Article(id=1227591810281828982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310043, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697644800000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-19, revisedDate=1713024000000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610295123, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610295123, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610295123, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610295123, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591806980915649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='9', pageStart='1935', pageEnd='2204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610294337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610356968, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2141, endPage=2150, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591812374786707, articleId=1227591810281828982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Robust cost-sensitive support matrix machine for wind turbine gearbox fault diagnosis, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Support matrix machine is an advanced matrix learning model that can fully utilize the intrinsic structural information in matrix data. However, it is susceptible to noise and outliers, and lacks generalization ability in imbalanced data. To this end, a robust cost-sensitive support matrix machine (RCSSMM) model is proposed and applied to intelligent diagnosis of wind turbine gearbox faults. RCSSMM improves the robustness to noise and outliers by evaluating the prior distribution of the matrix input with assembled matrix distance, and assigning different sample weights to different samples. Additionally, RCSSMM introduces the cost-sensitive loss function that assigns different penalty factors to different categories of matrix data. The optimal values of the penalty factors are adaptively determined with the Harris hawk optimization algorithm to focus on minority class samples and improve the diagnostic performance on imbalanced data. The proposed method is validated using simulated experimental data and real measured data of wind turbine gearboxes. The experimental results demonstrate that the RCSSMM model exhibits more outstanding fault diagnosis performance even under the presence of noise, outliers, and imbalanced data.

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支持矩阵机作为一种先进的矩阵学习模型,可充分利用矩阵数据内蕴的结构信息,但其易受噪声和野值点影响,且在不平衡数据集下泛化性不足。为此,提出一种鲁棒代价敏感支持矩阵机(robust cost-sensitive support matrix machine,RCSSMM)模型,并将其应用于风电齿轮箱智能故障诊断。RCSSMM采用集成矩阵度量评估矩阵输入的先验分布,为不同的样本分配不同的样本权重,以提高模型对噪声和野值点的鲁棒性。同时,RCSSMM引入代价敏感损失函数,为不同类别的矩阵数据赋予不同的惩罚因子,并通过哈里斯鹰优化(Harris hawks optimization,HHO)算法自适应地确定惩罚因子的最优取值,使模型更加聚焦少数类样本,以提高对不平衡数据的诊断性能。利用风电齿轮箱模拟实验数据和工程实测数据对所提方法进行验证,实验结果表明:在噪声、野值点和数据不平衡干扰下,RCSSMM模型具有更优异的故障诊断性能。

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司垒(1987—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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李鑫(1993—),男,博士,讲师。E-mail:

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李鑫(1993—),男,博士,讲师。E-mail:

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journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591810281828982, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=10 times fault diagnosis accuracy for each model, figureFileSmall=PBEWKJquWT7XJmF9be4kYw==, figureFileBig=+fyfpGfhKSyu6NCLnt0zEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653077965140859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591810281828982, language=CN, label=图14, caption=各模型的10次故障诊断精度, figureFileSmall=PBEWKJquWT7XJmF9be4kYw==, figureFileBig=+fyfpGfhKSyu6NCLnt0zEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653078149690241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591810281828982, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Fault diagnosis results under imbalanced datasets, figureFileSmall=cqBgbzNJA0EdNee9Wpm2Nw==, figureFileBig=7wSXL+9hnN7055V6N8T1ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227653078275519365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591810281828982, language=CN, label=图15, 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算法1:RCSSMM
输入:矩阵数据集,模型参数γC+C
初始化:回归矩阵W=0,偏置b=0,辅助变量S=0,Lagrange乘子A=0,ρ0=0.01,ε=1.2。
采用式(3)分配先验权重ϖiϖ2
while not converged do
  采用式(9)更新变量S
  采用式(13)更新变量W
  采用式(15)更新变量b
  采用式(16)和(17)更新Aρ
end
输出:回归矩阵W和偏置b
), ArticleFig(id=1227653078543954831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591810281828982, language=CN, label=算法1, caption=

RCSSMM

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法1:RCSSMM
输入:矩阵数据集,模型参数γC+C
初始化:回归矩阵W=0,偏置b=0,辅助变量S=0,Lagrange乘子A=0,ρ0=0.01,ε=1.2。
采用式(3)分配先验权重ϖiϖ2
while not converged do
  采用式(9)更新变量S
  采用式(13)更新变量W
  采用式(15)更新变量b
  采用式(16)和(17)更新Aρ
end
输出:回归矩阵W和偏置b
), ArticleFig(id=1227653078673978263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591810281828982, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Different fault modes of the gearbox

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况齿轮1齿轮2齿轮3轴承1轴承2轴承3输入轴输出轴
Spur 1正常正常正常正常正常正常正常正常
Spur 2剥落点蚀正常正常正常正常正常正常
Spur 3正常点蚀正常正常正常正常正常正常
Spur 4正常点蚀断齿滚动体故障正常正常正常正常
Spur 5剥落点蚀断齿内圈故障滚动体故障外圈故障正常正常
Spur 6正常正常断齿内圈故障滚动体故障外圈故障不平衡正常
Spur 7正常正常正常内圈故障正常正常正常键剪断
Spur 8正常正常正常正常滚动体故障外圈故障不平衡正常
), ArticleFig(id=1227653078824973212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591810281828982, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

齿轮箱不同故障模式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况齿轮1齿轮2齿轮3轴承1轴承2轴承3输入轴输出轴
Spur 1正常正常正常正常正常正常正常正常
Spur 2剥落点蚀正常正常正常正常正常正常
Spur 3正常点蚀正常正常正常正常正常正常
Spur 4正常点蚀断齿滚动体故障正常正常正常正常
Spur 5剥落点蚀断齿内圈故障滚动体故障外圈故障正常正常
Spur 6正常正常断齿内圈故障滚动体故障外圈故障不平衡正常
Spur 7正常正常正常内圈故障正常正常正常键剪断
Spur 8正常正常正常正常滚动体故障外圈故障不平衡正常
), ArticleFig(id=1227653078942413731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591810281828982, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Fault diagnosis results of each model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型平均故障诊断精度/%标准差/%平均训练时间/s
SMM95.150.710.16
NPLSSMM96.290.671.57
IDSMM97.630.920.81
RSSMM97.401.036.38
MSCNN98.011.02187.64
MSAE98.231.10117.39
RCSSMM99.100.612.53
), ArticleFig(id=1227653080301368231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591810281828982, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各模型的故障诊断结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型平均故障诊断精度/%标准差/%平均训练时间/s
SMM95.150.710.16
NPLSSMM96.290.671.57
IDSMM97.630.920.81
RSSMM97.401.036.38
MSCNN98.011.02187.64
MSAE98.231.10117.39
RCSSMM99.100.612.53
), ArticleFig(id=1227653080439780267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591810281828982, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Fault diagnosis accuracy of RCSSMM model with different optimization algorithms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优化算法γC+C故障诊断精度/%
ACO7.8210.458.9798.78
FA1.4715.7610.1698.85
PSO1.0811.2518.6397.16
WOA3.4720.8619.2198.45
HHO5.9513.1812.7999.10
), ArticleFig(id=1227653080540443567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591810281828982, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同优化算法下RCSSMM模型的故障诊断精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优化算法γC+C故障诊断精度/%
ACO7.8210.458.9798.78
FA1.4715.7610.1698.85
PSO1.0811.2518.6397.16
WOA3.4720.8619.2198.45
HHO5.9513.1812.7999.10
), ArticleFig(id=1227653080632718260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591810281828982, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Details of imbalanced datasets

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不平衡率k正常样本个数/每类故障样本个数测试样本个数
3150/5050×8
5150/3050×8
10150/1550×8
15150/1050×8
), ArticleFig(id=1227653080834044859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591810281828982, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不平衡数据集的详细信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不平衡率k正常样本个数/每类故障样本个数测试样本个数
3150/5050×8
5150/3050×8
10150/1550×8
15150/1050×8
), ArticleFig(id=1227653080934708164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591810281828982, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

GM index of each diagnosis model under imbalanced datasets (Unit: %)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型不平衡率k
351015
SMM94.6894.3392.5988.65
NPLSSMM96.5793.3992.8485.36
IDSMM95.7693.4092.5288.52
RSSMM96.9695.5993.9289.27
MSCNN96.3395.3793.2888.31
MSAE97.0596.1594.2089.10
RCSSMM98.1197.9597.3493.63
), ArticleFig(id=1227653081010205637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591810281828982, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不平衡数据集下各诊断模型的GM指标(单位:%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型不平衡率k
351015
SMM94.6894.3392.5988.65
NPLSSMM96.5793.3992.8485.36
IDSMM95.7693.4092.5288.52
RSSMM96.9695.5993.9289.27
MSCNN96.3395.3793.2888.31
MSAE97.0596.1594.2089.10
RCSSMM98.1197.9597.3493.63
), ArticleFig(id=1227653081102480330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591810281828982, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Fault diagnosis accuracy of each model under different number of training samples (Unit: %)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型训练样本占比
10%20%40%60%70%
SMM65.7880.1287.4295.1896.74
NPLSSMM66.4783.0488.0697.8698.41
IDSMM70.4882.3787.2598.8797.65
RSSMM71.3684.9690.1697.2698.41
MSCNN40.5874.9192.4297.3899.01
MSAE42.1378.4291.9698.3598.35
RCSSMM78.6586.7594.1399.2199.15
), ArticleFig(id=1227653081232503759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591810281828982, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同训练样本数下各模型的故障诊断精度(单位:%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型训练样本占比
10%20%40%60%70%
SMM65.7880.1287.4295.1896.74
NPLSSMM66.4783.0488.0697.8698.41
IDSMM70.4882.3787.2598.8797.65
RSSMM71.3684.9690.1697.2698.41
MSCNN40.5874.9192.4297.3899.01
MSAE42.1378.4291.9698.3598.35
RCSSMM78.6586.7594.1399.2199.15
), ArticleFig(id=1227653081341555665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591810281828982, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=

Details of imbalanced datasets

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不平衡率k正常样本个数/故障样本个数测试样本个数
3300/100100×2
4400/100100×2
6300/50100×2
8400/50100×2
16400/25100×2
), ArticleFig(id=1227653081450607575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591810281828982, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不平衡数据集的详细信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不平衡率k正常样本个数/故障样本个数测试样本个数
3300/100100×2
4400/100100×2
6300/50100×2
8400/50100×2
16400/25100×2
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基于鲁棒代价敏感支持矩阵机的风电齿轮箱故障诊断方法
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李鑫 1 , 魏东 1 , 邹筱瑜 1 , 司垒 1 , 潘海洋 2 , 邵海东 3
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(9): 2141-2150
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(9): 2141-2150
基于鲁棒代价敏感支持矩阵机的风电齿轮箱故障诊断方法
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李鑫1 , 魏东1, 邹筱瑜1, 司垒1 , 潘海洋2, 邵海东3
作者信息
  • 1.中国矿业大学机电工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 2.安徽工业大学机械工程学院,安徽 马鞍山 243002
  • 3.湖南大学机械与运载工程学院,湖南 长沙 410082
  • 李鑫(1993—),男,博士,讲师。E-mail:

通讯作者:

司垒(1987—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Robust cost-sensitive support matrix machine for wind turbine gearbox fault diagnosis
Xin LI1 , Dong WEI1, Xiaoyu ZOU1, Lei SI1 , Haiyang PAN2, Haidong SHAO3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
  • 2.School of Mechanical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243002, China
  • 3.College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310043
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支持矩阵机作为一种先进的矩阵学习模型,可充分利用矩阵数据内蕴的结构信息,但其易受噪声和野值点影响,且在不平衡数据集下泛化性不足。为此,提出一种鲁棒代价敏感支持矩阵机(robust cost-sensitive support matrix machine,RCSSMM)模型,并将其应用于风电齿轮箱智能故障诊断。RCSSMM采用集成矩阵度量评估矩阵输入的先验分布,为不同的样本分配不同的样本权重,以提高模型对噪声和野值点的鲁棒性。同时,RCSSMM引入代价敏感损失函数,为不同类别的矩阵数据赋予不同的惩罚因子,并通过哈里斯鹰优化(Harris hawks optimization,HHO)算法自适应地确定惩罚因子的最优取值,使模型更加聚焦少数类样本,以提高对不平衡数据的诊断性能。利用风电齿轮箱模拟实验数据和工程实测数据对所提方法进行验证,实验结果表明:在噪声、野值点和数据不平衡干扰下,RCSSMM模型具有更优异的故障诊断性能。

智能故障诊断  /  支持矩阵机  /  鲁棒性  /  不平衡数据  /  风电齿轮箱

Support matrix machine is an advanced matrix learning model that can fully utilize the intrinsic structural information in matrix data. However, it is susceptible to noise and outliers, and lacks generalization ability in imbalanced data. To this end, a robust cost-sensitive support matrix machine (RCSSMM) model is proposed and applied to intelligent diagnosis of wind turbine gearbox faults. RCSSMM improves the robustness to noise and outliers by evaluating the prior distribution of the matrix input with assembled matrix distance, and assigning different sample weights to different samples. Additionally, RCSSMM introduces the cost-sensitive loss function that assigns different penalty factors to different categories of matrix data. The optimal values of the penalty factors are adaptively determined with the Harris hawk optimization algorithm to focus on minority class samples and improve the diagnostic performance on imbalanced data. The proposed method is validated using simulated experimental data and real measured data of wind turbine gearboxes. The experimental results demonstrate that the RCSSMM model exhibits more outstanding fault diagnosis performance even under the presence of noise, outliers, and imbalanced data.

intelligent fault diagnosis  /  support matrix machine  /  robustness  /  imbalanced data  /  wind turbine gearbox
李鑫, 魏东, 邹筱瑜, 司垒, 潘海洋, 邵海东. 基于鲁棒代价敏感支持矩阵机的风电齿轮箱故障诊断方法. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (9) : 2141 -2150 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310043
Xin LI, Dong WEI, Xiaoyu ZOU, Lei SI, Haiyang PAN, Haidong SHAO. Robust cost-sensitive support matrix machine for wind turbine gearbox fault diagnosis[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (9) : 2141 -2150 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310043
在“双碳”背景下,中国新增风电装机容量持续爆发式增长,2022年达到3.7亿千瓦。然而,大型发电机组装机位置偏远,运行环境恶劣,给运维带来了巨大挑战。据统计,风电齿轮箱在风机全寿命周期内故障频率最高,约占整个机组故障的45%。因此,开展风电齿轮箱故障诊断研究对于提高风机运行的可靠性与安全性具有重要的理论和应用价值[1]
随着工业物联网和人工智能技术的蓬勃发展,国内外研究人员提出了诸多基于数据驱动的风电齿轮箱故障诊断方法[2-3],主要可分为两类:基于传统机器学习的方法和基于深度学习的方法。基于传统机器学习的方法在专家经验辅助下提取敏感故障特征,并采用支持向量机[4](support vector machine,SVM)、随机森林[5]、几何分类模型[6]等传统机器学习方法实现风电齿轮箱故障的智能识别。张振海等[7]提取小波包能量熵以表征风电齿轮箱故障特征,并采用改进型SVM实现故障的精准识别。PANG等[8]设计了多尺度动态时间规整算法,用于风电齿轮箱多尺度故障特征提取,并引入随机森林模型,实现了风电齿轮箱故障的智能识别。基于深度学习的方法能够自主挖掘状态监测信号中的抽象故障特征,并模拟人脑多层次的分析过程,以端对端的方式输出故障诊断结果。JIANG等[9]提出了多尺度卷积神经网络(multiscale convolutional neural networks,MSCNN),并将其成功用于风电齿轮箱故障诊断。JAMIL等[10]构建了一种深度增强迁移学习方法,解决了变工况下风电齿轮箱的故障诊断。SHAO等[11]提出了一种改进型堆叠自编码器(modified stacked autoencoder,MSAE)网络,提升了噪声干扰下的旋转机械故障诊断性能。基于深度学习的故障诊断方法需要大量的故障数据用于训练,但实际工业应用中风电齿轮箱故障数据具有稀缺性,这极大限制了深度学习模型在风电齿轮箱故障诊断中的应用效果。
目前绝大多数基于数据驱动的故障诊断方法在处理二维故障特征时,如小波时频图、多通道信号、多模态同源异构特征等,都必须先将故障特征向量化,才能完成故障状态识别。需要注意的是,虽然部分深度学习模型(如卷积神经网络、长短期记忆网络)可直接提取二维甚至是多维数据的深层特征,但其通常采用Softmax损失函数进行多故障模式分类,这就需要将模型提取的高维特征在输入分类层前进行特征向量化。故障特征的向量化不仅会破坏矩阵数据行与行(或列与列)之间的结构信息,而且还易造成“维度灾难”问题[12]
支持矩阵机(support matrix machine,SMM)[13]是一种性能优异的矩阵学习模型,无需向量化即可直接分类矩阵数据,能够有效挖掘矩阵数据中的拓扑结构信息,以提升模型的分类性能。得益于SMM强大的矩阵数据学习能力,已经有部分研究将其引入故障诊断领域。LI等[14]提出了非平行最小二乘支持矩阵机(non-parallel least square support matrix machine,NPLSSMM),实现了滚动轴承故障的高效诊断。许海峰等[15]在SMM模型中引入偏移参数和交互式分类原理,提出了交互偏移支持矩阵机(interactive deviation support matrix machine,IDSMM)模型,并在轴承故障诊断中取得了良好的效果。PAN等[16]将辛几何理论引入SMM,以端对端的形式实现了轴承故障状态的智能识别。GU等[17]提出了Ramp稀疏支持矩阵机(Ramp sparse support matrix machine,RSSMM)模型,提升了SMM的泛化性及抗冗余特征干扰能力,并将其成功应用于滚动轴承故障诊断。LI等[18]设计了一种基于半监督概率SMM的齿轮箱故障诊断框架,实现了少量标记样本下故障的准确分类。然而,上述基于SMM的故障诊断方法仍存在以下问题:(1)在实际工程应用中,风电齿轮箱服役环境恶劣,监测数据中不可避免地会含有大量噪声和野值点,严重影响SMM的故障诊断精度。(2)风电齿轮箱故障具有偶发性,因而能获得的故障数据要远少于正常数据,导致监测数据分布不平衡。数据不平衡易使SMM的诊断结果偏保守,从而出现误诊和漏诊问题。
针对上述问题,本文提出了一种基于鲁棒代价敏感支持矩阵机(robust cost-sensitive support matrix machine,RCSSMM)的风电齿轮箱故障诊断方法。RCSSMM通过集成距离度量评估矩阵输入的先验分布,确定各矩阵样本的置信程度,从而为不同的样本赋予不同的样本权重,以提高模型对噪声和野值点的鲁棒性。同时,RCSSMM采用代价敏感损失函数,为不同类别的矩阵数据分配不同的惩罚因子,并通过哈里斯鹰优化(Harris hawks optimization,HHO)算法自适应地确定惩罚因子的最优取值,使分类超平面向少数类一侧调整,以提高对不平衡数据的分类性能。风电齿轮箱模拟实验数据和工程实测数据的故障诊断结果验证了RCSSMM模型的有效性和优越性。
图1所示,SMM通过在矩阵空间构建一最优分类超平面f(X)=tr(WTX)+b,使不同类别矩阵数据具有最大分类间隔。给定一矩阵数据集Θ={Xi,yi}i1n,其中XiRd1×d2表示第i个样本,yi{1,1}为样本Xi的类别标签,n为训练样本的个数。SMM的目标函数可表示为:
minW,b12tr(WTW)+γW+Ci=1nζi s.t. yi[tr(WTXi)+b]1ζi,ζi0
式中,Wb分别为分类超平面的回归矩阵和偏置;ζi=max{0,1yi[tr(WTXi)+b]}为矩阵形式合页损失;tr(WTW)为正则化项,用于控制模型复杂度,避免过拟合问题;γC分别为正则化参数和惩罚因子。由于核范数Wrank(W)的最佳凸近似,因而SMM通过WW施加低秩约束,以充分挖掘矩阵数据Xi行与行(或列与列)之间的结构信息。
由式(1)可知,SMM为每一个矩阵样本分配了相同的权重系数,忽略了数据的先验分布特征,导致其对噪声和野值点极其敏感。为此,本文采用集成矩阵度量(assembled matrix distance,AMD)[19]评估样本间的分布特征:
ψ(Xi,Xj)=(l=1d2(k=1d1([Xi]kl[Xj]kl)2)0.5p)1p
式中,d1d2分别为二维矩阵样本XiXj的特征维度;p为幂因子,在文献[19]的研究基础上,结合经验知识,本文p取为0.25。
相较于传统的欧式度量、余弦度量等,AMD可以直接度量两矩阵数据间的距离,而无需向量化操作。噪声或野值点通常分布分散,且位于正常数据的分布边界外。基于上述先验知识,定义样本Xi的权重系数ϖi为:
ϖi={1ψ¯iψminψmaxψminψminψ¯i<ψave(1ψ¯iψminψmaxψmin)q+tψaveψ¯iψmax
式中,ψ¯i=ψ(XiX¯)Xi到样本中心X¯的AMD;ψminψmaxψave分别表示ψ¯i的最小值、最大值和平均值;t为非零常数,用于防止权重系数过小,本文取为0.001。随着ψ¯i的增大,Xi的权重系数ϖi先呈线性下降,当超过平均值ψaveϖi呈指数下降。通过式(3)可为噪声或野值点赋予较小的权重系数,以抑制其在建模过程中的影响,提高模型的鲁棒性。
此外,SMM在处理不平衡数据时,假设多数类和少数类的错分代价相同,使分类超平面易向多数类一侧偏移,极大地降低了模型的分类性能。为此,引入代价敏感损失函数,为正类样本(类别标签为+1)和负类样本(类别标签为−1)分配不同的惩罚因子C+C,使得建模过程中多数类样本获得较小的误分代价,而少数类样本获得较大的误分代价,以迫使分类超平面向少数类一侧调整,从而提高对不平衡数据的分类性能。同时,为了减少参数设置过程中的专家依赖性,采用哈里斯鹰优化算法[20]自适应地确定C+C的最优取值,具体优化过程见本文2.3节。
通过引入ϖiC+C,所提RCSSMM模型的目标函数可表示为:
minW,b12tr(WTW)+γW+C+i+=1n+ϖi+ζi+Ci=1nϖiζi s.t. yi[tr(WTXi)+b]1ζi,ζi0
式中,n+n分别为正类和负类样本个数;i+i分别为第i个正类和负类样本;ϖi+ϖi分别为第i个正类和负类样本的权重系数。
由于核范数W的存在,RCSSMM模型的目标函数是一个连续非光滑凸优化问题,因而本文采用交替方向乘子(alternating direction method of multipliers,ADMM)算法[21]获得其全局最优解。
首先,通过引入辅助变量S,式(4)可改写为:
minW,b12tr(WTW)+γS+C+i+=1n+ϖi+ζi+Ci=1nϖiζi s.t. SW=0,yi[tr(WTXi)+b]1ζi,ζi0
式(5)的Lagrange函数可表示为:
L=12tr(WTW)+γS+ρ2SW+AρF2+C+i+=1n+ϖi+{1yi[tr(WTXi)+b]}++Ci=1nϖi{1yi[tr(WTXi)+b]}
式中,A为Lagrange乘子;ρ为迭代步长,ρ>0
根据ADMM算法,式(6)可解耦成关于S(W,b)A的三个子优化问题。优化迭代过程如下:
{Sk+1:=minL(S,(Wk,bk),Ak)Wk+1,bk+1:=minL(Sk+1,(W,b),Ak)Ak+1:=Ak+ρ(Sk+1Wk+1)
式中,k表示迭代次数;“:=”表示赋值运算符。
接下来,将详细推导S(W,b)A的迭代求解过程。
(1)更新S:将(W,b)A视为常数,则式(6)关于S的优化问题可以表示为:
L=γS+ρ2SW+AρF2
根据文献[16],式(8)的最优解为:
S=Dγρ(WAρ)
式中,Dγρ()表示奇异值收缩算子。
(2)更新(W,b):同理,将SA视为常数,则式(6)关于(W,b)的优化问题可以表示为:
minW,b12tr(WTW)+C+i+=1n+ϖi+ζi+Ci=1nϖiζi+ρ2SW+AρF2 s.t. yi[tr(WTXi)+b]1ζi,ζi0
式(10)的Lagrange函数为:
L=12tr(WTW)+C+i+=1n+ϖi+ζi+Ci=1nϖiζii=1nβiζi+ρ2SW+AρF2+i=1nαi{yi[tr(WTXi)+b]1+ζi}
式中,αiβi为Lagrange乘子。
分别求式(11)关于ζib的偏导数,并令其为0:
{Lζi=C+ϖi+βi=0Cϖiβi=0Lb=i=1nαiyi=0
同样,求式(11)关于W的偏导数,并令其为0:
W=1ρ+1(A+ρS+i=1nαiyiXi)
将式(12)和(13)代入式(11),可以得到关于α的优化问题:
minα12(ρ+1)i,j=1nαiαjyiyjtr(XiTXi)+i=1n(1yitr[(A+ρS)TXi]ρ+1)αi s.t. i=1nαiyi=00αiC+ϖi+,i=1,2,,n+0αiCϖi,i=1,2,,n
式(14)是一个典型的二次规划问题,可通过序列最小优化算法求解。此外,偏置b的更新公式可表示为:
b=1ni=1n[yitr(WTXi)]
(3)更新A:关于辅助变量A的更新公式可表示为:
A=A+ρ(SW)
其中,ρ可通过下式动态调整:
ρ=min(ρ0,ερ)
式中,ρ0ε为常数。
至此,式(6)的各子优化问题均已求解。算法1概述了RCSSMM模型的优化过程。对于未知类别的测试样本X~,RCSSMM模型的决策函数为:
label(X~)=sign[tr(WTX~)+b]
式中,sign()为符号函数。
此外,对于多故障模式分类问题,本文采用“一对多”的方式,将RCSSMM扩展成多分类模型。
HHO算法作为一种新型的群体智能优化算法,通过模拟哈里斯鹰(美国亚利桑那州南部的猛禽)的捕食行为来获取优化问题的全局最优解,其具有结构简单灵活、收敛速度快、寻优能力强等优点。因此,本文选用HHO算法来优化RCSSMM的模型参数,尤其是惩罚参数C+C,以提高模型在不平衡数据集下的故障诊断性能。
几何平均(geometric mean,GM)指标能够准确评估诊断模型在不平衡数据集下的故障识别性能,其值越大,代表模型故障诊断精度越高。因此,将1−GM作为HHO算法的适应度函数FI
FI=1GM=1TPTN(TP+FN)(TN+FP)
式中,TPTNFNFP分别表示真正例、真反例、假反例和假正例。
HHO算法的技术细节见文献[20]。利用HHO算法优化RCSSMM模型参数,流程图如图2所示。
连续小波变换[22](continuous wavelet transform,CWT)是一种多尺度时频分析方法,具有强大的非线性非平稳信号处理能力。通过CWT将风电齿轮箱原始振动信号转换成小波时频图,能够有效表征故障的时频特征。因此,本文将二维小波时频图作为矩阵数据集,直接输入所提RCSSMM模型进行风电齿轮箱的故障诊断,整体诊断流程如下:
步骤1:合理设计振动传感器的布置方案,采集不同风电齿轮箱健康状态的振动信号。
步骤2:采用CWT将一维振动信号转换成小波时频图,并对其进行灰度化和降采样处理,以构建二维矩阵数据集。
步骤3:将二维矩阵数据集按一定比例划分为训练集和测试集。
步骤4:将训练集中的二维小波时频图直接输入所提RCSSMM模型进行建模,其中先验权重分配策略用于提高模型对噪声及野值点的鲁棒性,HHO算法用于自适应确定不同类别的惩罚因子,增强模型对不平衡数据的处理能力。
步骤5:采用测试集对RCSSMM进行验证,以评估模型的风电齿轮箱故障诊断性能。
通过上述步骤可有效诊断出风电齿轮箱各类故障,为风电齿轮箱智能故障诊断提供新的理论和技术支撑。图3详细描述了所提RCSSMM模型用于风电齿轮箱故障诊断的整体流程。
为评估所提模型的有效性及泛化性,采用PHM 2009开源故障数据及某风场实测故障数据进行实验验证。同时,引入SMM[13]、NPLSSMM[14]、IDSMM[15]、RSSMM[17]、MSCNN[9]、MSAE[11]6种故障诊断模型用于对比分析。为保证对比结果的准确性,SMM、IDSMM、NPLSSMM、RSSMM及所提RCSSMM模型的参数采用HHO算法确定,参数选择范围为[25,25]。HHO算法初始种群规模为50,最大迭代次数为100。对于深度学习模型MSCNN和MSAE,模型结构设置与其对应的参考文献一致。
根据文献[23],该数据集来源于如图4所示的风电齿轮箱故障模拟实验平台。本案例选择直齿轮箱模式,共包含正常状态、齿轮断裂、输入轴失衡、轴弯曲、轴承内圈缺陷、坏键及复合故障等8种齿轮箱健康状态,分别命名为Spur 1~Spur 8,具体健康状态如表1所示。在实验过程中,振动信号的采样频率为66.67 Hz,输入轴的转频为40 Hz,并选择高负载模式。采用滑动窗口取样,截取5120个振动点作为样本长度,每种健康状态共设置200个样本,不同齿轮箱健康状态的原始振动信号如图5所示。通过CWT将一维振动数据转化为小波时频图,各齿轮箱健康状态的小波时频图如图6所示。随后,将小波时频图进行灰度化和降采样处理,使每个样本的尺寸缩减到64×64。
随机选择50%的样本用于模型训练,剩余的样本用于测试模型的故障诊断性能。RCSSMM模型诊断结果的混淆矩阵如图7所示。可以看出,仅有2个属于第3类和第6类的样本被错误诊断成第8类,RCSSMM的整体故障诊断精度为99.75%。为了避免实验结果的偶然性,各诊断模型重复运行10次,具体诊断结果如图8所示。同时,表2统计了各模型的平均故障诊断精度、标准差及平均训练时间。
图8中可以看出,RCSSMM模型10次实验中有7次获得了最高的故障诊断精度,甚至在第2次实验中故障诊断精度达到了100%。得益于多层网络结构强大的特征再学习能力,MSAE和MSCNN在其余3次实验中取得了不俗的诊断性能。然而,从表2中可知,MSAE和MSCNN的运行效率要远低于所提RCSSMM模型。相较于其他4种矩阵学习模型,RCSSMM的故障诊断精度有较大幅度提升,且诊断结果更稳定,这主要是因为所提模型能够根据数据的先验分布,自适应地调整权重分配,从而使分类超平面更加准确。
为了验证HHO算法的有效性,另采用蚁群优化算法(ant colony optimization,ACO)、萤火虫算法(firefly algorithm,FA)、粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)、鲸鱼优化算法(whale optimization algorithm,WOA)对RCSSMM模型参数进行优化,优化结果如表3所示。可以看出,经过HHO算法参数优化后,所提RCSSMM模型的故障诊断精度最高,诊断结果验证了HHO算法的有效性。
为了探究所提模型的噪声鲁棒性,分别在原始振动信号中添加信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio,SNR)为−2~2 dB的高斯白噪声:
SNR=10lg(Ps/Pn)
式中,Pn为噪声功率;Ps为信号功率。
不同噪声程度下各模型的故障诊断结果如图9所示。可以看出,在−2~2 dB噪声下,所提RCSSMM模型的故障诊断精度分别为91.65%、93.14%、93.02%、94.83%和95.48%,在每种噪声程度下都取得了最高的故障诊断精度,且分别比次优模型提高了4.66%(MSCNN)、3.48%(MSCNN)、3.99%(MSAE)、5.63%(MSAE)和4.01%(RSSMM)。值得注意的是,仅RCSSMM模型在−2 dB噪声下故障诊断精度超过了90%,这说明所提方法在强噪声下仍具有优异的故障诊断性能。
为了评估所提模型对野值点数据的抗干扰能力,随机从某一类齿轮箱健康状态中拾取部分训练样本作为野值点,混入另一类训练样本中进行模型建模。图10为不同野值比(野值点个数/总样本个数)下各模型的故障诊断精度。可以看出,野值比为2%~10%时,RCSSMM的故障诊断精度分别为97.28%、96.72%、95.12%、94.08%和91.43%。仅当野值比为2%时,IDSMM的诊断性能优于所提模型,而在野值比为4%~10%时,RCSSMM的故障诊断性能最优。此外,随着野值点个数的增加,所有模型的故障诊断精度都会不同程度地下降,而所提RCSSMM模型的下降幅度更小。因此,实验结果表明,RCSSMM模型对野值点的抗干扰能力更强。RCSSMM模型的鲁棒性主要源于其采用的先验权重分配策略。该策略可自适应地为噪声及野值点数据分配较小的权重系数,最大程度地抑制噪声及野值点对RCSSMM建模的影响,提高模型的鲁棒性。
为了评估所提模型对不平衡数据的处理能力,调整训练集中齿轮箱正常状态与故障状态的样本个数,构建4个不平衡数据集用于实验分析,所设置的不平衡数据集如表4所示。在实际的服役过程中,风电齿轮箱绝大多数时间都处于正常运行状态,因而能获得的故障状态样本要远少于正常状态样本。基于上述考虑,在不平衡数据集构建过程中将风电齿轮箱正常状态作为多数类,故障状态作为少数类。并且,根据文献[24],定义数据的不平衡率k=正常样本个数/每类故障样本个数。对于每个不平衡数据集,测试样本个数固定为400个,其中每类齿轮箱健康状态包含50个样本。采用GM指标评估各模型的故障诊断结果,具体诊断结果如表5所示。可以看出,所提RCSSMM模型在每个不平衡数据集下都获得了最优的故障诊断结果。得益于RCSSMM模型所采用的代价敏感损失函数,在不平衡率为3(150/50)、5(150/30)、10(150/15)、15(150/10)时,其G-mean值分别比SMM模型高3.43%、3.62%、4.75%、4.98%。
本案例选用某风场风电齿轮箱故障数据进行实验分析。如图11所示,经过长期高速重载运行,风电齿轮箱输出端轴承室发生严重磨损,影响了风力发电机组的高效稳定运行。该型风电齿轮箱的传动图如图12所示,当叶片主轴转速稳定在16 r/min的工作转速时,风电状态监测系统开始采集齿轮箱的振动信号。此时,输出轴转速为1814.4 r/min,转频为30.24 Hz。振动信号的采样频率为25600 Hz,每个样本的采样时长为0.16 s,即包含4096个振动数据点。风电齿轮箱正常状态及轴承室故障状态下分别采集500和200个样本,图13为两种风电齿轮箱健康状态的小波时频图。同样地,经灰度化和降采样后,每个样本的小波时频图降维到64×64。
随机选取50%的样本作为训练样本,其余50%的样本用于模型测试。由于风电齿轮箱正常状态数据要多于故障数据,因而采用GM评估模型的故障诊断精度。各模型的10次诊断结果如图14所示。可以看出,10次实验中,所提RCSSMM模型取得了8次最高故障诊断精度,平均故障诊断精度达到99.08%。同时,RCSSMM诊断结果的标准差为0.64%,在所有模型中最小,这表明所提诊断模型具有良好的稳定性。
此外,为了评估所提模型在不同训练样本个数下的故障诊断性能,分别从每种风电齿轮箱健康状态(正常状态和轴承室故障状态)中随机抽取10%、20%、40%、60%、70%的样本用于训练模型,其余样本用于测试模型。不同训练样本数下各模型的故障诊断结果如表6所示。可以看出,RCSSMM模型在每种训练样本数下都获得了最高的故障诊断精度。MSCNN和MSAE结构复杂、参数众多,在训练样本数量较少时(训练样本占比低于40%),难以获得模型的全局最优解,易出现欠拟合问题,导致其故障诊断性能明显弱于其他5种模型。相较于其他矩阵学习模型,所提RCSSMM模型采用先验权重分配策略及敏感损失代价函数,提高了模型的泛化性能,因而获得了更优异的风电齿轮箱故障诊断结果。
为了进一步评估所提模型对不平衡数据的处理能力,对风电齿轮箱正常样本与故障样本设置不同比例进行实验分析。如表7所示,本案例中共构建5个不平衡数据集,每个数据集中训练样本和测试样本随机选取。各诊断模型在不平衡数据集下的故障诊断结果如图15所示。可知,在不平衡率为3(300/100)、4(400/100)、6(300/50)、8(400/50)、16(400/25)时,RCSSMM模型的GM分别为98.60%、97.71%、97.34%、95.62%、92.36%,明显高于其他模型,这表明所提模型对处理不平衡数据具有更优异的性能。随着不平衡率的提高,各模型的故障诊断性能都会出现一定程度的下降,而RCSSMM的故障性能下降幅度最小,这主要是因为RCSSMM采用代价敏感损失函数,能自适应地为少数类赋予更高的惩罚因子,使模型更加聚焦于少数类样本,提高了模型对不平衡数据的分类性能。
提出了一种基于RCSSMM的风电齿轮箱故障诊断方法,旨在解决现有故障诊断方法易受噪声、野值点和不平衡数据影响的问题,主要结论及研究展望如下:
(1)RCSSMM采用先验权重分配策略,可自适应地为噪声和野值点分配较小的权重系数,抑制了噪声和野值点的影响,提高了模型的鲁棒性。
(2)通过为RCSSMM引入代价敏感损失函数,并采用HHO算法优化惩罚因子取值,可使分类超平面向少数类一侧调整,提高了模型对不平衡数据的处理能力。
(3)在未来的研究工作中,将设计适用于变工况的二维故障特征提取方法,并将其与RCSSMM模型相结合,进一步提高变工况下风电齿轮箱的故障诊断性能。此外,还将进一步研究所提RCSSMM模型的可解释性,以提高诊断结果的可信度,为风电齿轮箱预测性维护提供高可靠性的决策支撑。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(20230N1048)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52204179)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52204178)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20231064)
  • 中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2023M743774)
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2025年第38卷第9期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310043
  • 接收时间:2023-10-19
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-19
  • 修回日期:2024-04-14
基金
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(20230N1048)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52204179)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52204178)
江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20231064)
中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2023M743774)
作者信息
    1.中国矿业大学机电工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116
    2.安徽工业大学机械工程学院,安徽 马鞍山 243002
    3.湖南大学机械与运载工程学院,湖南 长沙 410082

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司垒(1987—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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