Article(id=1227614516578545819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1648396800000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-28, revisedDate=1665590400000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770615708727, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770615708727, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770615708727, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770615708727, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227614514896634485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='4', pageStart='539', pageEnd='728', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770615708325, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795248114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228367559410512191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228367559410512192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=588, endPage=600, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227614516926673053, articleId=1227614516578545819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Experimental study on seismic performance of reinforced concrete shear walls with flange under biaxial lateral loading, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To reveal the influence of biaxial coupling effect on the multi-dimensional seismic performance of flanged reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls with different section forms,three T-shaped and two L-shaped RC shear walls were tested under low cyclic loading along their principal axes. The failure modes,hysteretic characteristics,bearing capacity,ductility,ultimate drift ratio,energy dissipation capacity and reinforcement strain of RC shear walls with flange under uniaxial and biaxial lateral loading were compared and analyzed. Test results show that failures of T-shaped walls and L-shaped walls exhibit obvious asymmetry,and the damage is concentrated at the free end of wall penal. Biaxial loading aggravates the cracking and damage degree of RC shear wall with flange,and is likely to cause local damage concentration. Compared with the RC shear wall with flange under uniaxial loading,the biaxially loaded specimens have smaller bearing capacity and deformation capacity in all directions,larger proportion of flexural deformation in the plastic hinge area of web segment,faster energy consumption,poorer energy dissipation capacity in a single direction,larger strains of vertical reinforcement in web and flange,and more obvious shear lag effect of flange. Biaxial coupling effect has more pronounced influence on the damage evolution of L-shaped walls than that of T-shaped walls,resulting in greater reduction of seismic performance index of L-shaped walls under biaxial loading than that of T-shaped walls. Considering the biaxial seismic actions,the limit value of inter-story drift ratio of RC shear walls in China's seismic design code is still relatively safe,but the safety redundancy is reduced.

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为了揭示双轴耦合效应对不同截面形式带翼缘RC剪力墙多维抗震性能的影响,对3个T形截面和2个L形截面RC剪力墙分别沿其主轴方向进行了低周往复加载试验,对比分析了水平单、双轴加载下带翼缘RC剪力墙的破坏特征、滞回特性、承载力、延性、极限位移角、耗能能力与钢筋应变。研究表明:T形墙和L形墙的破坏均呈现出明显的非对称性,即破坏集中于墙肢自由端,双轴加载加重了带翼缘RC剪力墙的开裂和损伤程度,且易引起剪力墙局部损伤集中;与单轴加载相比,双轴加载不仅削弱了带翼缘RC剪力墙各受力方向的承载力与变形能力、增大了腹板塑性铰区弯曲变形在总变形中的占比、加速了耗能进程、降低了单个方向的耗能能力,并且增大了腹板与翼缘竖向钢筋的应变以及翼缘的剪力滞后效应;双轴耦合效应对L形墙损伤的影响较T形墙更为显著,并导致双轴加载下L形墙各抗震性能指标的衰减程度大于T形墙。考虑双轴受力后,中国抗震规范关于RC剪力墙层间位移角的限值仍较为安全,但安全冗余度降低。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
吴梦臻(1993―),男,博士研究生。E-mail:
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王 斌(1988—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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王 斌(1988—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516578545819, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameter design of specimens

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号截面形式加载方式ρ/%
TW-1T形腹板方向单轴加载1.20
TW-2T形翼缘方向单轴加载1.20
TW-3T形“十”字型双轴加载1.20
LW-1L形腹板(翼缘)方向单轴加载1.11
LW-2L形“十”字型双轴加载1.11
), ArticleFig(id=1227639789210501186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516578545819, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试件参数设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号截面形式加载方式ρ/%
TW-1T形腹板方向单轴加载1.20
TW-2T形翼缘方向单轴加载1.20
TW-3T形“十”字型双轴加载1.20
LW-1L形腹板(翼缘)方向单轴加载1.11
LW-2L形“十”字型双轴加载1.11
), ArticleFig(id=1227639789311164489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516578545819, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Mechanical properties of reinforcement

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钢筋种类直径d/mm屈服强度fy/MPa极限强度fu/MPa伸长率A/%
剪力墙箍筋6445.47615.8725.32
基础板/加载板箍筋8351.73509.1226.11
竖向分布钢筋6448.05587.6718.46
水平分布钢筋8468.36636.9219.73
剪力墙纵筋10469.61648.9420.32
基础板/加载板纵筋20439.10618.0522.69
), ArticleFig(id=1227639789395050570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516578545819, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

钢筋的力学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钢筋种类直径d/mm屈服强度fy/MPa极限强度fu/MPa伸长率A/%
剪力墙箍筋6445.47615.8725.32
基础板/加载板箍筋8351.73509.1226.11
竖向分布钢筋6448.05587.6718.46
水平分布钢筋8468.36636.9219.73
剪力墙纵筋10469.61648.9420.32
基础板/加载板纵筋20439.10618.0522.69
), ArticleFig(id=1227639789520879695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516578545819, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Bearing capacity and ductility of specimens

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件编号加载方向Pmax/kNPcal/kNΔy/mmΔu/mmθuμ
TW-1正向332.7339.312.327.81/792.27
负向-225.4-205.2-12.5-50.71/434.04
TW-2正向221.0182.712.633.31/662.65
负向-202.2-182.7-12.8-33.61/652.62
TW-3 X正向314.6339.312.226.81/822.20
负向-222.1-205.2-11.9-46.21/483.89
TW-3 Y正向210.2182.712.333.31/662.70
负向-179.2-182.7-12.4-32.71/672.63
LW-1正向228.7328.612.834.01/652.66
负向-205.3-204.9-13.6-54.41/404.01
LW-2 X正向203.9328.611.929.91/742.52
负向-214.0-204.9-14.6-51.81/423.56
LW-2 Y正向218.2328.611.429.71/742.59
负向-186.9-204.9-12.8-48.51/453.79
), ArticleFig(id=1227639789659291735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516578545819, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

试件承载力和延性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件编号加载方向Pmax/kNPcal/kNΔy/mmΔu/mmθuμ
TW-1正向332.7339.312.327.81/792.27
负向-225.4-205.2-12.5-50.71/434.04
TW-2正向221.0182.712.633.31/662.65
负向-202.2-182.7-12.8-33.61/652.62
TW-3 X正向314.6339.312.226.81/822.20
负向-222.1-205.2-11.9-46.21/483.89
TW-3 Y正向210.2182.712.333.31/662.70
负向-179.2-182.7-12.4-32.71/672.63
LW-1正向228.7328.612.834.01/652.66
负向-205.3-204.9-13.6-54.41/404.01
LW-2 X正向203.9328.611.929.91/742.52
负向-214.0-204.9-14.6-51.81/423.56
LW-2 Y正向218.2328.611.429.71/742.59
负向-186.9-204.9-12.8-48.51/453.79
), ArticleFig(id=1227639789810286680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516578545819, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Cumulative hysteretic energy dissipation of specimens

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件编号加载方向累积耗能/(kN∙mm)总耗能/(kN∙mm)
屈服点峰值点破坏点
TW-1腹板方向6013325419628496284
TW-2翼缘方向4282226016272062720
TW-3腹板方向72972243590439146313
翼缘方向34113074655874
LW-1腹板方向525942845126730126730
LW-2腹板方向54784330296888191588
翼缘方向42622532894700
), ArticleFig(id=1227639789906755677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516578545819, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

试件累积滞回耗能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件编号加载方向累积耗能/(kN∙mm)总耗能/(kN∙mm)
屈服点峰值点破坏点
TW-1腹板方向6013325419628496284
TW-2翼缘方向4282226016272062720
TW-3腹板方向72972243590439146313
翼缘方向34113074655874
LW-1腹板方向525942845126730126730
LW-2腹板方向54784330296888191588
翼缘方向42622532894700
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水平双轴加载下带翼缘RC剪力墙抗震性能试验研究
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王斌 1, 2 , 吴梦臻 1, 2 , 史庆轩 1, 2 , 蔡文哲 1, 3 , 弓欢学 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(4): 588-600
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(4): 588-600
水平双轴加载下带翼缘RC剪力墙抗震性能试验研究
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王斌1, 2 , 吴梦臻1, 2 , 史庆轩1, 2, 蔡文哲1, 3, 弓欢学1, 2
作者信息
  • 1西安建筑科技大学西部绿色建筑国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2西安建筑科技大学土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 3西安工程大学城市规划与市政工程学院,陕西 西安 710699
  • 王 斌(1988—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

吴梦臻(1993―),男,博士研究生。E-mail:
Experimental study on seismic performance of reinforced concrete shear walls with flange under biaxial lateral loading
Bin WANG1, 2 , Meng-zhen WU1, 2 , Qing-xuan SHI1, 2, Wen-zhe CAI1, 3, Huan-xue GONG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Green Building in Western China, Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
  • 2School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
  • 3School of Urban Planning and Municipal Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710699, China
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.006
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为了揭示双轴耦合效应对不同截面形式带翼缘RC剪力墙多维抗震性能的影响,对3个T形截面和2个L形截面RC剪力墙分别沿其主轴方向进行了低周往复加载试验,对比分析了水平单、双轴加载下带翼缘RC剪力墙的破坏特征、滞回特性、承载力、延性、极限位移角、耗能能力与钢筋应变。研究表明:T形墙和L形墙的破坏均呈现出明显的非对称性,即破坏集中于墙肢自由端,双轴加载加重了带翼缘RC剪力墙的开裂和损伤程度,且易引起剪力墙局部损伤集中;与单轴加载相比,双轴加载不仅削弱了带翼缘RC剪力墙各受力方向的承载力与变形能力、增大了腹板塑性铰区弯曲变形在总变形中的占比、加速了耗能进程、降低了单个方向的耗能能力,并且增大了腹板与翼缘竖向钢筋的应变以及翼缘的剪力滞后效应;双轴耦合效应对L形墙损伤的影响较T形墙更为显著,并导致双轴加载下L形墙各抗震性能指标的衰减程度大于T形墙。考虑双轴受力后,中国抗震规范关于RC剪力墙层间位移角的限值仍较为安全,但安全冗余度降低。

剪力墙  /  抗震性能  /  双轴加载  /  低周往复加载试验  /  损伤机理

To reveal the influence of biaxial coupling effect on the multi-dimensional seismic performance of flanged reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls with different section forms,three T-shaped and two L-shaped RC shear walls were tested under low cyclic loading along their principal axes. The failure modes,hysteretic characteristics,bearing capacity,ductility,ultimate drift ratio,energy dissipation capacity and reinforcement strain of RC shear walls with flange under uniaxial and biaxial lateral loading were compared and analyzed. Test results show that failures of T-shaped walls and L-shaped walls exhibit obvious asymmetry,and the damage is concentrated at the free end of wall penal. Biaxial loading aggravates the cracking and damage degree of RC shear wall with flange,and is likely to cause local damage concentration. Compared with the RC shear wall with flange under uniaxial loading,the biaxially loaded specimens have smaller bearing capacity and deformation capacity in all directions,larger proportion of flexural deformation in the plastic hinge area of web segment,faster energy consumption,poorer energy dissipation capacity in a single direction,larger strains of vertical reinforcement in web and flange,and more obvious shear lag effect of flange. Biaxial coupling effect has more pronounced influence on the damage evolution of L-shaped walls than that of T-shaped walls,resulting in greater reduction of seismic performance index of L-shaped walls under biaxial loading than that of T-shaped walls. Considering the biaxial seismic actions,the limit value of inter-story drift ratio of RC shear walls in China's seismic design code is still relatively safe,but the safety redundancy is reduced.

shear wall  /  seismic performance  /  biaxial loading  /  low cyclic loading test  /  damage mechanism
王斌, 吴梦臻, 史庆轩, 蔡文哲, 弓欢学. 水平双轴加载下带翼缘RC剪力墙抗震性能试验研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (4) : 588 -600 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.006
Bin WANG, Meng-zhen WU, Qing-xuan SHI, Wen-zhe CAI, Huan-xue GONG. Experimental study on seismic performance of reinforced concrete shear walls with flange under biaxial lateral loading[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (4) : 588 -600 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.006
带翼缘剪力墙是由正交方向相邻的一字形墙组合而成的空间受力构件,其截面形式通常为T形、L形、U形等,以满足电梯井、走廊和结构角部等区域建筑功能的需求。在进行带翼缘剪力墙抗震设计时,现行规范认为结构两个主轴方向的地震作用分别由相应方向的墙肢承担。而实际上,带翼缘剪力墙是作为一个整体来承担两个主轴方向的荷载的,其翼缘和腹板墙肢间存在复杂的相互作用,导致带翼缘剪力墙的受力性能与一字形墙存在显著差异。
国内外针对不同截面形式的带翼缘RC剪力墙开展了单轴拟静力试验研究,包括T形墙1-4、L形墙5-6、工字形墙7-8、C形墙9等,研究主要关注带翼缘剪力墙的非对称受力性能,发现翼缘受拉方向具有更高的承载力和刚度,而翼缘受压方向具有更好的延性和耗能能力,并分析了翼缘截面的剪滞效应10,建立了变形能力计算模型11,提出了边缘构件的设计方法12。综上所述,目前已针对带翼缘RC剪力墙沿单个主轴方向的抗震性能进行了较为系统的研究,但仅考虑单轴地震作用并不能真实反映带翼缘剪力墙的地震响应。
震害调查表明13-14,地震动本身是空间的多维振动过程,其造成的结构地震响应也呈多维特性。双轴地震作用下,作为空间受力构件的带翼缘剪力墙,其各加载方向间存在耦合作用并导致腹板与翼缘间的相互作用更为复杂,损伤后的翼缘(腹板)会对腹板(翼缘)方向的承载力、延性和恢复力特性产生影响,甚至改变带翼缘剪力墙原有的损伤破坏机制。
目前已开展的带翼缘RC剪力墙多维抗震性能的试验研究较少。Ma等15、Zhang等16和Ni等17分别对L形和T形截面RC剪力墙进行了斜向加载下的拟静力试验,发现双向压弯剪受力下带翼缘剪力墙的强度、刚度与耗能能力相较于主轴方向均有所减小。关于水平双轴加载下带翼缘RC剪力墙抗震性能的研究主要集中于U形与箱形截面18-21剪力墙,对于T形墙和L形墙的研究较少涉及,仅Brueggen22完成了2个T形截面RC剪力墙水平双轴拟静力加载试验,研究了腹板边缘约束区长度、翼缘纵筋分布形式以及钢筋搭接方式对T形墙抗震性能的影响,但未揭示双轴耦合效应对T形墙损伤机理的影响,也未量化双轴加载下T形墙抗震性能指标的劣化程度。
为了揭示水平双轴地震作用下带翼缘剪力墙的损伤演化机理,量化双轴耦合效应对其抗震性能的影响,本文通过3个T形截面与2个L形截面RC剪力墙的单、双轴拟静力加载试验,从破坏特征、滞回性能、承载力、延性、耗能能力和应变分布等方面分析T形墙和L形墙的多维抗震性能,为带翼缘剪力墙的多维抗震设计理论提供支撑。
试验共设计制作了5个RC剪力墙试件,包括3个T形墙与2个L形墙,各试件的尺寸和配筋相同。试件为缩尺模型,根据加载装置的实际加载能力,腹板和翼缘截面尺寸均取为900 mm×100 mm。为了使剪力墙设计发生弯曲破坏,将墙高均取为2200 mm,得到剪跨比为2.67,试验轴压比取0.1。由于带翼缘剪力墙的无翼缘端(腹板自由端)在水平荷载作用下会产生较高的压应变,导致该区域混凝土过早被压碎且纵筋被压屈而丧失承载力,因此对于腹板自由端的边缘构件采用了性能化设计方法1,由预期顶点极限位移确定了该边缘构件尺寸的范围和配箍率。其余部位边缘构件的长度和配箍率等均满足《建筑抗震设计规范》23中二级抗震墙的要求。竖向钢筋沿墙高通长布置,并锚固到基础板和加载板中。各试验试件的具体设计参数如表1所示;剪力墙的几何尺寸及截面配筋如图12所示。
加载板、基础板以及墙体的纵筋和分布钢筋选用HRB400级热轧带肋钢筋,箍筋和拉结筋选用HPB335级热轧光圆钢筋。对每一种钢筋取6根长度约400 mm的试样进行拉伸试验24,实测的钢筋力学性能指标如表2所示。各试件的混凝土设计强度等级为C35,同一批次浇筑完成。浇筑时预留4组12个标准立方体试块,试验加载时(龄期160 d)实测的立方体抗压强度平均值fcu为49.52 MPa,换算得到混凝土的轴心抗压强度平均值fc为37.64 MPa。
试验加载装置如图3所示。通过压梁与双向地脚抗剪螺栓将试件基础板完全固定,限制其两个主轴方向的转动与平动,以满足悬臂式加载的边界条件。采用液压千斤顶施加竖向轴压力,轴压力作用于剪力墙截面形心。在千斤顶与反力梁间设双向滚轴滑板,允许加载板沿两个主轴方向移动,以保证水平双向加载过程中轴压力作用点保持不变。
采用电液伺服作动器沿两个主轴方向施加水平往复荷载。鉴于T形墙和L形墙截面的不对称性,荷载只有通过剪力墙的刚度中心(而非中轴线)才可避免产生扭转,但实际操作时作动器很难与刚度中心完全对中,并且即便荷载通过其截面刚度中心,试验过程中试件局部开裂和损伤也会导致刚度中心发生偏移,进而产生附加扭转。由于本次试验不考虑扭转的影响,因此专门设计一套连接装置,如图4所示。试件安装时,首先通过螺杆将主体连接件与角部连接件连成整体,并安装至试件加载板。随后沿腹板方向将两个对称布置的500 kN作动器与连接装置相连,加载过程中两个作动器保持位移协同,在施加荷载的同时可起到防止扭转的作用,再沿翼缘方向将一个1000 kN作动器与连接装置相连,作动器中轴线通过截面刚度中心。
本次试验的目的在于考察双轴耦合效应对带翼缘剪力墙各受力方向承载力和变形能力的影响,若在各加载方向采用统一的加载幅值,T形墙和L形墙的几何非对称性会导致试件在某一加载方向(通常为翼缘受拉方向)率先达到极限状态,而无法得到其余方向的承载力和变形能力。因此,本次试验针对各加载方向的持荷能力选用不同的加载幅值,且各试件的加载制度保持一致,以消除加载幅值对试件抗震性能的影响。为便于描述,图5定义了试件的四个加载方向,并对试件的细部进行了命名。试验加载全过程采用位移控制,具体加载制度如下:
(1)试件屈服前,每级位移循环1次。鉴于四个加载方向的屈服位移大小相近,各方向的位移增量均取为1 mm。接近预测屈服位移时调整各方向的位移增量,保证四个加载方向在同一级循环下达到屈服。
(2)试件屈服后,每级位移循环3次,并针对不同加载方向选取不同的位移增量。对于T形墙,腹板方向(X轴)加载时正向位移增量为3 mm,负向为6 mm;翼缘方向(Y轴)加载时正负向位移增量均为4 mm。对于L形墙,X轴和Y轴正向位移增量均为3 mm,负向均为6 mm。直至试件各方向承载力均下降到峰值荷载的85%时,停止加载。
对于单轴加载试件,按照上述加载制度沿腹板和翼缘方向施加单轴往复荷载。对于双轴加载试件,本次试验采用了十字形加载路径,加载路径如图6所示。
位移计的布置如图7(a)所示,分别用以测量剪力墙顶点位移、塑性铰区的各变形分量,并监测加载板的扭转和基础板的滑移。在传统测试手段之外,本次试验同时采用了非接触测量技术——粒子图像测速(PIV)技术25,具体操作是在预设塑性铰区内绘制交叉点以作为示踪测点(22个),通过全过程追踪示踪测点的位置变换来测量并筛分塑性铰区的变形,如图7(b)所示。应变片的布置如图7(c)和(d)所示,通过测量竖向钢筋应变,用以分析翼缘和腹板截面的应变分布;通过测量箍筋应变,用以研究约束区箍筋对核心混凝土的约束作用;通过测量水平钢筋应变,用以考察不同位置处的水平钢筋对于限制斜裂缝开展的效用。
本次试验的5个带翼缘RC剪力墙试件均发生弯曲破坏,破坏过程均经历墙肢自由端混凝土水平开裂、弯剪斜裂缝发展、受拉纵筋屈服、墙肢自由端底部混凝土竖向开裂并剥落、边缘约束区纵筋压曲、核心混凝土压溃以及纵筋拉断等阶段。5个墙体的最终破坏形态如图8所示,图中红色、蓝色、绿色、黑色标识的裂缝依次表示X轴正向加载、X轴负向加载、Y轴正向加载、Y轴负向加载产生的裂缝。
本次试验所有试件的破坏发生在腹板和翼缘自由端底部,单轴加载试件仅在其受力方向的墙肢自由端发生破坏,而双轴加载试件在腹板和翼缘自由端均发生破坏,但腹板与翼缘交界处始终未见明显损伤。因此墙肢自由端底部成为带翼缘剪力墙的受力薄弱区。在试验结束后,对这些部位进行了细部拍摄,如图8中局部详图所示。由图可以看出,各试件自由端边缘约束区内核心混凝土几乎全部退出工作,纵筋甚至相邻竖向分布钢筋受压屈曲,且靠近端部的纵筋被拉断。因此,为改善带翼缘RC剪力墙在多维地震作用下的抗震性能,在墙肢自由端尤其是腹板自由端,可采取增设钢管或型钢,或采用高性能混凝土等措施强化带翼缘剪力墙的受力薄弱区。但局部增强的同时应考虑与非增强区域的合理过渡,避免刚度突变造成增强区域与非增强区域间的界面破坏。
T形墙沿腹板与翼缘方向单轴加载时的破坏形态存在较大差异。T形墙沿腹板方向加载时,其破坏呈现出明显的非对称性,破坏集中于无翼缘一侧。这归因于沿X轴正向加载时受压区高度较大,腹板自由端将承受较大的压应变;沿X轴负向加载时受压区高度较小,腹板自由端又将承受较大的拉应变,往复荷载作用下腹板自由端自然会损伤严重。T形墙沿翼缘方向加载时,试件裂缝的开展和破坏主要集中在翼缘,破坏形态与普通一字形墙基本一致26,这是由于腹板位于其截面形心处,对翼缘受力性能影响较小。
对比单轴和双轴加载下T形墙的破坏形态可以发现,双轴加载下裂缝的发展更加迅速,裂缝宽度与数量均有所增加,自由端混凝土剥落程度和范围增大,且双轴加载导致的损伤加剧对于翼缘更加显著,但并未改变T形墙的破坏模式。
相比于单轴加载,双轴加载下L形墙的损伤也明显加剧,且L形墙的损伤受双轴耦合效应的影响相比T形墙更加明显,表现为腹板约束端出现大量由Y轴加载而形成的裂缝。这归因于L形墙的腹板位于翼缘边缘,Y轴正向加载时导致腹板整体受拉,造成一定程度的损伤。此外,由于L形墙的两墙肢截面特性相同,两个方向的受力特性一致,因而翼缘与腹板的损伤情况基本相同。
试验实测的5个试件的荷载-位移滞回曲线如图9所示,其具有如下特征:
(1)T形墙沿X轴单轴加载时的滞回曲线近似呈倒“L”形,其正、负向的抗震性能存在显著差异。上半部分滞回环(正向加载)狭窄细长,说明翼缘受拉方向具有相对较高的承载力;而下半部分滞回环(负向加载)扁平饱满,说明翼缘受压方向具有较好的变形能力和耗能能力。T形墙沿Y轴单轴加载时的滞回曲线基本呈中心对称,其正、负向的承载力和变形能力大体相当,但其捏拢效应较X轴滞回曲线更加显著,加之Y轴承载力远不及X轴,因而T形墙沿腹板方向的耗能能力优于沿翼缘方向。L形墙单轴加载时的滞回曲线与T形墙沿X轴方向加载时的曲线相似,但L形墙的滞回曲线更加饱满,具有更好的耗能能力。
(2)双轴加载时,T形墙两正交方向的滞回曲线的形状和走势与相应单轴加载试件相近,但由于双轴加载试件的裂缝数量和宽度增大,荷载反向时裂缝闭合现象明显,从而导致捏缩效应加剧,加之双轴加载下刚度和强度退化更加显著,导致其单个加载方向的耗能能力劣于单轴加载试件。L形墙双轴加载时的滞回曲线同样与单轴加载试件相似,但其捏拢效应相比于双轴加载下的T形墙更加显著,说明双轴耦合效应对于L形墙滞回特性的影响强于T形墙。
图10给出了T形墙和L形墙在不同加载方式下的骨架曲线,由图可知:
(1)T形墙沿X轴加载时,相比于单轴加载试件TW-1,双轴加载试件TW-3的正负向承载力、刚度和极限位移均有所下降,且正向承载力下降更加明显。这是因为Y轴荷载作用会造成翼缘两端混凝土开裂并退出工作,因而在沿X轴方向加载时翼缘所能提供的拉力减小,导致沿X轴正向承载力明显降低;而沿Y轴方向加载时腹板位于截面的中和轴附近,腹板上产生的拉压应变很小,并不会造成腹板损伤,因而在沿X轴方向加载时腹板自由端所能提供的拉力较单轴加载变化不大,使得 X轴负向承载力只略微降低。
(2)T形墙沿Y轴加载时,相比于单轴加载试件TW-2,双轴加载试件TW-3的承载力与变形能力同样有所降低。这是因为X轴荷载作用会造成翼缘外侧中部开裂,且裂缝向两端延伸,一定程度削弱了翼缘的持荷能力,但T形墙Y轴方向的抗震性能受双轴耦合效应的影响相对较小。需要特别说明的是,双轴加载下T形墙Y轴正负向的受力性能理应相同,但由图8中试件TW-3翼缘的破坏形态可知,翼缘一侧的损伤明显大于另一侧,从而导致试件TW-3沿Y轴负向的承载力和变形能力的降低程度明显大于正向,这也说明双轴耦合受力更易引起剪力墙局部损伤集中。
(3)对比单轴加载下的T形墙和L形墙的骨架曲线可以发现,试件LW-1的正向承载力相比试件TW-1有很大程度的降低,但其负向承载力只略有下降。出现这种现象的原因在于L形墙的有效翼缘宽度比T形墙小,导致在L形墙翼缘受拉方向加载时能够提供拉应力的纵筋数量远少于T形墙,因而正向承载力大幅降低,而翼缘由于其良好的抗压性能,负向承载力的降低幅度有限。此外,由于有效翼缘宽度的降低,L形墙正向加载时的受压区高度相比于T形墙有所减小,因而延缓了腹板自由端混凝土的压碎;而负向加载时的受压区高度相比T形墙有所增大,从而延缓了腹板自由端纵筋的拉断,导致L形墙具有更好的极限变形能力。
(4)双轴加载试件LW-2无论在X轴还是Y轴方向的承载力和变形能力均小于单轴加载试件LW-1,且两个加载方向的降低程度大体相当。对比双轴耦合效应影响下L形墙和T形墙的性能劣化程度可知,双轴加载对L形墙造成的损伤更严重,表现为其承载力和变形能力的衰减程度更为明显。
采用位移延性系数μ来反映构件的延性,μ=Δu/Δy,其中Δu为试件的极限位移,取骨架曲线上荷载下降至峰值荷载的85%时所对应的位移;Δy为试件的屈服位移,由能量等效法确定。本次试验各试件的峰值承载力Pmax、屈服位移Δy、极限位移Δu、极限位移角θu和位移延性系数μ表3所示。
表3可知,相比于单轴加载,双轴加载下T形墙各方向最大承载力平均降低了5.79%,极限位移降低了3.78%;双轴加载下L形墙各方向最大承载力平均降低了5.04%,极限位移平均减低了10.08%。
利用非线性钢筋混凝土构件截面分析软件XTRACT计算了带翼缘剪力墙不同受力方向的受弯承载力Pcal,并列于表3。通过对比发现,T形墙峰值承载力的实测值与对应的预估值吻合较好,而L形墙X轴正向与Y轴正向的实测值明显小于预估值。这是因为在应用XTRACT进行截面承载力计算时,未能考虑有效翼缘宽度的影响。对于T形墙,翼缘宽度在有效宽度范围内,故预估值较为准确,而L形墙的有效翼缘宽度小于其实际宽度,从而高估了受拉翼缘对于受弯承载力的贡献。因此,带翼缘剪力墙受弯承载力计算的关键在于有效翼缘宽度的准确估计。
为考察国内外规范提出的结构层间位移角限值的合理性,图11给出了各试件加载至极限荷载时对应的层间位移角,同时给出了部分规范的弹塑性层间位移角限值。可以看出,文献[27]给出的限值(1/40)均大于各试件的极限位移角,说明该规范的建议值偏于不安全;文献[28]给出的限值(1/59)与文献[29]的限值(1/67)仅小于部分试件的极限位移角,无法保证所有受力方向的安全性,层间位移角限值应考虑异形墙各方向受力性能的差异,且应小于各方向位移角的最小值;文献[30]的建议值(1/100)虽小于各试件的极限层间位移角,但限值接近试验结果,说明该规范的安全冗余度较低。所有试件各方向的极限位移角θu均大于1/120,即中国现行的《建筑抗震设计规范》23规定的罕遇地震作用下弹塑性层间位移角限值,说明中国规范对于双轴地震作用下带翼缘剪力墙的层间位移角限值也是偏于安全的,但其安全冗余度与单轴加载相比有所降低。
通过PIV技术获得各级加载至最大位移时试件腹板塑性铰区的变形图像,对图像处理后得到各示踪测点坐标的变化数据,进而可计算出塑性铰区的弯曲变形、剪切变形与滑移变形25。将各变形分量除以位移计测得的塑性铰区总变形,可得到各试件沿X轴加载时腹板塑性铰区各变形分量的占比分布,如图12所示,考虑到加载后期腹板自由端底部混凝土剥落,导致部分示踪测点数据丢失,故数据取至峰值荷载对应位移处。总体来看,各试件变形分量占比之和在90%~110%之间,说明PIV技术得到的变形与位移计实测变形之间的误差较小,证明了应用PIV技术进行变形解耦与分析的可行性。
带翼缘剪力墙试件塑性铰区各变形分量与总变形之比在加载过程中呈现出以下特征:(1)弯曲变形占比在整个加载过程中始终大于剪切变形占比;(2)滑移变形随加载位移的增大而缓慢增长,但在总变形中的占比较为稳定,对总变形的贡献较小,仅占5%左右;(3)伴随着加载过程的进行,弯曲变形占比逐渐减小,剪切变形占比逐渐增大,原因在于试件屈服后腹板剪切斜裂缝随着加载位移的增大不断开展,截面抗剪刚度持续减小;(4)沿X轴正向加载时剪切变形占比低于负向加载,原因是负向加载时中和轴位于翼缘内,整个腹板处于受拉区范围,造成腹板上产生大量对角斜向裂缝,因此剪切变形占比较大。
对比T形墙与L形墙单轴加载下弯曲与剪切变形占比可以看出,L形墙的弯曲变形占比明显大于T形墙,这是由于L形墙的有效翼缘宽度小于T形墙,L形墙翼缘对截面抗弯刚度的贡献减小,而T形墙和L形墙的抗剪刚度差异较小,因此L形墙弯曲变形占比增大,剪切变形占比相应减小。
对比T形墙单、双轴加载下弯曲与剪切变形占比可以看出,双轴加载下T形墙的弯曲变形占比较单轴加载有所增大,原因在于双轴加载主要加剧了翼缘的损伤,而对腹板影响较小,而翼缘主要影响截面的抗弯刚度,从而造成T形墙在双轴加载下弯曲变形占比增大而剪切变形占比减小。
对比L形墙单、双轴加载下弯曲与剪切变形占比可以看出,与单轴加载相比,双轴加载下L形墙正向加载弯曲占比增大,而负向加载弯曲占比减小。出现此种差异是因为:沿X轴正向加载时,双轴耦合效应导致翼缘对抗弯刚度的贡献减小,造成弯曲变形占比增大;沿X轴负向加载时,由于Y轴正向荷载作用导致腹板约束端产生一系列斜向裂缝,其方向与X轴负向加载产生的弯剪斜裂缝方向一致(见图8(j)),从而降低了腹板负向的抗剪刚度,因此负向加载时剪切变形占比增大。
耗能能力通常由累积滞回耗能来定量反映,表4给出了各试件在屈服点、峰值点、破坏点的累积滞回耗能,其中总耗能取试件破坏时的累积滞回耗能。图13以滞回圈数为横坐标,以对应的累积耗能为纵坐标绘制了各试件的累积滞回耗能曲线。
表4可以看出,试件TW-1各阶段的累积滞回耗能明显大于试件TW-2,说明翼缘的存在显著提高了T形墙腹板方向的耗能能力,而腹板的存在对于翼缘方向耗能能力的贡献甚微。此外,试件TW-1在峰值荷载前的滞回耗能大于试件LW-1,这是由于T形墙相比L形墙具有更高的峰值承载力,但试件LW-1总耗能大于试件TW-1,这归因于L形墙的变形能力优于T形墙。
对比单轴与双轴加载下的耗能曲线可以看出,无论对于T形墙还是L形墙,双轴加载试件的耗能曲线始终位于单轴加载试件的上方,说明双轴加载使得试件损伤加速,耗能累积加快,但由于双轴加载导致试件提前被破坏,滞回圈数减少,因此双轴加载试件单个方向的总耗能小于相应的单轴加载试件,且L形墙相比于T形墙的减小幅度更大,但两个正交方向的耗能总和大于单轴加载的总耗能。
为了对比不同截面形式带翼缘RC剪力墙在单轴和双轴加载下的应变分布规律,图14~16分别给出了试件TW-1,TW-3与LW-1沿X轴加载时腹板底部62.5 mm高度处竖向钢筋应变的分布曲线。由于加载后期部分应变片数据失真,故只选取加载至峰值荷载前的应变,每级加载数据选取三圈循环中应变数据绝对值的最大值。
整体来看,各试件开裂前腹板截面各点应变呈线性分布,试件开裂后部分受拉混凝土退出工作,并将其原本承受的拉力转移至纵筋,导致受拉区边缘纵筋的应变明显增大,随后受到受压混凝土竖向开裂的影响,受压区边缘纵筋的应变也开始加速增长,并随着位移的不断增大,截面应变非均匀分布愈加明显。
对比图1415可知,双轴加载下T形墙的腹板应变分布与单轴加载大致相同,但腹板两侧纵筋应变随位移的增大速度要快于单轴加载试件,且加载至峰值位移时两侧纵筋的拉压应变也大于单轴加载试件,说明双轴加载加剧了混凝土的破坏,致使纵筋需要承担更多的荷载。
对比图1416可知,与T形墙相比,L形墙翼缘受拉方向的受压区高度更小,而翼缘受压方向的受压区高度更大,这归因于L形墙的有效翼缘宽度小于T形墙,使得L形墙的受力性能介于T形墙和一字形墙之间。
从宏观大标距的角度来看,腹板竖向钢筋的应变分布大体上符合平截面假定,故应用平截面假定对带翼缘RC剪力墙进行正截面分析和设计是可行的。
图17~19分别给出了试件TW-1,TW-3与LW-1沿X轴加载时翼缘底部62.5 mm高度处竖向钢筋应变分布曲线。考虑到T形墙翼缘受力对称,仅在翼缘一侧布置应变片,故试件TW-1与TW-3应变分布对称。
整体来看,加载前期翼缘各处竖向钢筋应变基本呈线性分布。试件开裂后,T形墙翼缘中部(腹板翼缘交界处)应变增长幅度明显大于翼缘两侧,并且随着位移的不断增大,翼缘中部相对于两侧的应变差值不断放大,说明剪滞效应不断加剧。出现这一现象是由于翼缘的剪切刚度是有限的,剪力在翼缘内传递会产生剪切变形,导致翼缘两侧传递的正应力及轴向变形小于翼缘中部,从而产生了剪力滞后现象。此外,沿X轴正向加载时的剪滞效应更为显著,这是因为正向加载时翼缘提供的拉力要大于负向加载时翼缘提供的压力,剪滞效应随所受荷载的增大而增大,因而翼缘受拉方向的剪滞效应愈发显著。
对比图1718可知,与单轴加载相比,双轴加载下T形墙翼缘中部的应变明显增大,且翼缘应变分布更不均匀。这是因为双轴耦合受力致使翼缘损伤加剧,翼缘的剪切刚度退化更明显,剪滞效应也更加显著。
对比图1719可知,L形墙的翼缘竖向钢筋应变在其一侧(与腹板交界处)最大,随着远离腹板的方向逐渐减小。相比于T形墙,L形墙的剪滞效应更加显著,这是由于T形墙的剪力流是由中部向两侧传递的,传递距离只有翼缘宽度的一半,而L形墙的传递距离涵盖整个翼缘宽度,因而L形墙翼缘自由端所能传递到的应力更小,其有效翼缘宽度也相比T形墙更小,翼缘自由端对L形墙在X轴方向上的抗震能力贡献很小。
通过5个带翼缘RC剪力墙的拟静力试验,研究了带翼缘剪力墙在水平双轴加载下的破坏机理,并综合分析了不同截面形式带翼缘剪力墙在单轴和双轴地震作用下的抗震性能,得出以下主要结论:
(1) 带翼缘RC剪力墙的破坏均表现为墙肢自由端底部边缘约束区内纵筋拉断以及核心混凝土压溃而丧失承载能力。相比于单轴加载,两个主轴方向循环加载所产生的裂缝相互促进,加剧了带翼缘RC剪力墙的损伤程度,且更易引起剪力墙局部损伤集中。多维抗震设计时,应着重提升翼缘边缘构件的尺寸范围和配箍率。
(2) 与单轴加载相比,双轴加载削弱了带翼缘RC剪力墙各受力方向的承载力与变形能力,其中T形墙最大承载力最多降低了28.1%,极限变形能力最多降低了26.4%,L形墙最大承载力最多降低了10.8%,极限变形能力最多降低了12.6%。双轴加载下腹板塑性铰区弯曲变形的占比提高,耗能进程加快,单个方向的耗能能力降低,剪力滞后效应加剧。
(3) 在相同几何尺寸和截面配筋下,T形墙的承载力高于L形墙,而L形墙相比T形墙具有更好的变形能力和耗能能力,并且腹板塑性铰区弯曲变形占比更高,剪滞效应更加显著。双轴耦合效应对L形墙的影响大于T形墙,表现为双轴加载下L形墙的开裂和损伤更为严重,各方向抗震性能指标的衰减程度也更明显。
(4) 腹板与翼缘自由端为带翼缘RC剪力墙的受力薄弱区,为此给出了增强双轴加载下带翼缘剪力墙抗震能力的建议,即在边缘构件内增设型钢或采用高性能混凝土等措施,同时需保证增强区与非增强区的合理过渡。
(5) 国外各规范给出的RC剪力墙层间位移角限值普遍大于或接近双轴加载下带翼缘剪力墙试件的极限位移角,偏于不安全;中国抗震规范的限值在各受力方向均小于试验值,说明中国规范对于双轴地震作用下带翼缘RC剪力墙的层间位移角限值是偏于安全的,但相比于单轴加载安全冗余度有所降低。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52278215)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51808435)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52178505)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024SF-YBXM-646)
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2024年第37卷第4期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.006
  • 接收时间:2022-03-28
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-28
  • 修回日期:2022-10-13
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52278215)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51808435)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52178505)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024SF-YBXM-646)
作者信息
    1西安建筑科技大学西部绿色建筑国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
    2西安建筑科技大学土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
    3西安工程大学城市规划与市政工程学院,陕西 西安 710699

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吴梦臻(1993―),男,博士研究生。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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