Article(id=1227591809107427792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310056, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698163200000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-25, revisedDate=1704729600000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610294844, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610294844, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610294844, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610294844, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591806980915649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='9', pageStart='1935', pageEnd='2204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610294337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610356968, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1935, endPage=1944, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591809350697431, articleId=1227591809107427792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Random responses and reliability analysis of carrier-based aircraft landing gear based on direct probability integral method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Considering the random uncertainty of landing gear parameters in design and manufacturing, this study conducts a quantitative study on the random response of carrier-based aircraft landing impact and the buffering performance of landing gear. This study established a dynamic model of the landing vibration of a carrier-based aircraft’s main landing gear. Based on the statistical characteristics of some filling parameters of the landing gear buffer (such as the initial volume of the air chamber, pressure oil area, oil shrinkage coefficient, etc.), the representative point set is divided by the direct probability integration method (DPIM), and the deterministic structural equation and probability density integration equation on the representative point set are solved. At the same time, the accuracy of DPIM application in the landing gear stochastic model is demonstrated by using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. By outputting the buffer stroke of the landing gear, the vertical tire force, and the axial force of the strut, the mean value, standard deviation, probability density function, and related features of these responses are obtained. It is found that although the distribution of these responses are concentrated near the mean value, there is still a possibility of significant responses leading to system failure. Therefore, a functional function is defined using the buffer stroke, vertical tire force, and the axial force of the strut, and a reliability evaluation study is conducted on the landing gear structure under different threshold values.

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考虑到设计、制造中起落架参数的随机不确定性,本文开展了舰载机着舰冲击随机响应和起落架缓冲性能的不确定性量化研究。建立某型舰载机主起落架落震动力学模型,基于起落架缓冲器部分填充参数(如空气腔初始体积以及压油面积、油液缩流系数等)的统计特征,采用直接概率积分法(DPIM)划分代表性点集,并求解代表性点集上的确定性结构方程与概率密度积分方程,同时采用蒙特卡罗方法验证DPIM在起落架随机模型上应用的准确性。以起落架的缓冲器行程、垂向轮胎力和支柱轴向力为输出响应,得到响应的均值、标准差、概率密度函数及相关特征,发现虽然响应的分布集中在均值附近,但还是存在较大响应导致系统失效的可能性,进而利用缓冲器行程、垂向轮胎力和支柱轴向力定义了功能函数,给出了不同阈值下起落架结构的可靠性评估。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
谭述君(1979—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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陈舒扬(1999—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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陈舒扬(1999—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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Distribution types and statistical characteristics of random variables

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随机变量标识分布类型均值标准差变异系数
初始填充压力/Pax1正态1.32×1062.64×1040.02
初始充气体积/m3x2正态1.6×10−23.2×10−40.02
压气面积/m2x3正态2.6×10−25.2×10−40.02
主油腔压油面积/m2x4正态1.9×10−23.8×10−40.02
回油腔压油面积/m2x5正态6×10−31.2×10−40.02
净油孔面积/m2x6正态5.9×10−41.18×10−50.02
回油孔面积/m2x7正态3.5×10−57×10−70.02
油液密度/(kg•m−3x8正态86317.260.02
气体多变指数x9正态1.10.0220.02
油液缩流系数x10正态0.80.0160.02
), ArticleFig(id=1227653067508740629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591809107427792, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

随机变量的分布类型及统计特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
随机变量标识分布类型均值标准差变异系数
初始填充压力/Pax1正态1.32×1062.64×1040.02
初始充气体积/m3x2正态1.6×10−23.2×10−40.02
压气面积/m2x3正态2.6×10−25.2×10−40.02
主油腔压油面积/m2x4正态1.9×10−23.8×10−40.02
回油腔压油面积/m2x5正态6×10−31.2×10−40.02
净油孔面积/m2x6正态5.9×10−41.18×10−50.02
回油孔面积/m2x7正态3.5×10−57×10−70.02
油液密度/(kg•m−3x8正态86317.260.02
气体多变指数x9正态1.10.0220.02
油液缩流系数x10正态0.80.0160.02
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基于直接概率积分法的舰载机起落架随机响应与可靠性分析
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陈舒扬 1, 2 , 谭述君 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(9): 1935-1944
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(9): 1935-1944
基于直接概率积分法的舰载机起落架随机响应与可靠性分析
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陈舒扬1, 2 , 谭述君1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.大连理工大学工业装备结构分析优化与CAE软件全国重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116023
  • 2.大连理工大学力学与航空航天学院,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 陈舒扬(1999—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

谭述君(1979—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Random responses and reliability analysis of carrier-based aircraft landing gear based on direct probability integral method
Shuyang CHEN1, 2 , Shujun TAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
  • 2.School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310056
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考虑到设计、制造中起落架参数的随机不确定性,本文开展了舰载机着舰冲击随机响应和起落架缓冲性能的不确定性量化研究。建立某型舰载机主起落架落震动力学模型,基于起落架缓冲器部分填充参数(如空气腔初始体积以及压油面积、油液缩流系数等)的统计特征,采用直接概率积分法(DPIM)划分代表性点集,并求解代表性点集上的确定性结构方程与概率密度积分方程,同时采用蒙特卡罗方法验证DPIM在起落架随机模型上应用的准确性。以起落架的缓冲器行程、垂向轮胎力和支柱轴向力为输出响应,得到响应的均值、标准差、概率密度函数及相关特征,发现虽然响应的分布集中在均值附近,但还是存在较大响应导致系统失效的可能性,进而利用缓冲器行程、垂向轮胎力和支柱轴向力定义了功能函数,给出了不同阈值下起落架结构的可靠性评估。

起落架  /  缓冲器  /  直接概率积分法  /  随机响应  /  可靠度

Considering the random uncertainty of landing gear parameters in design and manufacturing, this study conducts a quantitative study on the random response of carrier-based aircraft landing impact and the buffering performance of landing gear. This study established a dynamic model of the landing vibration of a carrier-based aircraft’s main landing gear. Based on the statistical characteristics of some filling parameters of the landing gear buffer (such as the initial volume of the air chamber, pressure oil area, oil shrinkage coefficient, etc.), the representative point set is divided by the direct probability integration method (DPIM), and the deterministic structural equation and probability density integration equation on the representative point set are solved. At the same time, the accuracy of DPIM application in the landing gear stochastic model is demonstrated by using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. By outputting the buffer stroke of the landing gear, the vertical tire force, and the axial force of the strut, the mean value, standard deviation, probability density function, and related features of these responses are obtained. It is found that although the distribution of these responses are concentrated near the mean value, there is still a possibility of significant responses leading to system failure. Therefore, a functional function is defined using the buffer stroke, vertical tire force, and the axial force of the strut, and a reliability evaluation study is conducted on the landing gear structure under different threshold values.

landing gear  /  buffer  /  direct probability integral method  /  random response  /  reliability
陈舒扬, 谭述君. 基于直接概率积分法的舰载机起落架随机响应与可靠性分析. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (9) : 1935 -1944 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310056
Shuyang CHEN, Shujun TAN. Random responses and reliability analysis of carrier-based aircraft landing gear based on direct probability integral method[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (9) : 1935 -1944 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310056
舰载机作为最主要的航母作战武器装备,有着比陆基飞机更为狭小的着舰面积以及更为艰难的着舰环境。相比于陆路基飞机的拉平着陆,舰载机一般采用固定下滑角的“撞击式”着舰,下沉速度可达 7 m/s 甚至更高,是陆基飞机的2~3倍[1-3]。这种特殊的着舰方式对舰载机起落架的缓冲能力与结构的承载能力都是极大的考验,因此准确的载荷分析对起落架乃至全机的安全都极为重要。
对于舰载机起落架的着舰冲击问题,国外起步较早,MILWITZKY等[4]采用传统弹簧质量块模型研究了飞机落震过程主起落架动力学响应特性;FLUGGE[5-6]对非线性的油液式缓冲支柱进行了分析,在不考虑油液流动损耗对油液阻尼模型的影响下,对线性弹簧阻尼系统展开了全面分析并进行了系统的总结。相较而言,国内的研究起步较晚,但随着中国航母的快速发展,学者对舰载机起落架有了深入的研究并取得了许多研究成果。高华峰[7]基于某型舰载无人机分别对对中拦阻和偏心偏航拦阻两种工况进行仿真计算,得到拦阻过程中起落架载荷以及飞机纵向过载传递路径。张江华等[8]研究了舰载机在自由飞行状态下,不同舰上接合速度以及不同下沉速度挂索着舰的起落架受载情况。
目前,绝大多数研究对起落架系统的设计仍基于安全系数法的设计理念[9],忽略了起落架系统在设计、制造过程中的参数不确定性[10]。然而这种随机性有时候会非常致命,当结构存在多个随机参数,就算是细微的参数波动组合在一起也有可能导致起落架的性能发生极大的变化,缓冲效率大大降低,甚至出现结构的破坏,这对着舰过程起落架以及飞行员的安全无疑是极大的威胁。张峰等[11]基于Kriging代理模型和重要抽样法对某型飞机起落架缓冲器参数进行了可靠性灵敏度分析,但未列出输出响应的均值、标准差以及概率密度函数等结果。张莹等[12]采用非线性二自由度系统构建了飞机起落架模型,并基于飞机起落架模型响应的概率密度函数及其统计量,开展了不平整跑道对飞机起落架系统影响规律的研究。
本文构建了某型舰载机着舰冲击下的二自由度非线性起落架模型,考虑到填充参数的不可测性与设计制造过程带来的不确定性,将缓冲器的10个填充参数作为随机变量,采用基于广义F(GF)差异的点选择技术进行代表性点集的选取,并采取直接概率积分法求解代表性点集上的确定性结构方程与概率密度积分方程,得到起落架系统输出响应的均值、标准差与概率密度函数,同时采用蒙特卡罗模拟对仿真结果的准确性进行验证,进而利用输出响应定义功能函数并开展可靠性评估研究。
图1为简化起落架模型。由于本文着重研究舰载机起落架的性能,同时为了力学模型的简化计算,将起落架落震过程中的结构质量简化为两个集中质量,其中将飞机的弹性支承质量部分(包含机身、机翼、缓冲器外筒等)等效为刚性质量块,在模型中表示为上部质量m1,数值上近似于机身质量85%的二分之一(左右缓冲器各承载50%);飞机的非弹性支撑质量部分(包含缓冲器活塞筒、刹车装置、轮胎等)在模型中表示为下部质量m2,数值上近似于机轮质量。其中上部质量的位移表示为z1,下部质量的位移表示为z2
针对图1所示的模型,根据牛顿第二定律建立系统动力学方程:
{m1z¨1+Fa+Fh+FfFlm1g+L=0m2z¨2FaFhFf+Flm2g+Fvg=0
式中,z¨1为上质量块的加速度;Fa为空气弹簧力;Fh为油液阻尼力;Ff为轴向摩擦力;Fl为结构限制力;g为重力加速度;L为当量升力;z¨2为下质量块的加速度;Fvg为垂向轮胎力。接下来简述各项载荷的表达式[13]
空气弹簧力的表达式如下:
Fa=Aa[pa0(v0v0Aas)γpatm]
式中,Aa为压气面积;pa0为初始填充压力;v0为初始充气体积;γ为气体多变指数;patm为大气压力;s为缓冲器行程,表达式如下:
s=z1z2
油液阻尼力的表达式如下:
Fh=s˙|s˙|ρAh3s˙22Ac2Cd2+s˙|s˙|ρAhl3s˙22Acl2Cd2
式中,s˙为缓冲器压缩速度;ρ为油液密度;Ah为主油腔压油面积;Ac为净油孔面积;Cd为油液缩流系数;Ahl为回油腔压油面积;Acl为回油孔面积。
轴向摩擦力的表达式如下:
Ff=Kms˙|s˙|Fa
式中,Km为轴向摩擦系数。
结构限制力的表达式如下:
Fl={kss,s<s00,s0ssmaxks(ssmax),smaxs
式中,ks为结构限制刚度;s0为缓冲器初始行程;smax为缓冲器最大行程。
定义支柱轴向力为:
Fs=Fa+Fh+Ff+Fl
垂向轮胎力的表达式如下[14]
Fvg=Ctz2r
式中,Ct为轮胎变形系数;r为轮胎变形指数。
由于舰载机的着舰冲击是在极短时间内完成的,因此在仿真阶段可以将当量升力视为常数,表达式如下:
L=12ρu2SCL×0.85×0.5
式中,ρ为大气密度;u为来流速度;S为机翼有效面积;CL为升力系数。0.85和0.5表示起落架模型的升力分配权重,0.85表示两个主起落架共同承载了全机85%的升力,0.5则表示两个主起落架对载荷的平均分配[15]
在传统的起落架结构安全确定性分析中往往将飞机当量质量、下沉速度等作为变量,在具有一定代表性的取值下分析不同输入下缓冲器行程、冲击载荷等动力学响应随时间的变化规律以及所能达到的峰值,以此对起落架的承载能力进行设计。但是由于起落架在设计制造过程中会不可避免地产生参数的变化,而这些随机参数的组合可能会使结构响应极大偏离预先的设想,从而导致结构的破坏甚至失效,因此对随机参数下的结构动力学响应研究显得尤为重要。
本文将缓冲器的初始填充压力、初始充气体积、压气面积、气体多变指数、主油腔压油面积、回油腔压油面积、净油孔面积、回油孔面积、油液缩流系数以及油液密度这10个填充参数作为随机变量。随机变量的分布类型及其均值、标准差和变异系数如表1所示,参数的变异系数通过查阅相关手册或凭工程经验获得[11,16]。根据工程中采用的真实数据并参考文献[11,16],这些随机变量的分布类型均为正态分布。考虑到直接概率积分法(DPIM)对均匀分布、高斯、对数高斯分布、多峰分布等分布类型的参数具有普适性[17-19],因此本文采用DPIM对着舰过程中起落架系统的结构响应进行仿真分析。
直接概率积分法(DPIM)主要包括基于广义F(GF)差异的点选择技术以及通过用连续的高斯函数平滑不连续的狄拉克函数求解响应的概率密度函数。首先基于GF差异的点选择技术选取代表性点集[20-21],此点集是在n维超立方体上(n为随机参数个数)生成一系列的Sobol点集作为样本,再进行三次变换,使得最终的点集具有足够的代表性,三次变换分别表示为如下形式:
xm,i=Fi1(um,i),xm,i=Fi1(q=1n1nI{xq,i<xm,i}+121n),xm,i=Fi1(q=1npqI{xq,i<xm,i}+12pi)
式中,m=1, 2, …, s,其中s 表示输入随机变量的维数;i=1, 2, …, nFi1(·)表示第i个随机变量累积分布函数的逆;u表示初始生成Sobol点集中的元素;xxx分别表示三次变换后的矩阵元素;I{·}为指示器函数,当且仅当θ为真时,I{θ}=1,否则I{θ}=0pq为每个代表点所赋予的分配概率;pi表示第i个随机变量的取值概率。
针对起落架系统的研究,本文采用一种结构随机响应分析的自适应方法选取样本数N [19],以下为N的选取步骤:
(1) 选取初始样本数如下:
N0=min[max[4(n+1)(n+2),200],800]
(2) 以5为增量不断选取新的样本数Nk,即
Nk+1=Nk+5,k=0,1,2,
将每次迭代选取的样本进行式(10)所示的变换并代入动力学方程中计算响应,计算每个样本数下的响应标准差误差如下:
εσk=σk(t)σk1(t)2σk1(t)2
式中,σk为第k次迭代的响应标准差。
(3)将每次迭代生成的响应标准差误差与阈值tol进行比较,定义:
Nσ=I=1MI{εσktol}
式中,M表示迭代次数。
则停止准则表示为如下形式:
Nσ=tol
本研究中随机参数个数n为10,同时考虑到研究对象与文献[19]有一定的相似性,因此与其取同样的阈值tol为5,最终经过上述迭代将样本数量选择为553。
对于一个动态系统,如果在系统演化过程中没有新的随机源或吸收域,概率守恒原理可以表示为如下形式[22]
ΩYpY(y,t)dy=ΩΘpΘ(θ)dθ
式中,Y表示随机输出向量;Θ表示随机输入向量;ΩYΩΘ分别表示随机输出向量和随机输入向量的取值区间;pY(y,t)表示任意时刻输出响应的概率密度函数(PDF);pΘ(θ)表示随机输入参数的概率密度函数。
若函数g为单调函数且函数的逆映射存在,则有{g(θ,t)<y}={θ<g1(y,t)}对式(16)进行积分可以得到输出响应的PDF,表示为如下形式:
pY(y,t)=1|Jg(θ)|pΘ[θ=g1(y,t)]
式中,Jg(θ)为关于θ的雅可比矩阵。然而在大多数时候θy的关系是隐式且非常难以求解的,因此借用狄拉克函数δ来避免直接求解式(17),可表示为:
pY(y,t)=pΘ(θ)δ[yg(θ,t)]dθ
这便是与时间相关的随机系统的概率密度积分方程(PDIE)。但这种高维积分以及狄拉克函数的不连续性导致方程很难用解析解的方式进行求解,因此直接概率积分法提出用连续的高斯函数代替不连续的狄拉克函数,将式(18)改写为如下DPIM公式:
pY(y,t)=q=1N{12πσe[yg(θq,t)]2/(2σ2)pq}
式中,σ为狄拉克函数的最优平滑参数。对于σ的取值,CHEN等[23]提出了一种基于核密度估计的自适应方法,表达式如下:
σ(t)=AN15minq=1,2,,N{std[g(θq,t)],iqr[g(θq,t)]1.34}
式中,A(01]范围内的调整因子,本文采用A=0.9std()为响应的标准差;iqr为响应的四分位间距。
本节给出起落架系统的随机动力学响应分析,包括系统响应的时间历程、矩分析及概率密度函数等。在随机模拟中一般采用蒙特卡罗模拟(MCS)的结果作为参考,因为在拥有足够多的样本时,MCS的精度是最高的,MCS的适应性也是最好的。然而MCS对样本的数量的要求导致了计算效率低下。而本文采用的DPIM在计算效率上远高于MCS,对于特定系统,甚至能比MCS高700倍左右[17]。因此,为了验证DPIM应用到起落架结构上的准确性,本文将同条件下10000个样本的MCS结果作为参考进行对比。方程中用于仿真计算的参数设定来自于工程实际的数据与参考文献[7]。
图2为0~2 s下MCS输出响应与DPIE响应均值±3倍标准差的包络曲线,其中图2(a)~(c)分别为缓冲器行程、垂向轮胎力和支柱轴向力的包络曲线。图2(a)显示虽然在1.1~1.2 s的时间段内有部分缓冲器行程曲线未能被很好地包含在包络曲线内,但是从整体上来看,尤其是在峰值附近,MCS的输出行程基本被包含在DPIM输出响应的均值±3倍标准差之内,只有极少数的曲线分布在外,这是MCS的取值随机性必然导致的结果;而图2(b)与(c)中垂向轮胎力和支柱轴向力的输出结果基本被包含包络曲线内,证明了DPIM的可靠性和准确度。
图3给出了DPIM与MCS下的输出响应均值与标准差,其中图3(a)~(f)分别为缓冲器行程、垂向轮胎力、支柱轴向力的均值与标准差。图3(b)显示缓冲器行程的标准差随时间先增大后快速减小并趋于稳定,图3(d)与(f)显示两项载荷的标准差同样在随时间经历大幅振荡后趋于平稳。同时图3显示DPIM(553样本)下输出响应的均值和标准差与MCS(10000样本)基本一致,进一步证明DPIM的低样本取值并不会影响输出响应的均值和标准差。
对于缓冲器行程以及冲击载荷需要进一步研究其峰值附近的响应分布特性,本文计算了响应峰值所处时间点的概率密度函数,并得出了系统概率演化曲线以及相应的等高线。图3显示缓冲器行程在0.149 s时取得峰值,垂向轮胎力和支柱轴向力在0.061 s时取得峰值。
图4给出了输出响应在其峰值所在时间点的概率密度函数曲线,其中图4(a)和(b)分别表示缓冲器行程在0.149 s时的概率密度函数及其在对数坐标下的分布曲线,图4(c)~(f)分别表示垂向轮胎力和支柱轴向力在0.061 s时的概率密度函数及其在对数坐标下的分布曲线。
图4(a)和(b)显示DPIM和MCS下0.149 s时缓冲器行程的最大概率取值都为0.220 m,DPIM有小概率取得最大值0.263 m,而MCS有极小概率取得最大值0.277 m;图4(c)和(d) 显示DPIM和MCS下0.061 s时垂向轮胎力的最大概率取值都为8.135×105N,DPIM有小概率取得最大值9.272×105N,而MCS有极小概率取得最大值9.636×105N图4(e)和(f)显示DPIM和MCS下0.061 s时支柱轴向力最大概率取值为7.876×105N,DPIM有小概率取得最大值8.976×105N,而MCS有极小概率取得最大值9.329×105N
图4中可以看出,虽然输出响应的取值较为集中,但还是存在较大响应导致系统失效的可能性;导致DPIM和MCS的输出响应存在差异的原因是DPIM的样本较少且对每个样本点的赋值概率不同,而MCS的样本相对较多并且遵从所有样本等同概率的原则。
图5给出了输出响应的概率密度演化曲线与相应的等高线,其中图5(a)~(f)分别表示缓冲器行程、垂向轮胎力和支柱轴向力的概率密度演化图与相应的等高线,结合图3中的响应标准差进行如下分析。
图5(a)和(b) 显示缓冲器行程在大多数时间的取值都比较均匀,在0.55 s前基本以低峰的状态存在,在0.95和1.55 s附近出现了两处高峰,说明在这两个时间点附近的取值非常集中,相应标准差较小;图5(c)~(f) 显示垂向轮胎力和支柱轴向力在大多数时间的取值比较均匀,只在0.45 s附近出现了高峰,代表响应在0.45 s处的取值较为集中,标准差较小。
相比于缓冲器行程较大的PDF量级而言,垂向轮胎力和支柱轴向力的PDF量级只有103104,可以发现缓冲器行程在某些时刻的概率集中度要远远高于两项冲击载荷。
对结构随机振动的分析最终都需要实现结构可靠性的定量评价。对于时变系统,结构的首次超越动力可靠度表现为对结构关键动力响应在规定时间内不超过阈值的概率求解[24]
对于随机动力系统,定义系统时变功能函数Z(t)为:
Z(t)=BY(Θ,t)
式中,B为设定的阈值;Y(Θ,t)为所关心的随机动力学响应。
则系统动力可靠度可表示为:
Rs(t)=Pr{Z(τ)ΩZ,s,τ(0,t]}
式中,τ为时间常数;ΩZ,s为输出响应Z样本空间的安全域。
由于前一刻失效的结构将不再返回系统内参与下一刻的计算,动力学响应在各离散时刻上构成了一个时域的串联系统,因此通过构造串联系统的等价极值映射[25],首次超越动力可靠度表示为:
Ps(t)=Pr{0τtY(Θ,τ)ΩY,s}=Pr{YmaxΩY,s}
式中,ΩY,s为动力学响应Y的安全域;Ymax=m(Θ,t)=max0τt{|Y(Θ,τ)|}定义了系统的等价极值事件;M:ΘYmax为对应的极值映射。通过极值映射后可构造功能函数:
Z(t)=g(θ,t)=Bm(θ,t)
功能函数的概率密度函数通过直接概率积分法求得:
pZ(z,t)=q=1N{12πσe[zg(θq,t)]2/(2σ2)pq}
在式(25)的基础上对t时刻的首次超越动力可靠度进行如下计算:
R(t)=Ps(t)=Pr(Z>0)=0pZ(z,t)dz
针对本文研究的起落架结构,考虑到[24]:(1)缓冲器在压缩过程中,缓冲器行程不能超出最大行程,否则将会造成缓冲器内外筒的碰撞,从而造成结构损坏;(2)轮胎在受力过程中,轮胎垂向力若是长时间超越极限,容易造成轮胎的疲劳以及破坏;(3)支柱轴向力不仅是缓冲器行程的函数,同样也是缓冲器压缩速度的函数,表征了缓冲器油孔的承载能力,过大的支柱轴向力容易导致油孔的损伤。本文采用缓冲器行程、垂向轮胎力和支柱轴向力的随机响应定义式(21)中时变功能函数,进而定义起落架结构的动力可靠度。同时为了分析不同阈值下结构可靠度的变化,本文分析了2.6σ、2.9σ、3.2σ三种阈值的情况。
图6给出了不同阈值下输出响应的首次超越动力可靠度,其中图6(a)~(c)分别表示缓冲器行程、垂向轮胎力和支柱轴向力的首次超越动力可靠度。图6(b)显示垂向轮胎力在三种不同阈值下的动力可靠度都始终为1,说明在设定的阈值下垂向轮胎力的动力可靠度非常高,不会出现失效的情况;图6(a)和(c)显示,缓冲器行程和支柱轴向力的动力可靠度分别在0.149和0.061 s附近区域陡然下降,然后不再变化,这是由于起落架的时变系统在着舰的短时间内即到达行程和载荷的峰值,而在峰值附近会有部分点集超越阈值而失效;在后续振动过程中的峰值急剧减小,不会再出现超越阈值的现象,因此后续的动力可靠度不再下降。图6(a)和(c)还显示这两种响应的动力可靠度都会随着阈值的降低而降低,即系统失效的可能性变大,同时缓冲器行程的动力可靠度对阈值的敏感程度要略高于支柱轴向力。
由此可以看出,在对起落架进行设计时,需要着重考虑起落架缓冲器行程的限制和支柱轴向力的限制,它们在不同阈值下可靠度变化相对比较明显,但在实际工程中提高阈值往往会伴随着制造成本的增加,因此需要结合各项因素综合考虑。
本文以二自由度非线性起落架模型为研究对象,建立了含10个随机填充参数的结构动力学模型,采用DPIM完成了对舰载机着舰环境下系统振动情况以及统计特性的研究,其中包括采取基于GF差异的点选择技术对随机参数划分点域,以及选用连续的高斯函数平滑不连续的狄拉克函数来求解PDIE;同时采用MCS验证了DPIM在起落架随机模型上运用的准确性和可靠性,随后通过定义首次超越动力可靠度分析了不同阈值下系统输出响应的可靠度变化。主要结论如下:
(1) DPIM的±3倍标准差包络曲线较好地包络了同条件下MCS的动力学响应分布曲线,有效地验证了DPIM在分析起落架随机模型上的准确性和有效性。
(2) 比较了DPIM与MCS的动力学响应均值和标准差,发现DPIM(553样本)下动力学响应的均值和标准差与MCS(10000样本)基本一致,进一步验证了DPIM的低样本数量取值并不会影响动力学响应的均值与标准差。
(3) 计算了响应峰值所在时间点的PDF,并绘制了系统概率演化曲线以及相应的等高线,发现虽然动力学响应的取值较为集中,但还是存在较大响应导致系统失效的可能性,且缓冲器行程在某些时刻的概率集中度要远远高于两项冲击载荷。
(4) 分析了不同阈值下系统动力学响应的可靠度变化,发现在设定的阈值下垂向轮胎力的动力可靠度非常高,不会出现失效的情况;缓冲器行程和支柱轴向力的动力可靠度都会随着阈值的降低而降低,即系统失效的可能性变大,同时缓冲器行程的动力可靠度对阈值的敏感程度要略高于支柱轴向力。
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2025年第38卷第9期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202310056
  • 接收时间:2023-10-25
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-25
  • 修回日期:2024-01-09
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(11972101)
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    1.大连理工大学工业装备结构分析优化与CAE软件全国重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116023
    2.大连理工大学力学与航空航天学院,辽宁 大连 116024

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谭述君(1979—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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