Article(id=1227614519577473213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1677686400000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-02, revisedDate=1682179200000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770615709441, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770615709441, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770615709441, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770615709441, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227614514896634485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='4', pageStart='539', pageEnd='728', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770615708325, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795248114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228367559410512191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228367559410512192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=686, endPage=695, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227614519908823240, articleId=1227614519577473213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Sound insulation mechanism and parameter effect analysis of honeycomb sandwich panels, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Honeycomb sandwich panels are widely used in aerospace and other major equipment because of their light weight and excellent mechanical properties. The acoustic performance,however,is a significant flaw. In this study,a sound insulation prediction model of infinite honeycomb sandwich panel is established based on the Bloch theorem and the wavenumber finite element method. The honeycomb sandwich panel is simulated with a periodic cell. By analysing the dispersion characteristics of the honeycomb sandwich panel in the wavenumber domain,the sound insulation mechanism under the excitation of diffuse sound field is revealed,and the influence of geometrical parameters on the sound insulation performance of the honeycomb sandwich panel is investigated. The results demonstrate that below the critical frequency,the sound insulation of the honeycomb sandwich panel is mainly controlled by the mass law,while above the critical frequency,the sound insulation is also impacted by the structure's own feature wave. When the incident acoustic wave excites the resonance of the feature wave,the sound insulation fluctuates with frequency and generates a sound insulation valley. The effect of thickness variation on the sound insulation performance is primarily related to the amount of sound insulation below the critical frequency,the thicker the honeycomb sandwich panel,the higher the amount of sound insulation; height increase reduces the mass law control zone and shifts the first sound insulation valley to lower frequencies,resulting in a weakening of the overall sound insulation performance. The relevant research results can provide a reference basis for the design of vibration and noise reduction of complex structures.

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蜂窝三明治板兼具轻量化与优异的力学性能,广泛应用于航空航天等重大装备,但声学性能却是其一大短板。以周期单元模拟蜂窝三明治板,基于Bloch定理和波数有限元法建立无限大蜂窝三明治板的隔声预测模型,结合试验结果验证了模型的准确性。通过在波数域分析蜂窝三明治板的频散特征,揭示了混响声场激励下的结构隔声机理,并探究了几何参数对蜂窝三明治板隔声性能的影响规律。研究表明:临界频率以下,蜂窝三明治板的隔声量主要受质量定律控制;临界频率以上,隔声量还受结构本身特征波影响,当入射声波激发特征波共振时,隔声量随频率波动并产生隔声低谷。厚度变化对隔声性能的影响主要与临界频率以下的隔声量有关,蜂窝三明治板越厚,隔声量越高;芯层高度增大会缩小质量定律控制区,并使第一个隔声低谷向低频偏移,从而导致整体隔声性能减弱,蜂窝三明治板越高,隔声量越低;蜂窝边长变化对蜂窝三明治板的影响较小。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张 捷(1987―),男,博士,副研究员。E-mail:
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姚 丹(1993—),女,博士,讲师。E-mail:

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姚 丹(1993—),女,博士,讲师。E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639794067505391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519577473213, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Material parameters of honeycomb sandwich panel

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材料名称材料参数取值单位
铝(芯层)弹性模量71GPa
泊松比0.33
阻尼损耗因子0.001
密度2700kg/m3
钢(上、下面板)弹性模量195GPa
泊松比0.28
阻尼损耗因子0.015
密度7700kg/m3
), ArticleFig(id=1227639794168168690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519577473213, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

蜂窝三明治板的材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称材料参数取值单位
铝(芯层)弹性模量71GPa
泊松比0.33
阻尼损耗因子0.001
密度2700kg/m3
钢(上、下面板)弹性模量195GPa
泊松比0.28
阻尼损耗因子0.015
密度7700kg/m3
), ArticleFig(id=1227639794260443382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519577473213, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Geometrical parameters of honeycomb sandwich panel(Unit: mm)

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工况TtopTbottomTmidlh
原始工况0.60.60.149.5225
工况10.30.60.149.5225
工况20.90.60.149.5225
工况31.20.60.149.5225
工况41.50.60.149.5225
工况50.30.30.149.5225
工况60.90.90.149.5225
工况71.21.20.149.5225
工况81.51.50.149.5225
工况90.60.60.079.5225
工况100.60.60.219.5225
工况110.60.60.289.5225
工况120.60.60.359.5225
工况130.60.60.144.7625
工况140.60.60.1414.2825
工况150.60.60.1419.0425
工况160.60.60.1423.8025
工况170.60.60.149.5215
工况180.60.60.149.5220
工况190.60.60.149.5230
工况200.60.60.149.5235
工况210.60.60.149.5240
), ArticleFig(id=1227639794335940859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614519577473213, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

蜂窝三明治板的几何参数(单位: mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况TtopTbottomTmidlh
原始工况0.60.60.149.5225
工况10.30.60.149.5225
工况20.90.60.149.5225
工况31.20.60.149.5225
工况41.50.60.149.5225
工况50.30.30.149.5225
工况60.90.90.149.5225
工况71.21.20.149.5225
工况81.51.50.149.5225
工况90.60.60.079.5225
工况100.60.60.219.5225
工况110.60.60.289.5225
工况120.60.60.359.5225
工况130.60.60.144.7625
工况140.60.60.1414.2825
工况150.60.60.1419.0425
工况160.60.60.1423.8025
工况170.60.60.149.5215
工况180.60.60.149.5220
工况190.60.60.149.5230
工况200.60.60.149.5235
工况210.60.60.149.5240
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蜂窝三明治板隔声机理与参数影响规律研究
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姚丹 1 , 张捷 2 , 王瑞乾 3 , 张玉梅 1, 4 , 赵悦 1 , 庞杰 1
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(4): 686-695
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(4): 686-695
蜂窝三明治板隔声机理与参数影响规律研究
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姚丹1 , 张捷2 , 王瑞乾3, 张玉梅1, 4, 赵悦1, 庞杰1
作者信息
  • 1中国民用航空飞行学院航空工程学院,四川 广汉 618307
  • 2四川大学高分子材料工程国家重点实验室/高分子研究所,四川 成都 610065
  • 3常州大学机械与轨道交通学院,江苏 常州 213164
  • 4中国空气动力研究与发展中心气动噪声控制重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621000
  • 姚 丹(1993—),女,博士,讲师。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张 捷(1987―),男,博士,副研究员。E-mail:
Sound insulation mechanism and parameter effect analysis of honeycomb sandwich panels
Dan YAO1 , Jie ZHANG2 , Rui-qian WANG3, Yu-mei ZHANG1, 4, Yue ZHAO1, Jie PANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Aviation Engineering Institute, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering/Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
  • 3School of Mechanical Engineering and Rail Transit, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
  • 4Key Laboratory of Aerodynamic Noise Control, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.015
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蜂窝三明治板兼具轻量化与优异的力学性能,广泛应用于航空航天等重大装备,但声学性能却是其一大短板。以周期单元模拟蜂窝三明治板,基于Bloch定理和波数有限元法建立无限大蜂窝三明治板的隔声预测模型,结合试验结果验证了模型的准确性。通过在波数域分析蜂窝三明治板的频散特征,揭示了混响声场激励下的结构隔声机理,并探究了几何参数对蜂窝三明治板隔声性能的影响规律。研究表明:临界频率以下,蜂窝三明治板的隔声量主要受质量定律控制;临界频率以上,隔声量还受结构本身特征波影响,当入射声波激发特征波共振时,隔声量随频率波动并产生隔声低谷。厚度变化对隔声性能的影响主要与临界频率以下的隔声量有关,蜂窝三明治板越厚,隔声量越高;芯层高度增大会缩小质量定律控制区,并使第一个隔声低谷向低频偏移,从而导致整体隔声性能减弱,蜂窝三明治板越高,隔声量越低;蜂窝边长变化对蜂窝三明治板的影响较小。

隔声  /  蜂窝三明治板  /  周期结构  /  Bloch定理  /  频散曲线

Honeycomb sandwich panels are widely used in aerospace and other major equipment because of their light weight and excellent mechanical properties. The acoustic performance,however,is a significant flaw. In this study,a sound insulation prediction model of infinite honeycomb sandwich panel is established based on the Bloch theorem and the wavenumber finite element method. The honeycomb sandwich panel is simulated with a periodic cell. By analysing the dispersion characteristics of the honeycomb sandwich panel in the wavenumber domain,the sound insulation mechanism under the excitation of diffuse sound field is revealed,and the influence of geometrical parameters on the sound insulation performance of the honeycomb sandwich panel is investigated. The results demonstrate that below the critical frequency,the sound insulation of the honeycomb sandwich panel is mainly controlled by the mass law,while above the critical frequency,the sound insulation is also impacted by the structure's own feature wave. When the incident acoustic wave excites the resonance of the feature wave,the sound insulation fluctuates with frequency and generates a sound insulation valley. The effect of thickness variation on the sound insulation performance is primarily related to the amount of sound insulation below the critical frequency,the thicker the honeycomb sandwich panel,the higher the amount of sound insulation; height increase reduces the mass law control zone and shifts the first sound insulation valley to lower frequencies,resulting in a weakening of the overall sound insulation performance. The relevant research results can provide a reference basis for the design of vibration and noise reduction of complex structures.

sound insulation  /  honeycomb sandwich panel  /  periodic structure  /  Bloch theorem  /  dispersion curve
姚丹, 张捷, 王瑞乾, 张玉梅, 赵悦, 庞杰. 蜂窝三明治板隔声机理与参数影响规律研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (4) : 686 -695 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.015
Dan YAO, Jie ZHANG, Rui-qian WANG, Yu-mei ZHANG, Yue ZHAO, Jie PANG. Sound insulation mechanism and parameter effect analysis of honeycomb sandwich panels[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (4) : 686 -695 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.015
蜂窝三明治板由于其重量轻、强度高、刚度大等优点,被广泛应用于航空航天、轨道交通以及船舶舰艇等重大装备的主体或内饰结构1-3。但较高的刚度重量比也使得其隔声性能较差4。以航空领域为例,飞机机身中包含蜂窝三明治板的复合侧墙结构是舱内噪声的重要传递路径5-6,机身隔声性能差会导致舱内噪声增大。因此,开展蜂窝三明治板隔声性能研究具有重要意义。
力学性能分析是声振特性研究的前提。在进行力学分析时蜂窝三明治板或其他芯层夹芯板通常被等效为夹层板结构。王嘉伟等7根据经典层合板理论推导了多层碳纤维复合板的等效刚度,在保持刚度系数不变的情况下,将碳纤维复合板简化为单层纤维板。李凤莲等8将波纹芯层等效为各向异性均质体,采用双曲正切抛物线混合变形理论建立了四边简支条件下波纹夹芯板的动力学方程和简谐声压激励下的声振耦合控制方程。文献[9-11]对经典的夹层板等效理论(三明治夹芯板理论、Reissner夹层板理论、Hoff等刚度理论、改进的Allen理论等)进行了详细分析,对比了这些方法在计算蜂窝三明治板位移、应力、模态等特征时的差异。这些经典的等效方法通常能够考虑蜂窝三明治板的整体特征,却会忽略芯层结构的局部效应,因此通常适用于低频隔声特性分析。
任树伟等12基于Reissner夹层板理论建立了蜂窝三明治板的振动控制方程,并结合蜂窝芯层的等效方法,建立了四边简支蜂窝芯层夹层板的自由振动理论模型和声振耦合理论模型。张超等13基于有限元法建立了碳纤维铝蜂窝夹芯复合结构的隔声性能预测模型。范鑫等14基于间接边界元法对四边简支条件下蜂窝夹层板的振动和声学特性进行了仿真计算,发现面板厚度和芯层高度对低频段隔声性能影响显著。Arunkumar等15将蜂窝三明治板等效为各向异性材料均质板,基于有限元法分析了蜂窝三明治板的模态特征及声振响应。
传统的有限元法、边界元法等数值计算方法可以准确模拟蜂窝三明治板的局部特征,但当计算尺寸较大时,网格数量、计算频率和计算效率很难平衡。此外,有限大尺寸结构的计算结果容易受到边界条件影响,尺寸越小,边界条件的影响越明显16。考虑到蜂窝三明治板具有周期性重复特性,Nilsson等17基于Hamilton原理推导了具有蜂窝芯层的对称夹层梁的自由振动微分方程,研究了对称夹层梁的波数-频率关系。Cotoni等18基于周期结构理论和模态缩减法,推导了蜂窝三明治板的统计能量参数,并结合文献[17]的结果验证了推导参数的准确性。对于周期性重复结构,在波数域分析只需要少量的自由度就能模拟无限大尺寸的结构,而且能够更加清晰地展示声波在结构中的传播规律。从而可以解决传统有限元方法计算时存在的网格数量、计算频率和计算效率的平衡问题。
因此,本文考虑蜂窝三明治板的周期性重复特性,以周期单元模拟蜂窝三明治板,基于周期结构Bloch定理和波数有限元法建立无限大蜂窝三明治板的隔声预测模型,研究蜂窝三明治结构隔声的普遍性规律。通过在波数域分析其频散特征,揭示蜂窝三明治板在混响声场激励下的隔声机理,并探究几何参数对其隔声性能的影响规律。首先,结合试验结果验证蜂窝三明治板隔声预测模型的准确性;接着,结合蜂窝三明治板周期单元的频散曲线、特征波波数、振型等固有特征,阐明隔声低谷产生的机理;最后,研究面板厚度、蜂窝壁厚、蜂窝边长、芯层高度等几何参数变化对蜂窝三明治板结构隔声特性的影响。
对于以规则形状周期重复的蜂窝三明治板结构,整体结构的声振响应可通过一个周期单元模拟。图1给出了蜂窝三明治板及其周期单元示意图。其中蜂窝结构为正六边形结构,角度α为120°,边长为l,蜂窝芯层高度为h,上层厚度、蜂窝壁厚和下层厚度分别为TtopTmidTbottom
将周期单元的自由度q分为内部自由度(I)、边界自由度(L,R,D,U)和角自由度(LD,RD,LU,RU)。以蜂窝三明治板的下层板为例,给出了周期单元的自由度示意图,如图2所示。
周期结构完整的自由度向量19可以表示为:
根据周期结构Bloch定理,声波在周期单元系统内的传播满足如下关系19
式中  εxεy分别为x方向和y方向的相位常数。
以周期单元表示蜂窝三明治板在x方向和y方向周期重复,相位常数εxεy和波数kxky有如下关系:
式中  lxly分别为周期单元在x方向和y方向的单元长度。对于图1中的周期单元,lx=3lly=l
因此,自由度q可缩减为如下表达:
式中  R为由参数化的相位常数组成的线性变换矩阵;为缩减后的自由度向量。分别表达如下:
式中  I为单位矩阵。
采用有限元法描述周期单元时,周期单元的自由度代表位移和转动。无阻尼结构的运动方程20为:
式中  MK分别为质量矩阵和刚度矩阵;F为力向量;ω为角频率。
结合式(5)缩减自由度,当力向量为零时,周期单元的自由振动运动方程可表示为:
式中 矩阵RHR的复共轭转置。给定一组相位常数,求解运动方程,可以得到具有周期性边界条件的蜂窝三明治板的特征值和特征向量,进而描述周期单元的运动。单个单元的位移响应q可通过式(8)求解得到。
图3给出了平面声波激励时蜂窝三明治板的周期单元的隔声模型。蜂窝三明治板的周期单元上、下分别存在入射和透射声场。声场与蜂窝三明治板的流固耦合模型的求解可通过将模型离散化,同时求解离散波动方程和结构运动方程来实现。流固耦合方程如下21
式中  为空气密度;MsKsCs分别为结构的质量矩阵、刚度矩阵和阻尼矩阵;MfKfCf分别为流体的质量矩阵、刚度矩阵和阻尼矩阵;Rf_s为流体-结构耦合矩阵;p为流体区域各个节点的声压;Ff为流体域中入射声波的施加载荷。
根据式(10),可同时获得结构位移和声场中的声压。本文研究中,采用商业软件COMSOL Multiphysics建立上述模型。模型中,入射声波的声压pi有如下表达:
式中  pa为入射声波的幅值;t为时间;kxkykz分别为xyz方向的波数,且有:
式中  k0为空气中声波的波数,,其中c0为空气中的声速;φ为入射声波与z轴的夹角;θ为入射声波在xy平面上的投影与x轴的夹角。
入射声功率WI22和透射声功率WT23可分别表示为:
式中  S为入射面积;Re(•)表示取实部;上标“*”表示共轭复数;p分别为透射面上的声压和法向速度;为单位向量。
因此,透射系数有如下表达:
对单一角度入射时的透射系数积分,可得到混响声场下的透射系数24
式中  φmax为混响声场的最大入射角度。Sharp25结合试验结果给出了计算混响隔声量时的最大积分角度经验值:当φmax为78°~85°时,仿真结果与试验测试结果吻合较好。本文计算模型中的φmax取为78°。
混响声场的隔声量Tdiff可表示为:
基于周期结构Bloch定理,建立蜂窝三明治板的隔声预测模型。根据图1所示的周期单元,建立铝蜂窝结构的周期单元几何模型,划分二维壳网格,并定义相应的厚度及材料属性。蜂窝三明治板的几何尺寸和材料属性根据文献[26]定义。几何尺寸如下:边长l=9.52 mm,蜂窝芯层高度h=25 mm,上层厚度、蜂窝壁厚、下层厚度分别为Ttop=0.6mm,Tmid=0.14 mm,Tbottom=0.6 mm。材料属性如表1所示。
根据蜂窝三明治板周期单元的几何尺寸,建立入射声场和透射声场的几何模型,划分六面体网格。入射声场和透射声场定义为空气层,密度为1.215 kg/m3,声速为343.2 m/s。在透射声场定义Perfectly Matched Layer属性,模拟无限大透射声场环境。在蜂窝三明治板周期单元以及入射声场和透射声场的四周定义周期边界条件,模拟无限大蜂窝三明治板结构的声振传播。
在入射声场表面定义入射角度为(θφ),声压幅值为1 Pa的平面声波。考虑入射声波角度θ在0~2π之间,φ在0°~78°之间随机分布,分别计算100个角度随机分布的平面声波入射时的透射系数,结合式(16)及(17),即可计算得到混响声场下的蜂窝三明治板的隔声量。
模型中的计算频率范围为80~3550 Hz,频率点为1/24倍频程中心频率对应的离散点。计算时单个模型的网格数量约为650个,计算133个频率点在100个角度随机分布的平面声波激励下的隔声量,单个模型的计算时长近似为23 h(处理器为Intel(R) Core(TM) i9-10900 CPU @ 2.80 GHz,内存为16 GB)。
图4给出了隔声模型的预测结果和文献[26]中试验测试结果的对比结果。其中计权隔声量Rw参照《建筑隔声评价标准》27,计算结果保留一位小数用于对比。
图4可见,蜂窝三明治板的试验测试结果和仿真预测结果的计权隔声量分别为23.0 dB 和22.7 dB,差异仅为0.3 dB。各个1/3倍频程中心频率的平均差异为1.7 dB。
部分频段的差异主要与测试样件的尺寸和测试时的安装方式等因素有关:试验测试时,蜂窝三明治板的几何尺寸为2.7×2.05 m2,仿真预测时,蜂窝三明治板的几何尺寸近似无限大;试验测试时,蜂窝三明治板周围有木质框架支撑并填充有密封材料,仿真预测时,只考虑蜂窝三明治板本身的隔声特性。板件的尺寸大小28和安装时的边界约束29、边界阻尼30、洞口效应31等安装方式均会对其隔声测试结果产生一定的影响。但总体上,模型预测结果与试验测试结果一致性较好。说明本文的计算方法及计算模型是合理可行的,可用于下文的对比分析。
为分析蜂窝三明治板的隔声机理,图5x方向为例,给出了蜂窝三明治板周期单元前6个特征波和空气波数k0的频散曲线。频散曲线表示波数随频率的变化规律,是无限大板结构在波数域的固有特征。当板弯曲波的相速度(波数-频率的切线)小于等于空气中的声波波速(k0-频率的切线)时,板结构才能够向远场辐射噪声32。相速度与声波波速相等时的频率为临界频率fc33。图中,第1个特征波的临界频率为380 Hz。
若考虑保持总质量不变,根据蜂窝三明治板的不同材料属性,将蜂窝三明治板分别等效为3.9 mm的均质铝板和1.3 mm的均质钢板。平面声波垂直入射时,无限大均质板的临界频率有如下表达33
式中  c为声波波速;ht为均质板的厚度;ρs为均质板的密度;E为弹性模量;ν为泊松比。计算得到的临界频率分别为3041 Hz和8988 Hz。通过对比可以看出,蜂窝三明治板的临界频率比同等质量下的均质铝板和均质钢板的临界频率都更低。
当波数为0时,频散曲线对应的频率称为每一个特征波的“cut-on”频率。图5中,前3个特征波的“cut-on”频率近似为0,后3个特征波的“cut-on”频率分别为f1=3920 Hz,f2=4145 Hz,f3=5515 Hz。因此,1/3倍频程中心频率为100~3150 Hz的隔声量主要受到前3个特征波的影响。
当这些特征波沿着x方向传播时,不同波数对应的特征频率和振型不同。图6以模型预测结果中的隔声低谷630 Hz为例,给出了特征频率在1/3倍频程中心频率为630 Hz的频段附近的特征波振型结果。图中颜色越深,表示振动幅值越大。
图6可见,前3个特征波分别对应xyz方向的平动振型,随着特征波沿x方向传播,蜂窝三明治板周期单元的振型开始发生变化:特征波-1和特征波-2的振型还伴随有蜂窝三明治板周期单元芯层的局部振动;特征波-3伴随有蜂窝三明治板周期单元整体的弯曲振动。
当蜂窝三明治板周期单元受到随机角度入射的平面声波激励时,不同波数、不同频率对应的特征波被激发状态不同,因此导致这一平面声波激励下的隔声量不同。图7给出了计算过程中100个角度随机分布的平面声波单一入射时的窄带隔声量结果及计算得到的混响声场隔声量结果,将蜂窝三明治板等效为原始厚度的均质板,均质板的面密度为10.6 kg/m2。结合蜂窝三明治板周期单元的面密度,计算了将蜂窝三明治板等价为无限大均质板之后的质量定律隔声量结果。质量定律分为TL0(平面声波垂直入射时)和TLd(混响声场激励时)两种,其中TL0适用于临界频率以下,TLd则适用于临界频率以上且计算频率
当平面声波垂直入射时,无限大均质板的质量定律隔声量为33
式中  m为均质板的面密度; f为计算频率。
当入射声场为混响声场时,质量定律隔声量为33
式中  η为阻尼损耗因子,由于整体结构的阻尼损耗因子未知,计算时取蜂窝三明治板的最小阻尼0.001。
图7可见,角度随机分布的平面声波单一入射时的窄带隔声量基本随频率的增大而增大,部分角度入射时,隔声量在400~3000 Hz频段内出现了隔声量小于5 dB的低谷。这些低谷主要是由于特定角度的入射声波激发特征波共振导致的。因此也导致了混响声场的隔声量在这一频段内出现了一定的隔声低谷。
对比蜂窝三明治板的隔声量与均质板的质量定律隔声量结果,发现混响声场下蜂窝三明治板的隔声量均小于TL0。与TLd相比,临界频率fc以下的隔声量基本满足均质板质量定律的变化规律,临界频率fc以上的隔声量均大于质量定律的结果。一方面是由于蜂窝三明治板的结构与均质板不同,在中高频结构本身的特征开始体现;另一方面则是由于计算选定的阻尼损耗因子与实际结构的差异所致。
总的来说,混响声场激励下的蜂窝三明治板的隔声在临界频率以下主要受质量定律控制,临界频率以上还受结构本身的特征波影响,隔声量随频率波动并出现一定的隔声低谷,隔声低谷由特定角度的入射声波激发特定波数的特征波共振导致。
本节在已验证的蜂窝三明治板隔声预测模型的基础上,分别研究上层厚度、下层厚度、蜂窝壁厚、边长和蜂窝芯层高度变化对混响声场激励下蜂窝三明治板隔声性能的影响。具体几何参数如表2所示。
通过上节分析可知,蜂窝三明治板的隔声特性与结构的质量(面密度)密切相关。为了从总体上掌握上述几何参数对蜂窝三明治板的隔声影响,首先给出了蜂窝三明治板的几何参数、面密度、计权隔声量的对应关系,如图8所示。
图8可见,蜂窝三明治板的厚度(上层厚度、下层厚度、蜂窝壁厚)、面密度、计权隔声量基本是正相关的;蜂窝边长与面密度、计权隔声量无明显关联性;蜂窝芯层高度变化时,面密度和计权隔声量基本呈负相关。
为了进一步探究上述几何参数对混响声场激励下蜂窝三明治板的隔声影响机制,下面将从频谱特性上做深入分析。
对比原始工况和工况1~4,图9给出了上层面板厚度单独变化时蜂窝三明治板的隔声预测结果。
在100~400 Hz频段内,随着厚度的增大,隔声量基本整体向上平移。以蜂窝三明治板在100 Hz的隔声量为例,当上层面板厚度从0.3 mm增大至2,3,4和5倍时,蜂窝三明治板的面密度增大了2.3,4.6,6.9和9.2 kg/m2,100 Hz的隔声量增大了1.8,3.6,5.0和6.2 dB。由于该频段处于质量定律控制区,面密度增加得越多,隔声量增加得越大。
从400 Hz开始,由于特征波的共振作用,出现了多个隔声低谷。以第一个隔声低谷为例,当上层面板厚度从0.3 mm增大至3,4和5倍时,隔声低谷的频率从487 Hz偏移到了500,530和580 Hz,隔声低谷的隔声量从17.4 dB增大到了18.6,19.1和19.5 dB。由于面板厚度的增加,导致了隔声低谷向高频偏移,并且低谷处的隔声量也随之增大。
对比原始工况和工况5~8,图10进一步给出了上、下面板厚度同时变化时蜂窝三明治板的隔声预测结果。
可以看出上、下面板厚度同时变化对蜂窝三明治板隔声量的影响规律基本与上层面板厚度变化时的规律一致:以临界频率fc为分界,临界频率以下为质量定律控制区,质量增量越大,隔声量的增幅也越大;临界频率以上,面板厚度越大,隔声低谷向高频偏移,低谷处的隔声量也随之增大。部分工况在部分频率的变化规律可能会略有偏差,但总体上规律与上层面板厚度变化时保持一致。
对比原始工况和工况9~12,图11给出了蜂窝壁厚变化时蜂窝三明治板的隔声预测结果。
在100~400 Hz频段内,随着厚度的增大,隔声量基本整体向上平移,这一规律与面板厚度变化对隔声量的影响规律一致。但隔声量在100~400 Hz频段内的增幅较小。这是由于芯层材料为铝,密度约为面板材料的1/3,且芯层的初始厚度比面板厚度小导致,蜂窝壁厚变化引起的整体结构面密度增大程度较小,因此质量定律控制区的隔声量增幅较小。
临界频率以上的变化规律则与面板厚度的变化规律不同:蜂窝壁厚越大,隔声低谷逐渐向低频偏移,低谷处的隔声量逐渐增大,且隔声低谷更为密集。这是由于蜂窝壁厚增大引起了芯层面板的面密度增大,进而导致了芯层对整体结构的局部振动效应增强。
对比原始工况和工况13~16,图12给出了蜂窝三明治板周期单元的边长变化时蜂窝三明治板的隔声预测结果。
临界频率以下的隔声量变化满足质量定律规律,由于5种工况,特别是后4种工况的面密度差异不大,其隔声量差别也很小。临界频率以上,虽然边长越大,隔声低谷向高频偏移,但低谷处的隔声量变化不大。400~1000 Hz内边长变化对隔声量的影响没有明显的规律:统计400~1000 Hz的平均隔声量,5种工况下蜂窝三明治板的平均隔声量分别为20.5,18.8,18.9,19.2和20.7 dB。1000 Hz以上,随着边长增大,开始出现了较高的隔声峰值,特别是当边长为23.80 mm时,峰值处的隔声量达到了50.0 dB。这是由于周期单元的边长与波数成反比,边长越长,周期单元内的波数越小,并且这一现象在高频更为明显。因此导致了高频特征波作用效果显著,使得边长增大时,高频隔声量也增大。
对比原始工况和工况17~21,图13给出了蜂窝三明治板的芯层高度变化时蜂窝三明治板的隔声预测结果。
随着芯层高度的增大,1000 Hz以上的隔声变化不大,但在1000 Hz以下,隔声低谷向低频偏移,并且质量定律控制区的频率范围缩小。这与芯层高度变化影响临界频率有关,芯层高度变化使得临界频率逐渐向低频偏移。当蜂窝三明治板的芯层高度从15 mm增大到25和40 mm时,蜂窝三明治板第一个特征波的临界频率从646 Hz降低到380和250 Hz,从而导致了质量定律控制区的缩小以及隔声低谷向低频的偏移。
这一结果与芯层高度变化对有限大蜂窝三明治板的影响规律12-14不同,主要原因是无限大板与有限大板的隔声机理不同:无限大板的隔声低谷与特征波的临界频率有关,而有限大板的隔声低谷则受固有频率和临界频率共同影响,第一阶固有频率通常比临界频率更小。
对于有限大均质板,以简支边界条件为例,板的固有频率为23
式中  MmodNmod分别为x方向和y方向的模态阶数;LxLy分别为板在xy方向的几何尺寸。
根据式(18),无限大均质板的临界频率与板的厚度成反比,而根据式(21),有限大均质板的固有频率与板的厚度成正比。因此,芯层高度变化对无限大蜂窝三明治板的影响规律与有限大板不同。
对于有限大尺寸的板件结构,几何尺寸、边界条件等因素均会影响其固有频率,进而影响板件的隔声特性及变化规律。相比于有限大蜂窝三明治板,无限大蜂窝三明治板的隔声结果更能代表蜂窝结构几何参数变化对其隔声性能的影响,对工程实际具有更好的指导意义。
本文基于周期结构Bloch定理和波数有限元法建立了无限大蜂窝三明治板的隔声预测模型,研究了蜂窝三明治结构隔声的普遍性规律,揭示了无限大蜂窝三明治板在混响声场激励下的隔声机理,并探究了蜂窝结构几何参数变化对其隔声性能的影响规律,主要结论如下:
(1) 临界频率以下,蜂窝三明治板的隔声量主要受质量定律控制;临界频率以上,隔声量还受结构本身特征波影响,当入射声波激发特征波共振时,隔声量随频率波动并产生隔声低谷。
(2) 厚度(上层厚度、下层厚度、蜂窝壁厚)对蜂窝三明治板的隔声影响显著,厚度越大,隔声量越高。厚度变化对隔声性能的影响主要受临界频率以下的质量定律控制区影响。
(3) 边长变化对蜂窝三明治板1000 Hz以下的隔声量无显著影响规律。但在1000 Hz以上的高频,边长增大会导致高频出现隔声峰值。
(4) 芯层高度越高,蜂窝三明治板的隔声越低。高度增大会缩小质量定律控制区,并使第一个隔声低谷向低频偏移,从而导致整体隔声性能减弱。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52002257)
  • 四川省自然科学基金资助项目(2023NSFSC0902)
  • 四川省自然科学基金资助项目(2022NSFSC1897)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(PHD2023-009)
  • 气动噪声控制重点实验室研究基金资助项目(ANCL20220202)
  • 民航飞行技术与飞行安全重点实验室开放基金资助项目(FZ2022KF01)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.015
  • 接收时间:2023-03-02
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-02
  • 修回日期:2023-04-23
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52002257)
四川省自然科学基金资助项目(2023NSFSC0902)
四川省自然科学基金资助项目(2022NSFSC1897)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(PHD2023-009)
气动噪声控制重点实验室研究基金资助项目(ANCL20220202)
民航飞行技术与飞行安全重点实验室开放基金资助项目(FZ2022KF01)
作者信息
    1中国民用航空飞行学院航空工程学院,四川 广汉 618307
    2四川大学高分子材料工程国家重点实验室/高分子研究所,四川 成都 610065
    3常州大学机械与轨道交通学院,江苏 常州 213164
    4中国空气动力研究与发展中心气动噪声控制重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621000

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张 捷(1987―),男,博士,副研究员。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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