Article(id=1227614517480325783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1655740800000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-21, revisedDate=1660579200000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770615708942, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770615708942, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770615708942, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770615708942, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227614514896634485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='4', pageStart='539', pageEnd='728', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770615708325, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795248114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228367559410512191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228367559410512192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=612, endPage=622, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227614517723595423, articleId=1227614517480325783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=The traction motor distribution and system coupling vibration characteristics of rack vehicle, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the influence of the traction motor distribution on the dynamic characteristics of rack vehicle and gear-rack meshing characteristics,the vehicle dynamics characteristics under different traction motor layout modes are analyzed with the consideration of the gear-rack nonlinear meshing behavior and dynamic time-varying excitation and the wheel-rail nonlinear contact relationship. Based on the Strub system,the coupling dynamics model of rack vehicles is established. The influence of three different motor forms on the dynamic characteristics is studied. On this basis,the layout mode suitable for rack vehicles is proposed.The research shows the gear meshing force and the vertical and longitudinal vibration acceleration are smaller under the dual-mounted traction motor conditions. When the motor is dual-mounted,the meshing force is about 50% of that the motor is rear-mounted and front-mounted. The maximum amplitude difference of the vertical and longitudinal acceleration of the gear is 4.04 m·s-2 and 6.01 m·s-2 in the straight section. When the motor is rear-mounted the gear vibration acceleration is the largest,and the vertical and longitudinal acceleration amplitudes are 45% larger than the dual-mounted traction motor conditions in the climbing section. The comfort of rack vehicle is better when the motor rear and front-mounted on the straight line,but the dual-mounted is better in the climbing section. In view of the fact that rack vehicle is mainly used in climbing lines,and the dynamic characteristics of rack vehicle with dual-mounted are the best when climbing. Thus,it is recommended that the dual-mounted is the optimal layout mode.

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为探究牵引电机布置模式对齿轨车辆动态特性及齿轮⁃齿轨啮合特性的影响,在考虑齿轮⁃齿轨非线性啮合行为及其动态时变激扰和轮轨非线性接触关系的条件下,分析了不同电机布置模式下的车辆动力学特性。以Strub齿轨系统为原型,建立了齿轨车辆-轨道垂纵耦合动力学模型,研究了三种不同电机驱动形式对齿轨车辆动态特性的影响规律,并在此基础上提出了适用于齿轨车辆的牵引电机布置方案。研究表明:牵引电机双置工况下齿轮啮合力和垂向、纵向振动加速度更小;其中电机双置时齿轮齿轨啮合力约为电机后置和前置时的50%,平直段齿轮垂向和纵向加速度的最大幅值差分别为4.04和6.01 m/s2,爬坡段电机后置时齿轮振动加速度最大,其垂向、纵向加速度幅值比电机双置时大45%;平直线路上电机后置与前置时齿轨车辆的舒适性较好,而爬坡段牵引电机双置模式下更好;鉴于齿轨车辆主要应用于爬坡线路,且爬坡时电机双置齿轨车辆的动力学指标最好,因此建议牵引电机双置为最优布置模式。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李世辉(1996―),男,硕士。E-mail:
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陈兆玮(1988—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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陈兆玮(1988—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614517480325783, language=CN, label=图22, caption=爬坡段车体垂向加速度变化趋势, figureFileSmall=eOiR2yYvmK8hHzcEq6DmDw==, figureFileBig=Yvymdl3dojA5nerMf/DBxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227639800019222969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614517480325783, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Degree of freedom of vehicle model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自由度沉浮点头/旋转纵向位移
车体DzcβcDxc
构架 (i=1,2)DztiβtiDxti
轮对 (j=1,2,3,4)DzwjβwjDxwj
齿轮 (k=1,2,3,4)DzgkβgkDxgk
), ArticleFig(id=1227639800107303357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614517480325783, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

车辆模型自由度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自由度沉浮点头/旋转纵向位移
车体DzcβcDxc
构架 (i=1,2)DztiβtiDxti
轮对 (j=1,2,3,4)DzwjβwjDxwj
齿轮 (k=1,2,3,4)DzgkβgkDxgk
), ArticleFig(id=1227639800207966656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614517480325783, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Calculated working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算工况坡度布置模式速度/(km·h-1)
平直段前置、后置、双置5,10,15,20,25,30
爬坡段100‰前置、后置、双置
), ArticleFig(id=1227639800308629958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614517480325783, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

计算工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算工况坡度布置模式速度/(km·h-1)
平直段前置、后置、双置5,10,15,20,25,30
爬坡段100‰前置、后置、双置
), ArticleFig(id=1227639800409293258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614517480325783, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Main parameters of rack vehicle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值单位
最高行驶速度30km/h
车体质量22t
构架质量3t
轮对质量1t
转向架轴距2.8m
构架重心高度0.55m
车辆定距11.6m
一系悬挂刚度(x/z10/0.6MN/m
一系悬挂阻尼(x/z6/6kN·s/m
二系悬挂刚度(x/z0.15/0.45MN/m
二系悬挂阻尼(x/z60/80kN·s/m
车轮滚动圆半径0.42m
滚动圆跨距1.058m
踏面类型LM
轨距1m
齿轨单位长度质量50kg/m
紧固件间距0.6m
齿轮、齿轨模数31.831mm
齿轮齿数22
齿轮、齿轨齿形角14.0362deg
齿轮齿顶高系数0.9
齿轮顶隙系数0.166
全齿高0.06258m
法向变位系数0.074114
齿轮、齿轨螺旋角0deg
跨齿数2
), ArticleFig(id=1227639800497373646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614517480325783, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

齿轨车辆主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值单位
最高行驶速度30km/h
车体质量22t
构架质量3t
轮对质量1t
转向架轴距2.8m
构架重心高度0.55m
车辆定距11.6m
一系悬挂刚度(x/z10/0.6MN/m
一系悬挂阻尼(x/z6/6kN·s/m
二系悬挂刚度(x/z0.15/0.45MN/m
二系悬挂阻尼(x/z60/80kN·s/m
车轮滚动圆半径0.42m
滚动圆跨距1.058m
踏面类型LM
轨距1m
齿轨单位长度质量50kg/m
紧固件间距0.6m
齿轮、齿轨模数31.831mm
齿轮齿数22
齿轮、齿轨齿形角14.0362deg
齿轮齿顶高系数0.9
齿轮顶隙系数0.166
全齿高0.06258m
法向变位系数0.074114
齿轮、齿轨螺旋角0deg
跨齿数2
), ArticleFig(id=1227639800589648338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614517480325783, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Optimal layout mode of traction motor under each concerned index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关注指标计算工况最优模式
啮合系统特性齿轮啮合力平直段双置
爬坡段双置
齿轮垂向加速度平直段双置
爬坡段双置
齿轮纵向加速度平直段双置
爬坡段双置
舒适性车体垂向加速度平直段前置/后置
爬坡段双置
车体平稳性指数平直段前置/后置
), ArticleFig(id=1227639800690311638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614517480325783, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各关注指标下牵引电机最优布置模式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关注指标计算工况最优模式
啮合系统特性齿轮啮合力平直段双置
爬坡段双置
齿轮垂向加速度平直段双置
爬坡段双置
齿轮纵向加速度平直段双置
爬坡段双置
舒适性车体垂向加速度平直段前置/后置
爬坡段双置
车体平稳性指数平直段前置/后置
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齿轨车辆牵引电机布置模式及系统耦合振动特性
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陈兆玮 1 , 李世辉 1 , 袁密奥 1 , 陈志辉 2 , 杨吉忠 2
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(4): 612-622
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(4): 612-622
齿轨车辆牵引电机布置模式及系统耦合振动特性
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陈兆玮1 , 李世辉1 , 袁密奥1, 陈志辉2, 杨吉忠2
作者信息
  • 1重庆交通大学机电与车辆工程学院,重庆 400074
  • 2中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司,四川 成都 610031
  • 陈兆玮(1988—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李世辉(1996―),男,硕士。E-mail:
The traction motor distribution and system coupling vibration characteristics of rack vehicle
Zhao-wei CHEN1 , Shi-hui LI1 , Mi-ao YUAN1, Zhi-hui CHEN2, Ji-zhong YANG2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanotronics and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 2China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610031, China
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.008
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为探究牵引电机布置模式对齿轨车辆动态特性及齿轮⁃齿轨啮合特性的影响,在考虑齿轮⁃齿轨非线性啮合行为及其动态时变激扰和轮轨非线性接触关系的条件下,分析了不同电机布置模式下的车辆动力学特性。以Strub齿轨系统为原型,建立了齿轨车辆-轨道垂纵耦合动力学模型,研究了三种不同电机驱动形式对齿轨车辆动态特性的影响规律,并在此基础上提出了适用于齿轨车辆的牵引电机布置方案。研究表明:牵引电机双置工况下齿轮啮合力和垂向、纵向振动加速度更小;其中电机双置时齿轮齿轨啮合力约为电机后置和前置时的50%,平直段齿轮垂向和纵向加速度的最大幅值差分别为4.04和6.01 m/s2,爬坡段电机后置时齿轮振动加速度最大,其垂向、纵向加速度幅值比电机双置时大45%;平直线路上电机后置与前置时齿轨车辆的舒适性较好,而爬坡段牵引电机双置模式下更好;鉴于齿轨车辆主要应用于爬坡线路,且爬坡时电机双置齿轨车辆的动力学指标最好,因此建议牵引电机双置为最优布置模式。

车辆⁃齿轨耦合动力学  /  齿轨铁路  /  牵引电机布置模式  /  Strub齿轨系统  /  齿轮齿条啮合  /  车辆舒适性

In order to explore the influence of the traction motor distribution on the dynamic characteristics of rack vehicle and gear-rack meshing characteristics,the vehicle dynamics characteristics under different traction motor layout modes are analyzed with the consideration of the gear-rack nonlinear meshing behavior and dynamic time-varying excitation and the wheel-rail nonlinear contact relationship. Based on the Strub system,the coupling dynamics model of rack vehicles is established. The influence of three different motor forms on the dynamic characteristics is studied. On this basis,the layout mode suitable for rack vehicles is proposed.The research shows the gear meshing force and the vertical and longitudinal vibration acceleration are smaller under the dual-mounted traction motor conditions. When the motor is dual-mounted,the meshing force is about 50% of that the motor is rear-mounted and front-mounted. The maximum amplitude difference of the vertical and longitudinal acceleration of the gear is 4.04 m·s-2 and 6.01 m·s-2 in the straight section. When the motor is rear-mounted the gear vibration acceleration is the largest,and the vertical and longitudinal acceleration amplitudes are 45% larger than the dual-mounted traction motor conditions in the climbing section. The comfort of rack vehicle is better when the motor rear and front-mounted on the straight line,but the dual-mounted is better in the climbing section. In view of the fact that rack vehicle is mainly used in climbing lines,and the dynamic characteristics of rack vehicle with dual-mounted are the best when climbing. Thus,it is recommended that the dual-mounted is the optimal layout mode.

vehicle-rack coupling dynamics  /  rack railway  /  layout mode of traction motor  /  Strub rack system  /  gear-rack meshing  /  vehicle comfort
陈兆玮, 李世辉, 袁密奥, 陈志辉, 杨吉忠. 齿轨车辆牵引电机布置模式及系统耦合振动特性. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (4) : 612 -622 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.008
Zhao-wei CHEN, Shi-hui LI, Mi-ao YUAN, Zhi-hui CHEN, Ji-zhong YANG. The traction motor distribution and system coupling vibration characteristics of rack vehicle[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (4) : 612 -622 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.008
齿轨铁路因其具有地形适应能力强、爬坡能力强、建设成本低、可与普通铁路衔接等优点,近年来逐渐成为山地景区旅游观光或矿区运输的主要运输手段之一1。经过150多年的发展,目前较为成熟的齿轨系统主要有Riggenbach,Abt,Locher,Strub 4种,其广泛应用于美国和欧洲等山地路段。对普通轨道车辆而言,依靠钢轮钢轨黏着所能攀爬的极限坡度为40‰~60‰,坡度过大会因轮轨接触面滑动而导致黏着力不足,而齿轨铁路最大坡度达480‰,这为中国山地区域的交通发展提供了重要的交通工具23。中国都江堰、张家界和九寨沟等地每年旅游人流量较大,为了缓解客运压力都已经做出齿轨铁路的规划和建设。四川省于2019年发布了《山地(齿轨)轨道交通技术规范》(DB51/T 2542—2018),进一步了推动中国齿轨铁路的发展4
齿轨车辆电机布置不固定,不同的布置模式对整车动力学特性的影响不同,如瑞士少女峰采用Strub系统的双置电机齿轨列车,皮拉图斯山采用Locher系统的前置电机齿轨车辆。牵引电机的数量过少将不能为车辆提供足够的牵引力;如果强行增大电机功率而行驶齿轮系统数量不足,又会导致单个齿轮系统过载,加快齿轮系统的磨损甚至疲劳断裂5。齿轮齿轨系统必须精确啮合,如果电机和行驶齿轮系统数量增多,会引起各齿轮与齿轨配合发生相互干涉,从而引起整车的振动和冲击加剧,尤其是在齿轮齿轨系统发生磨损时,配合误差增大,干涉也更加明显6。电机的分布形式不仅会影响整车的振动特性,甚至会引发齿轨系统的严重损坏从而导致车祸的发生。因此,有必要对齿轨车辆牵引电机的布置模式进行研究。
目前国内外学者对齿轨系统开展了一些研究并取得了部分成果。余浩伟等7对齿轨铁路技术的特点和应用进行了研究,为齿轨铁路的规划和建设提供了指导;马雁翔等8以采煤机建立实验模型,对齿轮齿轨进行了啮合动态分析,得出其啮合动态特性;赵冠闯等9通过齿轨车辆实验模型,讨论了重心高度对车体动力学特性的影响;为了降低山地齿轨运输车的振动,提高单轨运输车的稳定性和安全性,Liu等10研究了齿轮参数对车辆振动的影响;基于车轨耦合理论,Chen等11建立了齿轨车辆空间模型,研究了齿轨车辆动态特性及其非线性动力特性。可以看出:(1)齿轨铁路系统的动力学研究尚处于初始阶段,尚未形成理论体系;(2)对齿轨列车动态特性的既有研究并未详细考虑齿轮⁃齿轨非线性啮合关系;(3)目前尚无关于齿轨列车电机布置模式的研究。
本文基于Strub齿轨系统,建立了车辆⁃齿轨垂纵耦合动力学模型,研究了齿轨车辆在不同牵引电机分布形式下的动力学特性,分析了电机的布置模式对齿轨车辆动力学特性的影响,并提出了电机最优布置方案。
基于车辆⁃轨道耦合动力学理论12,针对如图1所示的Strub齿轨系统(该图来自谷歌图片),建立了考虑齿轮齿轨传动系统的齿轨车辆⁃轨道垂纵耦合动力学模型。分别考虑车辆的沉浮、点头、纵向位移,每辆动车有33个独立的自由度,如表1所示。
齿轨和钢轨被视为连续弹性点支承无限长Euler梁13,齿轨由紧固件固定于轨枕上,钢轨置于两侧。齿轨和钢轨拥有不同的自由度。车辆⁃齿轨垂纵耦合动力学模型如图2所示。由图2可知,齿轮和轮对引起的纵向振动通过轴箱传递至转向架,引起转向架的纵向振动,纵向振动在牵引拉杆、抗蛇行减振器等部件的作用下会加剧构架的点头运动和垂向振动,整个过程中齿轮的特性传递过程是振动和噪声产生的主要激励源。同理,构架加剧的点头运动和垂向振动会通过二系悬挂传递至车体,使车体的点头运动和垂向振动加剧14。文中垂向和纵向始终以轨道平面为基准,且轨道坡度记作ψ
(1) 车体模型
车体垂向运动微分方程为:
车体点头运动微分方程为:
车体纵向运动微分方程为:
式中  Mc为车体(包括载客或货物)质量;Dzc为车体垂向位移;CszKsz分别为二系悬挂垂向的阻尼和刚度;DztiDxti分别为前后转向架垂向和纵向位移;g为重力加速度;lc为车辆定距之半;Dxc为车体纵向位移;CsxKsx分别为二系悬挂的纵向约束阻尼和纵向约束刚度;FR为车体受到的阻力。
(2) 转向架模型
转向架垂向运动微分方程为:
转向架点头运动微分方程为:
转向架纵向运动微分方程为:
式中  Mt为构架质量;分别为一系悬挂的垂向阻尼和刚度;Dzti为第i构架的垂向位移;为前后转向架点头惯量;为前后转向架点头运动;为轮对的垂向振动;Dzwj为第j轮对的垂向位移(i=1时,j=1;i=2时,j=3);为第i构架的纵向位移;KpxCpx分别为一系悬挂的纵向约束刚度和纵向约束阻尼;Dxwj为第j轮对质心的纵向位移;lt为转向架固定轴距之半。
(3)轮对模型
轮对沉浮运动微分方程为:
轮对纵向运动微分方程为:
式中  为各轮时质量;Pj为第j轮对单侧车轮垂向力(j=1,2,3,4);Fjt)为各轮对处激励函数;Fwx为轮轨切向力;Fwt为轮对牵引力。
(4) 齿轮⁃齿轨啮合模型
在考虑齿侧间隙、齿轮副传动误差影响的条件下建立齿轮⁃齿轨啮合系统的五自由度动力学模型15,如图3所示。
由于齿轨采用紧固件安装在轨枕上,其垂向和纵向的位移几乎为零,所以不考虑其铰接处刚度和阻尼的作用。图3中,θpθg分别为主、从动齿轮扭转角位移;IpIg分别为主、从动齿轮的转动惯量;RpRg分别为主、从动齿轮的基圆半径;e1t)和e2t)分别为齿轮⁃齿轮和齿轮⁃齿轨的啮合综合误差;KmKn为啮合综合刚度;CmCn为啮合阻尼;TpTg分别为作用在主、从动齿轮上的外载荷力矩;分别为考虑纵向间隙的阻尼和刚度;分别为考虑垂向间隙的阻尼和刚度;为齿轨的单位质量;为齿轨纵向啮合力。
齿轮运动微分方程为:
其中:
式中  Mg为传动齿轮的质量;DzgDxg分别为齿轮的垂向位移和纵向位移;FfpiFdpi分别为行驶齿轮与齿轮箱和齿轨之间的动态摩擦力和动态啮合力。
式(9)经变换可表示为:
式中  M为等效质量;C为等效阻尼;Kt)为等效刚度;W为等效载荷。
再引入总等效激励误差,通常将总激励力表示为下式:
式中 Δkt)为齿轮的变刚度;et)为总综合误差。通过齿轮的啮合刚度和综合误差就可以得到齿轮啮合的时变动态激励力17。该式的具体变换过程见文献[16]。
牵引电机通过齿轮箱给予行驶齿轮转矩,行驶齿轮与齿轨啮合产生动力传回齿轮箱,齿轮箱将动力传递至转向架和车体,驱动车辆向前行驶,其传递过程如图4所示,动力学方程为:
式中  为齿轮箱整体质量;Dxb为轴箱的纵向位移;Ft为行驶齿轮与齿轨啮合时的周向力;FRG为轴箱受到的阻力,包括轮轨通过车轴传递的摩擦阻力、转向架给轴箱的阻力、齿轮系统的摩擦阻力;分别为轮轴左右两端纵向力等。
(5) 轮轨接触模型
钢轮钢轨接触关系可用基于非线性Hertz弹性接触理论的轮轨间动态耦合模型表示1819,其表达式为:
式中  Pjt)为轮轨接触力;Zwjt)为t时刻第j车轮的位移;Zrxwj,t)为t时刻第j车轮的钢轨位移;t时刻轮对与钢轨接触位置;G为轮轨接触常数,对于磨耗型踏面,G=3.86R-0.115×10-8 m/N2/3,其中R为接触点滚动圆半径。
齿轮运转过程中的接触也常用Hertz弹性理论描述2021。齿宽为b的齿轮、齿条齿面接触的平均接触压力可表示为:
式中  FNg为齿轮齿面的法向载荷;E分别为齿轮、齿条的等效泊松比和等效弹性模量;REg为接触点的等效曲率半径。
式中  K为齿间载荷分配系数;rc为接触点在齿轮上的半径;α为压力角。
(6) 钢轨与齿轨模型
根据梁的纵横耦合振动方程22,可得到钢轨的垂向振动微分方程为:
式中  EIY分别为钢轨的弹性模量和Y轴的截面惯性矩;Fvi为钢轨受到的第i支点垂向反力;Pj为钢轨受到的第j车轮垂向载荷。由于齿轨同样可视为连续弹性点支承无限长简支梁,所以该方程也适用于齿轨。
(7) 齿轨车辆模型
根据文献[23],单节齿轨车辆的动力学方程为:
式中  分别为整个车辆系统的广义质量矩阵、广义阻尼矩阵、广义刚度矩阵;D分别为整个车辆系统的广义位移、速度、加速度向量;为广义载荷向量。
针对齿轨车辆基本动态特性,本文形成了不同电机布置模式下齿轨车辆系统动态特性研究方法,如图5所示。其中模型求解部分采用常用的Newmark⁃β隐式积分法,通过分步循环积分求解数值方程,直到系统输出稳定结果。
齿轨车辆电机的布置模式共有三种:电机前置、电机后置、电机前后双置,如图6所示。行驶齿轮分别布置在两个轮对的车轴中部,采用弹性偏心装置连接,并且行驶齿轮相对于车轴能独立运转。
为了研究牵引电机布置模式对齿轨车辆动态特性的影响,需要对多种工况下的齿轨车辆动态特性进行对比分析,具体工况如表2所示。
此外,齿轨车辆的主要参数如表3所示。
此外,本模型未考虑电机转子、联轴节等传动部件运动,牵引特性曲线施加于齿轮上。典型工况下的车辆牵引特性曲线如图7所示,该曲线为测试线路齿轨车辆的牵引特性曲线。
为了验证齿轨车辆模型的有效性,本文设计并实施了齿轨铁路实测实验,其流程如图8所示。实验布置在300‰坡度的直线路段,主要针对3个测试点(转向架中心、齿轨底部、紧固件上方)的垂向加速度进行了测试。由振动加速度传感器(CT1500L)测得的振动信号传输至4通道动态信号分析仪,然后将分析的振动信号输入计算机后处理系统分析。
齿轨车辆模型的计算数据与实测数据对比如图9所示。与实测结果相比,模型的仿真计算结果略小于测量结果,但与仿真数据非常接近,两者的拟合程度也较好。因此,本模型具有一定的可靠性。
本节针对典型工况,研究不同电机布置条件下齿轨车辆的基本动态特性,并给出典型时域波形及相应对比。计算中,线路选择平直线路和100‰坡度两种,关注的指标主要有齿轮齿轨啮合系统动态特性及乘坐舒适性。
其中根据国家标准24的规定,列车平稳性指数计算公式为:
式中  W为平稳性指数;A为振动加速度;f为振动频率;Ff)为频率修正指标。
图10为平直线路下车辆的齿轮啮合力时程曲线。由图10可知,电机后置和电机前置工况下的齿轮啮合力几乎相同,且均在6 kN左右,方向与速度方向相反,且都有一些冲击力;电机双置工况下由于齿轮数增多分散了啮合力,所以其啮合力最小且较稳定,约为2.5 kN,该布置模式可有效减小齿轮负担和损耗。
为了更直观地表示齿轮的动态变化量,这里将齿轮相对于车轴的位移变化用垂向和纵向分量表示。图11为齿轮在垂、纵方向上的动力响应。如图11(a)和(b)所示,三种工况下的垂、纵位移都呈现出波浪状的起伏变化规律,电机后置和前置工况下的垂向和纵向位移曲线几乎重叠,垂、纵位移几乎相同;电机双置时垂向位移和纵向位移都要比前两种工况略小,其中垂向位移较小在-0.2~0.04 mm之间波动,纵向位移约为垂向位移的13倍,在-1.3~1.3 mm之间波动。齿轮的纵向荷载比垂向荷载大,所以其纵向位移较大。
图11(c)和(d)可知,齿轮垂向加速度各布置模式下的振动主频分别为44.3,45.2和52.2 Hz左右;纵向加速度的振动频率主要为4.8,6.5和7.9 Hz;说明齿轮的垂向振动表现为中频,纵向振动主要分布在低频。电机双置工况下的齿轮垂、纵向加速度幅值均最小,因此该工况下的齿轮振动特性要好于电机前置和后置工况下的齿轮振动特性。
图12为齿轨车辆在平直线路上行驶时的车体垂向加速度变化曲线,正值表示加速度方向向下。由图12可知,随着速度逐渐增大,车体垂向加速度呈扩散状增大,其中牵引电机后置工况的波动范围最小,为0.8 mm/s2;牵引电机双置工况下的车体垂向加速度比另外两种工况下的加速度大得多,说明牵引电机双置时车体振动最为剧烈。
图13所示的平直段车辆平稳性指数可知,牵引电机双置工况下齿轨车辆的平稳性指数最大,平稳性指数受影响较明显;电机后置下的平稳性指数最小,与前置时车辆的平稳性指数相近。
图14为爬坡段齿轨车辆的齿轮齿轨啮合力时程曲线。由图14可知,电机双置工况下的齿轮啮合力最小,在10 kN上下波动且较为稳定;另外两种工况下的齿轮啮合力幅值均在31 kN左右,齿轮的冲击力多且大。
图15为齿轨车辆爬坡时行驶齿轮的动力响应。由图15(a)和(b)可知,爬坡时三种工况下的垂、纵位移大小几乎相同,变化规律相似,皆呈正弦波状周期性变化。三种工况下的垂向位移均在-0.6~0.48 mm之间,最大位移在1.5 mm左右;纵向位移是垂向位移的12倍,在±6 mm之间,最大位移为12 mm。
图15(c)和(d)可知,齿轮在垂向上各布置模式下分别表现为35.6,36.7 和88.3 Hz的中频振动;在纵向上振动主要分布在82.1~93.3 Hz之间。电机前置时齿轮垂向加速度幅值最大达6 m/s2,电机后置时齿轮垂向加速度幅值达6.4 m/s2,该工况下齿轮的纵向振动最剧烈。牵引电机双置工况下,由于行驶齿轮数的增加减轻了单个齿轮的负担,进而减小了单个齿轮的振动。
齿轨车在坡度为100‰的线路上运行时车体垂向加速度的变化规律如图16所示。由图16可知,双置工况下车体垂向加速度最小,变化范围在±0.45 mm/s2之间;电机后置与前置工况下的车体垂向加速度呈现相似的周期性变化规律,其中后置工况下的垂向加速度最大,幅值为1.6 mm/s2
图17为车辆爬坡时的平稳性指数分布。由图17可知,爬坡时三种工况下车辆的平稳性指数均在0.4左右,车辆的平稳性指数几乎不受牵引电机布置模式的影响。
综合上述齿轨车辆的动态特性研究可知,牵引电机的布置模式对啮合系统的齿轮纵向啮合力、齿轮垂向、纵向加速度,平直段下车体垂向加速度、车体平稳性指数,爬坡段下车体垂向加速度有较大的影响。
在上一节研究的基础上,进一步考虑车辆运行速度的影响,研究牵引电机布置模式对齿轨车辆动态特性及齿轮齿轨啮合行为的影响。
图18为平直段三种工况下齿轮垂向、纵向加速度的变化趋势图。由图18可知,牵引电机双置工况下的齿轮垂向加速度最小,前置工况下的齿轮垂向加速度最大。速度小于25 km/h时,后置工况下的齿轮垂向加速度与双置工况相似;速度为25~30 km/h时,后置工况的齿轮垂向加速度增幅变大。双置工况下齿轮的纵向加速度最小,电机前置和后置时的齿轮纵向加速度相近。由此可知,双置工况下齿轮的振动特性最小,稳定性最好。
图19为平直线路上齿轨车辆在不同速度条件下三种工况的车体垂向加速度趋势曲线。由图19可知,牵引电机后置和前置工况下变化趋势大致相同,增幅均在0.4 mm/s2内;牵引电机双置工况下的车体垂向加速度增幅和上升趋势最大,牵引电机双置时车体的振动最剧烈。
平直段车体平稳性指数变化趋势如图20所示。由图20可知,牵引电机双置工况比电机前置和后置工况下的平稳性指数大得多,平稳性最差。
图21为爬坡段三种工况下齿轮垂向、纵向加速度变化趋势图。由图21可知,爬坡时后置工况下的齿轮垂向加速度远大于另外两种工况,电机双置时的齿轮垂向加速度最小。牵引电机后置工况下的齿轮纵向加速度最大,电机双置工况下的齿轮纵向加速度略小于电机前置工况下的齿轮纵向加速度。爬坡时牵引电机后置工况下单个齿轮稳定性较差,电机双置工况下齿轮的动态特性略好于电机前置工况。
图22为各工况的车体垂向加速度变化趋势。如图所示,三种工况下的车体垂向加速度呈递增趋势,其中电机前置时的车体垂向加速度最大,电机双置时的车体垂向加速度最小,舒适性最好。
对上述研究结果进行对比分析,得出不同工况下牵引电机最优布置模式,如表4所示。从该结果中可以清楚地看出,电机前后双置时齿轨车辆动态特性及齿轮⁃齿轨啮合特性基本均为最优。
考虑齿轮⁃齿轨非线性啮合关系及轮轨非线性接触行为,本文建立了齿轨车辆⁃轨道垂纵耦合动力学模型,研究了牵引电机分布模式对齿轨系统动态特性的影响,并提出了电机最优布置模式。主要结论如下:
(1)牵引电机布置模式严重影响齿轨列车的齿轮⁃齿轨啮合行为及舒适性;本文建立的齿轨车辆⁃轨道垂纵耦合动力学模型可有效用于研究牵引电机分布对系统动态特性的影响。
(2)在平直段,牵引电机分布模式对所有考察指标均有明显影响;在爬坡段,电机分布主要影响齿轮纵向啮合力、齿轮垂向/纵向加速度以及车体垂向加速度等指标。
(3)同工况下齿轮纵向位移约为垂向位移的12倍,爬坡段齿轮的垂/纵位移比平直段分别增大了360%和440%,垂、纵加速度冲击幅值约为平直段的18倍;表明齿轨车辆齿轮的纵向动力学行为较垂向更恶劣,爬坡段的齿轮振动明显大于平直段。
(4)在本文所关注的5项动力学指标中,电机双置时爬坡段有4项指标最佳;综合对比之下电机双置齿轨车辆的动态特性更佳,因此建议牵引电机双置为最优布置模式。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52008067)
  • 四川省科技计划资助项目(2021YFG0211)
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2024年第37卷第4期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.008
  • 接收时间:2022-06-21
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-21
  • 修回日期:2022-08-16
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52008067)
四川省科技计划资助项目(2021YFG0211)
作者信息
    1重庆交通大学机电与车辆工程学院,重庆 400074
    2中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司,四川 成都 610031

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李世辉(1996―),男,硕士。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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