Article(id=1227591812936827421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691510400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-09, revisedDate=1694880000000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610295756, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610295756, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610295756, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610295756, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591806980915649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='9', pageStart='1935', pageEnd='2204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610294337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610356968, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2011, endPage=2022, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591813293343280, articleId=1227591812936827421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Stability prediction method for real-time hybrid test on simply supported beam-based traveling vehicle-bridge system, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Real-time hybrid test has been applied to the performance test of high-speed train running on the bridge in recent year. In order to avoid the damage of specimens or loading systems caused by instability, it is necessary to study the stability of real-time hybrid test on traveling train-bridge system. The time-varying characteristic of the traveling train-bridge system poses challenges to the stability analysis of real-time hybrid test. Therefore, it is necessary to develop suitable stability prediction methods for the time-varying system. Firstly, the time-varying discrete state space equation of the real-time hybrid test on traveling vehicle-bridge system was established, which can accurately describe the changes of all state quantities of the test system over time. Then a stability criterion based on the spectral radius of the cumulative state transition matrix was proposed, and then by combining the stability criterion with the dichotomy method, a relative stability prediction method for the time-varying real-time hybrid test was developed. A serial of practical real-time hybrid tests on traveling vehicle-bridge system was conducted based on a shaking table. The results show that the critical stability obtained by the practical tests was in good agreement with the predicted results based on the developed stability prediction method. The developed method can accurately predict the stability of RTHT on vehicle-bridge coupled system.

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实时混合试验近年来被应用于高速列车桥上行车的性能测试。为了避免试验失稳对车辆试件或者加载系统造成破坏,有必要研究走行车桥实时混合试验的稳定性。走行车桥系统的时变特性为实时混合试验稳定性分析带来了难题,需要对此建立适用的稳定性预测方法。建立了车桥实时混合试验系统的时变离散状态空间方程,该方程可以准确描述系统所有状态量随时间的变化;提出了基于累乘状态转移矩阵谱半径的稳定性判据,并结合二分法建立了该时变实时混合试验的相对稳定性预测方法;基于振动台进行了一系列走行车桥实时混合试验,试验结果表明,基于实际试验的稳定性实测值与提出的稳定性分析方法预测的理论值吻合良好。该方法可以准确地预测车桥实时混合试验的稳定性。

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唐贞云(1983—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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刘豪(1996—),男,博士,特别研究员。E-mail:

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刘豪(1996—),男,博士,特别研究员。E-mail:

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Simplified quarter car model parameters based on prototype CRH 380A

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参数数值
mc /kg33786
kc/(kN·m−1)900
cc/(kN·s·m−1)40
mb/kg4112
kb/(kN·m−1)7088
cb/(kN·s·m−1)80
mw/kg5068
), ArticleFig(id=1227653073619845874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591812936827421, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于原型车CRH 380A简化的四分之一车模型参数

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参数数值
mc /kg33786
kc/(kN·m−1)900
cc/(kN·s·m−1)40
mb/kg4112
kb/(kN·m−1)7088
cb/(kN·s·m−1)80
mw/kg5068
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简支梁桥走行车桥系统的实时混合试验稳定性预测方法
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刘豪 1, 2, 3 , 唐贞云 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(9): 2011-2022
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(9): 2011-2022
简支梁桥走行车桥系统的实时混合试验稳定性预测方法
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刘豪1, 2, 3 , 唐贞云1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.北京工业大学城市与工程安全减灾教育部重点实验室,北京 100124
  • 2.北京工业大学重庆研究院,重庆 401121
  • 3.东北大学灾害科学国际研究所,仙台 9800845
  • 刘豪(1996—),男,博士,特别研究员。E-mail:

通讯作者:

唐贞云(1983—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Stability prediction method for real-time hybrid test on simply supported beam-based traveling vehicle-bridge system
Hao LIU1, 2, 3 , Zhenyun TANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.The Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 2.Chongqing Research Institute of Beijing University of Technology, Chongqing 401121, China
  • 3.International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 9800845, Japan
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308018
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实时混合试验近年来被应用于高速列车桥上行车的性能测试。为了避免试验失稳对车辆试件或者加载系统造成破坏,有必要研究走行车桥实时混合试验的稳定性。走行车桥系统的时变特性为实时混合试验稳定性分析带来了难题,需要对此建立适用的稳定性预测方法。建立了车桥实时混合试验系统的时变离散状态空间方程,该方程可以准确描述系统所有状态量随时间的变化;提出了基于累乘状态转移矩阵谱半径的稳定性判据,并结合二分法建立了该时变实时混合试验的相对稳定性预测方法;基于振动台进行了一系列走行车桥实时混合试验,试验结果表明,基于实际试验的稳定性实测值与提出的稳定性分析方法预测的理论值吻合良好。该方法可以准确地预测车桥实时混合试验的稳定性。

实时混合试验  /  车-桥耦合振动  /  简支梁  /  稳定性

Real-time hybrid test has been applied to the performance test of high-speed train running on the bridge in recent year. In order to avoid the damage of specimens or loading systems caused by instability, it is necessary to study the stability of real-time hybrid test on traveling train-bridge system. The time-varying characteristic of the traveling train-bridge system poses challenges to the stability analysis of real-time hybrid test. Therefore, it is necessary to develop suitable stability prediction methods for the time-varying system. Firstly, the time-varying discrete state space equation of the real-time hybrid test on traveling vehicle-bridge system was established, which can accurately describe the changes of all state quantities of the test system over time. Then a stability criterion based on the spectral radius of the cumulative state transition matrix was proposed, and then by combining the stability criterion with the dichotomy method, a relative stability prediction method for the time-varying real-time hybrid test was developed. A serial of practical real-time hybrid tests on traveling vehicle-bridge system was conducted based on a shaking table. The results show that the critical stability obtained by the practical tests was in good agreement with the predicted results based on the developed stability prediction method. The developed method can accurately predict the stability of RTHT on vehicle-bridge coupled system.

real-time hybrid test  /  train-bridge interaction  /  simply supported beam  /  stability
刘豪, 唐贞云. 简支梁桥走行车桥系统的实时混合试验稳定性预测方法. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (9) : 2011 -2022 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308018
Hao LIU, Zhenyun TANG. Stability prediction method for real-time hybrid test on simply supported beam-based traveling vehicle-bridge system[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (9) : 2011 -2022 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308018
近年来高速铁路发展迅速,截至2020年底,世界高速铁路总里程达5.5×104 km,其中中国占比69%[1]。中国的高速铁路大量采用“以桥代路”的形式,桥梁约占线路总长度的57.7%,且大量采用等跨布置的简支箱梁[2]。为了保障高速列车在铁路桥梁上行车的安全和舒适性,有必要对车-桥耦合振动展开试验研究。车-桥耦合振动研究的动力试验方法主要有台架试验[3]、线路试验[4] 和比例模型试验[5]。随着车速的增加,使用上述试验方法测试行车性能时存在一定的局限性,如台架试验难以模拟列车和桥梁的相对运动,线路试验成本较高,比例模型试验由于桥梁模型长度的限制,难以模拟列车的高速运行场景。
实时混合试验技术(RTHT)近些年来被用于车-桥耦合振动试验研究[6]。实时混合试验将研究对象分成两部分,将重点关注或难以模拟的部分作为物理子结构进行试验加载,将其他部分作为数值子结构在计算机中进行建模求解,两者之间数据实时交互以模拟研究对象的动力响应[7-8]。实时混合试验的技术难点在于同时完成数值子结构高速求解和物理子结构精准加载,为此学者们提出了多种高效数值求解方法[9-10]以及加载控制策略[11-13]。然而实时混合试验中数值求解和试验加载的误差仍难以避免,这些误差可能在实时交互中不断累积然后迅速增大,对加载系统或者试件造成难以恢复的破坏,即试验失稳。
实时混合试验的稳定性预测对于试验可行性的提前评估具有重要意义。HORIUCHI等[14]将加载误差视为纯时滞,以负阻尼描述时滞对试验系统稳定性的影响;GAO等[15]将负阻尼理论拓展到多自由度RTHT的稳定性分析中;除了负阻尼理论外,迟福东等[16]应用离散根轨迹方法分析了数值积分算法对RTHT稳定性的影响;ENOKIDA等[17]假设加载系统的动态误差可以被较好地补偿,将加载系统视为纯时滞,基于相位裕度方法分析了混合试验方案(HS)和动力子结构试验系统(DSS)两种方案的稳定性问题;唐贞云等[18]将加载系统等效为线性传递函数,基于增益裕度方法提出了多自由度RTHT的稳定性预测方法;HUANG等[19]将加载系统的非线性误差视为时变时滞,基于Lyapunov-Krasovskii理论提出了具有时变时滞的实时混合试验系统稳定的充分不必要条件。现有RTHT稳定性研究中的试验对象大多数为时不变系统,而走行车桥系统由于车辆和铁路桥梁的相对运动具有强时变性,因此这些方法无法直接用于预测走行车桥RTHT的稳定性。
为了建立走行车桥实时混合试验系统的稳定性预测方法,本文分析该试验系统中数值子结构、物理子结构和加载系统之间的动力作用关系,分别建立各子系统和整体试验系统的离散状态空间方程;根据走行车桥实时混合试验系统时变特性和现有稳定性理论提出该系统的稳定性判据,并结合二分法提出时变实时混合试验系统的相对稳定性预测方法,基于时程仿真和实际试验验证该方法的正确性。本文方法可为提前判断车桥实时混合试验的可行性提供参考。
车桥实时混合试验将列车作为物理子结构,将桥梁作为数值子结构,车桥间的相对运动通过求解向后运行桥梁数值子结构来模拟,桥梁在列车处的竖向位移通过振动台加载给列车,由采集系统测得列车反力后反馈到桥梁数值子结构中。实际列车通常由机车牵引多节车厢组成。本文以机车-桥梁耦合系统的实时混合试验为例进行研究,如图1所示。为了具体理解数值子结构、物理子结构和振动台之间的相互作用关系,本节将介绍各子系统的动力模型。为了便于对桥梁和车辆进行动力分析,两者采用了不同的坐标系,其中桥梁采用以初始平衡位置为坐标原点的绝对坐标系,其动力响应为相对于初始平衡位置的竖向响应;车辆采用以移动界面为原点的相对坐标系,其动力响应为相对于相对坐标系中车辆初始平衡位置的竖向响应。
高速铁路桥梁常采用简支预应力混凝土箱梁以桥代路,常见跨度有20、24、32和40 m等[20]。本文以高速铁路桥梁常用的由简支梁组成的桥跨为例进行研究。某单跨简支梁桥的示意图如图2所示。
图2中,u(x,t)为距离原点x处的桥面在t时刻的竖向位移,P(t)为车辆对桥梁的移动荷载,按照速度v沿桥梁方向水平匀速移动,L为桥梁计算长度,δ为Dirac函数。桥梁的振动微分方程为[21]
m2u(x,t)t2+cu(x,t)t+EI4u(x,t)x4=δ(xvt)P(t)
式中,m为桥梁的单位长度质量;EI为桥梁的抗弯刚度;c为桥梁的阻尼系数。结合Dirac函数的特性和振型分解法,可以由式(1)得到桥梁的模态坐标动力平衡方程为:
Mqq¨(t)+Cqq˙(t)+Kqq(t)=ϕ(vt)P(t)
其中,各矩阵的表达式为:
ϕ(x)={sin(πxL)sin(2πxL)sin(nπxL)},Mq=[m0Lϕ12(x)dx000m0Lϕ22(x)dx000m0Lϕn2(x)dx],Cq=Mq[2ξ1ω10002ξ2ω20002ξnωn],Kq=Mq[ω12000ω22000ωn2]
式中,ϕ为简支梁的振型矩阵,其中第i阶振型为sin(iπx/L);q表示简支梁的模态响应向量,其上方的点表示对时间的导数;MqCqKq分别为简支梁的模态质量矩阵、模态阻尼矩阵和模态刚度矩阵;n表示取桥梁前n阶模态进行计算;ξi表示第i阶模态的阻尼比;ωi表示第i阶模态的圆频率。
由式(2)和振型叠加法可求解得到桥梁各位置处的动力响应u(x,t)。而在实时混合试验中,桥梁数值子结构只需输出与车辆交界面处的竖向响应xI
xI(t)=u(vt,t)=i=1n[qi×ϕi(vt)]x¨I(t)=u¨(vt,t)=i=1n[q¨i×ϕi(vt)+2q˙i×ϕ˙i(vt)+qi×ϕ¨i+1(vt)]
式中,qi表示简支梁的第i阶模态响应;ϕi表示简支梁的第i阶模态振型。
现有研究中有多种车辆模型,如移动质量块、四分之一车模型、二分之一车模型[22]、整车模型[23]以及基于多体动力学软件建立的车辆复杂动力模型[24]。对于上述车辆模型均可使用动力平衡方程来描述车辆的运动状态。以图3的四分之一车模型为例,其中mc为车体质量,mb为转向架质量,mw为轮对质量,kc为二系悬挂刚度,kb为一系悬挂刚度,cc为二系悬挂阻尼,cb为一系悬挂阻尼;xcxbxw分别表示车辆相对坐标系中的车体、转向架和轮对相对各初始平衡位置的竖向位移,动力平衡方程为:
Mvx¨v(t)+Cvx˙v(t)+Kvxv(t)=MvIvx¨g(t)
式中,x¨g为车辆受到的轨道加速度激励;MvCvKv为四分之一车模型的质量、阻尼和刚度矩阵;xv为车辆的位移向量;Iv为荷载位置矩阵,表达式如下:
Mv=[mb00mc],Cv=[cb+cccccccc],Kv=[kb+kckckckc],xv=[xbxc],Iv=[11]
本文假定轮对和轨道均为刚体,两者始终保持密贴接触[25],忽略非线性轮轨相互作用,并且仅考虑轮轨的竖向相互作用力。因此轮对的位移xw与底部位移xg相同,然后可以计算得到车辆对轨道的反力:
Ff(t)=mwx¨g(t)+cbvb(t)+kbxb(t)
式中,vbxb对时间的导数,即转向架相对于车轮的速度。
信号处理、伺服阀、液压动力元件等环节会导致振动台的实际加载结果xg与加载指令xInput之间存在一定的滞后。现有研究中常将该误差视为纯时滞误差[14-16]。唐贞云等[18]认为加载系统不仅存在滞后误差,还存在着随输入频率变化的幅值误差,因此采用传递函数描述振动台的幅值和相位误差。但是就振动台内部特性而言,数据通讯、数值/模拟信号转换等环节会导致时滞误差,而伺服阀、台面质量等会导致振动台的动态误差,因此采用时滞和传递函数的复合形式是一种合理的振动台建模方式[26]
Gst(s)=xg(s)xInput(s)=j=0nnqjsji=0ndpisi×eτs
式中,Gst表示振动台频域模型;qjpi分别为传递函数分子和分母的系数;nnnd分别表示分子和分母的阶数;s为复频率,其虚部为圆频率ωτ表示振动台时滞;e为自然对数。
现有研究中提出了多种时滞补偿算法,以减小加载系统的时滞误差[11-12],但是TANG等[27]的研究表明,时滞补偿算法对RTHT的稳定性和精度提升效果有限,甚至可能会降低系统稳定性;此外现有研究提出了多种逆动力补偿策略[13],可以有效地减少振动台的动态误差,此时可以认为振动台仅具有纯时滞误差[17]
Gst(s)=xg(s)x\rm{Input}(s)=eτs
根据上述研究现状,本文采用式(9)作为振动台的模型。
列车的轨道不平顺可以被转换为时域上的样本序列xs。因此,车辆轨道不平顺激励xs和重力荷载Fg作为车-桥耦合系统的输入,实时混合试验系统中桥梁的位移响应xI和不平顺位移xs共同作为振动台的输入xInput,振动台实际输出位移xg为车辆的底部位移输入,然后车辆反力Ff的重力Fg共同作为桥梁的输入。根据上述输入输出关系和3部分子结构的动力方程即可得到车桥实时混合试验系统数学模型:
{Mqq¨(t)+Cqq˙(t)+Kqq(t)=ϕ(vt)[Ff(t)+Fg(t)]xI(t)=ϕT(vt)q(t)xg(s)=eτs[xI(s)+xs(s)]Mvx¨v(t)+Cvx˙v(t)+Kvxv(t)=MvIvx¨g(t)Ff(t)=mwx¨g(t)+cbvb(t)+kbxb(t)
式中,xs(s)为轨道不平顺位移时间序列xs(t)的拉普拉斯变换。
从各个子系统的动力方程可以看出,各子系统都是时不变系统。但是对于整体走行车桥系统,由于车辆和桥梁的相对运动,系统动力方程中存在着状态量与时变函数的乘积项(ϕ(vt)Ff(t)ϕT(vt)q(t)),因此该系统属于时变系统。虽然理论上看,可以基于李雅普诺夫第二法进行该系统的稳定性判断[19,28],但是该理论的稳定性证明过程比较复杂,而且往往只能得到稳定性的充分或者必要条件;另外考虑状态量与时变函数的乘积项推导该系统的传递函数时需要进行频域卷积运算,难以获得该系统传递函数的解析解,这意味着基于传递函数的稳定性分析方法无法适用于该时变系统。因此需要针对该系统提出适用的稳定性分析方法。
考虑到数值子结构采用离散积分算法进行求解,本文将实时混合试验视为离散系统。对于线性时不变离散系统,可以根据状态转移矩阵的谱半径是否大于1判断系统稳定性[28]。对于本文中具有时变特性的走行车桥实时混合试验系统,虽然无法直接使用该判据,但是可以参考该系统谱半径与系统稳定性的关系,进而推衍出适用于该时变系统的稳定性判据。为此,本节先将各部分子系统离散化,然后建立整体系统的离散状态空间方程。
对于式(2)中所示的桥梁动力平衡方程,有多种数值积分算法可以求解。本文采用Newmark-β法求解。Newmark-β法通过两个控制参数实现运动方程求解,其中速度、加速度与位移之间的关系假设为:
u¨i+1=1βΔt2(ui+1ui)1βΔtu˙i(12β1)uiu˙i+1=γβΔt(ui+1ui)+(1γβ)u˙i+(1+12β)u¨i+1Δt
式中,Δt为离散的时间步长;βγ为Newmark-β法中的计算系数,本文分别取β=0.25和γ=0.5。将式(11)代入式(2)中,即可求得:
qi=K1×P^i+1
式中,
K=Kq+1βΔt2Mq+γβΔtCq,P^i+1=ϕ(vti)Pi+Mq[1βΔt2qi+1βΔtq˙i+(12β1)q¨i]+Cq[γβΔtqi+(γβ1)q˙i+Δt2(γβ2)q¨i]
求得桥梁的模态位移q后,即可代入式(11)求得模态速度和加速度。对上述求解过程进行整理,可以得到桥梁部分的离散状态方程:
zb,i+1=[qi+1q˙i+1q¨i+1]T=Abzb,i+Bb,i+1Pi+1
式中,zb,i为第i时刻的桥梁状态量,包括当前时刻的桥梁模态位移、模态速度和模态加速度;Ab为数值子结构的状态转移矩阵;Bb,i为第i时刻的荷载输入向量;Pi为第i个时刻数值子结构受到的荷载;AbBb,i的表达式见附录A。
式(10)中物理子结构的输入是加速度,因此本文选取移动界面的竖向加速度作为数值子结构的输出,由式(7)和(14)可得数值子结构的输出为:
x¨I,i+1=Cb,i+1zb,i+1
其中,Cb,i的表达式见附录A。
式(14)的状态方程和式(15)的输出方程共同组成了数值子结构的状态空间方程。
本节采用4阶龙格-库塔法求解车辆部分响应。首先将式(5)所示的车辆动力平衡方程转换为连续状态空间方程:
[x¨vx˙v]=[Mv1CvMv1KvE202×2]{x˙vxv}+[Iv02×1]x¨g(t)
将车辆的速度向量和位移向量作为物理子结构的状态量zv,然后将式(16)整理为:
Z˙v=λvZv+Ivx¨g,Zv=[x˙vxv],λv=[Mv1CvMv1KvE202×2],Iv=[Iv02×1]
式中,E为单位矩阵,其下标表示方阵的维度;0为元素都为0的矩阵,其下标依次表示行数和列数。
然后可基于4阶龙格-库塔法求解式(17),求解过程为:
Zi+1=Zi+16(k1+2k2+2k3+k4),k1=Δt×(λvzi+Ivx¨g,i),k2=Δt×[λv(zi+k12)+Ivx¨g,i+x¨g,i+12],k3=Δt×[λv(zi+k22)+Ivx¨g,i+x¨g,i+12],k4=Δt×[λv(zi+k3)+Ivx¨g,i+1]
整理上述求解过程可以得到车辆的状态方程:
zv,i+1=Avzv,i+Bv1x¨g,i+Bv2x¨g,i+1
式中,AvBv1Bv2的表达式见附录B。
车辆的输出为当前时刻对桥梁的反力Ff,i,参考式(7)可得到车辆的状态输出方程:
Ff,i=Cvzv,i+Dνx¨g,i
式中,CvDv的表达式见附录B。
式(19)的状态方程和式(20)的输出方程共同组成了物理子结构的状态空间方程。
在1.3节中已经提到,考虑到对振动台进行逆动力补偿后可以较好地控制其动态误差,因此可以将加载系统的误差视为纯时滞τ。假设该误差是实时混合试验积分步长Δtnd倍,可以将振动台的输入与输出关系描述为:
xg,i=xInput,ind
考虑式(16)中车辆部分状态空间方程的输入是加速度,因此需要将式(21)改写为:
x¨g,i=x¨Input,ind
将式(22)整理为状态方程和输出方程:
$\begin{array}{l} \boldsymbol{Z}_{\mathrm{t}, i}=\boldsymbol{A}_{\mathrm{t}} \boldsymbol{Z}_{\mathrm{t}, i-1}+\boldsymbol{B}_{\mathrm{t}} x_{\text {Input }, i}, \\ \boldsymbol{Z}_{\mathrm{t}, i}=\left[\begin{array}{llll} \ddot{x}_{\mathrm{g}, i-n_{\mathrm{d}}} & \ddot{x}_{\mathrm{g}, i+1-n_{\mathrm{d}}} & \cdots & \ddot{x}_{\mathrm{g}, i} \end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}} \end{array}$
x¨g,i=Ctzt,i
式中,AtBtCt的表达式见附录C。
参考上述子系统的状态空间方程以及1.4节中各子系统之间的输入输出关系,可以得到模拟车辆在单跨简支梁桥上运行的实时混合试验系统的离散状态空间方程:
{Zb,i+1=AbZb,i+Bb,i+1(Ff,i+Fg,i+1)x¨I,i+1=Cb,i+1zb,i+1Zt,i+1=Atzt,i+Bt(x¨I,i+1+x¨s,i+1)x¨g,i+1=Ctzt,i+1Zv,i+1=Avzi+Bv1x¨t,i+Bv2x¨g,i+1Ff,i+1=Cvzv,i+1+Dvxg,i+1
$\begin{array}{l} \boldsymbol{Z}_{i+1}=\boldsymbol{A}_{i+1} \boldsymbol{Z}_{i}+\boldsymbol{B}_{i+1} \boldsymbol{Y}_{i}, \\ \boldsymbol{Z}_{i}=\left[\begin{array}{lllll} \boldsymbol{Z}_{\mathrm{b}, i}^{\mathrm{T}} & \ddot{x}_{\mathrm{I}, i} & \boldsymbol{Z}_{\mathrm{t}, i}^{\mathrm{T}} & \ddot{x}_{\mathrm{g}, i} & \boldsymbol{Z}_{\mathrm{v}, i}^{\mathrm{T}} \end{array} F_{\mathrm{f}, i}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}, \\ \boldsymbol{Y}_{i}=\left[\begin{array}{ll} F_{\mathrm{g}} & \ddot{x}_{\mathrm{s}, i+1} \end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}} \end{array}$
式中,AiBi分别为第i时刻走行车桥RTHT状态转移矩阵和荷载输入矩阵,其具体推导过程和表达式见附录D;Zi为当前时刻的系统状态向量;Yi为外部输入向量。
为了验证式(26)的正确性,采用该式和子结构迭代方法[25]分别求解四分之一车模型-简支梁耦合系统。振动台的时滞取0,因此其状态转移矩阵At的所有元素取0,荷载输入矩阵Bt取1,状态输出向量Ct取1。子结构迭代方法采用分离的车辆与桥梁运动方程,通过求解各自的运动方程,用迭代过程来满足轮轨间的几何相容条件和相互作用力平衡条件[28]。在本文的仿真中采用Newmark-β法求解桥梁模型,采用四阶龙格-库塔法求解车辆模型。
车辆模型选取了基于原型车CRH 380A的参数[9],如表1所示。取桥梁参数m=22691 kg/m,EI=5.2×1010 N/m2L=32.6 m。系统荷载取车辆速度300 km/h时的重力荷载,两种方法计算的车辆位移时程和加速度时程如图4所示,其中基于式(26)的求解结果称为“状态空间方程求解”,另一种方法的求解结果称为“子结构迭代求解”。从图4中可以看出,两种方法求解的质量块竖向位移和加速度完全吻合,证明了式(26)的正确性。
虽然式(26)的正确性已经得到了验证,但是该式仅能描述车辆与单跨桥梁耦合作用的实时混合试验系统状态变化,而在实际情况中列车会在多跨桥梁上持续运行。因此为了模拟实际的车桥行驶场景,还需要对式(26)做进一步调整。
首先假设由多个简支梁组成的铁路桥梁的各跨动力响应互不影响。在实时混合试验中仅需要求解当前时刻与车辆接触的简支梁的响应即可,因此数值子结构只需选取一个简支梁模型,每当车辆从前一跨桥尾转移到当前跨桥头时桥梁的状态需要全部清零,状态转移矩阵如下式所示,这样就可以模拟车辆在多跨简支梁桥上运行。
Zi+1=A¯i+1Zi+Bi+1Fg,i+1A¯i+1={Ai+1,非桥墩处[0nb×nb0nb×(nt+nv+3)0(nt+nv+3)×nbEnt+nv+3]Ai+1,桥墩处
式中,nb为桥梁数值子结构状态量的维度,等于3倍的桥梁模态数;nt为振动台的状态量的维度,等于nd+1;nv为车辆物理子结构状态量的维度,等于4。
式(27)即为完整的走行车桥RTHT系统的离散状态空间方程,可以描述车辆在多跨铁路桥梁上持续运行的实时混合试验的状态变化。
对于线性时不变系统,可以根据其离散状态转移矩阵的谱半径[28]来判断系统稳定性,若谱半径大于1则系统失稳,反之则系统稳定。然而由式(27)可以看出,走行车桥RTHT系统的状态转移矩阵随时间发生变化,这意味着该系统的谱半径也随时间变化,无法直接使用线性时不变系统的稳定性理论判断该系统的稳定性。
为了研究走行车桥RTHT系统的稳定性与其谱半径之间的关系,本文基于式(27)进行了仿真分析。其中车辆和桥梁参数与2.4节中的参数相同,振动台加载误差取40 ms的时滞误差,仿真的积分步长取1 ms。
为了能够具体描述走行车桥RTHT系统的稳定性,本文采用了临界稳定质量比[18]的概念,当实际的车辆质量与车桥总质量的比值β超出临界稳定质量比βCri时系统将会失稳,若小于临界稳定质量比则系统稳定。临界稳定质量比的计算如下式所示:
βCri=MPCriMPCri+MN×100%
式中,MPCri为车辆总质量;MN为单跨桥梁的总质量。
《现代控制理论》[28]中对于稳定性定义为:当系统受到瞬时扰动作用时,被控量xc(t)会偏离平衡位置而产生偏差Δxc,当瞬时扰动消失后,Δxc逐渐衰减,经过足够长的时间后趋近于0,系统恢复到原来平衡状态,则系统稳定;反之若Δxc随时间的推移而发散,则系统是不稳定的。参考此稳定性定义,仿真中选取了脉冲荷载作为车桥实时混合试验系统的输入,计算车辆在30跨桥梁上持续运行的车桥接触面的响应(以下称为界面响应),若界面响应峰值逐渐增大则认为系统失稳,反正则系统稳定。
为了获得该系统的临界稳定质量比,对车辆的质量、刚度和阻尼进行等比调幅至系统失稳,然后再结合二分法逼近系统的临界稳定情况,当系统稳定情况和不稳定情况的质量比的误差小于0.1%时,认为该质量比为临界稳定质量比。以车速300 km/h为例,仿真得到的临界稳定质量比βCri=47.1%。其界面加速度响应绘制于图5(a)。为了观察系统谱半径与稳定性的联系,将车辆质量调幅至0.95、0.975、1.025和1.05倍临界稳定质量比,将其界面加速度响应也一同绘制在图5(a)中;将上述5种情况中系统谱半径随时间的变化绘制在图5(b)中。为了清晰地观察图像的趋势,仅绘制了车辆在前5跨桥梁上运行时的响应。
图5(b)中可以看出,系统谱半径是随时间变化的,无法直接从其大小判断系统的稳定性。但是系统谱半径在每跨桥梁上的变化过程是相同的,因此可以推测出系统在每跨桥头处的状态向量之间的转移矩阵不随时间发生变化,进而可以参考该状态转移矩阵的谱半径作为稳定性判据。系统在每跨桥头处的状态之间的转移矩阵可以表示为系统在整跨桥梁上的所有状态转移矩阵的累乘:
P0=ρ(i=1NA¯i){P01系统失稳P0<1系统稳定
式中,i从1到N的变化描述了车辆从简支梁桥头运行到桥尾的过程;ρ()表示矩阵的谱半径。
为了验证该猜想,将系统任意时刻状态(Zk)与初始状态(Z0)的转移矩阵的谱半径,即状态转移矩阵累乘值的谱半径Pi=ρ(0kA¯i)绘制在图5(c)中。可以看出,当系统失稳时,每跨桥墩处的P值呈指数式增加,当系统稳定时呈指数式减少。因此式(29)可以准确地判定系统是否稳定。
式(29)提供的稳定性判据解决了走行车桥RTHT的绝对稳定性预测问题,但是考虑到试验中存在很多不确定因素,即便满足稳定性判据的工况也可能会由于实际试验中试件参数的变化导致试验失稳,因此有必要研究该系统的相对稳定性,即系统距离失稳还有多少裕度。式(28)中的临界稳定质量比可以作为绝对稳定性和相对稳定性的一个具体表现[19],当实际试验中车辆质量与整体试验系统总质量的比值小于临界稳定质量比时,系统是绝对稳定的,在这种情况下若工况A比B的质量比更小,则可以称工况A比B具有更高的稳定裕度,更容易在实际试验中保持稳定性。
准确地预测临界稳定质量比对于系统相对稳定性的分析非常重要。因此本文在走行车桥RTHT稳定性判据的基础上,进一步结合二分法来预测该系统的临界稳定质量比。式(28)所示的临界稳定质量比必定满足0<βCri<1,当系统质量比取为0时必定小于临界稳定质量比,系统稳定;当系统质量比取为1时必定大于临界稳定质量比,系统失稳。因此基于二分法和稳定性判据预测临界稳定质量比的过程为:
(1)首先分别将0%和100%分别作为系统质量比的上限和下限;
(2)取上限和下限的均值作为系统质量比,基于此计算车辆部分的调幅系数,然后将车辆参数和桥梁参数代入式(29)中判断系统是否失稳;
(3)若根据式(29)判断为系统失稳,则将当前质量比作为下一轮的质量比上限;反之若判断为系统稳定,则将当前质量比作为下一轮的质量比下限。然后重复步骤(2)和(3)的操作至质量比上限和下限的误差小于指定误差。
以上即为本文提出的走行车桥实时混合试验的稳定性分析方法,可以预测该系统的临界稳定质量比,用于评估该系统的绝对稳定性和稳定裕度。为了验证该方法的正确性,首先按照上述方法预测不同车速的车桥RTHT系统临界稳定质量比的理论值,另外基于式(27)对该系统在脉冲荷载激励下的响应进行时程仿真,将界面响应是否衰减作为稳定性判据,然后同样基于二分法得到不同车速的系统临界稳定的仿真值,其中二分法的允许误差设置为0.1%。在图6中对比了仿真和预测结果,可以看出两者完全吻合,这证明了本文提出的稳定性分析方法的正确性。
为了验证图6中的本文提出方法预测的临界稳定边界和和基于脉冲荷载激励仿真得到结果对于其他荷载激励的适用性,对不同考虑列车重力荷载激励的车桥RTHT系统进行了时程仿真,分别选取了原车辆参数以及按照稳定性判据得到的临界稳定质量比0.9倍和1.1倍的车辆参数。为了便于进行时程对比,对于不同车速的上述3种工况,系统外部输入均取原车辆的重力荷载。不同车速的系统界面位移响应的时程结果如图7所示。可以看出,当试验质量比小于预测的临界稳定质量比时,仿真结果是稳定的,反之当试验质量比大于预测的临界稳定质量比时,仿真结果明显是失稳的。
为了验证本文方法能否准确预测实际的走行车桥实时混合试验稳定性,基于振动台进行了一系列的试验。试验中采用dSPACE作为实时机完成数值子结构的实时求解、位移指令实时发送和物理子结构反馈信号实时采集,实时机和振动台通过模拟量信号进行通信。数值子结构的参数与上述仿真用到的铁路桥梁参数相同。
试验中车辆试件按照表1中车辆参数的4000:1的比例进行设计,如图8(a)所示。试件中两个质量块可以沿钢轴方向滑动,分别模拟车厢和转向架的竖向振动,车辆悬挂的刚度和阻尼由弹簧和摩擦来模拟。根据两个质量块的独立自由振动计算悬挂的刚度和阻尼系数,考虑到两个质量块都与钢轴直接接触,因此其阻尼机制与图3中的四分之一车模型有一些区别,如图8(b)所示。试验中通过测得两个质量块以及振动台面加速度来计算试件的惯性力,然后结合缩尺系数即可得到物理子结构对数值子结构的反力。
试验在北京工业大学的0.5 m×0.5 m的单向振动台上进行,对振动台采用了逆动力补偿控制。通过扫频信号测得补偿后振动台的动力特性,结果如图9所示。总体来看,补偿后的振动台特性接近8 ms的纯时滞。
车桥实时混合试验采取了原型车CRH 380A的重力作为车-桥耦合系统的外部荷载。试验中对车辆质量与耦合系统质量之比进行多轮尝试,若振动台指令出现明显的放大趋势,则认为该试验失稳。然后基于二分法得到临界稳定时的质量比,当二分法中质量比的上下限之差不超过1%时,认为此时上下限的均值为临界稳定质量比。以车速300 km/h的试验为例,首先将原车-桥耦合系统(β=5.6%)的试验结果绘制在图10中,如图中黑色实线所示,可以看出系统的位移幅值和加速度幅值比较稳定,此时处于稳定状态;经过试算,系统稳定的最大质量比和系统失稳的最小质量比分别为49.0%和49.7%,将其时程响应一同绘制在图10中,可以看出前者(红色虚线)的加速度响应尚未出现增大趋势,仍处于稳定状态,而后者的加速度响应(黑色点划线)呈现明显的放大趋势,因此判定为系统失稳。
然后取车速为100~600 km/h,测得不同车速下实时混合试验系统的临界稳定质量比。此外,基于辨识结果和本文方法对该系统的临界稳定性进行预测。将临界稳定质量比的试验值和预测值绘制在图11中,可以看出两者吻合良好。这证明本文方法可以准确预测实际车桥实时混合试验的稳定性。另外,本文得到的实时混合试验平台的临界稳定质量比(>40%)远超实际工程中的质量比(5.6%),这表明使用该试验系统测试车-桥耦合振动具有充足的稳定裕度。
实时混合试验(RTHT)近年来被用于高速列车桥上行车的动力测试。车-桥耦合系统的时变性给该试验的稳定性分析带来了难题,现有研究尚未有可以预测时变实时混合试验稳定性的方法。为了提前评估走行车桥系统实时混合试验的可行性,本文根据该系统的时变周期性,提出了基于累乘状态转移矩阵谱半径的稳定性判据,并结合二分法提出了该系统的相对稳定性预测方法,以临界稳定质量比定量地描述该系统的稳定裕度。基于振动台实时混合试验得到的临界稳定质量比与本文方法的预测结果吻合良好,这表明本文方法可以准确地预测走行车桥实时混合试验系统的稳定性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51978016)
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2025年第38卷第9期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202308018
  • 接收时间:2023-08-09
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-09
  • 修回日期:2023-09-17
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51978016)
作者信息
    1.北京工业大学城市与工程安全减灾教育部重点实验室,北京 100124
    2.北京工业大学重庆研究院,重庆 401121
    3.东北大学灾害科学国际研究所,仙台 9800845

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唐贞云(1983—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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