Article(id=1227591814643909240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310034, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697385600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-16, revisedDate=1703001600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610296163, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610296163, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610296163, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610296163, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591806980915649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='9', pageStart='1935', pageEnd='2204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610294337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610356968, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2052, endPage=2063, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591816460042912, articleId=1227591814643909240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Concentrated mass-bent beam model and vibration characteristics analysis of aircraft pylon structure, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, a new concentrated mass-bent beam model of aircraft pylon is proposed, which is an effective mode reduction method for the analysis of vibration characteristics of continuous structures of pylon. Firstly, according to the periodic structure and the stress characteristics of pylon structure under actual working conditions, pylon structure is simplified into a concentrated mass-bent beam model which consists of 12 mass elements and 11 beam elements in series by using the concentrated mass method. The two simply supported boundary conditions reflect the true constraints of pylon-wing front and rear lifting points. The transfer equation and characteristic equation of the model are established based on the transfer matrix method. After using the parameter sensitivity method to correct and optimize the uncertain parameters of bending stiffness, the effectiveness of pylon concentrated mass-bent beam model is verified by comparing with the lower order natural frequencies of the finite element model. On this basis an engine is connected to the front and rear lifting points of pylon-engine through the installation section as the basic excitation, and engine-pylon concentrated mass-bent beam coupled model is established. Transfer matrix method is applied to study the natural frequency of the coupled model and the vibration response of pylon structure under the take-off, cruise and flight idle conditions of the engine. The vibration envelope lines of pylon structure mass elements under different conditions and different times and the vibration response of the representative mass element are obtained. In addition, the effectiveness of the new model is further verified by comparing with the finite element method. The research results provide theoretical support for the vibration reduction design of the pylon structure.

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本文提出一种飞机吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型,作为一种有效的模态降阶方法,用于吊架连续结构的振动特性分析。根据吊架结构的周期性结构和实际工况下的受力特征,利用集中质量法将吊架结构简化为一个由12个质量单元和11段梁单元串联而成的集中质量-弯曲梁模型,两个简支边界条件反映吊架-机翼前后吊点的真实约束。基于传递矩阵法建立了该模型的传递方程及特征方程,运用参数灵敏度法对抗弯刚度不确定参数进行有效修正优化后,与有限元模型低阶固有频率对比,验证了所建立的吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型的有效性。在此基础上将发动机通过安装节与吊架-发动机前后吊点连接作为基础激励,建立了发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型,应用传递矩阵法研究了该耦合模型的固有频率与吊架结构在发动机起飞、巡航和空慢工况下的振动响应,获得不同工况、不同时刻下吊架结构质量单元振动包络线和代表性质量单元的振动响应,并通过与有限元对比进一步验证了本文模型的有效性,研究结果为吊架结构的减振设计提供了理论支撑。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李双宝(1978—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
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孙艳坤(1980—),女,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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孙艳坤(1980—),女,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=inJc1gSff1XrkgmOX1efDg==, figureFileBig=RSg5y0gH5JL14wkTNCc5vQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653071656907465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591814643909240, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Initial parameters of concentrated mass-bent beam model of pylon

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
i质量百分比/%梁段长度li/m抗弯刚度EIi/(N•m)
11.940.4253.5×104
24.020.4254.5×104
37.790.284.8×104
47.930.276.3×104
518.020.384.5×104
619.710.213.3×104
78.110.341.8×104
87.690.212.5×104
96.380.233.0×104
106.370.222.8×104
116.570.261.5×104
125.47
), ArticleFig(id=1227653071791125199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591814643909240, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型初始参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
i质量百分比/%梁段长度li/m抗弯刚度EIi/(N•m)
11.940.4253.5×104
24.020.4254.5×104
37.790.284.8×104
47.930.276.3×104
518.020.384.5×104
619.710.213.3×104
78.110.341.8×104
87.690.212.5×104
96.380.233.0×104
106.370.222.8×104
116.570.261.5×104
125.47
), ArticleFig(id=1227653071912760020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591814643909240, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

The first 4-order natural frequencies of finite element model of pylon structure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶数有限元频率/Hz振型描述
13.4855弯曲振型
218.061弯曲振型
332.382弯曲振型
454.841弯曲振型
), ArticleFig(id=1227653072005034717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591814643909240, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

吊架结构有限元模型前4阶固有频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶数有限元频率/Hz振型描述
13.4855弯曲振型
218.061弯曲振型
332.382弯曲振型
454.841弯曲振型
), ArticleFig(id=1227653072076337889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591814643909240, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Comparison of the first 4-order natural frequencies of concentrated mass-bent beam model and finite element model of pylon

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶数吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型频率fj/Hz有限元模型频率fjfem/Hz相对误差百分比/%
13.7013.48556.182
217.68318.0612.093
327.36032.38215.509
460.19954.8419.770
), ArticleFig(id=1227653072197972711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591814643909240, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型与有限元模型前四阶固有频率对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶数吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型频率fj/Hz有限元模型频率fjfem/Hz相对误差百分比/%
13.7013.48556.182
217.68318.0612.093
327.36032.38215.509
460.19954.8419.770
), ArticleFig(id=1227653072332190449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591814643909240, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Corrected parameters of concentrated mass-bent beam model of pylon

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
i质量百分比/%梁段长度li/m抗弯刚度EIi/(N•m)
11.940.4253.5×104
24.020.4257.8×104
37.790.289.7×104
47.930.277.3×104
518.020.386.2×104
619.710.214.0×104
78.110.341.4×104
87.690.211.7×104
96.380.232.6×104
106.370.221.6×104
116.570.261.5×104
125.47
), ArticleFig(id=1227653072445436662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591814643909240, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

修正后吊架结构集中质量-弯曲梁模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
i质量百分比/%梁段长度li/m抗弯刚度EIi/(N•m)
11.940.4253.5×104
24.020.4257.8×104
37.790.289.7×104
47.930.277.3×104
518.020.386.2×104
619.710.214.0×104
78.110.341.4×104
87.690.211.7×104
96.380.232.6×104
106.370.221.6×104
116.570.261.5×104
125.47
), ArticleFig(id=1227653072558682876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591814643909240, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Comparison of the first 4-order natural frequencies of corrected concentrated mass-bent beam model and finite element model of pylon

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶数修正后模型频率fj/Hz有限元模型频率fjfem/Hz相对误差百分比/%
13.5523.48551.908
217.49218.0613.150
331.25632.3823.478
457.4754.8414.794
), ArticleFig(id=1227653072697094909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591814643909240, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

修正后吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型与有限元模型前4阶固有频率对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶数修正后模型频率fj/Hz有限元模型频率fjfem/Hz相对误差百分比/%
13.5523.48551.908
217.49218.0613.150
331.25632.3823.478
457.4754.8414.794
), ArticleFig(id=1227653072797758213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591814643909240, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Natural frequencies of coupled model of engine and concentrated mass-bent beam of pylon

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阶数系统固有频率ωk/Hz
116.074
223.815
351.862
462.827
), ArticleFig(id=1227653072885838600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591814643909240, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型固有频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶数系统固有频率ωk/Hz
116.074
223.815
351.862
462.827
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飞机吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型与振动特性分析
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孙艳坤 1 , 王丁 1 , 寇力英 2 , 徐文君 3 , 李双宝 4
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(9): 2052-2063
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(9): 2052-2063
飞机吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型与振动特性分析
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孙艳坤1 , 王丁1, 寇力英2, 徐文君3, 李双宝4
作者信息
  • 1.中国民航大学航空工程学院,天津 300300
  • 2.中国民航大学理学院,天津 300300
  • 3.中国民航大学工程技术训练中心,天津 300300
  • 4.中国民航大学科技创新研究院,天津 300300
  • 孙艳坤(1980—),女,博士,副教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李双宝(1978—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
Concentrated mass-bent beam model and vibration characteristics analysis of aircraft pylon structure
Yankun SUN1 , Ding WANG1, Liying KOU2, Wenjun XU3, Shuangbao LI4
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Aeronautical Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
  • 2.College of Science, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
  • 3.Engineering Technology Training Center, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
  • 4.Institute of Science and Technology Innovation, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310034
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本文提出一种飞机吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型,作为一种有效的模态降阶方法,用于吊架连续结构的振动特性分析。根据吊架结构的周期性结构和实际工况下的受力特征,利用集中质量法将吊架结构简化为一个由12个质量单元和11段梁单元串联而成的集中质量-弯曲梁模型,两个简支边界条件反映吊架-机翼前后吊点的真实约束。基于传递矩阵法建立了该模型的传递方程及特征方程,运用参数灵敏度法对抗弯刚度不确定参数进行有效修正优化后,与有限元模型低阶固有频率对比,验证了所建立的吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型的有效性。在此基础上将发动机通过安装节与吊架-发动机前后吊点连接作为基础激励,建立了发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型,应用传递矩阵法研究了该耦合模型的固有频率与吊架结构在发动机起飞、巡航和空慢工况下的振动响应,获得不同工况、不同时刻下吊架结构质量单元振动包络线和代表性质量单元的振动响应,并通过与有限元对比进一步验证了本文模型的有效性,研究结果为吊架结构的减振设计提供了理论支撑。

飞机吊架  /  集中质量  /  弯曲梁  /  振动包络线  /  传递矩阵法

In this paper, a new concentrated mass-bent beam model of aircraft pylon is proposed, which is an effective mode reduction method for the analysis of vibration characteristics of continuous structures of pylon. Firstly, according to the periodic structure and the stress characteristics of pylon structure under actual working conditions, pylon structure is simplified into a concentrated mass-bent beam model which consists of 12 mass elements and 11 beam elements in series by using the concentrated mass method. The two simply supported boundary conditions reflect the true constraints of pylon-wing front and rear lifting points. The transfer equation and characteristic equation of the model are established based on the transfer matrix method. After using the parameter sensitivity method to correct and optimize the uncertain parameters of bending stiffness, the effectiveness of pylon concentrated mass-bent beam model is verified by comparing with the lower order natural frequencies of the finite element model. On this basis an engine is connected to the front and rear lifting points of pylon-engine through the installation section as the basic excitation, and engine-pylon concentrated mass-bent beam coupled model is established. Transfer matrix method is applied to study the natural frequency of the coupled model and the vibration response of pylon structure under the take-off, cruise and flight idle conditions of the engine. The vibration envelope lines of pylon structure mass elements under different conditions and different times and the vibration response of the representative mass element are obtained. In addition, the effectiveness of the new model is further verified by comparing with the finite element method. The research results provide theoretical support for the vibration reduction design of the pylon structure.

aircraft pylon structure  /  concentrated mass  /  bent beam  /  vibration envelope line  /  transfer matrix method
孙艳坤, 王丁, 寇力英, 徐文君, 李双宝. 飞机吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型与振动特性分析. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (9) : 2052 -2063 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310034
Yankun SUN, Ding WANG, Liying KOU, Wenjun XU, Shuangbao LI. Concentrated mass-bent beam model and vibration characteristics analysis of aircraft pylon structure[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (9) : 2052 -2063 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310034
吊架结构作为发动机与机翼连接的主结构,主要用于支承发动机,传递发动机的载荷。发动机的振动经吊架结构传递至机身,强烈的振动不仅严重影响飞机的工作状态和使用性能,还会降低了飞机的平稳性与安全性,振动产生的噪声会影响乘客的乘机舒适性[1]。因此,研究飞机吊架结构振动特性具有重要的意义。
建立合理有效的吊架结构动力学模型是研究飞机吊架结构设计的重要基础。BAKLANOV等[2-4]提出了发动机-吊架-机身多耦合模型,估算发动机振动引起的舱内噪声。许飞等[5]建立了发动机安装节-吊架-机翼模型,用于分析发动机硬安装和软安装时安装节结构的隔振效果。闫鹏嗣等[6]建立了变阻尼、变刚度的发动机-吊架-机翼动力学系统,分析了变阻尼、变刚度对系统振动传递率的影响。上述研究均简单地将吊架结构整体作为一个集中质量考虑,利用解析法分析发动机-吊架-机身耦合系统的振动特性,忽略了吊架结构不同部位的振动变化及关联性。也有学者应用有限元分析方法将吊架结构的连续系统离散化,来分析吊架结构动力学。GILIOLI等[7]建立了一个非线性的发动机吊架结构有限元模型,分析该模型的静态和动态动力学行为。陈熠等[8]建立了吊架-机翼-机身全机动力学有限元模型,分析了发动机振动载荷经吊架结构至机身的传递特性。宋波涛等[9]建立了吊架结构等效模型,分析了吊架结构在起飞、巡航、空慢工况下的减振效果。利用有限元分析方法可以有效地解决吊架连续结构的动力学问题,但必须建立其整体动力学模型,网格划分越细涉及的吊架结构自由度数目越多,计算量越大。
传递矩阵法将连续周期性结构分解成若干易于用矩阵形式表达力学特征的子结构,建立子结构状态矢量传递模型,实现整个结构的求解,具有无需建立系统整体动力学方程、建模灵活、计算量小等特点,已被广泛应用于实际工程计算中[10-11]。文献[12-16]应用传递矩阵法解决弹性支承梁、框架结构、板、薄壁结构和拱桥的静力学和动力学问题。HORNER等[17]利用Riccati传递矩阵法解决了边值问题,提高了传递矩阵法的数值稳定性。
由于吊架结构具有显著的周期性结构特征,本文利用集中质量法建立了吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型,基于传递矩阵法建立了该模型的传递方程。基于吊架结构有限元模型分析,运用参数灵敏度方法对吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型的参数进行修正优化。在此基础上,建立了发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型,应用传递矩阵法研究耦合模型的固有特性及吊架结构在起飞、巡航、空慢三种工况下的振动响应,为吊架结构减振设计提供理论支撑。
吊架结构一般是由铝、钛或钢结构组成的盒式梁构成,按连接方式可以分为:阻力支柱式结构、盒式梁式结构及超静定式结构[18]
本文以某型号飞机吊架实际结构为原型,通过查阅目标飞机结构设计手册[19],在吊架实际结构尺寸和形状基础上,考虑吊架在工作状态下的受力特征,对吊架实际结构进行测量,并建立了等比例吊架结构三维模型。
选取的飞机吊架结构采用盒式梁式结构,吊架结构由依次从左到右排列的10块肋板、前上部梁、后上部梁、下部梁和1号肋板前侧的锥体组成。位于1号肋板前侧的锥体前端和3号肋板的下侧突出结构分别为吊架-发动机前后吊点。位于4号肋板与10号肋板上侧的突出结构分别为吊架-机翼前后吊点,并且通过螺栓连接方向的不同对吊架结构进行固定。吊架具体结构如图1所示。
根据吊架的周期性结构形式和实际工况下受力特征,并结合文献[4-5]中将吊架结构三维模型简化为二维模型的经验,采用集中质量法按照一定简化规则将其连续分布质量集中并简化到吊架结构的某些位置上,其简化规则与编号方式如下所述:
(1)基于吊架结构肋板的刚性和惯性较大的事实,将吊架结构的10块肋板近似抽象为10个质量单元,并将10个质量单元依次从左到右编号为3至12。
(2)由于吊架结构的前上部梁、后上部梁和下部梁具有弹性大、刚性小的特点,故将它们的质量集中到吊架结构的10块肋板上,并将其近似看作9段无质量的弯曲梁单元,用于第3到第12个质量单元之间的连接。
(3)考虑到吊架-机翼前后吊点、吊架-发动机后吊点质量较小,故将吊架-机翼前后吊点的质量分别集中到吊架结构的4号与10号肋板上,吊架-发动机后吊点的质量集中到吊架结构的3号肋板上。
(4)由于1号肋板前侧锥体是由4个T形梁组成的弹性大、惯性大的结构,且其长度近似为两个肋板之间距离的2倍,故将1号肋板前侧锥体结构简化为两个质量单元与两段弯曲梁单元。考虑到锥体最前端的吊架-发动机前吊点的连接结构质量较大且与发动机相连传递振动,故将其中一个质量单元集中到吊架-发动机前吊点连接结构的最大尺寸处,将其编号为1。另一个质量单元集中到吊架-发动机前吊点与1号肋板的中间处,将其编号为2;第一段弯曲梁单元用于连接第1个质量单元与第2个质量单元,第二段弯曲梁单元用于连接第2个质量单元与第3个质量单元。
(5)吊架结构不同部位对应简化后的各质量单元分布于同一水平位置上,即吊架三维结构的中心线上。由于1号肋板前侧锥体结构相对于整个吊架结构略向下倾斜,为了便于计算和简化模型,设1号肋板前侧锥体结构简化后的两个质量单元与肋板处简化后的质量单元处于同一水平位置。
(6)简化后吊架结构的边界约束条件应与吊架结构真实约束保持一致,受力情况应与吊架结构在实际工况下所受载荷相同,由于吊架-机翼前后吊点的功能是用于固定吊架结构[19],故将其简化为两个固定简支点。
简化后的吊架结构由12个质量单元和11段梁单元串联构建了集中质量-弯曲梁模型如图2所示。该模型有三个边界点,将第1个质量单元的下端(吊架-发动机前吊点)作为模型第一边界输入点,第6个质量单元的上端(吊架-机翼前吊点)作为模型的第二边界输入点,第12个质量单元的上端(吊架-机翼后吊点)作为模型的边界输出点,且模型的边界输入点、边界输出点均编号为0,从左到右为模型传递方向。
假设每个质量单元的质量为mi(i=1,2,3,,11,12),只产生垂向运动,并忽略其转动惯量。由于实际工程应用中,吊架结构变形较小,故假设每段弯曲梁单元为欧拉梁模型,只产生弯曲变形且不考虑其质量和剪切变形,依据等比例吊架结构三维模型测得相邻各质量单元之间的距离为梁单元长度li,通过计算吊架结构三维模型中T形梁、上部梁及下部梁的截面惯性矩I,进而求出相邻质量单元之间的弯曲梁单元的抗弯刚度EI
由材料力学可知,1号肋板前侧锥体的T形梁截面形状如图3(a)所示,其截面惯性矩为:
IT=13(Be13bh3+ae23)
肋板之间的矩形截面如图3(b)所示,其截面惯性矩为:
IR=112b2h23
经过对吊架结构三维模型的测量及计算,得到的吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型的初始参数值如表1所示,其中吊架结构总质量M=244kg,总长度L=3.25m,弹性模量为E=103GPa
定义各质量单元连接处状态矢量ZiLZiRZ10Z60Z120的形式均为:
Z=[YΘMQ]T
式中,YΘM、Q分别为该处状态矢量的最大位移、角位移、内力矩和剪切内力;ZiLZiR分别为质量单元mi的左端与右端状态矢量,上标LR分别表示质量单元的左端和右端;Z10为质量单元m1与第一边界输入点的状态矢量且Z10=Z1LZ60为质量单元m6与第二边界输入点的状态矢量;Z120为质量单元m12与边界输出点的状态矢量且Z120=Z12R
将第i个质量单元mi与第i1段弯曲梁单元li1从模型中分离出来,求解第i个质量单元mi左右两端状态矢量的传递关系与第i1段弯曲梁单元li1左右端状态矢量的传递关系,推导如下:
i个质量单元mi的左右两端及第i1段弯曲梁单元li1左右两端受力与运动情况如图4所示。
由质量单元mi左右两端的最大位移、角位移和内力矩相等得:
YiR=YiLΘiR=ΘiLMiR=MiL
由牛顿第二定律得质量单元mi左右两端的受力平衡条件为:
miy¨i=QiLQiR
设质量单元mi做简谐振动,其位移表达式为:
yi=Yisin(ωt)
联立式(4)、(5)和(6)得,第i个质量单元mi左右两端状态矢量的传递关系为:
{YiR=YiLΘiR=ΘiLMiR=MiLQiR=QiL+miω2Yi
写成矩阵形式为:
[YiRΘiRMiRQiL]=[100001000010miω2001][YiLΘiLMiLQiL]
根据材料力学可知,第i1段弯曲梁单元li1左右两端的挠度和转角为:
{Yi=Yi1+Θi1li1+Mi1Rli122EIi1+Qi1Rli136EIi1Θi=Θi1+Mi1Rli1EIi1+Qi1Rli122EIi1
由第i1段弯曲梁单元li1左右两端的力矩和受力平衡条件得:
{MiL=Mi1R+Qi1Rli1QiL=Qi1R
联立式(9)和(10)得,第i1段弯曲梁单元li1左右两端状态矢量的传递关系为:
[YiLΘiLMiLQiL]=[1li1li122EIi1li136EIi101li1EIi1li122EIi1001li10001][Yi1RΘi1RMi1RQi1R]
由位移和内力的连续条件[14],建立第i个质量单元mi右端与第i1个质量单元mi1右端状态矢量的传递方程。
质量单元mi(i1,6)的传递方程为:
{Z2R=U2Z1RZiR=UiZi1RZ12R=U12Z11R
式中,Ui(i1,6)为第i个质量单元mi右端与第i1个质量单元mi1右端状态矢量的传递矩阵。
由式(8)和(11)得,第i个质量单元mi右端与第i1个质量单元mi1右端状态矢量的传递矩阵Ui(i1,6)为:
Ui=[1li1li122EIi1li136EIi101li1EIi1li122EIi1001li1u4,1iu4,2iu4,3iu4,4i]
式中,u4,1i=miω2u4,2i=miω2li1u4,3i=miω2li122EIi1u4,4i=1+miω2li136EIi1
质量单元m1左右两端的状态矢量传递方程为:
Z1R=U1Z10
式中,U1为质量单元m1左右两端的状态矢量传递矩阵,其表达式如下:
U1=[100001000010m1ω2001]
质量单元m6为两端输入一端输出元件,两个输入点的状态矢量为Z6LZ60,定义输入点状态矢量为:
ZI,6=[YΘM6LQ6LM60Q60]T=E1Z6L+E2Z60
式中,E1=[I4O2×4]E2=[O4×2O4×2O2×2I2]Z6L=Ul5Z5R,其中O表示元素为0的矩阵,I表示单位矩阵,Ul5为弯曲梁单元l5左右两端状态矢量的传递矩阵,其表达形式如下:
Ul5=[1l5l522EI5l536EI501l5EI5l522EI5001l50001]
所以,质量单元m6输入与输出端的状态矢量传递方程为:
Z6R=U6ZI,6=U6(E1Ul5Z5R+E2Z60)
式中,U6为质量单元m6输入与输出端的状态矢量传递矩阵,其表达形式如下:
U6=[100000010000001010m6ω200101]
联立式(12)、(14)和(18)得,吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型的传递方程为:
Z12R=U612(E1Ul5Z5R+E2Z60)
U612E1Ul5U15Z10+U612E2Z60Z12R=0
式中,U612=U12U11U10U9U8U7U6;U15=U5U4U3U2U1
基于吊架结构在各种工况下所承受的载荷变化、飞机重量及制造成本等多方面考虑,吊架结构一般选用包括钛合金、特殊钢、因康镍合金等材料,具体见飞机相关设计手册[19]。本文选用钛合金为吊架结构有限元模型的材料,密度ρ = 4650 kg/m3,弹性模量E = 103 GPa,泊松比μ = 0.33[20]。吊架结构有限元模型如图5所示,其中网格节点数为52993,网格单元数为26210。
吊架通过吊架-机翼前后吊点处螺栓连接方向的不同实现固定,其中吊架-机翼前吊点限制了吊架在x、z方向的位移,后吊点限制了吊架在yz方向的位移,将上述约束施加在吊架结构有限元模型对应接触面上。应用ANSYS Workbench的模态分析模块计算吊架结构有限元模型的固有频率及振型。由于吊架结构为具有无穷自由度的连续系统,影响系统振动的是低阶固有频率,故提取吊架结构有限元模型前4阶固有频率,结果如表2所示。
吊架结构有限元模型前4阶固有频率对应的弯曲振型如图6所示。
基于质量单元m6两个输入点的状态矢量Z6LZ60中表示位移的2个元素相等的事实得:
E3Z6L=E3Z60
式中,E3=[I2O2×2],进一步有:
E3Ul5U15Z10E3Z60=0
联立式(18)和(20)得:
UallZall=0
式中,Uall=[U612E1Ul5U15U612E2I4E3Ul5U15E3O2×4]6×12Zall=[Z10Z60Z12R]12×1
吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型边界条件为:
{Z10=[YΘ00]TZ60=[0Θ0Q]TZ12R=[0Θ0Q]T
将边界条件代入式(21)可知,Zall中的第3、4、5、7、9、11个元素为0,从Zall去掉这些0元素,并在Uall中去掉与这些0元素对应的列得:
U¯allZ¯all=0
则吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型的特征方程为:
Δ=|U¯all|=0
表1吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型初始参数代入式(25),运用MATLAB进行求解得到吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型的前4阶频率如表3所示。
表3可以看出,吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型的第3阶频率与有限元模型的相对误差为15.509%,吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型的第1阶、第4阶的频率与有限元模型对应的频率相对误差均大于5%。
造成相对误差较大的原因在于吊架结构的前上部梁、后上部梁、下部梁、1号肋板前侧锥体结构及肋板的横截面积不同、截面惯性矩不同,对吊架结构进行简化时,用弯曲梁单元的抗弯刚度代替吊架结构的前上部梁、后上部梁、下部梁、1号肋板前侧锥体结构及肋板的刚度,致使吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型中弯曲梁单元的抗弯刚度不能被精确估算,因此需要对吊架结构集中质量-弯曲梁模型中弯曲梁单元的抗弯刚度进行修正。
本文基于吊架结构有限元分析,选用灵敏度分析方法对吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型进行参数修正。
在参数修正过程中,弯曲梁单元的抗弯刚度是影响该模型模态频率的主要参数,通过灵敏度分析筛选待修正参数[21]。吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型各阶频率对参数的灵敏度系数为:
S=Δfj/fjΔEIi/EIi
式中,fj为吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型第j阶频率;Δfj为集中质量-弯曲梁模型第j阶频率变化量;ΔEIi为弯曲梁单元的抗弯刚度变化量。
给定参数微小变化(2%),通过式(26)计算得到吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型各阶频率对参数的灵敏度如图7所示,纵坐标表示灵敏度系数的绝对值,其值越大表明模型各阶频率对参数变化越敏感。
观察图7可知,弯曲梁单元的抗弯刚度EI5EI6EI7对吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型的第1阶频率影响较大;弯曲梁单元的抗弯刚度EI5EI8EI9对吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型的第2阶频率影响较大;弯曲梁单元的抗弯刚度EI2EI3EI4EI6对吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型的第3阶频率较敏感;弯曲梁单元的抗弯刚度EI5EI7EI10对吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型的第4阶频率影响最大。故选取弯曲梁单元的抗弯刚度EI2EI3EI4EI5EI6EI7EI8EI9EI10为主要待修正参数。经过多次参数修正及试算,得到修正后吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型参数如表4所示。
将修正后吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型参数代入式(25)进行求解,得到修正后吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型的前4阶固有频率如表5所示,并与吊架结构有限元模型的前4阶固有频率进行对比,相对误差均小于5%,基本满足吊架结构动力学分析的工程要求。
本文在吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型的基础上,把发动机看作刚体结构,通过安装节与吊架-发动机前后吊点连接,建立了发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型,如图8所示。
设发动机质量为m0,发动机垂向振动位移为y0,质量单元mi垂向振动位移为yi,发动机前后安装节的刚度分别为k1k2,其中,m0=2000kg, k1=k2=1×106N/m[6],发动机垂向振动位移y0由发动机垂向振动载荷转换得到。
设发动机振动产生的垂向载荷为P0sin(Ωt),由牛顿第二定律可知:
P0sin(Ωt)=m0y¨0
则发动机垂向振动位移为:
y0=P0m0Ω2sin(Ωt)
基于文献[9]实测发动机振动载荷谱数据,得到发动机在起飞、巡航和空慢三种工况下产生的振动载荷P0图9所示:在起飞与巡航工况下,发动机依靠低压转子N1产生最大推力,振动载荷主要集中于发动机低压转子N1的转频及其倍频处,故取N1转频57.120和56.599 Hz为起飞与巡航工况下的特征频率,对应的振动载荷分别为9000和7000 N;在空慢工况下,发动机不产生推力,振动载荷主要集中于高压转子N2的转频处,故取N2转频256.805 Hz为该工况下的特征频率,对应的振动载荷为10000 N。
当发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型受到微扰动做自由振动时,即发动机垂向振动位移为零,应用传递矩阵法建立的发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型自由振动时的传递方程、特征方程与吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型的传递方程式(20)、特征方程式(25)表达形式一致,即发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型自由振动时的传递方程为:
U612E1Ul5U15Z10+U612E2Z60Z12R=0
发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型自由振动时的特征方程为:
Δ=|U¯all|=0
但在发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型做自由振动时,质量单元mi(i=1,5)左右两端的最大位移、角位移、力矩和受力满足如下新的关系:
{YiR=YiLΘiR=ΘiLMiR=MiLQiR=QiLmy¨ik1yi
结合式(31),得质量单元mi(i=1,5)左右两端的传递矩阵U1U5分别为:
U1=[100001000010u411001]
式中,u411=m1ω2k1
U5=[1l4l422EI4l436EI401l4EI4l422EI4001l4u415u425u435u445]
式中,u415=m5ω2k2u425=(m5ω2k2)l4u435=(m5ω2k2)l422EI4u445=1+(m5ω2k2)l436EI4
将式(32)、(33)代入式(30),应用MATLAB求解发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型前4阶频率,计算结果如表6所示。
表6可知,发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型的前4阶固有频率与目标发动机在起飞、巡航及空慢状态下的特征频率不同,可以有效地避免共振的产生。
当发动机垂向振动位移不为零时,发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型的质量单元将以发动机的振动位移频率Ω进行振动,应用传递矩阵法求解耦合模型的振动响应。
定义扩展状态矢量Z^iLZ^iRZ^10Z^60Z^120的形式为:
Z^=[YθMQ1]
以及扩展状态矢量Z^I6为:
Z^I6=E4Z^6L+E5Z^60
式中,E4=[I4O4×1O3×4O3×1]; E5=[O4×2O4×3O3×2I3]
当发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型做强迫振动时,由牛顿第二定律可知,质量单元mi(i=1,5)左右两端的受力平衡条件为:
QiR=QiLmy¨ik1yi+k1y0
结合式(32)、(33)和(34),建立耦合模型各质量单元mi的扩展传递方程为:
{Z^1R=U^1Z^10Z^5R=U^5Z^4RZ^6R=U^6Z^I6Z^6L=U^l5Z^5RZ^iR=U^iZ^i1R;i1,5,6
式中,U^1为质量单元m1左右两端扩展状态矢量的扩展传递矩阵;U^6为质量单元m6两端输入一端输出的扩展传递矩阵;U^l5为梁l5的扩展传递矩阵;U^i为质量单元mimi1彼此右端扩展状态矢量的扩展传递矩阵。
U^1=[100000100000100u^4,11001F100001]
式中,u^4,11=m1Ω2k1;F1=k1P0m0Ω2
U^5=[1l4l422EI4l436EI4001l4EI4l422EI40001l40u^4,15u^4,25u^4,35u^4,45F200001]
式中,u^4,15=m5Ω2k2u^4,25=(m5Ω2k2)l4u^4,45=(m5Ω2k2)l422EI4u^4,45=1+(m5Ω2k2)l436EI4F2=k2P0m0Ω2
U^l5=[1l5l522EI5l536EI5001l5EI5l522EI50001l500001000001]
U^6=[100000001000000010100m6Ω20010100000001]
U^i=[1li1li122EIi1li136EIi1001li1EIi1li122EIi10001lj0u^4,1iu^4,2iu^4,3iu^4,4i000001]
式中,u^4,1i=miΩ2u^4,2i=miΩ2li1u^4,3i=miΩ2li122EIi1u^4,4i=1+miΩ2li136EIi1
由式(37)得发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型做强迫振动的扩展传递方程为:
U^612E4U^l5U^15Z^10+U^612E5Z^60Z^12R=0
式中,U^612=U^12U^11U^10U^9U^8U^7U^6U^15=U^5U^4U^3U^2U1
由于Z^6LZ^60都是质量单元m6的扩展状态矢量,Z^6LZ^60中表示位移的2个元素相等即:
E6Z^6L=E6Z^60
式中,E6=[I2O2×3]
联立式(43)与(44)得:
U^allZ^all=0
式中,U^all=[U^612E4U^l5U^15U^612E5I5E6U^l5U^15E6O2×5]7×15Z^all=[Z^10Z^60Z^12R]15×1
由于耦合模型的边界条件为:
{Z^10=[YΘ001]TZ^60=[0Θ0Q1]TZ^12R=[0Θ0Q1]T
可知Z^all中的第3、4、6、8、11、13个元素为0,第5、10、15个元素为1,从Z^all去掉这些已知元素,并在U^all去掉0元素对应的列,把元素为1对应的列移到等式(45)右边,去掉式(45)中的第5行得:
U^¯allZ^¯all=f
式中,f=[u1,5+u1,10+u1,15u2,5+u2,10+u2,15u3,5+u3,10+u3,15u4,5+u4,10+u4,15u6,5+u6,10+u6,15u7,5+u7,10+u7,15]um,n表示U^all中的第m行、第n列元素。
求解式(46)可得Z^all中的边界状态矢量,由各质量单元扩展传递方程式(37)可得其余扩展状态矢量Z^iR(i=1,2,,11,12),所以,发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型中吊架结构质量单元的振动位移为:
yi=Yisin(Ωt);i=1,2,,11,12
通过MATLAB编程计算式(47),得到吊架结构质量单元在起飞、巡航与空慢工况下,即在特征频率Ω为57.120、56.599、256.805 Hz时,吊架结构质量单元的振动包络线如图10所示。
图10(a)、(b)可知:吊架结构在起飞与巡航工况下,在任意时刻观察,以第6个质量单元为分界点,其左右两侧质量单元均呈现出同步但反向的振动包络线特性。由图10(c)可知:在空慢工况下,吊架结构的第2个与第8个质量单元的振动位移几乎接近于0,且与起飞及巡航工况下的振动位移差别较大。由图10(d)可知:在t=2.5 s时,起飞工况下吊架结构的振动位移要远大于巡航与空慢工况,且空慢状态下吊架结构的振动位移最小。观察图10(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)可以发现:在起飞、巡航及空慢工况下,吊架结构第6个与第12个质量单元的振动位移为0,满足吊架结构的边界条件;在t=0.5 s与t=1 s、t=1.5 s与t=2 s、t=2.5 s与t=3 s时刻下,吊架结构质量单元振动包络线呈现近似上下对称的特点。
图11(a)、(b)、(c)为起飞工况下,吊架结构第2个与第8个质量单元的位移响应、速度响应及相图,由图可知,吊架结构的每个质量单元的振动响应呈现周期性特点,第2个质量单元的振动响应大于第8个质量单元的振动响应,且任意时刻下第2个质量单元与第8个质量单元的振动方向相反。
图12(a)、(b)、(c)分别为发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型与有限元模型中第2个质量单元的位移响应、速度响应及相图比较,由图可知,发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型与有限元模型的计算结果基本吻合,进一步验证了吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型的有效性。
为了研究飞机吊架结构的振动传递特性,本文基于集中质量法建立了一种飞机吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型,应用传递矩阵法建立该模型的传递方程及特征方程,利用参数灵敏度方法进行参数优化后的吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型与有限元模型的前4阶固有频率最大误差对比分析均小于5%,对具有连续无穷自由度的飞机吊架结构进行了有效的模态降阶。进一步,本文将飞机发动机看作刚体结构,作为基础激励振源,通过安装节与吊架-发动机前后吊点连接,建立了发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型,基于传递矩阵法求解该耦合模型的固有频率及吊架结构质量单元在起飞、巡航及空慢工况下的振动响应。
研究结果表明:发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型的前4阶固有频率与发动机在起飞、巡航及空慢工况下的特征频率不同,避免了共振的产生。在起飞工况下,吊架结构质量单元振动响应要远大于巡航及空慢工况下的振动响应,吊架结构质量单元振动包络线的两个峰值分别位于第2个质量单元与第8个质量单元。发动机-吊架集中质量-弯曲梁耦合模型与有限元模型中第2个质量单元的响应计算结果基本吻合,进一步验证了吊架集中质量-弯曲梁模型的有效性。
后续可进行的研究工作如下:一是建立发动机-吊架-机翼耦合系统模型,并研究其振动特性;二是开展吊架结构等效3D打印模型的振动实验测试,进一步验证理论模型的有效性;三是开展吊架结构动力吸振器的优化设计研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12172376)
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2025年第38卷第9期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310034
  • 接收时间:2023-10-16
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-16
  • 修回日期:2023-12-20
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(12172376)
作者信息
    1.中国民航大学航空工程学院,天津 300300
    2.中国民航大学理学院,天津 300300
    3.中国民航大学工程技术训练中心,天津 300300
    4.中国民航大学科技创新研究院,天津 300300

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李双宝(1978—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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