Article(id=1227591811728867836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309059, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695052800000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-19, revisedDate=1701532800000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610295469, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610295469, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610295469, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610295469, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591806980915649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='9', pageStart='1935', pageEnd='2204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610294337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610356968, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2192, endPage=2204, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591812106355206, articleId=1227591811728867836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Time-dependent seismic performance analysis of typical reinforced concrete girder bridge under chloride-induced corrosion, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aims to investigate the life-cycle seismic performance degradation behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) girder bridges under chloride-induced corrosion. Based on the Duracrete model and existing research results, the time-dependent deterioration models for the mechanical properties of longitudinal reinforcement, transverse reinforcement, cover concrete, and core concrete are determined. A three-span RC continuous girder bridge is taken as an example, and its nonlinear analysis models corresponding to different characteristic time points are established by the OpenSees platform. Four analysis cases are investigated to study the effects of chloride-induced corrosion on the girder bridge's seismic capacity and seismic demand. Among these cases, one involves the omission of considering the deterioration of ultimate tensile strain of reinforcing steel, while the remaining three consider this deterioration using three diverse degradation models. The results show that: in the presence of chloride-induced corrosion, the degradation of the ultimate tensile strain of reinforcing steel manifests markedly more severe than the deterioration observed in its yield strength; the girder bridge suffers a more significant decrease in ultimate curvature, a greater increase in curvature demand, and a lower curvature demand-to-capacity ratio of pier when considering the deterioration of ultimate tensile strain of reinforcing steel; disregarding the degradation of the ultimate tensile strain of reinforcing steel would render the life-cycle seismic performance evaluation results of girder bridge structures unreliable and unsafe; additionally, the applicability of these three deterioration models varies, and there are significant differences in the degree of degradation of curvature demand-to-capacity ratio among these models. Therefore, the choice among these three models should be grounded in the research application scenario. As a result, it is necessary to consider the deterioration characteristics of the ultimate tensile strain of reinforcing steel in the time-dependent seismic performance evaluation of RC girder bridges.

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为研究氯离子侵蚀作用下钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete, RC)梁桥抗震性能的退化规律,基于Duracrete模型和现有材料劣化的研究成果,确定了纵筋、箍筋、保护层混凝土和核心混凝土力学性能的时变劣化模型;以一座三跨RC连续梁桥为例,采用OpenSees建立了不同服役时间下的梁桥分析模型,比较不考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化和采用3种不同的劣化关系模型考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化的情况,分析了氯离子侵蚀作用对梁桥结构抗震能力和地震需求的影响。分析结果表明:在氯离子侵蚀作用下,钢筋极限拉应变的劣化明显比钢筋屈服强度的劣化更为严重;考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化时,桥墩截面的极限曲率退化更加显著,同时曲率地震需求明显增加,从而导致墩柱曲率能力与需求比进一步减小,梁桥结构的抗震性能受到变形能力劣化的显著影响,因此若不考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化,会使得对梁桥结构全寿命周期内抗震性能的评价结果偏于不安全;此外,3种劣化关系模型的适用性各不相同,墩柱曲率能力与需求比的退化程度也存在较大的差异,需要根据研究应用的场景进行选择。

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李建中(1963—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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尹康帅(2000—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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尹康帅(2000—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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尹康帅(2000—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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Beijing: China Communications Press, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1227653082931195912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591811728867836, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=41, issue=11, pageStart=3509, pageEnd=3522, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=44, authorNames=陈国兴, 丁杰发, 方怡, journalName=岩土力学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈国兴, 丁杰发, 方怡, 等. 场地类别分类方案研究[J]. 岩土力学, 2020, 41(11): 3509-3522., articleTitle=场地类别分类方案研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1227653083023470604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591811728867836, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=41, issue=11, pageStart=3509, pageEnd=3522, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=45, authorNames=CHEN Guoxing, DING Jiefa, FANG Yi, journalName=Rock and Soil Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Guoxing, DING Jiefa, FANG Yi, et al. Investigation of seismic site classification scheme[J]. 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653072000840411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591811728867836, language=CN, label=图12, caption=曲率能力与需求比随时间的变化规律, figureFileSmall=zksJ4WqdyNc/kQcTlm+HmQ==, figureFileBig=Zs/vzLCk0fHXSSIIu1iSVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653072076337888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591811728867836, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Relationship model between ultimate tensile strain and corrosion ratio of reinforcing steel

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模型钢筋极限拉应变与锈蚀率关系数学形式编号
DU模型[9]εsuc=(1−5ηs)εsu0一次型(9)
张模型[10]εsuc=e2.501ηsεsu0指数型(10)
BIONDINI模型[13]εsuc=εsu0,0ηs1.6%0.1521ηs0.4583εsu0,ηs>1.6%幂函数型(11)
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钢筋极限拉应变与锈蚀率关系模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型钢筋极限拉应变与锈蚀率关系数学形式编号
DU模型[9]εsuc=(1−5ηs)εsu0一次型(9)
张模型[10]εsuc=e2.501ηsεsu0指数型(10)
BIONDINI模型[13]εsuc=εsu0,0ηs1.6%0.1521ηs0.4583εsu0,ηs>1.6%幂函数型(11)
), ArticleFig(id=1227653072323801837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591811728867836, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Statistical parameters for corrosion coefficients in the Duracrete model [24,34]

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参数分布类型均值标准差
XI对数正态分布10.05
keGamma分布0.9240.155
kt正态分布0.8320.024
kcBeta分布(A=0.4, B=1.0)0.800.10
D0/(mm2·y−1)正态分布473.043.2
nBeta分布(A=0, B=0.98)0.3620.245
Ccr/%正态分布0.500.10
Acs/%正态分布7.7581.36
εcs/%正态分布01.105
dc,l/mm正态分布665
dc,t/mm正态分布505
w/b定值0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1227653072445436660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591811728867836, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Duracrete模型各参数的概率分布[24,34]

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参数分布类型均值标准差
XI对数正态分布10.05
keGamma分布0.9240.155
kt正态分布0.8320.024
kcBeta分布(A=0.4, B=1.0)0.800.10
D0/(mm2·y−1)正态分布473.043.2
nBeta分布(A=0, B=0.98)0.3620.245
Ccr/%正态分布0.500.10
Acs/%正态分布7.7581.36
εcs/%正态分布01.105
dc,l/mm正态分布665
dc,t/mm正态分布505
w/b定值0.5
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Detailed information of the selected input ground motions

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序号地震名称测站名年份震级Rjb/kmVs30/(m·s−1)
1Kern CountyTaft Lincoln School19527.3638.42385.43
2Borrego MtnSan Onofre - So Cal Edison19686.63129.11442.88
3San FernandoGormon - Oso Pump Plant19716.6143.95308.35
4San FernandoLA - Hollywood Stor FF19716.6122.77316.46
5San FernandoUpland - San Antonio Dam19716.6161.72487.23
6Tabas_ IranBoshrooyeh19787.3524.07324.57
7Tabas_ IranFerdows19787.3589.76302.64
8Imperial Valley-06Coachella Canal 4#19796.5349.10336.49
9Imperial Valley-06Plaster City19796.5330.33316.64
10Irpinia_ Italy-01Bovino19806.9044.62356.39
12Borah Peak_ ID-01PBF (second bsmt)19836.8887.69375.38
11Loma PrietaBear Valley 14#_ Upper Butts Rn19896.9371.28422.79
13Loma PrietaBear Valley 5#_ Callens Ranch19896.9353.46391.01
14Loma PrietaSunol - Forest Fire Station19896.9347.41400.62
15LandersAmboy19927.2869.21382.93
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所选地震动记录

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序号地震名称测站名年份震级Rjb/kmVs30/(m·s−1)
1Kern CountyTaft Lincoln School19527.3638.42385.43
2Borrego MtnSan Onofre - So Cal Edison19686.63129.11442.88
3San FernandoGormon - Oso Pump Plant19716.6143.95308.35
4San FernandoLA - Hollywood Stor FF19716.6122.77316.46
5San FernandoUpland - San Antonio Dam19716.6161.72487.23
6Tabas_ IranBoshrooyeh19787.3524.07324.57
7Tabas_ IranFerdows19787.3589.76302.64
8Imperial Valley-06Coachella Canal 4#19796.5349.10336.49
9Imperial Valley-06Plaster City19796.5330.33316.64
10Irpinia_ Italy-01Bovino19806.9044.62356.39
12Borah Peak_ ID-01PBF (second bsmt)19836.8887.69375.38
11Loma PrietaBear Valley 14#_ Upper Butts Rn19896.9371.28422.79
13Loma PrietaBear Valley 5#_ Callens Ranch19896.9353.46391.01
14Loma PrietaSunol - Forest Fire Station19896.9347.41400.62
15LandersAmboy19927.2869.21382.93
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氯离子侵蚀作用下的典型钢筋混凝土梁桥时变抗震性能分析
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尹康帅 1 , 冯克岩 2 , 李建中 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(9): 2192-2204
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(9): 2192-2204
氯离子侵蚀作用下的典型钢筋混凝土梁桥时变抗震性能分析
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尹康帅1 , 冯克岩2, 李建中1
作者信息
  • 1.同济大学土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室,上海 200092
  • 2.天津市政工程设计研究总院有限公司,天津 300392
  • 尹康帅(2000—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李建中(1963—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Time-dependent seismic performance analysis of typical reinforced concrete girder bridge under chloride-induced corrosion
Kangshuai YIN1 , Keyan FENG2, Jianzhong LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 2.Tianjin Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300392, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309059
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为研究氯离子侵蚀作用下钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete, RC)梁桥抗震性能的退化规律,基于Duracrete模型和现有材料劣化的研究成果,确定了纵筋、箍筋、保护层混凝土和核心混凝土力学性能的时变劣化模型;以一座三跨RC连续梁桥为例,采用OpenSees建立了不同服役时间下的梁桥分析模型,比较不考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化和采用3种不同的劣化关系模型考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化的情况,分析了氯离子侵蚀作用对梁桥结构抗震能力和地震需求的影响。分析结果表明:在氯离子侵蚀作用下,钢筋极限拉应变的劣化明显比钢筋屈服强度的劣化更为严重;考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化时,桥墩截面的极限曲率退化更加显著,同时曲率地震需求明显增加,从而导致墩柱曲率能力与需求比进一步减小,梁桥结构的抗震性能受到变形能力劣化的显著影响,因此若不考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化,会使得对梁桥结构全寿命周期内抗震性能的评价结果偏于不安全;此外,3种劣化关系模型的适用性各不相同,墩柱曲率能力与需求比的退化程度也存在较大的差异,需要根据研究应用的场景进行选择。

桥梁工程  /  抗震性能分析  /  非线性时程分析  /  材料劣化  /  氯离子侵蚀

This study aims to investigate the life-cycle seismic performance degradation behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) girder bridges under chloride-induced corrosion. Based on the Duracrete model and existing research results, the time-dependent deterioration models for the mechanical properties of longitudinal reinforcement, transverse reinforcement, cover concrete, and core concrete are determined. A three-span RC continuous girder bridge is taken as an example, and its nonlinear analysis models corresponding to different characteristic time points are established by the OpenSees platform. Four analysis cases are investigated to study the effects of chloride-induced corrosion on the girder bridge's seismic capacity and seismic demand. Among these cases, one involves the omission of considering the deterioration of ultimate tensile strain of reinforcing steel, while the remaining three consider this deterioration using three diverse degradation models. The results show that: in the presence of chloride-induced corrosion, the degradation of the ultimate tensile strain of reinforcing steel manifests markedly more severe than the deterioration observed in its yield strength; the girder bridge suffers a more significant decrease in ultimate curvature, a greater increase in curvature demand, and a lower curvature demand-to-capacity ratio of pier when considering the deterioration of ultimate tensile strain of reinforcing steel; disregarding the degradation of the ultimate tensile strain of reinforcing steel would render the life-cycle seismic performance evaluation results of girder bridge structures unreliable and unsafe; additionally, the applicability of these three deterioration models varies, and there are significant differences in the degree of degradation of curvature demand-to-capacity ratio among these models. Therefore, the choice among these three models should be grounded in the research application scenario. As a result, it is necessary to consider the deterioration characteristics of the ultimate tensile strain of reinforcing steel in the time-dependent seismic performance evaluation of RC girder bridges.

bridge engineering  /  seismic performance analysis  /  nonlinear time history analysis  /  material deterioration  /  chloride ion corrosion
尹康帅, 冯克岩, 李建中. 氯离子侵蚀作用下的典型钢筋混凝土梁桥时变抗震性能分析. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (9) : 2192 -2204 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309059
Kangshuai YIN, Keyan FENG, Jianzhong LI. Time-dependent seismic performance analysis of typical reinforced concrete girder bridge under chloride-induced corrosion[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (9) : 2192 -2204 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309059
对于近海环境和盐湖环境中的桥梁,氯离子侵蚀作用导致的钢筋锈蚀是引起结构性能退化问题的主要因素[1-3],严重危及桥梁的耐久性和安全性,需要得到足够重视。
近年来,考虑材料性能劣化与地震的共同作用,对桥梁结构在全寿命周期内的抗震性能进行评估已经成为了研究热点。GHOSH等[4]综合考虑氯离子侵蚀作用造成的墩柱纵筋和钢支座性能劣化,进行了时变地震易损性分析。DEY等[5]提出了改进的钢筋时变锈蚀率模型,并通过易损性方法对一座多跨RC连续梁桥的时变抗震性能进行评估。ZHONG等[6]以一连续梁桥为例,研究了氯离子侵蚀导致的墩柱纵筋锈蚀对桥梁结构地震易损性的影响,并综合考虑施工和运营阶段,量化了桥梁在全寿命周期内的地震风险。李超等[7]通过Pushover分析、增量动力分析(incremental dynamic analysis, IDA)并结合易损性分析方法,对一近海连续刚构桥在全寿命周期内的抗震性能做出评价。李立峰等[8]研究了氯离子侵蚀对钢筋和混凝土力学性能的影响,得出了材料性能劣化对高墩刚构桥抗震性能的影响规律。
然而,上述研究并没有考虑氯离子侵蚀作用下钢筋极限拉应变的劣化特性。实际上,国内外大量拉伸试验的研究结果表明[9-12],锈蚀钢筋的拉伸延性会随着锈蚀程度的增加而显著降低,锈蚀率相同时钢筋的延性损失要明显大于强度损失。此外,虽然很多研究者提出了钢筋极限拉应变与钢筋锈蚀程度的关系模型,但受到试件来源、测试方法、钢筋种类、统计回归方法等多种因素的影响,这些关系模型的形式和参数均不相同。DU等[9]通过加速锈蚀试验获取试件,建立了钢筋锈蚀率与极限拉应变之间的线性关系模型。张伟平等[10]从3种途径获取锈蚀钢筋试件,通过拉伸试验并采用指数型回归模型得到了钢筋极限拉应变随锈蚀率的变化规律。BIONDINI等[13]基于APOSTOLOPOULOS等[11]的锈蚀钢筋拉伸试验结果,得到了幂函数型的钢筋锈蚀率和极限拉应变的关系模型。此外,许多研究者通过低周往复加载试验研究了锈蚀RC柱的抗震性能[14-18],这些试验结果均表明:锈蚀导致的墩柱位移延性退化比抗弯承载力退化更为严重。
为准确模拟锈蚀RC结构在地震作用下的非线性行为,一些学者开展了数值模拟方面的研究。DIZAJ等[19]在前人试验研究的基础上,将锈蚀对钢筋和混凝土力学性能的不利影响纳入到材料本构模型中,总结了基于纤维单元的锈蚀RC结构建模方法。DIZAJ等[20]采用纤维单元建模,进一步研究了坑蚀空间变异性对锈蚀RC结构的影响,结果表明:是否考虑坑蚀的空间变异性对RC结构的整体非线性行为没有显著影响。此外,还有研究者采用三维细观有限元模型[21]、块体单元[22]、膜单元[23]等对锈蚀RC结构进行建模,均取得了较好的模拟效果。
基于此,本文以一座三跨RC连续梁桥为例,结合现有氯离子侵蚀钢筋混凝土的研究成果,确定纵筋、箍筋、保护层混凝土和核心混凝土性能的劣化规律,其中箍筋性能的劣化表现为对核心混凝土约束效果的减弱,以此构建氯离子侵蚀作用下的材料性能劣化模型。采用OpenSees建立了不同服役时间点下的梁桥有限元模型,在考虑混凝土性能劣化的基础上,针对不考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化和采用3种不同的劣化关系模型考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化四种情况,通过截面弯矩-曲率分析和地震响应分析,研究梁桥抗震能力和地震需求随服役时间的变化规律。
氯离子对钢筋混凝土结构的侵蚀过程主要分为两个阶段:(1)扩散阶段:氯离子通过混凝土保护层向结构内部扩散,当钢筋表面的氯离子浓度达到临界浓度后,钢筋开始锈蚀,这一时刻为初始锈蚀时间;(2)劣化阶段:钢筋锈蚀进一步发展,混凝土保护层开裂,钢筋和混凝土力学性能发生劣化。
初始锈蚀时间T0是分析氯离子侵蚀过程的关键时刻,其概率分布可根据DURACRETE模型[24]进行计算:
T0=XI{dc24kektkcD0t0n[erf1(CsCcrCs)]2}11n
Cs=Acs(w/b)+εcs
式中,XI为氯离子侵蚀模型的不确定性系数;dc为混凝土保护层厚度;ke为环境系数;kt为试验方法系数;kc为养护系数;D0为参考时间t0对应的经验扩散系数,参考时间t0一般取为0.0767年;n为时间衰减系数;erf−1(·)为反误差函数;Cs为混凝土表面氯离子浓度;Ccr为钢筋锈蚀的临界氯离子浓度;w/b为水胶比;Acsεcs为模型参数。报告[24]中将钢筋混凝土构件的氯离子暴露环境划分为水下区、潮汐区、浪溅区和大气区四类,不同暴露环境下各参数的概率分布有所不同。
在初始锈蚀时间后,钢筋锈蚀开始发展,锈蚀模式分为均匀锈蚀和坑蚀两种[25]。KAGERMANOV等[23]的研究表明,坑蚀建模可以通过降低钢筋屈服强度、延性等力学性能的方式隐式进行,而无需考虑坑蚀的空间变异性。DIZAJ等[20]也得出了类似的结论。此外,SUN等[26]通过激光扫描重建腐蚀钢筋轮廓,发现坑蚀是钢筋延性显著下降的主要原因。因此,本研究在计算钢筋的剩余有效面积时只考虑均匀锈蚀模式,并通过修正钢筋屈服强度、延性等参数来模拟坑蚀对钢筋力学性能的影响。纵筋和箍筋采用相同的性能劣化模型,仅考虑由于钢筋保护层厚度和钢筋直径的不同导致的钢筋性能劣化差异。均匀锈蚀模式下,钢筋平均锈蚀速率λ(t)可按下式表示,其反映的是单位时间内钢筋的锈蚀深度[27]
λ(t)=0.0116icorr(t)
式中,icorr(t)为t时刻钢筋的锈蚀电流密度,VU等[28]提出了均匀锈蚀模式下icorr(t)的计算式:
icorr(t)=32.13(1w/c)1.64dc(tT0)0.29
式中,w/c为水灰比。
通过对钢筋平均锈蚀速率λ(t)积分,可得到t时刻钢筋锈蚀深度xcorr(t)的表达式:
xcorr(t)=T0tλ(t)dt=0.5254(1w/c)1.64dc(tT0)0.71
根据均匀锈蚀模式的假定,锈蚀钢筋的有效直径dsc(t)可表示为:
dsc(t)={ds0tT0ds02xcorr(t)T0<tTf0 t>Tf
式中,ds0为未锈蚀时的钢筋直径;Tf为使得xcorr(Tf) = ds0/2的时刻。
钢筋锈蚀会导致钢筋强度的劣化,t时刻的劣化屈服强度fyc(t)可按下式计算[29]
fyc(t)=fy0[10.5ηs(t)]
式中,fy0为未锈蚀钢筋的屈服强度;ηs(t)为钢筋锈蚀后的质量损失率,可用钢筋截面积的平均损失率来表示:
ηs(t)=As0As(t)As0=4xcorr(t)ds0[1xcorr(t)ds0]
式中,As0为未锈蚀钢筋的横截面积;As(t)为t时刻的钢筋有效横截面积。
研究中较为常用的钢筋极限拉应变εsuc与钢筋锈蚀率ηs的关系模型如表1所示。以下将分别简称这3个钢筋极限拉应变劣化模型为DU模型[9]、张模型[10]和BIONDINI模型[13],其分别具有一次型、指数型和幂函数型的数学形式。此外,DU等[29]的研究表明,锈蚀对钢筋的弹性模量Es影响很小,因此本研究不考虑钢筋弹性模量的劣化。
混凝土材料性能劣化包含两部分:(1)随着钢筋锈蚀的发展,锈蚀产物不断产生和积累,当锈蚀发展到一定程度时,保护层混凝土开裂,导致其抗压强度降低;(2)随着箍筋锈蚀程度的恶化,其对核心混凝土的约束作用减弱,核心混凝土的力学性能发生劣化。
CORONELLI等[30]提出了保护层混凝土的劣化峰值抗压强度fc的计算式:
fc=fc0/{1+Knbars[2π(vrs1)xcorr]b0εc0}
式中,fc0为非约束混凝土的初始峰值压应力;K为钢筋表面粗糙度和直径的影响系数,取为0.1[30-31]nbars为受压纵筋的数量;νrs为纵筋锈蚀产物的体积膨胀率,可取为2[32]xcorr为纵筋的锈蚀深度;b0为未锈蚀构件的截面宽度;εc0为非约束混凝土的初始峰值压应变,取为0.002。
根据锈蚀箍筋应力-应变关系,采用Mander模型[33]对核心混凝土各参数进行修正:
fcc=fc0(1.254+2.2541+7.94flcfc02flcfc0)
εcc=εc0[1+5(fccfc01)]
εccu=0.004+1.4ρsfyc,tεsuc,tfcc
式中,fcc为核心混凝土的峰值压应力;flc为考虑箍筋锈蚀的侧向约束应力;εcc为核心混凝土的峰值压应变;εccu为核心混凝土的极限压应变;ρs为箍筋的体积配箍率;fyc,tεsuc,t分别为锈蚀箍筋的劣化屈服强度和劣化极限拉应变。
本文以某一典型三跨RC连续梁桥为研究算例,并假设该桥的氯离子侵蚀环境为潮汐区。其跨径布置为3×30 m,场地类别为Ⅱ类,抗震设防烈度为7度,梁桥纵断面、横断面和支座布置示意图如图1所示。上部结构采用箱梁截面,梁高为1.8 m,采用C50混凝土,一期和二期恒载合计为268.7 kN/m。桥墩采用方形截面双柱墩,截面尺寸为1.4 m×1.4 m,墩高为7 m,采用C40混凝土,保护层厚度为50 mm;桥墩纵筋采用HRB400级钢筋,直径为28 mm,单根墩柱布置36根,配筋率为1.13%,极限拉应变取0.13;箍筋采用HRB335级钢筋,直径为16 mm,箍筋间距为100 mm,体积配箍率为0.55%,极限拉应变取0.09。桥台采用坐式桥台,宽度为12 m,背墙高度为2 m,桥台与主梁之间的伸缩缝宽度为10 cm。支座采用盆式支座,P2号墩设置固定支座,P1号桥台、P3号墩和P4号桥台设置活动支座。墩柱是梁桥关键的抗震构件,其受氯离子侵蚀的影响也更为显著,因此本研究只考虑墩柱的抗震性能退化。
式(1)中各参数的概率分布参考文献[24,34]的研究进行取值,如表2所示[24,34]。根据表2中所给各参数的分布情况,采用Monte Carlo方法抽取50000组样本,得到纵筋和箍筋初始锈蚀时间的概率分布,如图2所示。可以看出,采用对数正态分布能很好地拟合钢筋初始锈蚀时间的分布规律,对数标准差s、位置参数μloc和尺度参数σscale这三项拟合参数均列于图中。选用均值代表初始锈蚀时间,计算得出纵筋的初始锈蚀时间为18.5年、箍筋的初始锈蚀时间为13.6年。
基于初始锈蚀时间,计算各服役时间点下的材料性能参数,其中钢筋的锈蚀率、屈服强度和极限拉应变的时变劣化规律如图3所示,由图3可知:由于纵筋和箍筋采用相同的性能劣化模型,且箍筋的直径小于纵筋,因此在同一服役时间点下,箍筋锈蚀率、屈服强度和极限拉应变的劣化程度要明显大于纵筋;此外,无论是纵筋还是箍筋,极限拉应变的劣化程度都要显著大于钢筋屈服强度的劣化;使用BIONDINI模型时,纵筋和服役前期的箍筋的极限拉应变降幅最大,使用DU模型时,服役后期的箍筋的极限拉应变降低最为明显,这说明BIONDINI模型和DU模型分别对较低和较高的锈蚀率更为敏感;而使用张模型时,并没有出现钢筋极限拉应变的显著降低。
核心混凝土峰值压应力、峰值压应变和极限压应变的时变劣化规律如图4所示。在考虑混凝土力学性能、钢筋有效直径和屈服强度劣化的基础上,工况1表示不考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化的情况,工况2~4分别表示采用DU模型、张模型、BIONDINI模型考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化的情况。由图4可知:箍筋锈蚀后箍筋对核心混凝土的约束减弱,导致核心混凝土的峰值压应力、峰值压应变和极限压应变不断降低;各工况下的劣化规律与箍筋极限拉应变的劣化趋势大致相同,工况2、3、4下核心混凝土的极限压应变劣化比工况1更为严重。
采用OpenSees[35]建立算例梁桥的三维有限元模型,如图5所示。主梁在地震作用下始终保持弹性,采用弹性梁柱单元进行模拟。墩柱采用非线性纤维梁柱单元模拟,墩柱截面由保护层混凝土纤维、核心混凝土纤维和纵筋纤维组成。保护层混凝土和核心混凝土纤维均采用基于Kent-Scott-Park本构模型的Concrete01材料模拟,保护层混凝土的极限压应变εcu取0.004,未劣化和劣化的核心混凝土极限压应力fcu0fcu分别取为对应峰值压应力fcc0fcc的0.2倍,图5εccu0为未劣化核心混凝土的极限压应变。纵筋纤维采用基于Giuffre-Menegotto-Pinto本构模型的Steel02材料模拟,并采用MinMax材料限定其应变阈值,以考虑纵筋在达到其极限拉应变后发生断裂而失效。基于前文所述材料性能劣化规律,在有限元模型中对纵筋面积、纵筋和混凝土本构的特征点参数进行修正。四种工况的区别体现在:(a)由式(15)确定的核心混凝土极限压应变不同;(b)由MinMax材料限定的纵筋应变阈值不同。在盆式支座的固定方向采用大刚度将墩(桥台)与主梁固结,在活动方向则考虑支座的摩擦作用效应,其恢复力模型采用双线性理想弹塑性模型,滑动摩擦系数μ取0.02,屈服位移xy取0.003 m,图5FyRK0分别为支座的屈服力、反力和初始刚度。不考虑桩-土相互作用,墩底采用固结处理。桥台的模拟方法参考宋飞等[36]的研究,纵向弹簧采用带间隙Δgap的理想弹塑性模型,其初始刚度KaL和屈服强度FaL根据加州抗震设计规范SDC-V2.0[37]确定,桥台竖向刚度假定为完全刚性。
算例梁桥的场地类别为Ⅱ类,结合《公路桥梁抗震设计规范》[38]和有关土层平均剪切波速Vs20Vs30对应关系的研究[39],根据设计反应谱从PEER强震数据库中选取了15条符合场地条件的远场地震波列于表3,各地震波反应谱及其平均反应谱图如图6所示。地震响应分析时只考虑纵桥向地震动输入,不考虑横桥向和竖向地震作用。
氯离子侵蚀会导致墩柱抗震能力退化,可以通过截面弯矩-曲率分析对墩柱的弯曲抗震能力进行评估。本节通过截面时变非线性分析获得截面的弯矩-曲率关系曲线,根据《公路桥梁抗震设计规范》推荐的方法[38]将其等效为理想弹塑性双线性模型,本文将破坏点定义为核心混凝土开始达到极限压应变或纵筋拉断的状态。选取梁桥100年服役期内间隔25年的5个服役时间点进行分析,针对先前定义的四个工况,采用OpenSees计算得到最不利轴力作用下的截面弯矩-曲率关系曲线,如图7所示。由图7可知:氯离子侵蚀会导致墩柱构件的抗弯强度和变形能力持续下降,与工况1相比,工况2~4的破坏点位置明显提前,但各工况的钢筋首次屈服点位置基本相同。此外,所有的极限点均由核心混凝土压碎控制,这主要是因为箍筋的锈蚀程度要比纵筋严重,导致箍筋对核心混凝土的约束效果明显减弱,核心混凝土的极限压应变大幅下降,尤其是在考虑箍筋极限拉应变退化时降幅更大。因此,即使纵筋的极限拉应变也存在劣化,但核心混凝土还是要先于纵筋达到破坏状态。贡金鑫等[14]的试验研究也发现了类似的现象。
根据截面弯矩-曲率关系曲线,计算得到等效屈服弯矩、等效屈服曲率和极限曲率随时间的变化规律如图8所示。由图8可知:在工况1下,桥墩截面的等效屈服弯矩和等效屈服曲率小幅下降,在100年时最大降幅分别为5.6%和8.1%,极限曲率的退化则更为明显,最大降幅为13.1%;相比于工况1,工况2~4下桥墩截面等效屈服弯矩的退化幅度最大分别扩大了3.1%、1.0%和2.0%,这表明四个工况下这两项参数的退化并无显著差异;然而,值得关注的是,工况2~4的极限曲率退化幅度明显大于工况1,在25年和50年时工况4的降幅最大,分别比工况1大20.2%和28.6%,而在75年和100年时工况2退化最明显,分别比工况1大35.0%和42.2%,工况3极限曲率的退化幅度则介于工况1和工况2、4之间。综合对这四个工况的比较分析可知:在考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化后,桥墩截面变形能力的退化幅度明显大于抗弯强度的退化,因此桥墩变形能力成为控制桥墩抗震性能的重要因素;此外,采用不同的钢筋极限拉应变劣化模型也会导致桥墩变形能力的退化规律出现明显的差异。采用BIONDINI模型时,在服役前期极限曲率降低得最快;而采用DU模型时,在服役后期极限曲率退化最为严重。
将选择的15条地震波以地震动峰值加速度(peak ground acceleration, PGA)作为地震动强度指标进行峰值调整,分别调整至0.2g、0.4g、0.6g和0.8g。在OpenSees中,将各条地震波按纵桥向输入到不同服役时间点下的梁桥有限元模型中,得到15条地震波在不同分析工况下的结构地震响应,并取其平均值为代表值。当PGA<0.4g时,钢筋极限拉应变劣化对于结构地震需求影响很小,这是因为即使考虑劣化,墩柱材料的塑性发展程度也较低,因此是否考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化对地震需求没有影响;当PGA≥0.4g时,墩柱材料的塑性发展程度足够高,在考虑劣化后,核心混凝土或纵筋在部分地震波作用下能达到其极限破坏状态,因此各工况的结构地震需求差异逐渐增大。
图9展示了PGA为0.2g、0.4g、0.6g和0.8g时,各工况下P2固定墩底截面的曲率需求随服役时间的变化规律。图10则展示了PGA为0.4g、0.6g和0.8g时P3墩活动支座最大纵向位移的变化规律。由图9可知:当PGA≥0.4g时,随着服役时间和PGA的增大,各工况固定墩墩底截面曲率需求不断增加;工况1的增幅很小,以服役时间为75年、PGA=0.8g为例,其最大增幅仅有3.9%,工况3的最大增幅较工况1更大,为6.5%,工况2和4的曲率需求则明显增大,最大增幅分别为14.8%和12.2%;可见,在考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化后,固定墩墩底截面曲率需求明显增长,采用DU模型和BIONDINI模型时其增幅最为显著,这与截面弯矩-曲率分析中各工况的抗震能力分析结果相吻合。由图10可以看出:随着服役时间和PGA的增长,P3墩活动支座的最大纵向位移均呈现不断增大的趋势;但各工况之间的差异很小,在考虑的所有PGA值和服役时间点内,各工况的最大差距仅在1%以内,因此是否考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化,对活动支座纵向位移需求的影响不大。
表3第14条Loma Prieta波为例,图11展示了该条波调幅至0.8g时,各工况在75年时的固定墩墩底截面曲率和P3墩活动支座纵向位移响应。由图11可以看出:工况2~4的墩底截面曲率需求分别比工况1大16.7%、7.3%和14.4%,工况2和4的增幅比较明显;而活动支座的最大纵向位移分别比工况1大3.7%、2.9%、1.5%,各工况间的差距基本上可以忽略不计。
由上述分析可知,在考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化后,固定墩墩底截面的极限曲率随服役时间发生了显著的退化,同时截面曲率需求又有所增大,梁桥结构的地震损伤风险会明显上升。因此,本文采用曲率能力与需求比综合表征氯离子侵蚀引起的桥墩抗震能力和地震需求的变化,其定义为截面弯矩-曲率分析得到的极限曲率与固定墩墩底截面曲率需求的比值。根据抗震能力和地震需求的分析结果,曲率能力与需求比在PGA为0.4g、0.6g和0.8g时随服役时间的变化规律如图12所示。由图12可以看出:随着服役时间和PGA的增大,各工况下的曲率能力与需求比不断下降;当PGA为0.8g时,工况1在25年、50年、75年和100年时的曲率能力与需求比降幅分别为6.0%、13.3%、17.1%和20.4%;而考虑纵筋极限拉应变劣化的工况曲率能力与需求比下降非常明显,25年和50年时降幅最大的为工况4,降幅比工况1大23.3%和31.5%,75年和100年时降幅最大的为工况2,降幅比工况1大37.9%和44.2%。由此可见,未考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化明显低估了曲率能力与需求比的退化;此外,采用不同的劣化关系模型时曲率能力与需求比的退化程度差异很大。具体来说,采用张模型时,与不考虑钢筋极限拉应变的情况相比,曲率能力与需求比的降幅有所扩大;而采用BIONDINI模型时,在服役前期就出现了曲率能力与需求比的大幅下降;DU模型使得服役后期的曲率能力与需求比退化显著。
通过上述对四个工况的分析可知:不考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化,其实是忽略了钢筋延性劣化显著大于其强度劣化的事实,这会明显低估曲率能力与需求比的退化,从而使得对梁桥结构全寿命周期内的抗震性能评价结果偏于不安全;采用DU模型对梁桥结构进行时变抗震性能分析时,得出的结果很保守,但从式(9)中可以看出,当锈蚀率大于20%时钢筋极限拉应变为0,显著限制了该式的适用范围;BIONDINI模型和张模型的适用锈蚀率范围则更广。此外,值得注意的是,DU模型基于的试验采用的试件是通过通电加速锈蚀的钢筋[9],BIONDINI模型是通过盐雾试验加速锈蚀的钢筋[11],而张模型则是从实际工程老化构件中获取的锈蚀钢筋[10]。因此,在选用钢筋极限拉应变劣化模型时很有必要考虑各模型的适用性。
本文首先介绍了氯离子侵蚀作用下的材料性能劣化模型,之后基于OpenSees,针对不考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化、采用三种不同的劣化关系模型考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化这4种工况,研究了典型RC梁桥抗震能力和地震需求随服役时间的变化规律,主要结论如下:
(1)在氯离子侵蚀作用下,钢筋极限拉应变的劣化比屈服强度更为严重,钢筋极限拉应变劣化导致的桥墩抗震能力下降不应忽略。此外,当PGA较大时,墩柱材料的塑性发展程度足够高,钢筋极限拉应变劣化会明显增大墩底截面的曲率需求。
(2)不考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化时,随着服役时间的增长,桥墩截面极限曲率的退化幅度和曲率需求的增幅都较小,因此曲率能需比的降幅并不大,最大降幅为20%左右;考虑钢筋极限拉应变劣化时,截面极限曲率显著下降,曲率需求明显上升,导致曲率能力与需求比大幅下降,最大降幅超过了60%,桥墩的抗震性能受到变形能力劣化的显著影响。
(3)采用不同的钢筋极限拉应变劣化模型时,曲率能力与需求比的退化程度也存在较大的差异,当采用BIONDINI模型和DU模型时曲率能力与需求比的下降最为严重。此外,各劣化模型的适用性并不完全相同。具体而言,DU模型的适用锈蚀率范围为20%以内,张模型和BIONDINI模型则具有更宽的适用范围;DU模型和BIONDINI模型基于的试验试件均是在实验室环境中加速锈蚀的钢筋,而张模型是从实际工程构件中获取的锈蚀钢筋,建议根据相似的研究应用场景进行合理选择。
  • 天津市交通运输科技发展计划资助项目(2021-01)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309059
  • 接收时间:2023-09-19
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-19
  • 修回日期:2023-12-03
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天津市交通运输科技发展计划资助项目(2021-01)
作者信息
    1.同济大学土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室,上海 200092
    2.天津市政工程设计研究总院有限公司,天津 300392

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李建中(1963—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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