Article(id=1227614519967548083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1663516800000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-19, revisedDate=1678204800000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770615709534, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770615709534, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770615709534, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770615709534, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227614514896634485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='4', pageStart='539', pageEnd='728', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770615708325, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795248114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228367559410512191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228367559410512192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=696, endPage=707, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227614520173068983, articleId=1227614519967548083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Multibody dynamics analysis of whipping phenomenon in probe-drogue aerial refueling system, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The flexible structure in probe-drogue aerial refueling system often occurs the hose whipping phenomenon in different degrees,which greatly affects the safety of aerial refueling mission. Based on flexible multibody dynamics,a dynamic model of aerial refueling system is built. The large deformation,large-scale movement and variable length characteristic of the hose are described by beam element that based on arbitrary Lagrange-Euler description and absolute node coordinate method. The aerodynamic model on the aerial refueling system is built,which can reflect the coupling effect between the movement of the tank and the receiver,the deformation of hose and aerodynamic force. Based on the dynamics model,the hose whipping phenomenon in flight is reproduced,and the formation mechanism of the phenomenon is obtained. The research shows that the docking impact is the main cause of whipping phenomenon,which changes the equilibrium state of the hose and causes shear waves to propagate and reflect back. The results of multi-case simulation are used for analyzing the influence law of various factors,including hose stiffness,docking speed and Mach number,on the shear force,longitudinal wave and shear wave propagation speed of the hose when whipping phenomenon happened. The effectiveness of hose reeling in/out control and buffered probe for vibration suppression of hose whipping phenomenon is also analyzed,which provides an important reference for improving the safety of probe-drogue aerial refueling system.

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软管-锥套式空中加油系统的柔性结构经常发生不同程度的软管鞭甩现象,极大影响空中加油任务的安全性。基于柔性多体动力学,建立了空中加油系统动力学模型,其中,利用基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉描述方式和绝对结点坐标法的索/梁模型描述管线的大变形、大范围运动以及软管收放,并对空中加油系统受到的气动力进行建模,建立的模型能够反映加油机和受油机运动、软管和锥套的变形与气动力的耦合影响。基于建立的空中加油系统动力学模型,复现飞行状态下的软管鞭甩现象,获得了鞭甩现象的形成机理。研究表明,对接冲击下,软管平衡状态改变所形成的剪切波向后传播与反射是鞭甩现象产生的主要原因。通过多工况计算结果,分析了软管刚度、对接速度、Ma数各因素对鞭甩现象引起的软管剪切力、纵波与剪切波传播速度的影响规律,并分别分析了软管收放控制和加缓冲的受油插头两种措施对鞭甩现象振动抑制的有效性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
史晓军(1980―),男,硕士,工程师。 E-mail:
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赵振军(1979—),男,博士,高级工程师。 电话: (010)88802208; E-mail:

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赵振军(1979—),男,博士,高级工程师。 电话: (010)88802208; E-mail:

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赵振军(1979—),男,博士,高级工程师。 电话: (010)88802208; E-mail:

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Semi-active magnetorheological refueling probe systems for aerial refueling events[J]. Smart Materials and Structures201322(9): 092001., articleTitle=Semi-active magnetorheological refueling probe systems for aerial refueling events, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1227639825017275310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227639825025663920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, companyId=1227639825017275310, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227639825034052529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, companyId=1227639825017275310, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北方工业大学机械与材料工程学院, 北京 100144)]), AuthorCompany(id=1227639825096967091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227639825105355699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, companyId=1227639825096967091, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of High Speed Aerodynamics, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227639825109550004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, companyId=1227639825096967091, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国空气动力研究与发展中心高速空气动力研究所, 四川 绵阳 621000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1227639827194119145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Multibody dynamics model of hose-drogue aerial refueling system, figureFileSmall=wyfC9YCYRpaqWnk4GISLyQ==, figureFileBig=iXaF6sM0GrlLMMU6YLpN2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639827273810923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图1, caption=软管式空中加油系统多体动力学模型, figureFileSmall=wyfC9YCYRpaqWnk4GISLyQ==, figureFileBig=iXaF6sM0GrlLMMU6YLpN2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639827357697005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of fuel hose ALE cable model, figureFileSmall=UvMp+7hzOcEEEhw23ahkFA==, figureFileBig=BUZBAdURwlolgfzsFfRf/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639827433194479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图2, caption=加油软管ALE索模型示意图, figureFileSmall=UvMp+7hzOcEEEhw23ahkFA==, figureFileBig=BUZBAdURwlolgfzsFfRf/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639827521274864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Aerodynamic model parameter definition, figureFileSmall=He6qQmALVMYKDCKTn3O0mg==, figureFileBig=VEbepdYrkZw5yrrekcEhsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639827592578034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图3, caption=气动力模型参数定义, figureFileSmall=He6qQmALVMYKDCKTn3O0mg==, figureFileBig=VEbepdYrkZw5yrrekcEhsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639827676464116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Contour map of surface pressure of cone sleeve (Unit:Pa), figureFileSmall=86opU6TGvd5odDKE0JGl9Q==, figureFileBig=Eol5YqAaeyK2C7vkYcOMrQ==, tableContent=null), 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language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Comparison of video and simulation results of hose whipping phenomenon based on flexible multibody dynamics, figureFileSmall=rj7fo93i4XgEJRruuIz+rQ==, figureFileBig=5pod7sef0vHnq9yBCv5AWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639828066534397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图6, caption=基于柔性多体动力学的鞭甩现象视频与仿真结果对比, figureFileSmall=rj7fo93i4XgEJRruuIz+rQ==, figureFileBig=5pod7sef0vHnq9yBCv5AWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639828146226175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Time-space evolution diagram of hose node vertical velocity in common case, figureFileSmall=ORSPBHM7VU6eTWs7B/QWtg==, figureFileBig=LMKWPP5dKRcJfrnIzE4G5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639829530345472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图7, caption=标准工况软管结点垂向速度时空演化图, figureFileSmall=ORSPBHM7VU6eTWs7B/QWtg==, figureFileBig=LMKWPP5dKRcJfrnIzE4G5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639829605842946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Time-space evolution diagram of hose tension, figureFileSmall=k68oA41dvPPeySU4/4o2Wg==, figureFileBig=mX4yaFrQx4zb0Dc4ZCX7eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639829651980292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图8, caption=软管张力时空演化图, figureFileSmall=k68oA41dvPPeySU4/4o2Wg==, figureFileBig=mX4yaFrQx4zb0Dc4ZCX7eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639829714894854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Time-space evolution diagram of hose vertical shear force, figureFileSmall=1xAoEOg2MzybItSIDZefOg==, figureFileBig=MQFKulb3IVFW9iaQ5PXyqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639829949775880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图9, caption=软管垂向剪切力时空演化图, figureFileSmall=1xAoEOg2MzybItSIDZefOg==, figureFileBig=MQFKulb3IVFW9iaQ5PXyqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639830021079050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Time-space evolution diagram of hose under different hose stiffness, figureFileSmall=zFFWfBxuyJaH0/kkh2Rriw==, figureFileBig=8HQ+0o+qvZCxvaczMAL+sA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639830104965132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同软管刚度下软管变化时空演化图, figureFileSmall=zFFWfBxuyJaH0/kkh2Rriw==, figureFileBig=8HQ+0o+qvZCxvaczMAL+sA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639830193045518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Propagation velocities of longitudinal and shear waves at different hose stiffnesses, figureFileSmall=+OsNzqCp6V5uydN2Js2GqQ==, figureFileBig=va1JU2zYicO6+2i6y9YkZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639830268542991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同软管刚度下纵波和剪切波传播速度, figureFileSmall=+OsNzqCp6V5uydN2Js2GqQ==, figureFileBig=va1JU2zYicO6+2i6y9YkZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639830348234769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Maximum shear force of hose at different hose stiffness, figureFileSmall=CL5BrTH5VrB+W770SlFB1Q==, figureFileBig=8fHiyi7LPTUN/ZAbyWf/cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639830444703762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同软管刚度下软管的最大剪力, figureFileSmall=CL5BrTH5VrB+W770SlFB1Q==, figureFileBig=8fHiyi7LPTUN/ZAbyWf/cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639830541172756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Time-space evolution diagram of hose under different docking speeds, figureFileSmall=H8JzAOjVET4/dXwkPmaJcw==, figureFileBig=wTT5jvWg0zB0yw0FbnK82Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639830616670230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同对接速度下软管变化时空演化图, figureFileSmall=H8JzAOjVET4/dXwkPmaJcw==, figureFileBig=wTT5jvWg0zB0yw0FbnK82Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639830683779096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Propagation velocities of longitudinal and shear waves at different docking velocities, figureFileSmall=7C667SU/4J5is8rRNowDQg==, figureFileBig=lC3D1sRk8O7KJIXzLv2vhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639830801219610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同对接速度下纵波和剪切波传播速度, figureFileSmall=7C667SU/4J5is8rRNowDQg==, figureFileBig=lC3D1sRk8O7KJIXzLv2vhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639830868328476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Maximum shear force of hose at different butt speeds, figureFileSmall=3WzfTN4Ml5TDQjkHjSbm+A==, figureFileBig=Bk6GciGYZCiX+pSE79FIIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639830985768990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同对接速度下软管的最大剪力, figureFileSmall=3WzfTN4Ml5TDQjkHjSbm+A==, figureFileBig=Bk6GciGYZCiX+pSE79FIIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639831250010143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Time-space evolution diagram of hose at different Mach numbers, figureFileSmall=1wP10etRhmkGMUvNNLVoyQ==, figureFileBig=Ytrg1NyTA/XUgBcAqx7Oow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639831363256353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同Ma数下软管变化时空演化图, figureFileSmall=1wP10etRhmkGMUvNNLVoyQ==, figureFileBig=Ytrg1NyTA/XUgBcAqx7Oow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639831442948131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Propagation velocities of longitudinal and shear waves at different Mach numbers, figureFileSmall=tIKzvuHxMWN8q4ib01REgw==, figureFileBig=HavaG2ymBshYKFNJd4A9SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639831535222821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图17, caption=不同Ma数下纵波和剪切波传播速度, figureFileSmall=tIKzvuHxMWN8q4ib01REgw==, figureFileBig=HavaG2ymBshYKFNJd4A9SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639831606525991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Maximum shear force of hose at different Mach numbers, figureFileSmall=jyqHpKSqtF7Zz8TcRLcVVQ==, figureFileBig=PB7B1HvKIM/Vhv6jeLnjfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639831673634857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图18, caption=不同Ma数下软管的最大剪力, figureFileSmall=jyqHpKSqtF7Zz8TcRLcVVQ==, figureFileBig=PB7B1HvKIM/Vhv6jeLnjfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639831740743723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Hose length with reeling in/out control, figureFileSmall=PyBww5YL7WQKxk4EsoxVKQ==, figureFileBig=lWRhSlW/UCP//3+opWuMYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639831812046891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图19, caption=卷筒收放控制下软管长度变化, figureFileSmall=PyBww5YL7WQKxk4EsoxVKQ==, figureFileBig=lWRhSlW/UCP//3+opWuMYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639831887544365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Hose tension with/without reeling in/out control, figureFileSmall=ilpdK9pQ1BE3vVUBO5OrEw==, figureFileBig=fpwsrBblJ57L6BVAkV1DYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639831954653230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图20, caption=有无卷筒收放控制下软管张力变化, figureFileSmall=ilpdK9pQ1BE3vVUBO5OrEw==, figureFileBig=fpwsrBblJ57L6BVAkV1DYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639832017567792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.21, caption=Hose configuration with/without reeling in/out control, figureFileSmall=ZEXe3dud0a65XN8hOzHYyw==, figureFileBig=aMnHsAp/JJVVBTP4bQlK+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639832109842482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图21, caption=卷筒收放控制下软管构型变化, figureFileSmall=ZEXe3dud0a65XN8hOzHYyw==, figureFileBig=aMnHsAp/JJVVBTP4bQlK+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639832185339955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.22, caption=Vertical shear force of hose with/without reeling in/out control, figureFileSmall=aoe3KBeKfWInHc2adZbupQ==, figureFileBig=Ozfq5G1Uf4Hh4mG2uuRtsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639832260837428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图22, caption=有无卷筒收放控制下软管剪力变化, figureFileSmall=aoe3KBeKfWInHc2adZbupQ==, figureFileBig=Ozfq5G1Uf4Hh4mG2uuRtsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639832336334901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.23, caption=Hose structure change under the influence of buffered probe, figureFileSmall=LO29vyMKaV654E9V4bHI3A==, figureFileBig=Cuhw98ifBsZr2s6T57aOAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639832416026678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图23, caption=受油插头加缓冲影响下软管构型变化, figureFileSmall=LO29vyMKaV654E9V4bHI3A==, figureFileBig=Cuhw98ifBsZr2s6T57aOAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639832483135543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Fig.24, caption=Vertical shear force of hose with/without buffered probe, figureFileSmall=fOOzWiJaT6D187tTuAGxoA==, figureFileBig=DqbghNkbuDU825x8XpLivg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639832562827320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=图24, caption=受油插头有无缓冲装置时软管的剪力变化, figureFileSmall=fOOzWiJaT6D187tTuAGxoA==, figureFileBig=DqbghNkbuDU825x8XpLivg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639832634130489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Model parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部分参数符号单位数值
加油机质量146283.5
转动惯量9639286.0
转动惯量11802149.8
转动惯量21664501.1
翼展39.877
弦长5.668
受油机质量13900
转动惯量22674.7
转动惯量133273.7
转动惯量150671.3
翼展13.62
弦长5.14
软管外径68
内径54
线密度4.2
杨氏模量8
锥套直径0.61
参考面积0.204
质量40.0
转动惯量3.547
转动惯量3.547
转动惯量0.403
), ArticleFig(id=1227639833988890682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部分参数符号单位数值
加油机质量146283.5
转动惯量9639286.0
转动惯量11802149.8
转动惯量21664501.1
翼展39.877
弦长5.668
受油机质量13900
转动惯量22674.7
转动惯量133273.7
转动惯量150671.3
翼展13.62
弦长5.14
软管外径68
内径54
线密度4.2
杨氏模量8
锥套直径0.61
参考面积0.204
质量40.0
转动惯量3.547
转动惯量3.547
转动惯量0.403
), ArticleFig(id=1227639834072776763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Aerodynamic coefficients of aircraft (Ma=0.5)

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参数符号单位参数值
F-18KC-135
rad-1‒0.6920.0192
rad-14.34.37
rad-1‒0.407‒0.7
rad-1·s-14.4517.8
rad-1·s-1‒5.83‒21
无量纲0.140.017
无量纲‒0.02040.2
无量纲0.006350.0
rad-10.09770.04
rad-10.7420.2
rad-1‒0.975‒1.3
rad-1·s-12.39.2
rad-1·s-1‒1.03‒4
rad-1‒0.999‒1
rad-1‒0.137‒0.1
rad-10.1370.12
rad-1·s-1‒0.394‒0.4
rad-1·s-1‒0.0183‒0.098
rad-1·s-10.3230.15
rad-1·s-1‒0.166‒0.15
), ArticleFig(id=1227639834152468540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519967548083, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

飞机气动力系数(Ma=0.5)

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参数符号单位参数值
F-18KC-135
rad-1‒0.6920.0192
rad-14.34.37
rad-1‒0.407‒0.7
rad-1·s-14.4517.8
rad-1·s-1‒5.83‒21
无量纲0.140.017
无量纲‒0.02040.2
无量纲0.006350.0
rad-10.09770.04
rad-10.7420.2
rad-1‒0.975‒1.3
rad-1·s-12.39.2
rad-1·s-1‒1.03‒4
rad-1‒0.999‒1
rad-1‒0.137‒0.1
rad-10.1370.12
rad-1·s-1‒0.394‒0.4
rad-1·s-1‒0.0183‒0.098
rad-1·s-10.3230.15
rad-1·s-1‒0.166‒0.15
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Aerodynamic coefficients characteristic dimensions

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参数数值参数数值
‒1.19760.9884
0‒0.7183
‒0.00620.4766
‒1.01650
0
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锥套基本气动力系数

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0‒0.7183
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软式空中加油系统鞭甩现象多体动力学分析
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赵振军 1 , 谭兴宇 1 , 史晓军 2 , 张昌荣 2 , 郭鹏 2
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(4): 696-707
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(4): 696-707
软式空中加油系统鞭甩现象多体动力学分析
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赵振军1 , 谭兴宇1, 史晓军2 , 张昌荣2, 郭鹏2
作者信息
  • 1北方工业大学机械与材料工程学院, 北京 100144
  • 2中国空气动力研究与发展中心高速空气动力研究所, 四川 绵阳 621000
  • 赵振军(1979—),男,博士,高级工程师。 电话: (010)88802208; E-mail:

通讯作者:

史晓军(1980―),男,硕士,工程师。 E-mail:
Multibody dynamics analysis of whipping phenomenon in probe-drogue aerial refueling system
Zhen-jun ZHAO1 , Xing-yu TAN1, Xiao-jun SHI2 , Chang-rong ZHANG2, Peng GUO2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
  • 2Institute of High Speed Aerodynamics, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.016
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软管-锥套式空中加油系统的柔性结构经常发生不同程度的软管鞭甩现象,极大影响空中加油任务的安全性。基于柔性多体动力学,建立了空中加油系统动力学模型,其中,利用基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉描述方式和绝对结点坐标法的索/梁模型描述管线的大变形、大范围运动以及软管收放,并对空中加油系统受到的气动力进行建模,建立的模型能够反映加油机和受油机运动、软管和锥套的变形与气动力的耦合影响。基于建立的空中加油系统动力学模型,复现飞行状态下的软管鞭甩现象,获得了鞭甩现象的形成机理。研究表明,对接冲击下,软管平衡状态改变所形成的剪切波向后传播与反射是鞭甩现象产生的主要原因。通过多工况计算结果,分析了软管刚度、对接速度、Ma数各因素对鞭甩现象引起的软管剪切力、纵波与剪切波传播速度的影响规律,并分别分析了软管收放控制和加缓冲的受油插头两种措施对鞭甩现象振动抑制的有效性。

多体动力学  /  空中加油  /  鞭甩现象  /  软管-锥套组合体

The flexible structure in probe-drogue aerial refueling system often occurs the hose whipping phenomenon in different degrees,which greatly affects the safety of aerial refueling mission. Based on flexible multibody dynamics,a dynamic model of aerial refueling system is built. The large deformation,large-scale movement and variable length characteristic of the hose are described by beam element that based on arbitrary Lagrange-Euler description and absolute node coordinate method. The aerodynamic model on the aerial refueling system is built,which can reflect the coupling effect between the movement of the tank and the receiver,the deformation of hose and aerodynamic force. Based on the dynamics model,the hose whipping phenomenon in flight is reproduced,and the formation mechanism of the phenomenon is obtained. The research shows that the docking impact is the main cause of whipping phenomenon,which changes the equilibrium state of the hose and causes shear waves to propagate and reflect back. The results of multi-case simulation are used for analyzing the influence law of various factors,including hose stiffness,docking speed and Mach number,on the shear force,longitudinal wave and shear wave propagation speed of the hose when whipping phenomenon happened. The effectiveness of hose reeling in/out control and buffered probe for vibration suppression of hose whipping phenomenon is also analyzed,which provides an important reference for improving the safety of probe-drogue aerial refueling system.

multibody dynamics  /  aerial refueling  /  hose whipping phenomenon  /  hose-drogue assembly
赵振军, 谭兴宇, 史晓军, 张昌荣, 郭鹏. 软式空中加油系统鞭甩现象多体动力学分析. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (4) : 696 -707 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.016
Zhen-jun ZHAO, Xing-yu TAN, Xiao-jun SHI, Chang-rong ZHANG, Peng GUO. Multibody dynamics analysis of whipping phenomenon in probe-drogue aerial refueling system[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (4) : 696 -707 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.016
空中加油是飞行器在不着陆情况下,实现燃油快速补给、提升战机滞空时间、及时投入战场作战的主要技术手段。根据加油管路方案的不同,空中加油可以分为软管式加油和硬管式加油两种方式1,中国主要采用软管式加油方式。软管是一根长达数十米的柔性体,在对接过程中受到多种内外部干扰因素影响,比如加油对接操纵方式、软管柔性材料、飞行Ma数、加油机尾流、姿态变化、受油机头波等2。软管鞭甩现象是造成空中加油失败的主要原因之一3,在空中加油的对接和输油阶段,受油机高速对接引起软管松弛,有可能发生软管鞭甩现象,轻则导致加油行动失败,重则使受油机受损、危及飞行安全。因此,深刻揭示软管鞭甩现象的内在机理,提出有效的抑制/解决措施,对于提高空中加油的安全性、可靠性具有十分重要的意义。
对空中加油管线系统动力学建模方法主要有两种:多刚体动力学链式模型、有限元梁/索模型。Ro等4-5建立了基于集中质量法的多级串联球杆模型,并分析了软管-锥套在多种因素下的动力学特性,该模型长度固定,忽略了软管的轴向弹性变形的影响。王海涛等6根据集中参数法原理,提出了一种长度可变的多级串联理想杆系软管-锥套运动模型。吴玲等7基于凯恩方法建立了软管-锥套模型,也属于多级串联球杆模型。Wang等8在Ro模型的基础上,引入软管弯曲恢复力,建立了考虑软管弹性且长度可变的软管-锥套动力学模型,并将其应用到甩鞭动力学特性研究中。Zhu等9开发了一种三结点、非线性弯曲梁单元,对处于拖曳状态的软管-锥套进行了动力学模拟。Liu等10-11根据Hamilton原理,建立了由偏微分方程描述的软管模型,并设计了相应的边界控制器,物理上属于索模型。
由于鞭甩过程物理现象的复杂性,对于研究加油管线系统鞭甩现象在高速气动领域产生的机理和影响因素,需要进一步改进动力学模型,开展深入的分析工作。针对空中加油软管鞭甩现象,利用柔性多体动力学方法,建立空中加油系统多体动力学模型,并针对导致鞭甩现象的各种因素,开展数值仿真多工况参数灵敏度分析,研究鞭甩现象产生机理与各因素影响规律,最后对两种鞭甩抑制方法进行了分析。
大变形柔性单元的发展为柔性多体动力学建模仿真提供了强有力的工具12。绝对结点坐标方法由Shabana等13-14首先提出,选取全局坐标为广义坐标,利用全局的斜率代替小转动或者有限转动来描述单元的运动,其质量阵为常数阵,可以在大转动工况下精确描述惯量,大大降低了运动方程的非线性度。与浮动坐标系方法相比,绝对结点坐标方法的优势在于没有小变形假设,能更准确地描述单元的大变形、大位移和大转动,并进行精确求解。当前的空中加油管线系统动力学建模方法主要基于物质描述方法(即拉格朗日方法),对于软管变长度与软管内部流动的描述存在困难。任意拉格朗日-欧拉描述(Arbitrary Lagrange-Euler,ALE)15-16方法将研究的控制体建立在广义参考构型上,是连续介质物质描述方法(拉格朗日描述)与空间描述方法(欧拉描述)的综合。李明哲等17利用绝对结点坐标法建立了软管-锥套多体动力学模型。Tang等18提出了一种基于绝对结点坐标方法的时变柔性索梁单元,使用结点的绝对坐标与斜率描述单元构型,并考虑了边界质量流动的影响。 Hong等19提出了基于ALE的欧拉-伯努利梁模型,为本文软管建模提供基础。Peng等20发展了ALE变长度索单元,将物质坐标引入到索单元广义坐标中,并提出了绳索过滑轮/绞盘的简化建模方法,为本文软管建模提供重要参考。
软管式空中加油系统包括飞机(加油机、受油机)和加油装置(软管-锥套组合体、受油插头、吊舱中的机械卷盘等),属于典型的刚柔耦合多体动力学系统。因此,采用柔性多体动力学方法对空中加油系统进行建模,建模思路如下:
(1)由于主要关注飞机整体运动和软管动力学特性,飞机和锥套模型简化为刚体;
(2)为描述加油管路的大变形及变长度特性,软管模型采用基于ALE的绝对结点坐标法梁单元;
(3)软管与锥套之间固定连接,利用固定约束描述;
(4)由于软管收放存在变长度,利用释放物质坐标的ALE结点约束来描述软管与机械卷盘间相互作用;
(5)为了反映加油吊舱中机械卷盘驱动控制,采用软管梁单元ALE结点上的物质输运速度约束描述。
根据上述思路建立的空中加油系统多体动力学模型如图1所示。
加油机、受油机和锥套模型采用刚体描述,刚体ii=t,r,d分别表示加油机、受油机和锥套)的位置和姿态可以通过其质心的平动坐标和Euler四元数来表示,因此,刚体的广义坐标可以表示为:
其中:
Euler四元数是不独立的,满足归一化约束条件:
利用第一类Lagrange方程21,根据刚体的Newton-Euler方程,每一个刚体的动力学方程可以写成如下统一的形式:
其中:
式中  为刚体i的质量矩阵;为刚体i的惯性矩阵;为与四元数对应的广义惯性矩阵;为多体系统动能;为动能对刚体i四元数的Jacobi矩阵;分别为约束方程对刚体i的平动矩阵和四元数坐标的Jacobi矩阵;为作用于刚体i质心的主矢;为作用于刚体i的主矩;为约束方程个数;为刚体i Euler四元数归一化条件对应的Lagrange乘子;为第k个约束方程对应的Lagrange乘子。
选取加油机后拖曳的软管作为研究对象,则软管长度在机械卷盘的收放作用下不断变化,说明软管是一个变质量系统。为了严格描述软管收放作用,本文利用Hong等19、Peng等20开发的ALE变长度索/梁单元对软管进行建模。首先对软管作如下3条假设:
(a)由于软管的长细比很大,假设其截面为刚性,变形后仍垂直于软管轴线,满足欧拉-伯努利梁假设;
(b)假设软管的截面是均匀的薄壁圆环,同时由于截面相对很小,扭转刚度以及相应的惯量忽略不计;
(c)忽略软管的轴向转动,即只考虑柔性软管的轴向拉伸和横向弯曲。
为区别不同时刻软管的差异,引入物质坐标的概念。物质坐标是指某一物质微团到参考点的无应变弧长,用字母表示。对软管来说,假设软管-锥套端的物质坐标为,加油机端的物质坐标为,则软管控制体区间为,且不随时间改变,随时间改变,显然在ALE描述中,控制体可以沿介质随意滑动与伸缩。为便于控制体内部的物理量描述,引入自然坐标,满足:
整个软管共划分个单元,共个结点,前个单元为拉格朗日单元,最后一个单元为ALE单元,并且ALE单元的左端为拉格朗日结点,右端为欧拉结点,如图2所示。根据绝对结点坐标法,取单元结点的空间位置、斜率和物质坐标为两结点ALE梁单元的广义坐标,即:
式中 下标表示结点编号。
需要说明的是,式(7)中的是在边界结点N上得到的观察量,而该结点并不与任何物质点固连。为了描述单元内部任意物质点的位置,引入形函数
其中:
式(9)中为Hermite插值函数。与Lagrange梁单元不同的是,由于边界物质流动导致ALE梁单元形函数的自然坐标是随时间变化的,因此ALE梁单元的形函数也是随时间变化的。对式(8)求导19,得:
式(11)第一项为局部导数,第二项为由于物质输运引起的迁移导数,此处体现了ALE梁单元与Lagrange梁单元的差异。
由于软管与加油吊舱中的机械卷盘相连,可以通过卷盘收放实现变长度控制。软管与加油机收放机构相互作用可以处理成ALE梁单元结点上的约束:
式中  为加油机端软管连接处在全局坐标系下位置,为加油机处软管ALE结点的位置。不约束物质坐标,可以模拟通过机械卷盘实现软管沿加油机收放机构滑动的物理过程。卷盘控制考虑对接前的软管拖曳收放和对接锁定后的甩鞭现象抑制控制两种情况。通过改变,实现软管拖曳收放,通过多体动力学求解器与Simulink联合求解,实现通过控制软管收放、保持软管拉力稳定以抑制鞭甩现象的闭环控制过程仿真。锥套简化为固连于软管末端的刚体。
本文加油机、受油机、软管-锥套结构建模的参数如表1所示。加油机采用KC-135模型数据22,受油机采用F/A-18 E/F模型数据23。在参数影响分析中的取值在后文中给出。
Reed等24给出了完整的气动力方程。参考Reed的工作,本文的气动力建模参数定义如图3所示。
飞机模型的气动力与气动力矩在全局坐标系下的三维分量表示为:
式中
其中,分别为气动阻力、升力和侧向力;分别为滚转、偏航和俯仰气动力矩;分别为质心航向、侧向和升沉速度;分别为俯仰角速度、滚转角速度和偏航角速度;为升降舵偏角;为来流动压;为特征面积;为来流速度;为翼展;为平均气动弦长;分别为攻角和侧滑角;分别为升力系数、阻力系数和侧向力系数;分别为滚转力矩系数、俯仰力矩系数和偏航力矩系数;分别为零攻角升力系数、阻力系数和俯仰力矩系数。本文气动力建模采用文献[22-23]给出的气动力参数,如表2所示。
软管-锥套的气动力载荷计算总体分为软管段的气动力载荷计算和锥套的气动力载荷计算两大部分,而软管段的气动力载荷还可以细分为软管段切向气动力与法向气动力计算。根据流体力学,气流速度会在运动的软管表面发生变化,从而产生切向的压力,被称为切向气动力或切向摩擦力,其表示为:
式中  为空气密度,为第段软管相对气流的速度沿软管的切向分量,为第段软管相对全局坐标系原点的速度矢量,为来流速度矢量,为第段软管的切向单位向量,为第段软管的长度,为第段软管的切向气动阻力系数,其大小与当地气流雷诺数有关。根据Hoerner关于圆柱体的理论25计算作用于软管的切向气动力,获得相应Re数下的气动阻力系数:
其中:
式中  为空气的黏度系数,为第段软管与相对气流速度之间的夹角。
同样根据流体力学,作用于物体前端的压力大于其后端,这样会使得一种压差阻力出现在物体表面即为法向气动力或法向摩擦力,其表示为:
式中  为第段软管相对气流的速度沿软管的法向分量,为第段软管的法向气动阻力系数。同样,不同的Re数对应的法向气动阻力系数26如下:
其中:
在飞行过程中,锥套受到的外力除拉力外还包括重力和气动阻力,锥套气动阻力的表达式为:
式中  表示锥套的迎角,表示锥套的侧滑角,为锥套的零攻角气动力系数矩阵: 为锥套的气动力系数对迎角导数矩阵:为锥套的气动力系数对侧滑角导数矩阵。
由于式(21)中系数与锥套外形尺寸相关。因此,利用Fluent软件对锥套模型进行定常分析,得到锥套的压力云图和速度云图,如图4图5所示。飞行Ma=0.5,高度8000 m工况下锥套的气动参数如表3所示。
综合飞机刚体模型、软管-锥套ALE变长度索模型、气动力学模型、球铰约束、物质输运速度约束,可以得到空中加油系统控制方程:
式中  为系统广义坐标矢量;为系统广义质量;为包括气动力、弹性力、科氏力和离心力等的广义力;为约束方程矢量,包括电机卷筒滑动铰处的物质输运速度约束;表示系统的整体拉格朗日乘子。
方程(22)为基于第一类拉格朗日方程的多体系统动力学方程组,是一个典型的全隐式index-3的微分代数方程(DAE),可以通过隐式Runge-Kutta法 (IRK)、向后差分法(BDF)27等数值积分方法求解,本文使用BDF方法。
在空中加油系统动力学模型基础上,用清华大学任革学教授团队开发的柔性多体动力学求解器18-20计算受油机对接锥套后软管的动力学响应,与鞭甩现象视频特征进行比较,复现飞行状态下的鞭甩现象。仿真初始条件为:在飞行高度8000 m,飞行速度0.5Ma条件下,设置软管初始构型为一条直线。仿真开始后软管受到重力、气动力和锥套的扰动开始摆动,经过100 s的计算后,软管不再大幅摆动,呈顺气流平衡状态后开始加油对接。需要说明的是,受油插头与锥套接触后通过施加固定约束来连接。
图6给出了Ma=0.5、对接速度为20 m/s情况下鞭甩现象视频图片与多体动力学仿真结果对比。首先,对接产生的冲击力改变了软管的顺气流平衡状态,与来流方向夹角较大的管段受到的气动力急剧增加;随后这部分软管形成顺气流传播的剪切波;剪切波迅速向后传播,到与受油机相连的锥套处发生反射,形成鞭甩现象。鞭甩将在锥套处产生强烈的剪切作用,极易引起软管和受油插头的破坏。从图6的对比可知,仿真结果基本反映了鞭甩现象剪切波的传播过程。
根据仿真结果,在时间维度和沿软管空间维度上,分析软管变形、速度、剪切力、张力、弯矩的时空演化规律。软管结点垂向速度时空演化如图7所示,加油机对接后产生纵波,从锥套向加油舱传播,以及剪切波的形成、传播、反射形成鞭甩现象。
图8给出了软管张力时空演化过程,可以明显看到纵波在软管内部的传播与反射,通过特征线斜率可以确定纵波传播速度(约49.0 m/s)。图9给出了软管垂向剪切力时空演化,与图78一致。通过图8图9对比可知,纵向波传播速度较快,要快于剪切波传播速度(约17.8 m/s)。
基于建立的空中加油管线系统多体动力学模型,开展不同参数组合下的多工况仿真计算,参数主要包括:软管刚度、对接速度、受油机飞行Ma数、卷盘收放软管控制等。根据多工况计算结果,分析各因素对鞭甩现象稳定性与振幅的影响规律。
从3.2节分析可知,鞭甩现象造成软管受到的剪力过大是造成软管损坏的重要原因,因此下面以软管最大剪力作为衡量鞭甩现象的指标,分析不同因素对软管甩鞭现象的影响。
保持其他条件不变,分别对高刚度(16 MPa)和低刚度(4 MPa)情况下的鞭甩现象进行分析。图10给出了不同刚度软管垂向速度时空演化。不同刚度初次形成剪切波的位置有差异,高刚度下,发生在靠近加油吊舱的位置,而低刚度接近软管中部,距离加油吊舱10 m的位置。此外,软管高刚度下存在明显的剪切波传播过程,传播速度要高于软管低刚度情况。
在上述获得的软管结点垂向速度瀑布图基础上,辨识纵波与剪切波传播速度,如图11所示。软管刚度对软管纵波和剪切波传播速度存在影响,随着软管弹性模量增加,沿软管传播的纵波以及剪切波传播速度均加快,符合物理规律。图12给出了不同刚度下软管的最大剪力。鞭甩现象导致的剪切力随软管弹性模量增加而增加,由此可见,在保持软管材料强度不变的情况下,使用软一点的软管更为有利。
保持其他条件不变,分别对对接速度下的鞭甩现象进行分析。图13给出了不同对接速度下软管结点垂向速度瀑布图。当对接速度较高时,产生多次剪切波形成-传播-鞭甩过程,而对接速度较低时,则只产生一次上述过程。
在上述获得的软管结点垂向速度瀑布图基础上,辨识纵波与剪切波传播速度,如图14所示,随着对接速度增加,沿软管传播的纵波和剪切波传播速度略有加快,无明显变化。图15给出了不同对接速度下软管的最大剪力。从图15可知鞭甩现象导致的剪切力随对接速度增加而急剧增加,为避免过高剪力破坏加油设备,需要对对接速度进行限制,对接时控制对接速度在以下,对于削弱鞭甩现象的影响比较有利。
保持其他条件不变,分别对0.7Ma,0.5Ma和0.3Ma来流速度情况下的鞭甩现象进行分析,分析结果如图16所示。随着Ma数增加,沿软管传播的纵波以及剪切波传播速度均加快,这是因为高Ma数下软管受到的气动力更大导致。
在上述获得的软管结点垂向速度瀑布图基础上,辨识纵波与剪切波传播速度,如图17所示。Ma数对纵波与剪切波传播速度影响存在差异,由于纵波为逆气流传播,随着Ma数增加纵波传播速度减小,剪切波为顺气流传播,随着Ma数增加剪切波传播速度增加。图18给出了不同Ma数下软管的最大剪力,可见鞭甩现象导致的剪切力随Ma数增加而增加,在较高飞行速度下进行空中加油,需要重视鞭甩现象带来的影响。
根据前文分析可知,鞭甩现象引起软管振动,在锥套处产生较大的剪力,可能引起软管结构的破坏,需要采取措施抑制软管振动,提高对接成功率。Alden等28提出了一种加油吊舱,由永磁同步电机驱动卷盘,实现软管收放控制,为鞭甩现象振动抑制提供了一种解决方案。参考上述工作,利用本文模型分析了软管收放对鞭甩现象的振动抑制情况。
软管收放控制出发点是当受油机与锥套对接产生的压缩波传播到加油吊舱附近,通过卷盘收起软管,抵消压缩波引起张力下降的影响。采用以软管结点轴向速度作为测量信号,通过改变物质坐标导数,实现软管收放控制仿真。图19给出了软管收放控制下的卷筒段长度变化。图20对比了有无软管收放控制下与卷筒相邻单元张力变化,可见有软管收放控制下张力变化较为平缓。
图21给出了有无软管收放控制下软管的构型变化,可见施加软管收放控制,未能完全消除鞭甩现象,但最大剪力相比无软管收放控制工况,减小31.8%。图22给出了与锥套相邻单元有无软管收放控制下的剪力对比。
Choiy等29提出在受油插头上集成弹簧和磁流变阻尼器,插头与受油机不再是刚性连接而是通过波纹管与机身相连。磁流变阻尼器可以根据对接时的不同阶段改变其阻尼的大小,当受油插头刚接触到锥套时增大阻尼力便于插头和锥套进行耦合,随后降低阻尼力使得受油插头整体“变软”,隔绝了受油机带来的振动。
参考上述工作,在受油插头端加缓冲装置。保持其他条件不变,利用弹簧阻尼模型描述受油插头缓冲装置,分别对有、无受油插头缓冲装置两种情况下的鞭甩现象进行分析,图23给出了有无受油插头缓冲装置下软管的构型变化。分析结果表明,受油插头缓冲装置对软管构型影响较大,软管构型差异引起对接后鞭甩现象的差异。
图24给出了受油插头有、无缓冲装置时软管的剪力变化。从图24可以看出,施加受油插头缓冲装置有效地抑制鞭甩现象,锥套附近软管剪力最大值相比未加受油插头缓冲装置情况减小83.4%。
(1) 基于柔性多体动力学,建立加油机-加油软管-伞套-受油机系统动力学模型,模型能够反映加油机和受油机运动、锥套、加油管路变形与气动力的耦合影响,气动力模型能够反映加油机和受油机运动、锥套、软管变形的影响。基于该模型,仿真复现了飞行状态下加油管路在气动力作用下的鞭甩现象。
(2) 在仿真结果基础上,通过在时间维度和沿软管空间维度上分析软管变形、速度、剪切力、张力、弯矩的时空演化规律,获得了软管鞭甩现象形成机理,简述如下:
受油机与加油机对接后,锥套受到冲击力,软管不再处于顺气流平衡状态,与气流角度较大的管段受到的气动力急剧增加,在气流作用下,这段软管形成顺气流传播的剪切波,开始向后传播,传播到与受油机相连的锥套后发生反射,形成鞭甩现象,产生较大的剪力,剪力较大时,容易引起软管的破坏。
(3) 根据多工况计算结果,分析各因素对鞭甩现象稳定性与振幅的影响规律。软管刚度、对接速度、Ma数均对鞭甩现象引起的软管剪切力产生影响,而软管刚度、Ma数对软管纵波与剪切波传播速度有明显影响。用较软的软管材料、降低对接速度、降低飞行Ma数均有助于减缓空中加油鞭甩现象产生的影响。
(4) 施加软管收放控制,未能完全消除鞭甩现象,但最大剪力相比无软管收放控制工况明显减小。而受油插头加缓冲装置后对接时软管的最大剪力大幅下降,表明该方法可以有效抑制软管鞭甩现象。
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2024年第37卷第4期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.016
  • 接收时间:2022-09-19
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-19
  • 修回日期:2023-03-08
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    1北方工业大学机械与材料工程学院, 北京 100144
    2中国空气动力研究与发展中心高速空气动力研究所, 四川 绵阳 621000

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史晓军(1980―),男,硕士,工程师。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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