Article(id=1227591815096890095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310035, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697385600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-16, revisedDate=1708876800000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610296271, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610296271, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610296271, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610296271, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591806980915649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='9', pageStart='1935', pageEnd='2204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610294337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610356968, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2151, endPage=2159, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591816028025603, articleId=1227591815096890095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Effect of thickener on damping ratio and frequency of tuned liquid damper, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tuned Liquid Damper (TLD) is a simple and effective passive vibration control device. By adding thickening agents to the TLD, the effect of liquid viscosity on the damping ratio and frequency of the TLD system is studied. Firstly, the relationship between thickener concentration and liquid viscosity is measured by a viscometer. Then, rectangular, circular, circular and U-shaped TLD tanks are designed and tested on a unidirectional harmonic excitation vibration table.The influence of parameters on the performance of the TLD is analyzed, such as thickener concentration, water depth ratio of the tank, external excitation frequency, relative excitation amplitude and placement time. Finally, CFD numerical simulation of TLD system is carried out to study the influence of tank size. The results show that increasing the concentration of thickener can effectively improve the damping ratio of TLD, and has little effect on the frequency of TLD. Water depth ratio has little effect on frequency and damping ratio of TLD. The external excitation amplitude and frequency have little effect on the frequency and damping ratio of the TLD system, but can significantly change the liquid surface wave height. The TLD placement time of the thickener liquid increased, resulting in a decrease in the viscosity of the liquid in the TLD, resulting in a decrease in the damping ratio of the TLD, partial volatilization of the liquid in the TLD, and a decrease in the water depth ratio, resulting in a phenomenon of TLD frequency mismatch. As the size of the tank decreases, the TLD damping ratio gradually increases, and the damping ratio remains basically stable when the size is larger.

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调谐液体阻尼器(tuned liquid damper, TLD)是一种简单有效的被动型振动控制装置。通过在TLD中添加增稠剂的方式,研究了液体黏性对TLD系统阻尼比与频率的影响规律。采用黏度计测试了增稠剂浓度与液体黏度的关系;设计了矩形、圆形、圆环形和U形4种类型的TLD水箱,在单向简谐激励振动台上进行了试验,探究了增稠剂浓度、水箱水深比、外激励频率、相对激励幅值和放置时间等参数对TLD性能影响的规律;进行了TLD系统的CFD数值仿真,研究了水箱尺寸的影响。结果表明:增加增稠剂浓度,可以有效提高TLD的阻尼比,且对TLD频率几乎没有影响;水深比对TLD的频率和阻尼比影响较小;外激励幅值和频率对TLD系统的频率和阻尼比影响不大,但会显著改变液面波高;添加增稠剂液体的TLD放置时间增长,会导致TLD内液体黏性下降,造成TLD阻尼比降低;且随着放置时间增长,TLD内部分液体挥发,水深比减小,进而发生TLD频率失谐的现象;随着水箱尺寸减小,TLD阻尼比逐渐变大,当尺寸较大时,阻尼比基本保持稳定。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李寿英(1977—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。 E-mail:
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罗帅(1998—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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Marshall Flight Center, 1964., articleTitle=Fluid oscillations in the containers of a space vehicle and their influence on stability, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1227653085678465075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591815096890095, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=28, authorNames=孙北松, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙北松. 基于吸热塔气弹模型的微型TLD风振控制试验研究[D]. 长沙: 湖南大学, 2020., articleTitle=基于吸热塔气弹模型的微型TLD风振控制试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1227653085821071415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591815096890095, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=29, authorNames=SUN B S, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN B S. Experimental investigation on the mitigtion of wind-induced vibration of solar tower by tiny TLD based on aeroelastic test model[D]. 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caption=圆形水箱液面曲线对比, figureFileSmall=hIqGcRPFqoienko4RF+FQA==, figureFileBig=EuQtB5CaNEK/4lsPPJsmSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653078824973213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591815096890095, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Main dimensions of water tanks

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形状L/cmB/cmR/cmH/cm
矩形301545
圆形1545
圆环形15(9)45
U形401545
), ArticleFig(id=1227653078938219426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591815096890095, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水箱尺寸

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形状L/cmB/cmR/cmH/cm
矩形301545
圆形1545
圆环形15(9)45
U形401545
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Test cases

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增稠剂种类增稠剂浓度水深比外激励频率比相对激励幅值放置时间
CMC-Na、SA0%~1.0%、0.80%50%、30%~80% (15~35 cm)0.8、0.9、0.95、1.0、1.05、1.1、1.20.5%、1.0%、1.5%60 d
), ArticleFig(id=1227653080439780266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591815096890095, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验工况

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增稠剂种类增稠剂浓度水深比外激励频率比相对激励幅值放置时间
CMC-Na、SA0%~1.0%、0.80%50%、30%~80% (15~35 cm)0.8、0.9、0.95、1.0、1.05、1.1、1.20.5%、1.0%、1.5%60 d
), ArticleFig(id=1227653080532054957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591815096890095, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Independence verification results

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网格尺寸/mm阻尼比ξ/%时间步长/s阻尼比ξ/%
20.00.430.010.37
10.00.360.0050.32
5.00.320.0010.30
1.00.31
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无关性验证结果

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网格尺寸/mm阻尼比ξ/%时间步长/s阻尼比ξ/%
20.00.430.010.37
10.00.360.0050.32
5.00.320.0010.30
1.00.31
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Simulation cases

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仿真模拟工况

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增稠剂对调谐液体阻尼器阻尼比与频率的影响研究
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罗帅 1, 2, 3 , 李寿英 1, 2, 3 , 何书勇 1, 2, 3 , 陈政清 1, 2, 3
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(9): 2151-2159
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(9): 2151-2159
增稠剂对调谐液体阻尼器阻尼比与频率的影响研究
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罗帅1, 2, 3 , 李寿英1, 2, 3 , 何书勇1, 2, 3, 陈政清1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.湖南大学土木工程学院,湖南 长沙 410082
  • 2.桥梁工程安全与韧性全国重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410082
  • 3.湖南大学风工程与桥梁工程湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410082
  • 罗帅(1998—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李寿英(1977—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。 E-mail:
Effect of thickener on damping ratio and frequency of tuned liquid damper
Shuai LUO1, 2, 3 , Shouying LI1, 2, 3 , Shuyong HE1, 2, 3, Zhengqing CHEN1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Bridge Safety and Resiliance, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
  • 3.Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wind and Bridge Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310035
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调谐液体阻尼器(tuned liquid damper, TLD)是一种简单有效的被动型振动控制装置。通过在TLD中添加增稠剂的方式,研究了液体黏性对TLD系统阻尼比与频率的影响规律。采用黏度计测试了增稠剂浓度与液体黏度的关系;设计了矩形、圆形、圆环形和U形4种类型的TLD水箱,在单向简谐激励振动台上进行了试验,探究了增稠剂浓度、水箱水深比、外激励频率、相对激励幅值和放置时间等参数对TLD性能影响的规律;进行了TLD系统的CFD数值仿真,研究了水箱尺寸的影响。结果表明:增加增稠剂浓度,可以有效提高TLD的阻尼比,且对TLD频率几乎没有影响;水深比对TLD的频率和阻尼比影响较小;外激励幅值和频率对TLD系统的频率和阻尼比影响不大,但会显著改变液面波高;添加增稠剂液体的TLD放置时间增长,会导致TLD内液体黏性下降,造成TLD阻尼比降低;且随着放置时间增长,TLD内部分液体挥发,水深比减小,进而发生TLD频率失谐的现象;随着水箱尺寸减小,TLD阻尼比逐渐变大,当尺寸较大时,阻尼比基本保持稳定。

调谐液体阻尼器  /  增稠剂  /  阻尼比  /  频率  /  振动台试验  /  CFD数值模拟

Tuned Liquid Damper (TLD) is a simple and effective passive vibration control device. By adding thickening agents to the TLD, the effect of liquid viscosity on the damping ratio and frequency of the TLD system is studied. Firstly, the relationship between thickener concentration and liquid viscosity is measured by a viscometer. Then, rectangular, circular, circular and U-shaped TLD tanks are designed and tested on a unidirectional harmonic excitation vibration table.The influence of parameters on the performance of the TLD is analyzed, such as thickener concentration, water depth ratio of the tank, external excitation frequency, relative excitation amplitude and placement time. Finally, CFD numerical simulation of TLD system is carried out to study the influence of tank size. The results show that increasing the concentration of thickener can effectively improve the damping ratio of TLD, and has little effect on the frequency of TLD. Water depth ratio has little effect on frequency and damping ratio of TLD. The external excitation amplitude and frequency have little effect on the frequency and damping ratio of the TLD system, but can significantly change the liquid surface wave height. The TLD placement time of the thickener liquid increased, resulting in a decrease in the viscosity of the liquid in the TLD, resulting in a decrease in the damping ratio of the TLD, partial volatilization of the liquid in the TLD, and a decrease in the water depth ratio, resulting in a phenomenon of TLD frequency mismatch. As the size of the tank decreases, the TLD damping ratio gradually increases, and the damping ratio remains basically stable when the size is larger.

tuned liquid damper  /  thickening agent  /  damping ratio  /  frequency  /  shaking table test  /  CFD numerical simulation
罗帅, 李寿英, 何书勇, 陈政清. 增稠剂对调谐液体阻尼器阻尼比与频率的影响研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (9) : 2151 -2159 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310035
Shuai LUO, Shouying LI, Shuyong HE, Zhengqing CHEN. Effect of thickener on damping ratio and frequency of tuned liquid damper[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (9) : 2151 -2159 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310035
高层建筑频率低、阻尼小,风振问题突出。调谐液体阻尼器(tuned liquid damper, TLD)作为一种简单有效的被动型减振装置,具有构造简单、造价低、安装方便、易于维护等优点,已在高层建筑减振中得到广泛应用。但是,目前常用的纯水TLD自身阻尼比非常低(<1.0%),远小于最优阻尼比,难以达到理想的减振效果。
已有较多学者关注TLD自身阻尼比提升方法,例如在水箱内增设格栅、挡板或浆柱等阻尼构件。TAIT等[1-3]建立了线性和非线性数学模型描述内置格栅的水箱液体晃动,建立了一种考虑阻尼格栅能量耗散的线性等效力学模型,评价了内置格栅的TLD性能;ZHANG等[4]通过解耦分离TLD液面波高信号分析了格栅参数对TLD阻尼性能影响;CASSOLATO[5]和YU等[6]开展了振动台试验,对格栅进行了参数化分析。GOUDARZI等[7]基于速度势公式和线性波动理论,建立了有挡板的水动力阻尼比解析模型;ZHONG[8]研究了安装挡板的矩形水箱的晃动机理,并利用实时混合实验评估了TLD的减振效果;JUNG等[9]研究了挡板高度对晃动的影响;EVANS等[10]分析了挡板位置对共振频率的影响。LOVE等[11]进行了内置立柱的TLD振动台试验;HUANG[12]采用CFD数值模拟方法,分析了内置阻尼构件对TLD性能的影响规律。
学者们针对液体黏性对TLD晃动的影响进行了研究。CASE等[13]将边界层近似技术应用于驻波分析,认为层流边界层中的黏性耗散是产生阻尼的主要原因;SCARSI[14]进行了理论分析和试验测试,发现了矩形水箱的黏性阻尼可以降低液体的晃动响应;ZOU等[15]通过试验研究了液体黏性对横摇晃动性能的影响,发现随着黏性的增加,峰值压力减小,上升时间延长;AN等[16]利用圆环形TLD对吊索进行减振,比较研究了水和甲基硅油的减振性能,结果表明:增加黏性有利于吊索减振。研究人员也总结了考虑黏性的TLD阻尼比解析公式,ABRAMSON [17]给出了圆形TLD阻尼比的经验公式,认为TLD阻尼比与圆形水箱半径、水深及黏度等参数有关;MIEDA等[18]认为圆形TLD阻尼比由水箱底部、顶部和侧面三部分阻尼比叠加而成,并给出了每部分的解析计算公式。
已有针对液体黏性影响的研究,液体一般采用硅油、甘油或葵花籽油等[19-20],成本较昂贵。为此,本文采用价格更低的增稠剂来增加纯水的黏性,研究增稠剂对TLD固有特性的影响规律。首先测试了2类增稠剂对纯水黏性的影响;然后制作了4种类型的TLD(圆形、矩形、圆环形、U形),进行振动台试验,对液体黏性、水深比、激励频率比、激励幅值、放置时间等参数对TLD性能影响的规律进行了研究;并通过CFD数值模拟研究了TLD尺寸的影响。
在查阅相关文献的基础上,选取了国药海藻酸钠和国药羧甲基纤维素钠两种增稠剂。其中,海藻酸钠[21](SA)是一种存在于褐藻类植物以及细菌中的亲水性天然多糖,其分子结构如图1(a)所示,SA为白色或淡黄色粉末,极易溶于水形成黏稠状的溶液。羧甲基纤维素钠[22](CMC-Na)是纤维素依次经过碱化、氯乙酸化处理之后生成的一种纤维素基羧甲基醚类衍生物,其分子结构如图1(b)所示。CMC-Na为白色或者淡黄色的粉末,易溶于水,其水溶液具有一定的黏度,除此之外可用于制作建筑消防环保灭火剂[23]和钢结构的防火涂料[24],对结构灭火有积极作用。利用电子天平称量SA和CMC-Na,配置不同浓度的溶液,采用数显旋转黏度计测量溶液黏度。试验所需化学试剂为海藻酸钠(SA)、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na),两种试剂均为国药集团化学试剂有限公司生产,其规格为分析纯。所需试验器材为精度0.01 g、量程600 g的电子天平,力辰科技公司生产的NDJ-8S式旋转型黏度计,以及容量为1000 mL的烧杯。
试验时,配置10 kg水,称取一定重量的增稠剂,充分溶解后取出一部分倒入1000 mL烧杯,选取合适量程的转子,安装在黏度计上,进行仪器整平,升降转子,直至转子液面标志与液面相平,打开开关,选择对应转子和适当转速,开始测量,待数据稳定后读取液体黏度,黏度计测试方法如图2所示。
试验测量了0%~1.0%浓度增稠剂水溶液的黏度,结果如图3所示。由图3可知,随着增稠剂浓度增加,液体黏度有明显增加。在浓度小于0.4%时,2种增稠剂水溶液的黏度基本相同;当浓度大于0.4%时,CMC-Na水溶液的黏度明显大于SA。增稠剂浓度为1.0%时,SA水溶液黏度为152×10−6 m2/s,而CMC-Na水溶液黏度高达635×10−6 m2/s,约为SA的4倍。这说明CMC-Na对提高液体黏度的作用更加明显,主要原因是CMC-Na通过分子结构中的羧甲基和羟基与水分子形成氢键,从而使水分子在分子间形成网状结构,增加了液体黏度[22]
试验采用矩形、圆形、圆环形和U形4种类型的TLD模型,如图4所示,具体尺寸列于表1,水箱材料为亚克力板,壁厚设置为0.5 cm。
采用单向简谐位移振动台(如图5所示)进行试验,振动台平面尺寸为70 cm×70 cm,单向位移通过调整偏心轮半径,可实现0~4.0 cm的位移调整,满足试验所需的小振幅位移。采用无接触式视频位移测量系统(VEDIO GAGUE)对液面运动时程进行测量,如图6所示,其测量原理为:通过摄像头捕捉水箱液面的特征点,运用图像处理技术得到液面的波高时程曲线。
采用SA和CMC-Na两种增稠剂,主要分析增稠剂浓度、水深比、相对激励幅值和外激励频率比、放置时间等参数影响。增稠剂浓度从0%到1.0%,水深比从30%到80%(对于U形TLD,水深取15~35 cm),相对激励幅值取0.5%、1.0%和1.5%,外激励频率比为0.8~1.2。在分析增稠剂浓度时,水深比取50%(对于U形TLD,水深取25 cm);分析水深比影响时,增稠剂浓度取0.8%。详细工况如表2所示。
采用自由振动衰减方法识别TLD的频率和阻尼比。利用振动台进行激励,使TLD系统产生振动,待其平稳后,停止激励,使其做自由衰减振动。通过无接触式视频位移测量系统,记录液面波高时程曲线,识别得到系统的频率和阻尼比。自由振动衰减识别阻尼比为:
ξ=12mπlnAnAn+m
式中,An表示结构第n周振动的振幅;An+m表示结构第(n+m)周振动的振幅;m表示自由振动周期数。
图7给出了圆形水箱纯水TLD在水深比为50%、相对激励幅值为0.5%、外激励频率比为0.9时的时程曲线、频谱曲线和自由衰减拟合曲线。从图7中看出,记录得到的时程曲线接近对数衰减曲线,识别方法较为精确。
为了验证模型试验参数识别的准确性,进行30%~80%水深的圆形纯水TLD试验,识别其频率和阻尼比,与BAUER推导的圆形水箱圆频率公式[25]及ABRAMSON推导的含黏性项的阻尼比公式[17]进行对比。圆形TLD的频率及阻尼比公式为:
ωc=1.84gatanh1.84ha
ξc=2.89πua3/322g1/122[0.318sinh1.84ha(1hacosh1.84ha+1)+1]
式中,g表示重力加速度;a表示水箱半径;h表示水箱液体深度;u为液体的运动黏度,对于纯水,其值为u=1.145×10−6 m2/s。
将振动台试验测得的频率和阻尼比试验结果分别与文献[25]和[17]进行对比,如图8所示。由图8可知,频率识别较为精确,阻尼比除个别有误差外,与理论值也接近,说明本文试验方案可行。
本文分析了多个影响TLD性能的参数,如增稠剂浓度、水深比、激励幅值、激励频率和时间等,并在各个工况下对比分析矩形、圆形、圆环形和U形TLD性能。
图9给出了4种类型的TLD的频率及阻尼比随增稠剂浓度的变化规律。从图9中可以看出,随着增稠剂浓度增加,4类TLD频率基本保持稳定;TLD阻尼比均增加,其中,U形和圆环形TLD增加更为明显,分别从纯水时的1.60%和0.75%增加到1.0%浓度CMC-Na水溶液的14.18%和14.81%。比较2类增稠剂效果,CMC-Na比SA增加阻尼比作用更为明显,这主要是因为相同浓度下,前者能够给水溶液提供更高的黏度。
图10给出了水箱内液体黏度对TLD阻尼比影响曲线。从图10中可以看出,随着黏度增加,4类TLD阻尼比均大致以相同趋势增加,即随着液体黏度增加,增长逐渐变缓。液体在同一黏度下,圆环形和U形阻尼比大致相等,矩形次之,圆形TLD的阻尼比最小。
图11给出了增稠剂浓度为0.8%时,矩形、圆形、圆环形和U形TLD频率及阻尼比随水深比的变化规律,其中,矩形、圆形和圆环形TLD中的水深比在30%~80%,U形TLD水深在15~35 cm。从图11中可以看出,矩形、圆形和圆环形TLD的频率随水深比增加而增加,且随着水深比增加逐渐变缓;而阻尼比随水深比的增加略微下降。U形TLD的频率和阻尼比变化规律则与上述3种类型的TLD相反,即随着水深比增加,U形TLD的频率缓慢下降,而阻尼比逐渐增加。在同一水深比下,4种形式TLD的频率和阻尼比也有区别:圆形TLD频率大于矩形,圆环形次之,U形的TLD频率最小;对于阻尼比,圆环形和U形TLD明显大于矩形和圆形TLD。
试验外部激励主要考虑振动台激励幅值和激励频率两方面影响,激励幅值通过调整偏心轮运动半径得到,主要分析线性晃动。激励幅值取振动方向水箱尺寸的0.5%、1.0%和1.5%,激励频率包括0.8到1.2倍基频。
(1)激励幅值
图12给出了SA溶液和CMC-Na溶液浓度为0.8%、振动台相对位移为0.5%、1.0%和1.5%时,4种类型TLD的频率、阻尼比及无量纲波高随外激励振幅的变化规律。其中,无量纲波高定义为波高值与水深的比值。从图12中可以看出,线性晃动时,随着激励幅值增加,4种类型TLD的频率和阻尼比基本保持不变;矩形和圆形TLD的无量纲波高随着激励幅值的增加增长明显,而圆环形和U形无量纲波高的增加趋势相对平缓。在同一激励幅值下,矩形和圆形的波高大于圆环形和U形。总体而言,TLD线性晃动时,振动台激励幅值只影响TLD波高,而TLD系统的频率和阻尼比不显著改变。
(2)激励频率
图13给出了SA溶液和CMC-Na溶液浓度为0.8%、振动台激励频率与TLD系统固有频率比为0.8、0.9、0.95、1.0、1.05、1.1、1.2时,4种类型TLD的频率、阻尼比和无量纲化波高随激励频率的变化规律。从图13中可以看出,激励频率比在共振频率附近变化时,4种类型TLD的频率基本保持不变,阻尼比除个别变化较大外也大致平稳,而波高在共振频率附近出现最大值。总体而言,线性晃动时外激励频率几乎不影响TLD系统频率和阻尼比,但为增大晃动效应,达到最优减振效果,应将TLD频率调谐至结构固有频率附近。
化学试剂需要考虑其时效性,配置SA溶液(100×10−6 m2/s)、CMC-Na溶液(100×10−6 m2/s)和CMC-Na溶液(500×10−6 m2/s)3种溶液,室温下对其黏度和剩余率进行了60天的连续测量。图14给出了上述三种液体黏度和剩余率随时间的变化规律。从图14中可以看出,随着时间增加,三种增稠液体黏度均呈现下降趋势,同一类型的增稠剂,液体黏度越高越容易保持持久性能,而黏度低的增稠液体会降低为与纯水相当的黏度值;不同类型的增稠剂,液体黏度下降趋势大致一致;随时间增加,水箱内的液体会挥发,不同的增稠剂对挥发性能影响不大,液体挥发将引起TLD水深比变化,从而导致TLD系统频率失谐。
一般而言,网格尺寸和时间步长越小,数值模拟计算的结果越精确,但是这势必会降低计算效率。为了均衡计算效率及计算精确度,有必要进行网格无关性验证和时间步长无关性验证,以确定最合适的网格尺寸和时间步长。本文以矩形TLD模型进行验证,网格尺寸分别取20.0、10.0、5.0、1.0 mm;时间步长分别取0.01、0.005和0.001 s。
分别对比不同网格尺寸或者不同时间步长的阻尼比计算结果,验证结果如表3所示。由表3可知,网格尺寸和时间步长越小,TLD阻尼比ξ仿真值越趋近稳定。网格尺寸5.0 mm和1.0 mm结果基本一致,因此网格尺寸取为5.0 mm;时间步长0.005 s和0.001 s结果基本一致,时间步长取为0.005 s。
为了研究TLD尺寸对性能影响规律,本文利用FLUENT软件进行数值模拟,建立矩形TLD水箱模型,TLD尺寸与前述试验水箱相同,设置不同液体黏度进行仿真并与试验结果比对。FLUENT求解器设置[12]具体为:采用压力基、隐式和瞬态求解,通过编译UDF文件,给TLD施加外部激励,利用VOF多相流模型捕捉气液交界面,图15为水箱仿真模型。图16给出了不同液体黏度下,矩形水箱阻尼比的模拟结果与试验值的比较,从图16中可以看出,不同液体黏度下,试验结果均与模拟结果吻合较好。
仿真模拟工况如表4所示。
图17为给定液体黏度下,4种类型TLD尺寸模拟结果。从图17中可以看出,随着尺寸增加,TLD的频率和阻尼比仿真值均下降;在尺寸较小时,频率和阻尼比相当大,这是受表面张力影响,并在文献[26]中得到了试验验证;各种尺寸下,频率仿真值均能与纯水理论计算值吻合良好。上述仿真结果表明:液体黏度不影响TLD固有频率,同一液体黏度下,随着尺寸增加,TLD阻尼比有下降趋势。因此,采用增加黏度方式增加TLD阻尼比时,要合理选择水箱尺寸。
除此之外,还对比了振动台试验与CFD仿真的水箱特征液面曲线,以矩形和圆形水箱举例,特征液面曲线如图18图19所示。从图18图19可以看出,2种水箱液面曲线基本一致,说明CFD数值计算能够很好地反映小振幅下的水箱晃动响应。
采用振动台试验和CFD数值模拟方法,研究了增稠剂对4种类型的TLD系统频率和阻尼比的影响规律,探讨了多个参数对TLD性能提升的影响,主要得到如下结论:
(1)增稠剂能够有效增加TLD系统的阻尼比,且对频率几乎没有影响,因此增稠剂是一种提升TLD性能的有效方法。但是部分增稠剂时效性不高,放置2个月后,液体黏性降低明显,就本文选用的2类增稠剂而言,羧甲基纤维素钠性能明显优于海藻酸钠,因此选用合适的增稠剂尤为重要。
(2)TLD水深比变化,对TLD频率和阻尼比影响较小;外激励的幅值和频率对TLD频率和阻尼比均影响较小,但对液体晃动波高影响显著;随着水箱尺寸增加,TLD阻尼比降低,在尺寸相当小时,阻尼比增加明显。
(3)不同类型的TLD系统受参数变化影响趋势一致。随着增稠剂浓度提高,4种类型TLD阻尼比均有明显提升,但是提升幅度不同,圆环形和U形更为明显;随着水深比增加,矩形、圆形和圆环形TLD阻尼比频率提高,阻尼比降低,而U形TLD频率下降,阻尼比提高。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(51578234)
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2025年第38卷第9期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310035
  • 接收时间:2023-10-16
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-16
  • 修回日期:2024-02-26
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(51578234)
作者信息
    1.湖南大学土木工程学院,湖南 长沙 410082
    2.桥梁工程安全与韧性全国重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410082
    3.湖南大学风工程与桥梁工程湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410082

通讯作者:

李寿英(1977—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。 E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zdgcxb/CN/10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310035
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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