Article(id=1227614516326892157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1669651200000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-29, revisedDate=1681315200000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770615708666, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770615708666, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770615708666, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770615708666, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227614514896634485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='4', pageStart='539', pageEnd='728', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770615708325, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770795248114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228367559410512191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228367559410512192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227614514896634485, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=565, endPage=577, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227614516683407999, articleId=1227614516326892157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Vibration reduction control of a semisubmersible floating offshore wind turbine by the distributed tuned mass dampers under combined wind and wave excitations, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the threat of harmful vibrations of semisubmersible floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) in complex deep-sea environments to the safety and durability,a design of distributed tuned mass dampers (TMDs) is proposed to control the platform pitch motion under the randomly combined wind and wave excitations,in combination with the geometric structure of the 5MW prototype of NREL in the United States. The distributed TMDs are installed inside the platform to form an equilateral triangle arrangement. To better describe the performance of the distributed TMDs on the semisubmersible FOWT,a 9-degree-of-freedom multi-body dynamics model is proposed and established for the coupled semisubmersible FOWT-TMDs system based on Lagrange's equation and the modal superposition method. Based on the H algorithm,whose optimization objective is the peak value of the frequency response function of platform pitch motion,the parameters of the distributed TMDs are optimally designed,where the coupling relationship between multiple TMDs is considered. The numerical simulation of the coupled FOWT-TMDs system under the combined wind and wave excitations is carried out to analyze the performance of the distributed TMDs on the platform pitch response of the wind turbine. The results show that the distributed TMDs with optimal design has good damping performance on the platform pitch motion of the semisubmersible FOWT. Under random wind and wave loads in three different working conditions,the peak and standard deviation vibration reduction rates of the power spectral density curve near the natural frequency of platform pitch can reach more than 39% and 52%,respectively. The research method and results can provide reference for dynamic analysis and vibration control design of large semisubmersible FOWT.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-fan LUO, Hong-xin SUN, Xiu-yong WANG, An-hua CHEN, Jian PENG, Lei ZUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1227614565794512979, articleId=1227614516326892157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=CN, title=风浪联合作用下分布式调谐质量阻尼器对海上半潜漂浮式风机的减振控制, columnId=0, journalTitle=振动工程学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海上半潜漂浮式风机在复杂深海环境下产生有害振动会威胁风机的安全性和耐久性,针对该问题并结合美国NREL的5 MW样机的漂浮平台几何结构构造,提出利用分布式调谐质量阻尼器(Tuned Mass Dampers,TMDs),即分别在漂浮平台的3根浮筒中布置TMD,形成等边三角形布置,对随机风浪联合作用下海上半潜漂浮式风机的平台纵摇振动进行控制。为了更好地描述分布式TMDs对海上半潜漂浮式风机的减振效果,基于拉格朗日方程和模态叠加法,对海上半潜漂浮式风机-TMDs耦合系统提出并建立了9自由度多体动力学模型。基于算法,即以平台纵摇频响函数的峰值为优化目标,对分布式TMDs的参数进行优化设计,优化设计中考虑了3个TMDs之间的耦合关系。对风机-TMDs耦合系统开展了风浪联合作用下的数值模拟,分析了分布式TMDs对平台纵摇响应的减振效果。结果表明:最优设计下的分布式TMDs对海上半潜漂浮式风机平台纵摇振动具有良好的减振性能;在三种不同工况的随机风浪荷载作用下,分布式TMDs对平台纵摇固有频率附近的功率谱密度曲线峰值减振率和标准差减振率能分别达到39%和52%以上。

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孙洪鑫(1980―),男,教授。电话: (0731)58290052; E-mail:
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罗一帆(1992—),男,讲师。电话: (0731)58290052; E-mail:

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罗一帆(1992—),男,讲师。电话: (0731)58290052; E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227643715552998105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516326892157, language=CN, label=图14, caption=工况2下不同叶片转速时TMD控制下的平台纵摇响应时程曲线, figureFileSmall=W3JfkMzFabjGIfYK6Uz72w==, figureFileBig=5+kAi+1zS/wrKHjSSoT+9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227643715620106970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516326892157, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

System parameters

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参数说明
三个TMD与风机的纵摇转动惯量之比
风机在平台纵摇运动上的固有频率
1号TMD的固有频率
2号TMD的固有频率
3号TMD的固有频率
外激频率比
1号TMD与主结构的频率比
2号TMD与主结构的频率比
3号TMD与主结构的频率比
风机在平台纵摇上的阻尼比
1号TMD的阻尼比
2号TMD的阻尼比
3号TMD的阻尼比
), ArticleFig(id=1227643715678827227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516326892157, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

系统参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数说明
三个TMD与风机的纵摇转动惯量之比
风机在平台纵摇运动上的固有频率
1号TMD的固有频率
2号TMD的固有频率
3号TMD的固有频率
外激频率比
1号TMD与主结构的频率比
2号TMD与主结构的频率比
3号TMD与主结构的频率比
风机在平台纵摇上的阻尼比
1号TMD的阻尼比
2号TMD的阻尼比
3号TMD的阻尼比
), ArticleFig(id=1227643715733353180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516326892157, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The system parameters of the NREL 5 MW SS-FOWT

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位置系统参数取值
总体属性叶片数量3
风轮直径126 m
轮毂高度90 m
切入、额定转速6.9,12.1 r/min
叶片属性叶片长度6.5 m
单片质量17536 kg
机舱、轮毂属性机舱质量240000 kg
轮毂质量56780 kg
轮毂直径3 m
塔筒属性塔顶距海平线87.6 m
塔筒长度77.6 m
塔筒质量249718 kg
平台属性平台质量1.3473×107 kg
平台重心低于海平线13.46 m
平台纵摇转动惯量6.827×109 kg∙m2
平台横摇转动惯量6.827×109 kg∙m2
平台艏摇转动惯量1.226×1010 kg∙m2
2号(3号)浮筒距离重心的水平距离14.434 m
), ArticleFig(id=1227643715800462045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516326892157, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

NREL的5 MW海上半潜漂浮式风机系统参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置系统参数取值
总体属性叶片数量3
风轮直径126 m
轮毂高度90 m
切入、额定转速6.9,12.1 r/min
叶片属性叶片长度6.5 m
单片质量17536 kg
机舱、轮毂属性机舱质量240000 kg
轮毂质量56780 kg
轮毂直径3 m
塔筒属性塔顶距海平线87.6 m
塔筒长度77.6 m
塔筒质量249718 kg
平台属性平台质量1.3473×107 kg
平台重心低于海平线13.46 m
平台纵摇转动惯量6.827×109 kg∙m2
平台横摇转动惯量6.827×109 kg∙m2
平台艏摇转动惯量1.226×1010 kg∙m2
2号(3号)浮筒距离重心的水平距离14.434 m
), ArticleFig(id=1227643715863376606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516326892157, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The optimal design parameters of distributed TMDs without the controlled modal damping ratio

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
0.030.97231.05750.90440.08050.04630.04007.0483
0.060.94660.85421.07320.10440.05040.06395.0343
0.090.85560.98321.08710.12470.07710.07554.1569
0.120.82581.08660.96630.14510.08900.09013.6383
), ArticleFig(id=1227643715947262687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516326892157, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

被控模态阻尼比为0时分布式TMDs的最优设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
0.030.97231.05750.90440.08050.04630.04007.0483
0.060.94660.85421.07320.10440.05040.06395.0343
0.090.85560.98321.08710.12470.07710.07554.1569
0.120.82581.08660.96630.14510.08900.09013.6383
), ArticleFig(id=1227643716018565856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516326892157, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

The optimal design parameters of distributed TMDs with the controlled modal damping ratio of 0.01

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
0.030.96951.05920.89910.07840.04510.04086.2951
0.060.94261.06780.85230.11130.06690.05534.6534
0.090.85120.97911.08420.12730.07820.07753.8983
0.120.82100.96661.08640.14120.08890.09193.4406
), ArticleFig(id=1227643716106646241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516326892157, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

被控模态阻尼比为0.01时分布式TMDs的最优设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
0.030.96951.05920.89910.07840.04510.04086.2951
0.060.94261.06780.85230.11130.06690.05534.6534
0.090.85120.97911.08420.12730.07820.07753.8983
0.120.82100.96661.08640.14120.08890.09193.4406
), ArticleFig(id=1227643716186338018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516326892157, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The optimal design parameters of distributed TMDs with the controlled modal damping ratio of 0.02

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
0.031.01490.89270.94130.08610.03840.04455.7542
0.060.88101.07950.99260.10400.06340.06214.3241
0.090.84571.08780.97940.12070.07350.07053.6694
0.120.81620.95921.08090.14640.09220.09133.2662
), ArticleFig(id=1227643716245058275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516326892157, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

被控模态阻尼比为0.02时分布式TMDs的最优设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
0.031.01490.89270.94130.08610.03840.04455.7542
0.060.88101.07950.99260.10400.06340.06214.3241
0.090.84571.08780.97940.12070.07350.07053.6694
0.120.81620.95921.08090.14640.09220.09133.2662
), ArticleFig(id=1227643716320555748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516326892157, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

The optimal design parameters of distributed TMDs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TMD质量/kg刚度/(N∙m-1)阻尼/(N∙s∙m-1)
1号TMD4.45×1052.42×1041.63×104
2号TMD4.45×1052.89×1041.02×104
3号TMD4.45×1052.08×1047.85×103
), ArticleFig(id=1227643716396053221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516326892157, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

分布式TMDs的最优设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TMD质量/kg刚度/(N∙m-1)阻尼/(N∙s∙m-1)
1号TMD4.45×1052.42×1041.63×104
2号TMD4.45×1052.89×1041.02×104
3号TMD4.45×1052.08×1047.85×103
), ArticleFig(id=1227643716463162086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516326892157, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Simulated load conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况平均风速/(m∙s-1)湍流度有效波高/m波谱周期/s
工况160.1310
工况290.1310
工况3120.1310
), ArticleFig(id=1227643716542853863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516326892157, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

仿真荷载工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况平均风速/(m∙s-1)湍流度有效波高/m波谱周期/s
工况160.1310
工况290.1310
工况3120.1310
), ArticleFig(id=1227643716601574120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516326892157, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Vibration reduction indexes of the platform pitch of distributed TMDs under different conditions

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工况PSD峰值减振率/%PSD标准差减振率%
工况139.452.0
工况264.764.9
工况358.855.1
), ArticleFig(id=1227643716681265897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227614516326892157, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

不同工况下分布式TMDs对平台纵摇的减振指标

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工况PSD峰值减振率/%PSD标准差减振率%
工况139.452.0
工况264.764.9
工况358.855.1
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风浪联合作用下分布式调谐质量阻尼器对海上半潜漂浮式风机的减振控制
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罗一帆 1, 2 , 孙洪鑫 1, 2 , 王修勇 1, 2 , 陈安华 3 , 彭剑 1, 2 , 左磊 4
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(4): 565-577
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(4): 565-577
风浪联合作用下分布式调谐质量阻尼器对海上半潜漂浮式风机的减振控制
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罗一帆1, 2 , 孙洪鑫1, 2 , 王修勇1, 2, 陈安华3, 彭剑1, 2, 左磊4
作者信息
  • 1湖南科技大学土木工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
  • 2湖南科技大学结构抗风与振动控制湖南省重点实验室,湖南 湘潭 411201
  • 3湖南科技大学机电工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
  • 4美国密歇根大学船舶海洋工程系,美国 安娜堡 48109
  • 罗一帆(1992—),男,讲师。电话: (0731)58290052; E-mail:

通讯作者:

孙洪鑫(1980―),男,教授。电话: (0731)58290052; E-mail:
Vibration reduction control of a semisubmersible floating offshore wind turbine by the distributed tuned mass dampers under combined wind and wave excitations
Yi-fan LUO1, 2 , Hong-xin SUN1, 2 , Xiu-yong WANG1, 2, An-hua CHEN3, Jian PENG1, 2, Lei ZUO4
Affiliations
  • 1College of Civil Engineering,Hunan University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan 411201,China
  • 2Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Structural Engineering for Wind Resistant and Vibration Control,Hunan University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan 411201,China
  • 3School of Mechanical Engineering,Hunan University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan 411201,China
  • 4Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering,University of Michigan,Ann Arbor 48109,USA
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.004
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海上半潜漂浮式风机在复杂深海环境下产生有害振动会威胁风机的安全性和耐久性,针对该问题并结合美国NREL的5 MW样机的漂浮平台几何结构构造,提出利用分布式调谐质量阻尼器(Tuned Mass Dampers,TMDs),即分别在漂浮平台的3根浮筒中布置TMD,形成等边三角形布置,对随机风浪联合作用下海上半潜漂浮式风机的平台纵摇振动进行控制。为了更好地描述分布式TMDs对海上半潜漂浮式风机的减振效果,基于拉格朗日方程和模态叠加法,对海上半潜漂浮式风机-TMDs耦合系统提出并建立了9自由度多体动力学模型。基于算法,即以平台纵摇频响函数的峰值为优化目标,对分布式TMDs的参数进行优化设计,优化设计中考虑了3个TMDs之间的耦合关系。对风机-TMDs耦合系统开展了风浪联合作用下的数值模拟,分析了分布式TMDs对平台纵摇响应的减振效果。结果表明:最优设计下的分布式TMDs对海上半潜漂浮式风机平台纵摇振动具有良好的减振性能;在三种不同工况的随机风浪荷载作用下,分布式TMDs对平台纵摇固有频率附近的功率谱密度曲线峰值减振率和标准差减振率能分别达到39%和52%以上。

振动控制  /  海上半潜漂浮式风机  /  多体耦合动力学模型  /  分布式调谐质量阻尼器  /  参数优化

To address the threat of harmful vibrations of semisubmersible floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) in complex deep-sea environments to the safety and durability,a design of distributed tuned mass dampers (TMDs) is proposed to control the platform pitch motion under the randomly combined wind and wave excitations,in combination with the geometric structure of the 5MW prototype of NREL in the United States. The distributed TMDs are installed inside the platform to form an equilateral triangle arrangement. To better describe the performance of the distributed TMDs on the semisubmersible FOWT,a 9-degree-of-freedom multi-body dynamics model is proposed and established for the coupled semisubmersible FOWT-TMDs system based on Lagrange's equation and the modal superposition method. Based on the H algorithm,whose optimization objective is the peak value of the frequency response function of platform pitch motion,the parameters of the distributed TMDs are optimally designed,where the coupling relationship between multiple TMDs is considered. The numerical simulation of the coupled FOWT-TMDs system under the combined wind and wave excitations is carried out to analyze the performance of the distributed TMDs on the platform pitch response of the wind turbine. The results show that the distributed TMDs with optimal design has good damping performance on the platform pitch motion of the semisubmersible FOWT. Under random wind and wave loads in three different working conditions,the peak and standard deviation vibration reduction rates of the power spectral density curve near the natural frequency of platform pitch can reach more than 39% and 52%,respectively. The research method and results can provide reference for dynamic analysis and vibration control design of large semisubmersible FOWT.

vibration control  /  semisubmersible floating offshore wind turbine  /  multi-body coupled dynamic model  /  distributed tuned mass dampers  /  parametric optimization
罗一帆, 孙洪鑫, 王修勇, 陈安华, 彭剑, 左磊. 风浪联合作用下分布式调谐质量阻尼器对海上半潜漂浮式风机的减振控制. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (4) : 565 -577 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.004
Yi-fan LUO, Hong-xin SUN, Xiu-yong WANG, An-hua CHEN, Jian PENG, Lei ZUO. Vibration reduction control of a semisubmersible floating offshore wind turbine by the distributed tuned mass dampers under combined wind and wave excitations[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (4) : 565 -577 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.004
随着全球变暖的加速和人们环境保护意识的增强,可再生清洁能源的生产和使用变得越来越重要,其中海上风能因其风速高、风力稳定、对环境影响小等优点受到广泛关注。随着近海领域的风能开发逐渐饱和,风能开发领域已向深海进军。传统的固定式海上风机并不适用于所有区域,对于深远海领域,海上漂浮式风机渐渐成为当前的优先选择。海上漂浮式风机从结构形式上可大体划分为四种:立柱式(Spar)、张力腿式(TLP)、驳船式(Barge)和半潜式(Semisubmersible)1-2。其中,海上半潜漂浮式风机是目前业界广受欢迎的一种海上风机,其漂浮平台通过分布式的浮筒结构产生较大的水线面以保持风机的稳定性,且吃水深度较小、应用灵活、安装方便,在漂浮式风机实践应用中具有独特的优势,并已取得了初步的商业应用价值,比如葡萄牙的WindFloat,美国的VolturnU和NREL OC4,以及中国的“三峡引领号”。因此本文选择海上半潜漂浮式风机作为研究对象。
然而,由于深海工作环境非常复杂,海上漂浮式风机的运营面临许多挑战。例如在随机风、浪、流、冰等荷载的联合作用下,风机塔筒顶端和叶片尖端将会产生较大的变形,从而影响风机结构的安全性和耐久性,最终对风机结构造成破坏3-6。因此,如何对海上漂浮式风机进行振动控制成为了当前的工程难题。
近年来,土木工程中的结构振动控制技术逐渐应用于海上漂浮式风机的振动控制中。结构振动控制技术主要分为被动控制、主动控制、半主动控制三类。相比较于主动和半主动控制,被动控制因其具有方法系统简单、可靠性高、经济成本小的优点而备受欢迎。在被动控制装置中,关于调谐质量阻尼器(Tuned Mass Damper,TMD)的研究较多。TMD被动控制装置已经广泛应用于高层建筑的抗震、抗风等方面。
近年来,专家学者们对TMD在海上漂浮式风机上的应用开展了相关研究。Lackner等7首先提出将TMD应用在驳船漂浮式风机上,他们结合美国国家可再生能源实验室(NREL)的分析软件FAST,基于工程试验给出TMD的设计参数,研究了布置在机舱内的TMD对塔筒纵弯的减振效果。虽然FAST软件能够充分反映海上漂浮式风机的结构动力学行为,但是FAST模型的源程序语言比较复杂,对于揭露风机多体组成部分之间的耦合关系和开展进一步的风机减振研究并不方便,因此众多学者纷纷根据自己的减振研究提出风机的简化动力学模型。
Stewart等8基于达朗贝尔原理,考虑风机平台与塔筒的纵摇运动,建立了三种海上漂浮式风机的二维2自由度简化动力学模型,并基于遗传算法对TMD的设计参数进行了优化,分析了TMD对三种漂浮式风机的减振效果。Si等9-10基于达朗贝尔原理,考虑平台的纵荡、纵摇、垂荡及塔筒的纵弯运动,建立了立柱漂浮式风机的4自由度动力学模型,分别研究了机舱TMD与平台TMD对漂浮式风机的减振效果。Li等11考虑平台的纵荡和纵摇运动以及塔筒的纵弯运动,建立了风机的3自由度动力学模型,利用联合穷举法和遗传算法对机舱TMD的设计参数进行了优化,分析了机舱TMD对半潜漂浮式风机的减振效果。
为了改善TMD的鲁棒性与性能,Dinh等12提出利用多重TMD对立柱漂浮式风机的机舱与漂浮基础的面内运动进行协同减振。Wu等13分析了多重TMD对张力腿漂浮式风机平台的减振效果。金鑫等14研究了多重TMD对立柱式海上漂浮式风机塔筒侧向振动的控制效果,分析了TMD数量对控制性能的影响。贺尔铭等15考虑平台与塔筒的三维运动,分析了多重主被动TMD对立柱漂浮式风机的减振效果。
上述文献对多重TMD在漂浮式风机上的应用开展了多方面的研究,但在对控制对某一阶频率振动的多重TMDs进行参数优化设计时,尚未考虑多个TMD之间存在的耦合动力学关系,它们大多采用单个TMD的最优减振参数。因此对于多重TMD对海上漂浮式风机的优化控制仍有进一步研究的必要。
综上所述,本文以NREL中OC4工程中的5 MW海上半潜漂浮式风机(Semisubmersible Floating Offshore Wind Turbine,SS-FOWT)16为研究对象,结合SS-FOWT平台浮筒的等边三角形几何布置特性,提出一种分布式TMDs控制策略,即分别在三个浮筒中布置TMD,对风机的平台纵摇振动进行协同振动控制。为了分析分布式TMDs的减振性能,基于拉格朗日方程,建立9自由度的风机-TMDs耦合系统多体动力学模型;通过比较风机动力学简化模型与FAST模型的静水衰减响应,验证所建风机简化模型的正确性;并基于所识别的振动频率与被控模态阻尼比,利用算法,即以平台纵摇响应峰值为优化目标,开展分布式TMDs的参数优化。最后在风浪联合作用下研究分析分布式TMDs对SS-FOWT平台的减振效果。
SS-FOWT的结构正面图和侧面图分别如图1(a)和(b)所示。从图1中可知,SS-FOWT主要由系泊、漂浮平台、塔筒、机舱和转子(包括叶片和轮毂)组成。TMD主要安装嵌入于漂浮平台的三根浮筒之内。由于本文主要关注阻尼器对漂浮平台的减振效果,为了方便计算,将风机结构视为刚体17,暂不考虑机舱内部的传动系统动力特性,重点考虑平台的平动与转动、叶片的转动以及TMD的竖向位移;系泊系统简化为平台对应自由度的无质量线性弹簧。
本文建立的风机动力学模型主要包含平台的6个模态自由度(),联同分布式TMDs的3个竖向模态自由度(),一共9个自由度,其中,表示漂浮平台的平动,分别为纵荡、横荡、垂荡;表示漂浮平台的转动,分别为横摇、纵摇、艏摇。此外,为了方便表示矢量的方向,建立一个整体坐标系o-xyz,其中o点与初始位置时风机系统的重心G重合。
由于SS-FOWT是复杂的多自由度耦合系统,因此选用经典的拉格朗日能量方程建立风机的多体动力学模型更为适合,且能够清楚地描述各个自由度之间的关系,并采用模态叠加法来描述风机的多体之间的耦合变形。具体计算方程如下式所示:
式中  表示系统的总动能;表示系统的总势能;为广义坐标;为广义坐标对应的广义速度;为广义坐标对应的非保守力。
漂浮平台的动能可以计算为:
式中  为平台的质量;分别为平台在横摇、纵摇、艏摇三个方向上的转动惯量。
对于风机漂浮平台,以初始重心G为零势能点,其重力势能为:
式中  为重力加速度。
对于风机塔筒,其在距离静止海平面高度为的截面处的绝对位移分量可表示为:
式中  为风机重心到海平面的距离,如图1所示。
因此,其绝对位移合量可以计算如下:
塔筒的动能可以计算如下:
式中  为塔筒的单位长度质量;分别为风机重心到塔筒底端、塔筒顶端的距离,如图1所示。
塔筒的重力势能可以计算如下:
假定机舱为塔筒上方的集中质量,忽略轮毂的转动动能,则机舱与轮毂的合动能可计算如下:
式中  为机舱与轮毂的质量。
机舱与轮毂的重力势能可计算如下:
为了方便描述叶片的运动,在叶轮上建立局部坐标系o'-x'y'z',叶片的计算分析模型如图2所示。其中,与轮毂的中心重合,轴始终与塔筒的中心线重合。则在o-xyz坐标系下,第片叶片在距离轮毂中心处的位移分量为:
式中  1,2,3为叶片的序号,其中第1片叶片的初始位置与Z轴重合,为第片叶片的方位角。
假定叶片的转速为恒速。对于现代多兆瓦的桨距调节风机,由于桨距控制器的作用,当平均风速在额定风速和截止风速之间时,转速是恒定的(由于湍流,转速在平均值附近略有振荡);当平均风速低于额定风速时,俯仰控制器失效,转速取决于平均风速。因此,一般对于给定的风速,可以认为转速是恒定的18。则第片叶片的方位角可表示为19
则叶片的动能可以计算如下:
式中  为叶片的单位长度质量;为轮毂的半径;为轮毂中心处到叶尖的距离。
叶片的重力势能可以计算如下:
本文拟将三个TMD安装于风机漂浮平台的3个浮筒中,形成分布式TMDs,其布置图如图3所示,对风机平台的纵摇振动进行减振。NREL的5 MW的SS-FOWT平台主要由一根主筒与三根副筒组成,其中三根副筒围成等边三角形。因此TMD的布置也呈现等边三角形形状。
因此,分布式TMDs在坐标系O-XYZ中的绝对位移可以表示为:
式中  为2号或3号TMD距离坐标原点的水平距离,根据等边三角形的几何特性,1号TMD距离坐标原点的水平距离为2
则分布式TMDs的动能可计算如下:
分布式TMDs的势能可计算如下:
采用虚功原理,可得到阻尼器阻尼力所做虚功如下:
式中  为TMD的序号;分别为对应TMD的质量、阻尼、刚度;为虚位移。最后对阻尼器的相关运动自由度求导,即可得到对应阻尼力。
SS-FOWT的环境荷载主要考虑静水荷载、水动力与气动力。其中水静力荷载主要包括浮力和静水恢复力,水动力主要由平台与海水流体的相对运动产生;气动力主要由来流风与叶片的相对运动产生。此外,系泊系统采用准静态法分析,简化为线性弹簧力,忽略系泊阻尼与惯性作用的影响。
SS-FOWT的水静力荷载可以表示为:
式中 第一项中代表浮力,其中为水的密度,为平台沉入水下的体积;=[0 0 1 0 0 0]为位置矩阵,表示作用在垂荡方向上;为静水恢复矩阵;为与平台自由度相关的矩阵。
SS-FOWT的水动力主要借助莫里森方程和切片理论18进行计算,通过对单位元的水中圆柱体的水动力进行积分,即可获得平台浮筒的水动力荷载。对于单位长度的圆柱形平台浮筒,其所受的水平波浪力可以表示为:
式中  为水平方向的水阻尼系数;为水流水平速度;为水平方向的附加质量系数;为圆柱体的截面直径。
对于单位长度的圆柱形平台浮筒,其所受的垂直波浪力可以表示为:
式中  为垂直方向的水阻尼系数;为水流垂直速度;为垂直方向的水附加质量系数;为参考体积;为浮筒底部升沉板的直径;为浮筒升沉板上面浮筒的直径;分别为升沉板的底部和顶部的水压,其中升沉板主要由三根大浮筒组成。
本研究拟采用Pierson-Moskowitz(PM)随机海浪谱,通过谐波合成法合成随机海浪谱时程数据13。对于作用在风机上的风荷载,本研究拟采用Kaimal脉动风谱模拟脉动风,并通过叶素动量理论计算作用在叶片上的风荷载20。为方便计算,本文只考虑作用在叶片上的风荷载,忽略风荷载对塔筒的作用。
除此之外,将系泊缆索的作用力简化为线性弹簧力作用在漂浮平台上16,忽略系泊缆索的阻尼与惯性的影响,具体形式可表示为:
式中  为系泊初始状态提供的预张力矩阵;为系泊锚索提供的刚度矩阵。
联合耦合系统的能量与外力代入能量方程(1),基于小角度简化准则,可得到风机-TMDs耦合系统的9自由度动力学模型,如下式所示:
式中  分别为耦合系统的质量、阻尼、刚度矩阵,矩阵维度为9×9;为外荷载矩阵,矩阵维度为9×1。
由于分布式TMDs的参数优化主要针对平台纵摇振动,因而开展参数优化的耦合系统仅考虑平台纵摇振动与分布式TMDs的竖向位移,即4个自由度。图4中呈现了耦合系统在xoz平面的投影。
则耦合系统的动能和势能可以分别表示为:
式中  为整机在平台纵摇上的转动惯量;为整机在平台纵摇上的转动刚度。
由于阻尼力做功而导致的虚功可以计算为:
式中  为作用在平台纵摇上的外力矩;为整机在平台纵摇上的阻尼。
将式(27)~(29)代入式(1),可得到耦合系统的运动方程如下:
为了方便设计,并且保持阻尼器加入后平台稳定平衡,假设3个TMD的质量相同:
为了获得分布式TMDs在频域内的最优调谐参数,首先引入相关系统参数以方便后续对运动方程进行无量纲化,具体如表1所示。其中分布式TMDs的设计参数为频率比和阻尼比
基于表1的参数,对式(30)~(33)进行拉普拉斯变换与无量纲化21,即可得到耦合系统的无量纲化运动方程如下:
最终可以得到平台纵摇的频响传递函数如下:
式中 j为虚数单位,j2=-1;分子和分母的相关系数见附录。
本研究参数优化设计基于优化准则21,即以平台纵摇的频响函数幅值的峰值最小化为目标函数,搜索符合条件的分布式TMDs的6个最优设计参数。其中目标函数可以表示为:
由于在接下来的TMD参数优化过程中需要结合NREL的5 MW风机的相关几何参数进行计算,因此在这里给出5 MW海上半潜漂浮式风机的系统参数,如表2所示,具体细节参数参考文献[15]。
表3~5列举了不同被控平台纵摇模态阻尼比与质量比下分布式TMDs的最优设计参数值。除此之外,还列举了优化后目标函数的峰值。
图5给出了当被控平台纵摇模态阻尼比为0.01、质量比为0.03时,分布式TMDs控制与无控下的正则化平台纵摇频响函数对比图。由图5可知,优化后的频响函数有4个峰值,对应4个自由度,且峰值基本相等,对无控状态下的频响函数的减振效果很好,说明了优化结果的准确性。图6给出了被控模态阻尼比为0.01时,不同转动惯量比的分布式TMDs控制下的正则化平台纵摇频响函数对比图。从图6表2~4中可以观察到,随着转动惯量比的增大,分布式TMDs的减振性能逐渐提升,但是增长趋势逐渐变缓。
图7给出了分布式TMDs的转动惯量比为0.03时,不同被控平台纵摇模态阻尼比下的正则化平台纵摇频响函数对比图。从图7中可以看出,随着被控模态阻尼比的提高,耦合系统的自身耗能能力增强,振幅更小。
为了确保优化结果的准确性与可靠性,图89分别分析了分布式TMDs减振系统在最优设计频率比和阻尼比偏离下的减振性能。其中转动惯量比假定为0.03,阻尼比为0.01。从图8中可以看出,无论哪一项设计频率比发生偏差,都会对减振效果产生很大影响,说明了优化结果的准确性,同时说明对分布式TMDs进行参数优化时,考虑多个TMD之间的耦合关系至关重要。图9同样也表明了优化结果的准确性,但是相对频率比偏差,阻尼比偏差对减振性能的影响较小。其主要原因是相对于单个TMD,多个TMD提升了减振系统的鲁棒性22
基于第1节提出的耦合系统模型与第2节开展的参数优化设计,开展分布式TMDs对海上半潜漂浮式风机的时程减振分析。在建立SS-FOWT的动力学模型后,通过比较推导的简化动力学模型与NREL的FAST模型的静水衰减响应来验证模型的正确性。
假设初始位移为1 m或者1°,图1011分别通过时程与功率谱密度函数(PSD)比较了两种模型的平台动力响应,即分别从时域与频域两方面进行对比。由图10可以看出,自建简化模型与FAST模型的平台时程响应拟合度很好。由图11可以看出,自建模型的平台6自由度的固有频率基本与FAST模型重合一致,只是对应的幅值稍有不同;其幅值不同的主要原因是:利用莫里森公式在计算水阻尼力时,相关系数只是一个平均估计值,和实际中稍有不同,故而造成偏差;由于本文主要围绕其固有频率和模态阻尼比开展进一步的减振设计分析,因此该误差只会对振动响应阻尼比稍有影响,对阻尼器的整体性能评估影响不大,满足减振设计的要求。图1011中可识别平台纵摇响应的固有频率约为0.039 Hz,模态阻尼比约为0.01。基于识别结果以及第2节中开展的参数优化研究,假定数值仿真中分布式TMDs的转动惯量比为0.03,可得到分布式TMDs的最优设计参数,如表6所示。
本节将开展风浪联合作用下分布式TMDs对SS-FOWT的振动控制分析。对于仿真荷载工况,选取了三组典型荷载工况,如表7所示。由于平台纵摇响应主要受风荷载影响,因此三种工况设定为波浪荷载相同、风荷载不同。其中转子转速假定为额定转速。为了考察最大响应,假设风、浪荷载均朝着X轴方向。图12为工况3下分布式TMDs对平台纵摇的减振曲线,分别从时域和频域两方面进行分析。从图12(a)的减振时程中可以看出,分布式TMDs对平台纵摇有很好的减振作用。需要说明的是,由于TMD在发挥减振作用时需要一个缓冲准备阶段,因而对于初始阶段的最大值减振效果不明显。从图12(b)中可以看出,分布式TMDs对于平台纵摇固有频率(0.039 Hz)附近的振动有很好的减振效果。
具体而言,表8列举了三种不同荷载工况下,分布式TMDs对于PSD曲线在平台纵摇固有频率0.03~0.05 Hz附近的峰值及标准差的减振率。由表8可知,分布式TMDs能对平台纵摇进行充分减振,不同荷载工况下减振效果稍有不同,主要是由于不同风荷载引起的振动响应频谱成分不同。但是PSD峰值减振率均能达到39%以上,PSD标准差减振率均能达到52%以上。
由于当湍流风平均风速没达到额定风速11.4 m/s时,叶片的转速不一定达到额定转速,因此本节将对不同叶片转速下的风机平台纵摇响应进行讨论。以工况2为例,探讨叶片转速在6.9,9.5和12.1 r/min三种情况下对无控和TMD控制下的平台纵摇响应的影响,分别如图1314所示。从图中可以看出,不同的叶片转速对无控和TMD控制下的平台纵摇响应基本没有影响。
针对海上半潜漂浮式风机的平台振动问题,结合美国NREL的5 MW样机的漂浮平台几何结构构造,提出了一种分布式TMDs的控制策略。为了研究分布式TMDs对海上半潜漂浮式风机平台的减振性能,本文基于拉格朗日能量方程建立了9自由度的风机-阻尼器耦合动力学模型。通过与NREL的FAST模型的静水衰减响应进行对比,验证了模型的正确性。为了优化分布式TMDs的设计参数,将平台纵摇模态与TMD的运动提取出来,建立了4自由度简化模型,模型考虑了三个TMD之间的耦合关系。然后基于优化准则,即以平台纵摇的频响函数幅值的峰值最小化为目标函数,开展了分布式TMDs的参数优化研究。最后基于优化结果分析了分布式TMDs在风浪联合作用下对海上半潜漂浮式风机的减振效果。研究方法与结果可为大型海上半潜漂浮式风机动力学分析与振动控制设计提供参考。具体结论如下:
(1) 随着质量比的增加,分布式TMDs的减振性能逐渐提升,但是增长趋势会逐渐变缓。随着主结构阻尼比的增加,平台纵摇频响函数的峰值也会逐渐降低。
(2) 最优分布式TMDs的减振性能会受到最优设计参数的偏差的影响而变差,说明了优化结果的准确性,其中相对于频率比,阻尼比偏差对减振性能的影响相对较小。
(3) 风浪联合作用下,数值仿真结果表明分布式TMDs对平台纵摇振动起到较好的控制效果。具体而言,三种不同风浪荷载工况下,在平台纵摇固有频率附近,平台纵摇的PSD峰值减振率均能达到39%以上,PSD标准差减振率均能达到52%以上。此外,不同的叶片转速对风机的平台纵摇响应基本没有影响。
平台纵摇频响函数的分子和分母相关系数如下:
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52308001)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52078210)
  • 湖南省杰出青年科学基金资助项目(2021JJ10003)
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2024年第37卷第4期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.04.004
  • 接收时间:2022-11-29
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-29
  • 修回日期:2023-04-13
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52308001)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52078210)
湖南省杰出青年科学基金资助项目(2021JJ10003)
作者信息
    1湖南科技大学土木工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
    2湖南科技大学结构抗风与振动控制湖南省重点实验室,湖南 湘潭 411201
    3湖南科技大学机电工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
    4美国密歇根大学船舶海洋工程系,美国 安娜堡 48109

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孙洪鑫(1980―),男,教授。电话: (0731)58290052; E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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