Article(id=1227614518726034080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1655136000000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-14, revisedDate=1668960000000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770615709238, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770615709238, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770615709238, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770615709238, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227614514896634485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='4', pageStart='539', pageEnd='728', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770615708325, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795248114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228367559410512191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228367559410512192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=623, endPage=631, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227614519220961961, articleId=1227614518726034080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=A rotor dynamics experimental study on lapped-laminated gas foil bearing, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper,a set of overlapped and laminated foil aerodynamic bearings was developed,which was composed of overlapped radial bearings and laminated thrust bearings. Meanwhile,a rotor test bench of the foil aerodynamic bearings was designed and built. The take-off characteristics of the proposed foil aerodynamic bearings were studied by comparing the speed drop experiments of multiple groups of rotors. The influence of rotor unbalance and external load on the rotor dynamics of the bearing-rotor system was analyzed. The take-off test results show that the take-off speed of the radial foil pneumatic bearing developed in this paper is about 7500 r/min,and the maximum take-off torque is about 220 N·mm. The experimental results show that with the increase of rotor unbalance,the 1X frequency vibration amplitude increases gradually,the second critical speed decreases gradually,and the frequency of secondary frequency vibration increases gradually. With the increase of rotor speed,1X frequency vibration of the rotor system firstly increases and then decreases,and the amplitude of secondary frequency vibration increases gradually. When the center distance of the top foil structure is reduced,the stability of the rotor system increases. The experimental results show that both the unbalance and the external load excite the secondary frequency vibration of the system,and the amplitude of the secondary frequency vibration increases with the increase of the rotational speed. Moreover,the unbalance and the external load have obvious amplifying effect on each other in the excitation of secondary frequency.

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本文研制了由搭接式径向轴承和叠片式推力轴承组成的一套搭接-叠片式箔片气体动压轴承,同时设计并搭建了相应的箔片气体动压轴承转子实验台,通过多组转子降速对比实验研究了所提出箔片气体动压轴承的起飞特性,分析了转子不平衡量和外部载荷对该轴承-转子系统的转子动力学影响。起飞实验结果表明,本文所研制的搭接式径向箔片气体动压轴承的起飞转速约为7500 r/min,最大起飞转矩约为220 N·mm。转子降速实验研究结果表明,随着转子不平衡量的增加,转子系统1X频振动幅值逐渐增大、二阶临界转速逐渐降低、次频振动发生频率逐渐提前;随着转子转速的增加,转子系统1X频振动呈现先增大后减小的趋势、次频振动幅值整体逐渐增大;在减小顶箔结构的圆心距后,转子系统稳定性增加。不平衡量与外部载荷加载耦合实验结果表明,不平衡量与外部载荷都会激起系统的次频振动,次频振动幅值随转速升高而增大;并且在激起次频振动方面,不平衡量与外部载荷之间存在着相互放大作用。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
冯 凯(1982―),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。电话:(0731)88821317; E-mail:
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管玉坤(1997—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

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管玉坤(1997—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

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Changsha: Hunan University, 2020., articleTitle=Construction and experimental research of high speed air-floating turbine mechanical vibration measurement and control system, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1227639800765804602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614518726034080, awardId=2021YFF0600208, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划课题资助项目(2021YFF0600208), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1227639791471227612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614518726034080, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227639791479616221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614518726034080, companyId=1227639791471227612, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China), 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Basic parameters of bearing

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参数数值/mm参数数值/mm
轴承内径44.5波形长度2.5
波形高度0.2箔片厚度0.1
轴承间隙0.13涂层厚度0.03
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轴承的基本参数

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参数数值/mm参数数值/mm
轴承内径44.5波形长度2.5
波形高度0.2箔片厚度0.1
轴承间隙0.13涂层厚度0.03
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Groups of unbalanced weigh experiments

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分组不平衡量/(g·mm)等级
A0.130< G2.5
B1.275G2.5
C3.210G6.3
D4.608G16
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不平衡量实验分组

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分组不平衡量/(g·mm)等级
A0.130< G2.5
B1.275G2.5
C3.210G6.3
D4.608G16
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Groups of unbalanced weigh and external load coupling experiments

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分组不平衡量/(g·mm)等级轴向载荷/N径向载荷/N
E0.130<G2.5100
F0.130<G2.5100
G0.130<G2.5100100
H1.275G2.5100100
I3.210G6.3100100
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不平衡量与外部载荷耦合实验分组

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分组不平衡量/(g·mm)等级轴向载荷/N径向载荷/N
E0.130<G2.5100
F0.130<G2.5100
G0.130<G2.5100100
H1.275G2.5100100
I3.210G6.3100100
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搭接-叠片式箔片气体动压轴承转子动力学特性实验研究
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管玉坤 1 , 朱鹏程 1 , 张振 2 , 冯凯 1
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(4): 623-631
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(4): 623-631
搭接-叠片式箔片气体动压轴承转子动力学特性实验研究
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管玉坤1 , 朱鹏程1, 张振2, 冯凯1
作者信息
  • 1湖南大学机械与运载工程学院,湖南 长沙 410082
  • 2中国航发湖南动力机械研究所,湖南 株洲 412001
  • 管玉坤(1997—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

冯 凯(1982―),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。电话:(0731)88821317; E-mail:
A rotor dynamics experimental study on lapped-laminated gas foil bearing
Yu-kun GUAN1 , Peng-cheng ZHU1, Zhen ZHANG2, Kai FENG1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
  • 2AECC Hunan Aviation Powerplant Research Institute, Zhuzhou 412001, China
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.009
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本文研制了由搭接式径向轴承和叠片式推力轴承组成的一套搭接-叠片式箔片气体动压轴承,同时设计并搭建了相应的箔片气体动压轴承转子实验台,通过多组转子降速对比实验研究了所提出箔片气体动压轴承的起飞特性,分析了转子不平衡量和外部载荷对该轴承-转子系统的转子动力学影响。起飞实验结果表明,本文所研制的搭接式径向箔片气体动压轴承的起飞转速约为7500 r/min,最大起飞转矩约为220 N·mm。转子降速实验研究结果表明,随着转子不平衡量的增加,转子系统1X频振动幅值逐渐增大、二阶临界转速逐渐降低、次频振动发生频率逐渐提前;随着转子转速的增加,转子系统1X频振动呈现先增大后减小的趋势、次频振动幅值整体逐渐增大;在减小顶箔结构的圆心距后,转子系统稳定性增加。不平衡量与外部载荷加载耦合实验结果表明,不平衡量与外部载荷都会激起系统的次频振动,次频振动幅值随转速升高而增大;并且在激起次频振动方面,不平衡量与外部载荷之间存在着相互放大作用。

转子动力学  /  气体轴承  /  转子试验台  /  不平衡量  /  外部载荷

In this paper,a set of overlapped and laminated foil aerodynamic bearings was developed,which was composed of overlapped radial bearings and laminated thrust bearings. Meanwhile,a rotor test bench of the foil aerodynamic bearings was designed and built. The take-off characteristics of the proposed foil aerodynamic bearings were studied by comparing the speed drop experiments of multiple groups of rotors. The influence of rotor unbalance and external load on the rotor dynamics of the bearing-rotor system was analyzed. The take-off test results show that the take-off speed of the radial foil pneumatic bearing developed in this paper is about 7500 r/min,and the maximum take-off torque is about 220 N·mm. The experimental results show that with the increase of rotor unbalance,the 1X frequency vibration amplitude increases gradually,the second critical speed decreases gradually,and the frequency of secondary frequency vibration increases gradually. With the increase of rotor speed,1X frequency vibration of the rotor system firstly increases and then decreases,and the amplitude of secondary frequency vibration increases gradually. When the center distance of the top foil structure is reduced,the stability of the rotor system increases. The experimental results show that both the unbalance and the external load excite the secondary frequency vibration of the system,and the amplitude of the secondary frequency vibration increases with the increase of the rotational speed. Moreover,the unbalance and the external load have obvious amplifying effect on each other in the excitation of secondary frequency.

rotor dynamics  /  gas bearing  /  rotor test bench  /  unbalance weigh  /  external load
管玉坤, 朱鹏程, 张振, 冯凯. 搭接-叠片式箔片气体动压轴承转子动力学特性实验研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (4) : 623 -631 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.009
Yu-kun GUAN, Peng-cheng ZHU, Zhen ZHANG, Kai FENG. A rotor dynamics experimental study on lapped-laminated gas foil bearing[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (4) : 623 -631 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.009
箔片气体动压轴承作为滑动轴承的一种,目前主要用于压缩机、膨胀机、燃气轮机、空气循环机等高速透平机械。相对于传统滚动轴承以及油润滑轴承,箔片气体动压轴承有着转速高、寿命长、自适应强以及无油化等显著优势,因而在高速旋转透平机械行业中越来越受到重视1。以波箔结构为弹性支撑单元的箔片气体动压轴承技术在美国、韩国、日本以及欧洲地区得到了快速发展。
在理论研究方面,Heshmat等2将气膜简化为等温气体,通过有限差分法和扰动法对气体润滑雷诺方程进行求解,获得了动压箔片轴承的仿真模型。Dellacorte等3总结出一个因变量为转子转速、直径和轴承长度的波箔型动压箔片轴承承载能力计算公式。近些年来,国内的部分高校和研究所的相关研究团队也对箔片气体动压轴承开展了一定的研究。Feng等4针对波箔型动压箔片轴承提出Link-Spring力学模型,耦合无量纲雷诺方程,通过牛顿迭代来探索气膜厚度、气膜压力与轴承载荷之间的平衡点,并通过实验证实Link-Spring模型能精确计算波箔型动压箔片轴承的静、动态特性;冯凯等5针对一种新型三瓣式动压箔片轴承提出了与文献[4]类似的刚性杆-弹簧模型,并成功求解了三瓣式动压箔片轴承的静、动态特性。陈汝刚等6针对鼓泡弹性箔片气体动压轴承,采用双向流固耦合模型,对轴承内部的压力分布进行了相关研究。徐方程等7采用有限元法与有限差分法耦合的方法求解了气膜厚度方程,通过仿真分析研究了楔形入口高度对轴承承载力的影响。
在实验研究方面,舒行军等8通过搭建动压轴承实验台对波箔型气体轴承进行了性能实验,得出该轴承起飞转速约为5000 r/min,承载力约为154 N。冯凯等9设计并研制了通过气缸对径向箔片动压气体轴承进行加载的轴承承载实验台,测得了实验轴承在不同转速下的极限承载力。张雯等10通过试验测试了箔片气体动压轴承支承的空压机轴系振动,并验证了其所设计的箔片气体动压轴承的可行性。
目前,随着国内透平机械的发展,对箔片气体动压轴承应用技术的需求也愈加迫切,然而由于箔片气体动压轴承是由气体、固体以及弹性体强耦合作用组成的精密部件,具有很强的非线性特征11,因而目前的理论研究以及实验探索对不同类型、不同规格的气体轴承工程应用的指导并不具有强普适性,无法获得箔片气体动压轴承运行过程中的普遍规律。因此,本文基于研究课题中某型号航空涡扇发动机,针对搭接-叠片式箔片气体动压轴承的性能要求,设计并搭建了相应的高速气动转子性能实验台,并通过对转子系统施加不平衡量和外部载荷开展相关实验,以进一步研究该类型箔片气体动压轴承支承的转子系统的动力学特性,并为该类型箔片气体动压轴承在工程的应用上提供参考。
本文研制的搭接-叠片式箔片气体动压轴承是由搭接式径向轴承以及叠片式推力轴承共同配合使用的一套轴承。如图1所示,径向轴承由径向顶箔、波箔、销钉以及轴承套组成;推力轴承由推力顶箔、支撑弹片以及间隙片组成。在径向轴承结构中,5片径向顶箔依次首尾搭接,即前一片径向顶箔的后半部分搭接在后一片径向顶箔的前半部分上,并紧密贴合为圆形,贴附在5片波箔的内圈。5片波箔紧贴于轴承套内表面,其一端与径向顶箔一起通过销钉固定在卡槽中,另一端处于自由状态。
在转子高速旋转过程中,由于转子的外表面与轴承顶箔的内表面存在一定间隙,且转子存在自重和外部载荷作用,因而转子的轴心与轴承顶箔内壁的轴心会发生偏移并形成环状楔形空间。箔片气体动压轴承依靠高速旋转工况下的转子将气体不断地带入由轴承顶箔内表面与转子外表面形成的环状楔形空间,利用气体动压效应形成高压气膜,并以此产生稳定的气膜压力,使转子外表面与轴承顶箔内表面脱离,从而起到支承转子的作用。
径向轴承波箔结构的主要作用是提供弹性支撑力,顶箔与顶箔之间以及顶箔与波箔之间的相对运动产生的库仑摩擦力提供轴承的主要阻尼。推力轴承则依靠10片顶箔的拱形结构以及顶箔与支撑弹片之间的简支梁单元形成楔形空间,进而利用推力盘与推力轴承顶箔之间的高速相对运动产生稳定的气膜支承力,间隙片主要用于提高推力轴承的安装间隙和安装预紧。轴承的箔片材料为Inconel-X750,涂层材料为特氟龙,其他主要结构参数如表1所示。
综合考虑顶箔与波箔之间的摩擦、波箔与轴承套之间的摩擦、各个波箔结构单元之间的相互作用以及顶箔凹陷变形等多个因素,本文采用如图2所示的Link-Spring模型开展弹性结构理论分析。在Link-Spring模型中,每个波箔被等效为一个弹簧,如图2(b)所示。
连杆是刚性的,波箔竖直变形量与水平弹簧变形量之间存在的几何关系如图3所示。弹性的波箔结构单元被等效为一个竖直方向的弹簧,该等效弹簧的刚度定义为,由文献[4]可得出等效竖直刚度为:
式中
i为计算过程中的迭代次数;为从波箔自由端开始进行迭代求解,直到固定端的等效垂直刚度;为波箔与轴承套之间的摩擦系数;为波箔与顶箔之间的摩擦系数。
在进行有限元建模分析时,将顶箔简化为梁模型,以期模拟由气膜压力分布不均而导致的顶箔凹陷变形。将计算得到的顶箔等效刚度和每个波箔的等效刚度相加,即可得到波箔和顶箔并联模型的等效刚度
假设轴颈在轴承中平衡位置受到具有特定位移和速度的小扰动时,轴心会在平衡位置附近小幅振动。通过耦合瞬态雷诺方程和支承结构的动态运动方程,可求解此平衡位置处的轴承动态系数。轴颈在平衡位置附近振动时,轴承中气膜的动态雷诺方程为:
式中  为轴承气膜压力;为环境压力;为气膜厚度;C为轴承间隙;R为轴承半径;为气体动力黏度;为激励频率;为轴颈转速;为外部激励频率和轴颈转动的频率之比。
图4是搭接-叠片式箔片气体动压轴承的动态刚度和动态阻尼曲线图。从图4(a)中可以看出,随着转速的升高,直接刚度KxxKyy逐渐增加,且KxxKyy差值逐渐减小,可以看出搭接-叠片式箔片气体动压轴承在高转速下具有良好的一致性刚度,同时随着转速的增加,交叉刚度不断降低,而交叉刚度是转子次同步振动幅值的主要影响因素之一,因此搭接-叠片式箔片气体动压轴承在高转速环境下稳定性将逐渐升高;从图4(b)中可以看出,直接阻尼随着转速的增加而显著减小,而交叉阻尼随转速的增加变化不明显,且直接阻尼均大于交叉阻尼,因此所研制的搭接-叠片式箔片气体动压轴承-转子系统具有优良的稳定性,文献[12]中也有类似的研究规律。
为探究由搭接-叠片式箔片气体动压轴承支承的转子轴系对转子不平衡量加载以及转子外部载荷的响应表现,设计了转子实验台系统。
图5所示,本文所设计的转子实验台主要由底座、壳体、转子、径向轴承、径向加载磁铁、推力轴承、推力加载磁铁、冲击涡轮以及涡壳等组成。转子实验台的测控系统由NI PXle-1071多路信号采集机箱配合Labview上位机测控软件环境共同组成。在本文所设计的实验台测试系统中,主要完成对转速、振动、温度等信号的采集以及对磁铁加载力电压、电磁调压气阀电压的控制。
径向轴承在实验台的转子两端分布,推力轴承布置在推力盘两侧;通过电磁调压气阀控制外部空压机气压,为冲击涡轮提供可变的旋转驱动力,利用外部直流稳压电源驱动径向加载磁铁与推力加载磁铁,从而对转子产生轴向和径向非接触加载力;转子的推力轴承端布置有一对垂直的电涡流位移传感器,用于检测转子的振动状态以及轴心轨迹;热电偶温度传感器通过测温孔探入轴承顶箔与波箔之间,用于测量径向轴承与推力轴承实时温度状态;激光转速传感器从侧面反光条处采集转子转速信号。
对高速旋转机械而言,对轴承-转子系统进行转子动力学校核计算是必不可少的设计过程。本文所设计的转子实验台通过转子动力学分析软件XLrotor对箔片气体动压径向轴承支承的轴承-转子系统进行转子动力学分析,估算出轴承-转子系统的临界转速分布,用于判断结构设计的合理性。由于实验台空载时不存在外部载荷,所以在进行转子动力学仿真计算时暂不考虑承载力。本文所建立的轴承-转子系统的转子动力学计算模型如图6所示,为了简化转子模型,将轴承-转子系统中的冲击涡轮以及锁紧螺母等效为点质量。转子采用空心结构的目的一方面是为了减小转子自重,降低启动所需的气源压力和流量,另一方面是为了增加转子的散热面积,提高实验台转子的散热能力。
由于转子转速可以直接影响箔片气体动压轴承的刚度,所以在进行转子临界转速分析时,轴承的刚度系数变化较为明显,不能看成是恒定不变的数值,这一点与滚动轴承的临界转速计算是有很大区别的。
计算过程中,将箔片气体动压轴承刚度系数KxxKyy与阻尼系数CxxCyy代入转子轴系进行特征值分析,得到轴承-转子系统的坎贝尔图,如图7所示。图中的3条转子固有频率随转速变化的曲线与同步振动曲线的3个交点分别代表轴承-转子系统的一阶、二阶与三阶临界转速的理论值,从图中可以看出轴承-转子系统的一阶临界转速约为5000 r/min,二阶临界转速约为10000 r/min,三阶临界转速大于70000 r/min。本文所搭建的实验台正常情况下主要的长时工作转速区间为50000~60000 r/min,该区间不存在转子临界转速,可以认为该轴承-转子系统结构基本满足转子动力学的设计要求。
首先对所研制的箔片气体动压径向轴承样件进行起飞实验,检验样件是否达到实验要求。随后对轴承进行转子系统实验,该实验的内容主要是通过对该箔片动压气体轴承支承的轴系进行不平衡量加载以及外部载荷加载,根据转子振动响应规律进行分析,再针对性地对轴承结构进行优化设计。
轴承起飞实验是为得到摩擦转矩随转速的变化关系,进一步得到箔片气体动压径向轴承的起飞转速以及稳定转矩,用以检验轴承样件性能是否满足基本设计要求。本文设计的起飞实验台的结构示意图如图8所示,由于推力轴承起飞实验较为复杂,且推力轴承不作为本文研究重点,所以此处不介绍推力轴承起飞实验。
箔片气体动压轴承的起飞转速是指在转子与轴承支撑面形成稳定气膜的过程中,转子表面脱离轴承顶箔支撑面时所对应的转速,是润滑支撑气膜形成的标志13。本文通过起飞实验得到的轴承摩擦转矩随转速的变化关系如图9所示,从图中可以得到该箔片动压气体轴承的起飞转速约为7500 r/min,最大摩擦转矩约为220 N·mm。
本文针对课题项目中的实际转子结构可达到的不平衡精度以及正常工况下的外部载荷,设置了4组不平衡量加载实验以及5组外部载荷加载实验。实验开始前,将不平衡配重螺钉打磨称重后旋入推力盘与冲击涡轮在水平位置上相互对应的配重螺钉孔,保证转子两端不平衡配重螺钉所在位置的连线与转子轴的轴心线平行,并且旋入相同深度后紧固,如图10所示。不平衡量实验分组如表2所示。
实验时,先启动气源,将气压升到0.5 MPa,期间随着气压升高,转子稳定升速至转速50000 r/min后关闭气源,转子稳定降速到0 r/min,截取从48000 r/min自由降速至6000 r/min过程中测试系统采集到的转子的振动响应数据。选取降速过程实验数据的主要目的是为了排除冲击涡轮的供气装置产生的噪声干扰,使得实验结果的准确性更高。振动数据选取的是转子竖直方向布置的电涡流位移传感器的输出数据,经过DIAdem数据处理软件整合为降速瀑布图。各组不平衡量加载实验降速过程瀑布图如图11~14所示。
为了更清晰地对比出不平衡量大小对转子1X振动的影响,本文将各组实验数据的1X振动数据提取出来,并将提取的数据点整合为如图15所示的幅频Bode图。
1X振动幅值是转子不平衡量对转子系统影响的最直观表现。通过对实验过程中的4组瀑布图进行对比分析可以明显发现,各组实验在整体上都呈现出转子的1X振动随着转速的增加先增强再减弱的趋势;可以发现在4组实验中,转子都在转速12000 r/min附近越过了二阶临界转速,并且在二阶临界转速处发生振动叠加,导致振幅增大。在二阶临界转速之后,随着转速的升高,转子轴的1X振动幅值会显著减小,这也说明了箔片动压气体轴承在工作过程中所形成的气膜刚度随着转速的升高而增大,高转速下的箔片动压气体轴承对转子1X振动的抑制效果非常明显。从图15中的4组实验的1X振动幅值对照可以看出,随着转子两侧不平衡量的增大,转子的1X振动幅值在整体上明显增大,并且二阶临界转速出现的频率有所提前,同时也可以发现在转速大于30000 r/min时,转子1X振动幅值的增加量明显小于转速小于30000 r/min时的增加量,这也说明了箔片动压气体轴承在高转速范围内可以展现出较好的转子振动抑制能力,这是滚珠轴承或者油润滑轴承所无法实现的。
箔片气体动压轴承支承的转子系统的次频振动是轴承性能的主要评价指标之一。从A组到D组试验的瀑布图中可以看出,在不平衡量加载实验过程中,随着转子加载的不平衡量的增大,B组实验中的转子系统开始出现了频率约为100 Hz的次频振动,在C组和D组中更加明显。在BCD三组实验中,次频振动呈现出激发转速逐渐提前,并且幅值逐渐增大的趋势。
一般认为次频振动出现的原因有两个,一是由于转子与轴承内壁形成的气膜不够完整,转子局部位置与轴承顶箔产生间歇性摩擦触碰,导致测得的转子振动数据中有次频振动分量;二是由于高转速环境下气膜涡动激起箔片自由端产生自激振动,按照一定频率拍打转子,导致转子产生具有一定频率的次频振荡14。然而事实上,由于顶箔自由端振荡时必然会和转子表面有间歇性接触碰磨,所以这两种解释并不能完全割裂,应该理解为是二者的耦合作用。
在本文的研究中,为了抑制箔片自由端振荡,对径向顶箔结构进行了局部结构优化设计。径向顶箔的形状结构示意图如图16所示。
顶箔装配过程中,前一片顶箔的后半部分紧密搭接在后一片顶箔的前半部分上,5片顶箔依次搭接形成环状结构。顶箔中间位置的“阶梯”结构的作用主要是“隐藏”顶箔的自由端边缘,使装配完成的轴承内壁尽可能地贴近于圆形,避免箔片自由端的端面产生凸起,从而减少自由端振荡。从图16可以看出,改变圆心距d可以改变“阶梯”结构的高度和角度,从而影响顶箔自由端相对位置,改变自由端的振荡情况。为了优化性能,本文在多次调整圆心距d后又进行了在G16等级下的降速实验,实验结果如图17所示,从图17中可以看出相对于未调整之前的G16等级降速过程,转子系统的1X振动幅值明显降低,次频振动明显减小,次频出现的转速延后,系统稳定性得到改善。
由于该箔片气体动压轴承最终应用的某型号涡扇发动机在实际工况中伴随有轴向以及径向的载荷,为了尽可能地模拟出该机型实际工况,本文还进行了不平衡量载荷以及外部载荷对转子共同作用下的转子降速实验。不平衡量载荷依然通过改变不平衡配重实现,外部载荷包括轴向载荷以及径向载荷,通过电磁铁加载装置实现。实验分组如表3所示。
实验取48000 r/min到6000 r/min降速过程转子竖直方向上的振动数据,各组实验结果瀑布图如图18~22所示。
在实验过程中,EFG组实验过程是在残余不平衡量情况下,分别对转子进行径向100 N的外部均匀载荷加载、轴向100 N的外部均匀载荷加载、轴向和径向各100 N的同时外部均匀载荷加载。在A组实验中转子没有产生次频振动,所以可以认为<G2.5等级的残余不平衡量不会激起转子次频振动,因此EFG组实验结果中的次频振动是由外部载荷激发的。由EFG组实验结果瀑布图可以看出,径向载荷和轴向载荷都对转子的1X振动以及次频振动有明显的影响,且影响效果相似。对1X振动的影响主要体现在振动幅值相对于无外部载荷情况下有一定的增加,对次频的影响主要体现在会激发出次频并且随着转速增加次频幅值逐渐增大。G组实验结果相对于EF组的单独方向外部载荷实验结果而言,次频振动幅值并没有明显增大,因而可以认为该系统中径向外部载荷对转子次频的影响与轴向外部载荷对转子次频的影响相互之间没有很强烈的叠加干扰。
实验GHI组是转子在同时承受100 N径向载荷以及100 N轴向载荷的情况下,分别进行<G2.5等级、G2.5等级、G6.3等级的不平衡量加载实验,这种工况下的实验将会更加接近工程项目的实际工况。由于在尝试G16等级的不衡量与外部载荷耦合实验时,转子系统出现了极大的不平衡响应,系统出现失稳现象,所以为了安全以及保护实验台,未进行G16等级的耦合加载实验。从上文分析可知,G组实验的转子次频振动是由轴向与径向共同作用下的外部载荷激发的,B组实验中的转子次频振动是由G2.5等级的不平衡量激发的。对比HBG组可以发现H组实验的次频振动幅值并非是BG组次频振动幅值的数值叠加,同样I组也不是CG组的数值叠加,而是远大于数值叠加,可以认为不平衡量对转子次频幅值的影响与外部载荷对转子次频幅值的影响出现了一种相互放大的作用。
本文设计并研制了一款搭接-叠片式箔片气体动压轴承,设计并搭建了转子-轴承系统动力学实验台,获得了搭接-叠片式箔片气体动压轴承支承的转子系统在不平衡量加载单独作用下、不平衡量加载与外部载荷耦合作用下的转子主频振动、次频振动的响应规律。主要结论如下:
(1)通过起飞实验验证了本文所研制轴承的性能符合应用要求,并研究了搭接-叠片式箔片气体动压轴承对抑制转子主频振动的规律。所研制轴承的起飞转速约为7500 r/min,干摩擦阶段轴承的最大摩擦转矩约为220 N·mm,轴承成功起飞后摩擦转矩稳定降至20 N·mm以下;随着转速的升高,转子的主频振动幅值呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,尤其在转速大于30000 r/min后,箔片气体动压轴承对转子主频振动的抑制效果非常明显。
(2)不平衡量与外部载荷均会激发转子次频振动。不平衡量与外部载荷加载耦合实验表明,径向、轴向载荷都会增大转子的主频振动幅值,并激发次频振动,且次频振动幅值随转速升高而增大;不平衡量与外部载荷在激发次频振动方面相互影响,二者对激发次频振动存在着明显的耦合与相互放大作用。
(3)优化顶箔结构尺寸可以抑制转子系统次频振动。不平衡量加载实验结果表明,随着转子不平衡量的增加,转子系统的主频振动幅值有小幅度增加(增量小于20%);转子次频振动在不平衡量达到G2.5后开始出现,且随着不平衡量的增加,产生次频振动的转速降低、次频幅值增大,因为转子不平衡量增加后,箔片自由端将会出现自激振荡现象,导致次频出现。对顶箔结构进行调整,在顶箔中间位置设置“阶梯”结构,以期“隐藏”顶箔的自由端边缘,避免箔片自由端的端面产生凸起,并适当调整圆心距后,转子系统次频振动幅值明显降低。
  • 国家重点研发计划课题资助项目(2021YFF0600208)
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2024年第37卷第4期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.009
  • 接收时间:2022-06-14
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-14
  • 修回日期:2022-11-21
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国家重点研发计划课题资助项目(2021YFF0600208)
作者信息
    1湖南大学机械与运载工程学院,湖南 长沙 410082
    2中国航发湖南动力机械研究所,湖南 株洲 412001

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冯 凯(1982―),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。电话:(0731)88821317; E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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