(m·A-1)4×10-9
固有磁导率/(H·m-1)20π×10-7
系统阻尼系数c/(N·s·m-1)400
输出顶杆质量m/kg0.5
碟形弹簧一次刚度系数/(N·m-1)4.73×106
碟形弹簧二次刚度系数/(N·m-2)2.22×109
碟形弹簧三次刚度系数/(N·m-3)2.59×1012
), ArticleFig(id=1227639830734107444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614520600888000, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型材料的相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
GMM棒的有效长度l/m0.4
GMM棒的横截面积/m21.21π×10-4
GMM棒的弹性模量E1/(N·m-2)3×1010
压磁系数d33/(m·A-1)4×10-9
固有磁导率/(H·m-1)20π×10-7
系统阻尼系数c/(N·s·m-1)400
输出顶杆质量m/kg0.5
碟形弹簧一次刚度系数/(N·m-1)4.73×106
碟形弹簧二次刚度系数/(N·m-2)2.22×109
碟形弹簧三次刚度系数/(N·m-3)2.59×1012
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超磁致伸缩致动器非线性动力学的分数阶时滞反馈控制
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闫洪波 1 , 付鑫 1 , 汪建新 1 , 于均成 1 , 马庆振 1 , 杨伯军 2
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(4): 632-644
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(4): 632-644
超磁致伸缩致动器非线性动力学的分数阶时滞反馈控制
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闫洪波1 , 付鑫1 , 汪建新1, 于均成1, 马庆振1, 杨伯军2
作者信息
  • 1内蒙古科技大学机械工程学院, 内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2河北工业大学国家技术创新方法与实施工具工程技术研究中心,天津 300131
  • 闫洪波(1981—),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

付 鑫(1998―),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:
Fractional-order time-delayed feedback control of nonlinear dynamics in a giant magnetostrictive actuator
Hong-bo YAN1 , Xin FU1 , Jian-xin WANG1, Jun-cheng YU1, Qing-zhen MA1, Bo-jun YANG2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Mechanical Engineering,Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology,Baotou 014010,China
  • 2National Engineering Research Center for Technological Innovation Method and Tool,Hebei University of Technology,Tianjin 300131,China
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.010
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设计了一种分数阶时滞反馈控制器,用于控制单自由度的超磁致伸缩致动器(GMA)的非线性动态响应。考虑到预压碟形弹簧机构引入的几何非线性因素影响,建立了GMA系统的非线性数学模型。利用平均法求解系统在含分数阶时滞反馈控制策略下主共振的幅频响应方程,根据Routh-Hurwitz准则得到系统的稳定性条件。通过数值模拟研究GMA系统中关键结构参数对幅频响应特性的影响,以及主共振峰值和系统稳定性随每个时滞反馈参数变化的特性规律;通过分岔图和Lyapunov指数图得到外激励幅值对系统混沌运动的影响;最后调节时滞反馈增益和分数阶次抑制系统的混沌运动。结果表明,时滞反馈增益和分数阶次能够有效抑制系统的主共振峰值和不稳定区域,可以将系统响应从混沌运动调整为稳定的周期运动,提高系统的稳定性。

几何非线性  /  超磁致伸缩致动器  /  混沌  /  时滞反馈  /  稳定性

In this paper,a fractional-order time-delayed feedback controller is designed to control the nonlinear dynamic response of a single-degree-of-freedom giant magnetostrictive actuator (GMA). Considering the effect of geometric nonlinear factors introduced by the preloaded disc spring mechanism,a nonlinear mathematical model of the GMA system is established. The amplitude-frequency response equation of the main resonance of the system under the feedback control strategy with fractional-order time-delayed is obtained by the averaging method,and the stability condition of the system is obtained according to the Routh-Hurwitz criterion. The influence of key structural parameters in the GMA system on the amplitude-frequency response characteristics,as well as the characteristic law of the main resonance peak and system stability with each time-delayed feedback parameter are studied through numerical simulation. The bifurcation diagram and Lyapunov exponent diagram are obtained and the influence of the external excitation amplitude on the chaotic motion of the system is studied; finally,the time-delayed feedback gain and fractional order are used to suppress the chaotic motion of the system. The results show that the time-delayed feedback gain and fractional order can effectively suppress the main resonance peak and unstable region of the system,and the system response can be adjusted from chaotic motion to stable periodic movement to improve the stability of the system.

geometric nonlinearity  /  giant magnetostrictive actuator  /  chaos  /  time-delayed feedback  /  stability
闫洪波, 付鑫, 汪建新, 于均成, 马庆振, 杨伯军. 超磁致伸缩致动器非线性动力学的分数阶时滞反馈控制. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (4) : 632 -644 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.010
Hong-bo YAN, Xin FU, Jian-xin WANG, Jun-cheng YU, Qing-zhen MA, Bo-jun YANG. Fractional-order time-delayed feedback control of nonlinear dynamics in a giant magnetostrictive actuator[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (4) : 632 -644 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.010
超磁致伸缩材料(Giant Magnetostrictive Material,GMM)作为一种新型功能材料,广泛应用于能量采集、微位移驱动、精密定位控制等领域1-7。以GMM棒为核心器件制作的超磁致伸缩致动器(Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator,GMA)在外部激励磁场作用下,通过改变GMM棒长度,以输出轴力的形式推动输出刚性杆运动,实现位移和力的输出。
但是,由于GMA系统存在多耦合非线性因素的影响8-9,很容易陷入非线性不稳定,造成系统的输出误差大、控制精度低。GMA系统中非线性不稳定甚至混沌运动的存在很难准确预测和控制其输出响应,严重阻碍GMA在精密定位控制、主动隔振等领域中的应用。孙华刚10建立了非线性磁力耦合GMA数学模型,研究表明,系统在工作过程中存在混沌现象;Zeng等11建立了大功率的GMA非线性数学模型,研究表明,增大系统阻尼系数有助于提高输出稳定性,系统刚度较低时,会产生混沌现象;Gao等12建立了GMA电磁机耦合动态数学模型,研究表明,当系统刚度系数和阻尼系数较低时,会导致系统失稳;Yan等13-14建立了GMA磁滞非线性数学模型,研究表明,在不同参数条件下,系统具有复杂的运动形态。Sylvain等15建立了具有五次非线性的薄磁致伸缩致动器数学模型,研究表明,系统表现出丰富而复杂的动力学特性,如多稳态和反单调性等。值得注意是,目前有关增强和改善非线性GMA系统的稳定性研究,主要集中于系统的磁滞补偿控制上16-18,对系统的几何非线性不稳定性以及控制还未深入研究。
时滞是自然界中常见的现象,在致动器工作过程中不可避免地导致作用于结构的控制力产生时滞效应。传统观点认为,时滞的存在是导致系统不稳定的因素19-20,系统的固有时滞通常利用时滞补偿抵消21。然而,Olgac等22-23研究表明使用时滞作为系统的主动控制参数可以有效抑制系统的振动。目前,关于非线性系统的时滞反馈控制已经取得了一定的成果。例如,Jiang等24建立了高阶非线性的机电耦合传动系统的扭转模型,研究表明,随着反馈增益系数的增加,系统不稳定区域变小,混沌运动转变为周期运动。Huang等25研究了随机参数激励下三稳态隔振系统的时滞反馈控制,研究表明,时滞的存在可以很大程度上抑制系统的振动幅度。Gao等26设计了一种时滞位移和速度反馈控制器用于控制GMA的动态特性,研究表明,选择合适的时滞反馈参数可以避免主共振的多值解,提高GMA系统的稳定性。Wang等27研究了具有分数阶导数的时滞反馈控制下刚度非线性和非对称性的SD振荡器,研究表明,调节时滞反馈参数可将振荡器调节到所需的运动状态。Cai等28利用Melnikov技术分析了非自治时滞反馈控制系统,研究表明,混沌吸引子的时滞与固有不稳定轨道的周期无关。Wen等29研究了分数阶时滞反馈Mathieu-Duffing振子的动力学,研究表明,时滞反馈增益的增加可以有效抑制混沌运动的产生,分数阶阶次的增加将会改变系统的分岔点,但系统的稳态非零周期解的稳定性不会改变。Xu等30提出了一种新型Jerk系统,设计了一种包含时滞反馈和分数阶PDσ的控制器,有效消除了分数阶Jerk系统的混沌运动。相较于传统的位移、速度时滞反馈控制,分数阶时滞反馈控制不仅具有反馈鲁棒性好、控制精度高等优点,还增加了系统的可调控参数,进一步提高了控制系统的稳定性29-31,但对于分数阶时滞反馈控制在GMA系统理论研究中的应用还未见过报道。
本文在前人研究基础上,设计了一种分数阶时滞反馈控制器控制GMA系统的非线性动态响应。利用平均法分析含分数阶时滞反馈控制策略下系统的主共振响应,推导控制系统需满足的稳定性条件,研究系统关键结构数以及每个时滞反馈参数对GMA系统主共振和混沌运动的影响,以期为GMA结构的稳定性优化设计提供理论依据和技术支持。
GMA系统的结构示意图如图1所示。基本工作原理为:线圈通入交变电流,产生激励磁场和偏置磁场,使GMM棒的长度发生变化,以输出轴力的形式推动输出刚性杆运动,实现位移和力的输出。考虑到输出部分的连接刚度以及预压碟形弹簧的刚度特性,将GMA系统输出端视为一个单自由度的质量弹性阻尼系统,其简化模型如图2所示。其中弹簧模块由致动器中的预压碟形弹簧和作为纵向振动的GMM棒组成,系统阻尼由GMM棒的内部材料阻尼和输出顶杆阻尼组成。
以GMA输出顶杆为研究对象,对其进行受力分析,其等效力学模型如图3所示。在静态稳定磁场作用下,GMM棒上端面与输出顶杆具有相同的位移。其中为GMM棒在激励磁场作用下产生的输出力,为碟形弹簧施加的预应力,为输出杆受到的阻尼力,分别为输出顶杆所受的外激励幅值和激励频率。
根据牛顿第二定律,建立非线性GMA系统的振动方程:
式中  为输出顶杆质量。
在静态稳定磁场作用下,根据磁致伸缩效应、第一压磁方程,可以得到沿GMM棒长度方向的线性压磁方程为32
式中  为GMM棒所受的应力;分别GMM棒的应变和内部的磁场强度;为柔顺系数;为压磁常数;为磁导率;为磁感应强度。
不考虑磁场变化对每个参数和磁路总磁阻的影响,静态均匀磁场中GMA的输出轴力为:
式中  l分别为GMM棒的弹性模量、横截面积和长度。
根据碟形弹簧设计理论和磁致伸缩理论33,令组合碟形弹簧变形量时,GMA中预压碟形弹簧的预应力为:
式中  ;其中为由值查表得到的修正值;分别为碟形弹簧的厚度、外径和内径;为碟形弹簧的最大变形量。
将式(3)和(4)代入式(1)中简化整理为:
式中  为系统阻尼系数。
引入无量纲位移,时间,对式(5)进行无量纲处理为:
式中  为无量纲阻尼系数;为无量纲平方刚度系数;为无量纲激励幅值;为无量纲激励频率。
当GMA系统处于主共振状态时,系统中会产生鞍结分岔,出现突跳和滞后现象,严重破坏GMA的稳定性。分数阶时滞反馈控制因其良好的反馈鲁棒性和较高的控制精度,是用来研究控制非线性系统分岔的有效方法之一。通过设计分数阶时滞反馈控制器来控制非线性GMA系统的主共振响应,可以有效消除GMA系统的跳跃和滞后现象。如图2所示,通过位移传感器测定输出顶杆的位移,位移输出量通过信号处理器放大和变换后传递到控制器中,通过控制器产生相应的控制信号作用于输出杆,从而调节GMA系统的运动形态。为书写方便,令,式(6)可改写为:
式中  为分数阶时滞反馈控制,K1为反馈增益,为控制过程中的时滞参数,为分数阶次()。分数阶微积分目前使用较多的是Grünwald-Letnikov,Riemann-Liouville和Caputo定义34-35,在一定条件下它们对于大多数函数是等价的,本文采用Caputo定义如下:
式中  为伽玛函数,满足
为令式(7)满足平均法求解形式上的要求,需使用以下坐标变换:(立方项系数),其中为小参数。则式(7)可表示为:
当GMA系统的外部激励频率接近系统的固有频率时(),将会产生主共振响应,引入调谐参数得:
将式(10)代入式(9)中整理为:
假设式(11)的解为:
式中  ;振幅和广义相位是时间的慢变函数,根据平均法可以得到:
式中 
在时间间隔[0,T]内,对式(13)应用平均法,得到振幅和广义相位的近似表达式为36
将式(14)中的两个式子分为两部分,分别进行积分计算,对于周期函数,其积分上限可选择;非周期函数可视为是周期为的周期函数,其积分上限可选择。由此可得到式(14)中第一部分的简化形式为:
式(14)中第二部分的简化形式为:
对式(16)进行简化,需引入两个重要公式36-37
将式(11)和式(17)代入式(16)中,并引入,可最终简化整理为:
结合式(15)和(18),并将坐标变换前的原始参数代入式(13),可简化整理为:
式中 
为了获得GMA系统的稳态解,令时,由式(19)可得到系统的幅频特性方程为:
根据式(20)可知,反馈增益系数K1、分数阶和时滞参数对GMA系统的幅频响应具有重要影响。其中分数阶对GMA系统动力学的影响尤为显著,分数阶以指数函数和三角函数形式影响GMA系统的等效刚度系数和等效阻尼系数。当时,分数阶时滞反馈控制同时具有位移时滞反馈控制和速度时滞反馈控制的功能;当时,分数阶时滞反馈控制近乎等价于位移时滞反馈控制;当时,分数阶时滞反馈控制近乎等价于速度时滞反馈控制。
为研究控制系统在平衡点解的稳定性,假设式(19)的稳态解为()。让系统在其平衡点受到轻微扰动的影响。扰动方程如下:
将式(21)代入式(19)中,并在保持其线性项的同时扩展的轻微扰动项,得到以下非线性系统方程:
根据式(19)消除,得到式(22)对应的雅可比矩阵的特征值方程表达式:
对应式(23)可以得到如下的特征方程:
式(24)的特征值如下:
由式(25)可知,GMA受控系统的特征值受分数阶时滞控制参数的影响,并且当时,其特征方程中存在一对共轭纯虚根,系统将发生Hopf分岔,严重影响系统的稳定性。为能有效消除或延迟系统发生的分岔情况,根据Routh-Hurwitz准则,控制系统需满足以下条件:
图4为当时,由Routh-Hurwitz稳定性条件得到控制参数的稳定性参数区域图(蓝色区域)。由图4可知,适当调节反馈控制参数,能有效提高GMA系统的稳定性。
GMA系统的部分相关参数如表1所示1026
为了解各参数对GMA幅频特性曲线的影响,取外激励幅值F=7×103 N,根据式(6)得到无量纲基本参数:,以下无特别说明,均采用以上各参数取值。根据式(19)得到GMA系统的幅频特性曲线,并结合式(26)研究系统的稳定(黑色曲线)和不稳定(红色曲线)区域,结果如图5所示。
图5为各无量纲参数对非受控GMA系统幅频特性曲线的影响()。从图5(a)中可以清晰地看到,系统主共振的幅频特性中表现出明显的非线性特性,骨架曲线向右倾斜。当正向扫描(即调谐参数2变化到2)时,系统振幅一直增大,当增大至0.7535时,系统突然出现从A点到B点的跳跃现象并伴随着响应振幅的突然减小,随后随着的增大,系统振幅逐渐减小。当反向扫描(即调谐参数从2变化到2)时,系统振幅逐渐增大,当减小至0.5298时,系统中出现从C点到D点的突跳现象,此时响应振幅突然增大,随后随着的减小,系统振幅逐渐增大。此时不难发现,对应点A的峰值只有从较小值增加时才能达到;另一方面,幅频响应的多个解中存在两个渐近稳定解(AD和BC部分)和一个不稳定解(AC部分)。
图5(b),(c)为无量纲激励幅值和无量纲阻尼系数对未受控GMA系统幅频特性曲线的影响。由图5(b),(c)可知,当调谐参数从-2变化到2时,系统主共振幅频特性曲线呈先增大后减小的趋势。从图中不难看出,系统共振曲线的左半部分和右下半部分表示稳定解;右上半部分为不稳定解,此时表现为共振分叉现象。随着激励振幅的增大,系统共振幅值也相应增大,共振曲线呈外扩现象,骨架曲线向右发生偏转,其共振区域和不稳定区域逐渐变宽;随着阻尼系数的增大,系统受到的阻尼力变大,共振曲线呈现内缩现象,共振幅值减小,其共振区域和不稳定区域逐渐变小。因此,较大的阻尼系数和较小的激励振幅可避免系统多值区域和跳跃现象的产生,从而提高系统的稳定性。根据可知,较大的系统阻尼系数c和较小的刚度系数能够增大。然而,较小的刚度系数将会导致系统的固有频率降低,致使系统更容易进入共振状态;根据可知,增大系统的刚度系数、减小三次刚度系数能够有效减小激励振幅。因此,为了提高GMA系统的稳定性,应当增大系统的阻尼系数c、刚度系数,减小系统三次刚度系数,这一结论与现有研究结果一致11-12
图5(d)为无量纲二次刚度系数对未受控GMA系统幅频特性曲线的影响。由图可知,当从0.05变化到1.6时,系统的共振骨架曲线从左向右发生偏转,弯曲程度呈先减小后增大的趋势,碟形弹簧的硬化特性变为软化特性。同时当趋近于1时,由碟形弹簧引入的几何非线性对系统没有产生影响。结合和式(4)不难发现,GMA系统的几何非线性主要与参数有关,当参数恒定时,可通过增加碟形弹簧外径D提高系统的稳定性。
本节重点研究分数阶时滞反馈控制中调控参数对GMA系统主共振的影响。当分数阶时,根据式(20)可知,分数阶时滞反馈控制等价于位移时滞反馈控制,如图6所示。当反馈增益K1从-1变化到1时,共振曲线向左移动。GMA系统的共振幅值、共振区域面积、稳定性均没有发生变化。
当分数阶时,分数阶时滞反馈控制等价于速度时滞反馈控制,如图7(a),(b)所示。由图7(a)可知,当反馈增益K1从-0.1变化到-1时,系统共振曲线呈现内缩现象,变得越来越平坦,共振幅值、共振区域面积逐渐减小,共振曲线存在的多值区域和跳跃现象逐渐消失。由图7(b)可知,当反馈增益K1从0.1变化到1时,表现出与负反馈增益不一样的变化形式,当反馈增益K1=0.1时,共振幅值、共振区域面积略微增大,GMA系统的稳定性变差;随后随着反馈增益系数的增大,其变化形式与负反馈增益变化类似。反馈增益K1的作用类似于在GMA系统引入新的阻尼,提高了GMA系统的稳定性。此外,分析发现在相同参数条件下,负反馈控制效果优于正反馈控制。
时,分数阶时滞反馈控制同时具有位移、速度时滞反馈控制的功能,如图8所示。当时滞参数时,在正反馈增益K1作用下,GMA系统的共振曲线向左移动,随着反馈增益K1的增大,共振曲线存在的多值区域和跳跃现象逐渐消失。在负反馈增益K1作用下,GMA系统共振曲线向右移动,随着反馈增益K1的增大,共振曲线变得越来越平坦,共振曲线存在的多值区域和跳跃现象消失。此时不难发现,分数阶反馈增益K1的作用类似于增加系统的刚度和阻尼,通过选择合适的反馈增益K1,可以有效抑制共振曲线的振幅峰值和跳跃现象,提高GMA系统的稳定性。
图9K1=-0.5,f=0.4,时不同分数阶对GMA系统幅频特性曲线的影响。由图可知,当分数阶时,共振曲线向右移动,对GMA系统的稳定性没有产生影响;当分数阶逐渐增大时,系统幅频特性曲线的拓扑结构也随之改变,其共振曲线向左移动,共振区域、振动幅值逐渐减小,存在的多值区域和跳跃现象消失,系统稳定性增强。因此,通过选择合适的分数阶,可以有效控制GMA系统的稳定性。同时相较于Gao等26设计的GMA系统时滞反馈控制器而言,在相同参数条件下,分数阶时滞反馈控制可额外调节分数阶,取得更好的控制效果。
图10为分数阶f=0.4时不同时滞参数对GMA系统幅频特性曲线的影响。由图可知,当反馈增益K1=1时,随着时滞参数从0变化到4时,系统共振曲线向右移动,共振幅值呈先减小后增大的趋势;当反馈增益K1=-1时,随着时滞参数从0变化到4时,系统共振曲线向左移动,共振幅值呈增大趋势,共振区域骨架曲线逐渐向右发生倾斜,出现多值区域和跳跃现象。显然,时滞参数的变化不仅会使控制系统出现更为复杂的运动情况,调节合适的时滞参数时也可以更有效地控制GMA系统的稳定性。但上述分析结果仅适用于时,这是因为在分数阶时滞反馈控制中分数阶通过三角函数与时滞参数的耦合影响系统的刚度和阻尼。
以上结果表明,通过选择合适的分数阶、反馈增益系数K1和时滞参数可以有效控制系统的多值解和跳跃现象,从而提高GMA系统的稳定性。
为了验证上述解析解的可行性,在此给出式(7)的数值结果。数值公式为34
式中  n=1,2,…),为计算的时间步长;为二项式系数,并满足以下迭代关系式:
式(7)中的分数阶导数涉及到时滞参数,不能直接利用式(27),令i为自然数),可以得到:
根据式(27)~(29),可以得到式(7)的数值迭代算法,如下所示:
在计算过程中,时间步长设置为h=0.0001,总计算时间为1000 s,并舍去前800 s,后200 s的响应峰值作为数值结果的稳定振幅。图11K1=-0.2,时式(7)的解析解与数值解的对比幅频特性曲线。从图11的观察结果来看,解析解与数值解结果非常吻合,进一步验证了上述解析分析的有效性。
图5所示,当GMA系统的幅频特性曲线中出现多值解时,某些参数变化可能会导致系统产生混沌运动。当系统为非受控系统时(),式(7)的数值解利用上述式(30)方法进行求解,通过MATLAB软件模拟仿真,并选取稳态响应部分对GMA系统进行仿真,初始条件为[0,0],以激励幅值为控制参数,选择步长,得到GMA系统的分岔图和Lyapunov指数图如图12所示。
图12可知,当外部激励幅值在非受控系统中发生变化时,系统运动形式变化为:周期1运动→跳跃运动→周期1运动→混沌运动→退化为周期3运动→混沌运动。为进一步描述GMA系统运动形式变化,图13~15描述了3种不同外激励幅值下的时域波形图、相轨迹图和Poincaré图。当时,如图13所示,其时域波形图表现为单一且有规律的往复运动,相轨迹中的闭环平滑曲线形成一个圆,Poincaré图中为一单一的吸引子,此时系统处于典型的周期运动。当时,如图14所示,其时域波形图中表现为三个周期信号的叠加组合,相轨迹中的闭环平滑曲线形成三个圆,庞加莱图中出现三个孤立的吸引子,这意味着系统此时处于周期3运动。当时,如图15所示,其时域波形图中表现为无规律往复运动,相轨迹呈现不规则曲线,Poincaré图中存在大量的不规则点,因此在该点处,系统发生混沌运动。
根据图12可知,当外部激励幅值变化时,原始GMA系统中将会产生分岔和混沌运动。由于时滞反馈增益系数K1和分数阶容易改变,可以通过调整K1来控制系统的混沌运动。当,初始时滞p=0.5时,初始条件[0,0],其余参数保持不变,得到具有时滞反馈增益K1的受控GMA系统的分岔图如图16所示。当K1∈[‒0.16,0]时,系统仍处于混沌系统,当K1=-0.05时,如图17所示,其时域波形图为无规律无周期的往复运动,相轨迹曲线为一条长期无法封闭,无规律的多圈相套的线圈,庞加莱图中存在大量的不规则点。此后系统进入到稳定周期运动,如图18所示(K1=-0.2)。
同时由图9可知,分数阶可以有效控制系统的振动幅度,因此还需进一步了解分数阶对GMA系统混沌运动的控制效果。当K1=-0.3时,初始条件[0,0],得到具有分数阶的受控GMA系统的分岔图如图19所示。由图可知,当分数阶∈[0,0.1]时,系统仍处于混沌运动;当分数阶∈[0.1,0.15]时,系统进入到周期4运动中;当分数阶∈[0.15,0.2]时,系统重新进入到混沌运动中;当分数阶p>0.2后,系统将进入到稳定的周期运动中。
对于受控系统(7),分别选择增益系数K1=-0.1,-0.3和分数阶p=0.05,0.5,以激励幅值为控制参数得到系统的分岔图如图20所示。由图可知,当反馈增益K1和分数阶较小时,系统仍然存在混沌区域,但相较于图12中而言,混沌区域明显减少;当反馈增益K1不变时,通过适当调节分数阶可进一步减少系统的混沌区域;当增大反馈增益K1时,系统的混沌区域明显减少;在不改变K1时,适当调节分数阶系统将会变为周期运动。结果表明,通过调整反馈增益K1和分数阶,可以有效地减小系统的混沌运动区域直至周期运动,从而提高GMA系统的稳定性。
本研究基于平均法研究GMA系统的幅频响应方程,并推导了分数阶时滞反馈控制下系统的稳定性条件。通过数值模拟研究不同时滞反馈参数对系统主共振、混沌运动的影响。研究结果如下:
(1)未引入分数阶时滞反馈控制条件下,蝶形弹簧对GMA系统的稳定性起着重要作用,可通过增加蝶形弹簧的外径和数量提高GMA系统的稳定性。
(2)引入分数阶时滞反馈参数后,当p=0时,反馈增益的增加仅让共振曲线左右移动,不影响GMA系统的稳定性;当p=1时,反馈增益的增加可减少共振曲线的不稳定区域,从而有效提高了GMA系统的稳定性;当0<p<1时,反馈增益的增加可同时达到以上两种控制效果。给定反馈增益时,分数阶次p越大,GMA系统的稳定性越好;时滞参数不仅导致共振曲线左右移动,还影响系统的稳定性区域。
(3)随着负反馈增益和分数阶p的增大,可以有效地控制系统从混沌状态到周期运动的响应,从而提高GMA系统的稳定性。
本文的研究为GMA系统的分数阶时滞反馈控制奠定了一定的理论基础,通过适当调控反馈参数,可以有效控制系统的共振幅值和共振区域,减小系统的混沌运动,提高GMA系统的稳定性。
  • 内蒙古自然科学基金资助项目(2020LH05023)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.010
  • 接收时间:2022-07-29
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-29
  • 修回日期:2022-10-01
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内蒙古自然科学基金资助项目(2020LH05023)
作者信息
    1内蒙古科技大学机械工程学院, 内蒙古 包头 014010
    2河北工业大学国家技术创新方法与实施工具工程技术研究中心,天津 300131

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付 鑫(1998―),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:
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