Article(id=1227591807601672641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309034, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694448000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-12, revisedDate=1702742400000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610294484, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1757433600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610294484, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610294484, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610294484, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591806980915649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='9', pageStart='1935', pageEnd='2204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610294337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610356968, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592069754057533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591806980915649, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2115, endPage=2122, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591807802999234, articleId=1227591807601672641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Active vibration control based on online identification algorithm of control signal, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The vibration and radiation noise caused by the mechanical power equipment running on the ship have great harm, and seriously reduce the stealth performance and combat ability of the ship. The feedforward control algorithm which depends on the precise model will fail due to the adverse factors such as the long running of the power plant without stopping or the external impact. The traditional method of on-line system identification using auxiliary white noise not only reduces the control performance, but also increases the convergence time of the identification process. The method proposed in this paper uses the control signal to model the controlled system required by the FxLMS algorithm online in the noise frequency band, with faster convergence speed and identification accuracy. When the controlled system changes abruptly, that is, when the phase frequency characteristics of the controlled system change beyond ±90°, the algorithm can also track the changes of the system in real time and maintain the stability of the control. The active vibration control of the single-layer power unit vibration isolation platform was studied. The experimental results showed that the online identification of FxLMS control algorithm achieved 20.44 dB noise reduction at the motor operating frequency (50 Hz) when there was no secondary path model. The on-line identification algorithm can also maintain the control stability and quickly identify the changes in the phase frequency characteristics of the system after the mutation of secondary path.

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舰船上机械动力设备运行产生的振动及其引起的辐射噪声有着很大的危害,严重影响了舰船的隐身性能和作战能力。由于动力装置长时间不停机的运转或外界的冲击等不利因素,会导致依赖于精确模型的前馈控制算法失效。传统利用辅助白噪声完成在线系统辨识的方法不仅降低了控制性能,同时也增加了辨识过程的收敛时间。本文利用含有噪声频段的控制信号对FxLMS算法的次级通道进行在线建模,有着更快的收敛速度和辨识精度。被控系统发生突变即被控系统相频特性变化超过±90°时,该算法也能实时跟踪到系统的变化并保持控制的稳定。针对所搭建的单层动力装置隔振平台进行振动主动控制研究,试验结果表明,在无次级通道模型时,在线辨识FxLMS控制算法实现了电机工作频率(50 Hz)处20.44 dB的降噪效果,次级通道发生突变后,在线辨识算法也能保持控制稳定,并快速识别突变后的系统在相频特性上的变化。

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宋春生(1981—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
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Simulation parameters of each algorithm

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算法次级通道更新步长控制器更新步长
本文算法0.10.01
浦玉学算法[15]0.050.002
AKHTAR算法[14]0.010.00002
ERIKSSON算法[4]0.10.000002
), ArticleFig(id=1227653072936170251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591807601672641, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各算法仿真参数

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算法次级通道更新步长控制器更新步长
本文算法0.10.01
浦玉学算法[15]0.050.002
AKHTAR算法[14]0.010.00002
ERIKSSON算法[4]0.10.000002
), ArticleFig(id=1227653073078776593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591807601672641, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Theoretical phase delay and measured phase delay of secondary path

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采样延迟理论相位实测相位相对误差
不延迟−45°−47.99°6.23%
延迟1个采样点−101.25°−110.9°9.53%
延迟2个采样点−157.5°−157.7°0.13%
), ArticleFig(id=1227653073187828502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591807601672641, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

次级通道理论相位延迟与实测相位延迟

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样延迟理论相位实测相位相对误差
不延迟−45°−47.99°6.23%
延迟1个采样点−101.25°−110.9°9.53%
延迟2个采样点−157.5°−157.7°0.13%
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控制信号在线辨识算法的振动主动控制研究
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宋春生 1, 2 , 陈泊远 1 , 熊学春 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(9): 2115-2122
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(9): 2115-2122
控制信号在线辨识算法的振动主动控制研究
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宋春生1, 2 , 陈泊远1, 熊学春1
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学机电工程学院,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 2.湖北省磁悬浮工程技术研究中心,湖北 武汉 430070

通讯作者:

宋春生(1981—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
Active vibration control based on online identification algorithm of control signal
Chunsheng SONG1, 2 , Boyuan CHEN1, Xuechun XIONG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2.Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Magnetic Suspension, Wuhan 430070, China
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309034
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舰船上机械动力设备运行产生的振动及其引起的辐射噪声有着很大的危害,严重影响了舰船的隐身性能和作战能力。由于动力装置长时间不停机的运转或外界的冲击等不利因素,会导致依赖于精确模型的前馈控制算法失效。传统利用辅助白噪声完成在线系统辨识的方法不仅降低了控制性能,同时也增加了辨识过程的收敛时间。本文利用含有噪声频段的控制信号对FxLMS算法的次级通道进行在线建模,有着更快的收敛速度和辨识精度。被控系统发生突变即被控系统相频特性变化超过±90°时,该算法也能实时跟踪到系统的变化并保持控制的稳定。针对所搭建的单层动力装置隔振平台进行振动主动控制研究,试验结果表明,在无次级通道模型时,在线辨识FxLMS控制算法实现了电机工作频率(50 Hz)处20.44 dB的降噪效果,次级通道发生突变后,在线辨识算法也能保持控制稳定,并快速识别突变后的系统在相频特性上的变化。

FxLMS控制  /  次级通道在线辨识  /  时变系统  /  振动主动控制

The vibration and radiation noise caused by the mechanical power equipment running on the ship have great harm, and seriously reduce the stealth performance and combat ability of the ship. The feedforward control algorithm which depends on the precise model will fail due to the adverse factors such as the long running of the power plant without stopping or the external impact. The traditional method of on-line system identification using auxiliary white noise not only reduces the control performance, but also increases the convergence time of the identification process. The method proposed in this paper uses the control signal to model the controlled system required by the FxLMS algorithm online in the noise frequency band, with faster convergence speed and identification accuracy. When the controlled system changes abruptly, that is, when the phase frequency characteristics of the controlled system change beyond ±90°, the algorithm can also track the changes of the system in real time and maintain the stability of the control. The active vibration control of the single-layer power unit vibration isolation platform was studied. The experimental results showed that the online identification of FxLMS control algorithm achieved 20.44 dB noise reduction at the motor operating frequency (50 Hz) when there was no secondary path model. The on-line identification algorithm can also maintain the control stability and quickly identify the changes in the phase frequency characteristics of the system after the mutation of secondary path.

FxLMS control  /  online identification of secondary path  /  time-varying system  /  active vibration control
宋春生, 陈泊远, 熊学春. 控制信号在线辨识算法的振动主动控制研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (9) : 2115 -2122 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309034
Chunsheng SONG, Boyuan CHEN, Xuechun XIONG. Active vibration control based on online identification algorithm of control signal[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (9) : 2115 -2122 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309034
舰艇的隐身性能是评价其作战能力的一个关键指标,对提高自身生存能力和实现隐蔽接敌有着重要的战略意义[1]。舰艇所搭载的动力机械和辅助装置在运行时会产生频率低且量级大的有害振动噪声,这不仅严重干扰了声呐设备的正常工作,而且给船员的身心健康带来了危害。因此,开展舰艇声隐身技术研究的意义重大。目前国内外降低舰艇水下辐射噪声的有效方法通常分为被动隔振与主动隔振,前者因具有设计安装简单且承载力大等特点而被广泛应用于减少设备的中高频振动噪声;后者通过引入次级振源来灵活应对隔振目标中的低频以及随机振动。在噪声与振动的主动控制中,系统参数的时变性和外界激励的变化会直接影响控制的效果,通常采用自适应FxLMS算法计算并输出控制信号,由次级声源产生与噪声声源幅值相同、相位相反的输出信号,从而达到隔振的目的,因其良好的自适应性能被广泛应用于舰艇振动控制领域[2]。由于该算法输出的控制信号并非直接作用于噪声本身,而是要经过一系列机械装置与电气设备才能产生控制作用,通常在主动降噪系统中将这一控制通道称为次级通道。
噪声主动控制算法依赖于一个精确稳定的次级通道模型,该模型同时也影响着系统的收敛性与控制效果。由于次级通道包含多种中间环节,因此难以精确建模,通常采用离线辨识或者在线辨识来拟合出次级通道的模型。如果系统特性不随时间变化或时变过程足够缓慢,则可以采用离线建模的方式分析,在确保精度的同时又能大大降低算法的复杂度。而在舰艇等大型机械设备中,由于长时间受到外界的激励、设备的老化、工况的改变等,导致系统各被控参数发生变化,辨识误差的累积限制了算法的控制效果,当辨识模型的相频特性在被控频段误差大于±90°时[3],算法将发散,从而失去控制效果。因此,在复杂的外界环境下实时更新次级通道的辨识模型以保证控制系统的稳定和精度尤为关键。
为了减小次级通道辨识误差对自适应控制的影响,最早由ERIKSSON等[4]提出一种次级通道在线辨识算法,通过在控制器输出端附加白噪声,在主动控制的同时完成对次级通道的辨识,但辅助噪声的加入不但影响了系统收敛的方向,而且影响了系统稳态的控制效果。BAO等[5]在其算法的基础上引入了一个额外的自适应滤波器。ZHANG等[6]提出一种交叉校正自适应滤波的方法阻止了噪声信号和控制信号进入在线辨识环节,虽然减小了控制残差对通道建模的影响,但系统复杂性和调试难度都相应地增加了,鲁棒性大大减弱。CARINI等[7]采用可变步长的控制策略和辅助噪声功率调度方法减少控制过程和辨识过程的相互影响,但建模精度较低容易使算法失效。俞翔等[8]在利用白噪声对次级通道建模的同时引入了功率因子,在设定范围内对主动控制迭代步长和白噪声功率进行了调整,同时加快了辨识阶段的收敛速度,并降低了稳态阶段的残余误差,但该方法在系统特性突变时往往存在过大的超调,且同样无法处理白噪声对稳态误差的影响。ZHENG等[9]将传统滤波x最小均方算法与递归预测误差算法结合起来,以更大的计算量为代价消除了用于在线辨识的辅助噪声。李超博等[10]通过变步长和调整滤波器阶数,对在线辨识模型进行优化,试验结果表明,在次级通道发生突变时,在线辨识控制效果优于离线辨识。XIE等[11]提出了一种含辅助滤波估计的自适应主动振动控制方法,针对推力轴承系统控制通道发生较大改变的情况,能够跟踪系统的动态变化,有着较强的鲁棒性。PU等[12]提出了一种在线次级通道建模的多通道FxLMS算法,利用辅助噪声功率调度策略降低各通道的残差,能有效应对系统发生突变时控制系统的发散。NIU等[13]利用可测信号实现次级通道的在线建模,采用带有bang-bang控制器的增强FxLMS算法,试验结果表明,该方法能够有效降低结构在谐波和随机激励下的振动响应,次级通道的在线建模能够准确、及时地捕获系统的特性,在线建模和变步长有利于时变结构的自适应振动控制。
基于上述问题,本文对全系统在线辨识模型进行改进,针对单层主、被动混合隔振系统,其刚性连接的初级通道系统特性几乎不发生变化,采用基于控制信号在线辨识的FxLMS控制方法对其进行主动控制。首先通过离线辨识得到系统初级通道模型,然后在振动主动控制仿真的同时利用控制信号实时更新次级通道系统参数,最后搭建隔振控制试验平台,应用STM32H750XBH6控制器进行主动隔振试验。
在噪声主动控制系统中通常采用注入与控制滤波器输出信号不相关的白噪声来完成对次级通道的辨识。利用白噪声信号各频率成分强度均匀的特点可以较好地辨识出次级通道在各频段上的幅频特性,但随机注入的白噪声信号会不可避免地干扰自适应控制滤波器的迭代收敛,并且在系统达到稳态时白噪声信号始终存在于残余噪声中无法消除,影响系统的降噪性能,同时控制过程也干扰了辨识过程的精度。针对注入辅助白噪声方法的不足,本文在通用在线系统辨识模型的基础上不再附加白噪声信号,而是采用控制信号本身进行系统辨识。
ERIKSSON等[4]提出了一种通过在控制器输出端引入随机噪声信号的方法来实现次级通道的在线辨识,其控制算法框图如图1所示。
在信号处理的过程中,为了满足算法要求的实时性和快速性,常采用稳定性高且设计灵活的FIR滤波器作为特定系统结构,它可以在保证任意幅频特性的同时具有严格的线性相频特性,因此在自适应算法中可通过调整滤波器的权值系数完成对期望输出值的跟踪。
图2所示,z为离散系统中的延迟环节,L为滤波器的长度,输入信号x(n)在经过延时单元之后与对应的权值系数wi相乘,最后通过加法器得到经过滤波器的输出信号,表示为:
y(n)=i=1Lwix(ni+1)
利用一个M阶的FIR自适应滤波器S^(z)模拟真实的次级通道,ERIKSSON等[4]在控制器的输出端注入了与控制信号不相关的随机信号v(n)。在n时刻采集前L时刻的参考信号,将其堆栈成列向量作为控制滤波器的输入信号,表示为:
X(n)=[x(n)x(n1)x(nL+1)]T
控制滤波器权值向量表示为:
W(n)=[w1(n)w2(n)wL(n)]T
则控制器输出为:
Wy(n)=XT(n)W(n)=i=1Lx(nL+1)wL(n)
令:
y(n)=WyT(n)S(n)v(n)=VT(n)S(n)Xs(n)=XT(n)S^(n)
式中,S(n)为真实次级通道FIR滤波器模型;Vn)为白噪声序列;S^(n)为模拟次级通道FIR滤波器模型;“'”表示信号序列;“^”表示与模拟次级通道相关的变量。
n时刻的残余噪声信号表示为:
e(n)=d(n)y(n)+v(n)
根据FxLMS算法权值更新公式可知:
W(n+1)=W(n)+2μee(n)Xs(n)
式中,μe为控制迭代速度的步长因子,要保证算法的收敛需要满足:
0<μe<1λmax
式中,λmax为滤波参考信号X(n)自相关矩阵的最大特征值。
利用LMS算法在线更新次级通道的误差信号f(n)可表示为:
f(n)=e(n)VT(n)S^(n)
则次级通道权值迭代的表达式为:
S^(n+1)=S^(n)+2μff(n)V(n)
式中,μf为步长因子。根据信号处理理论可知,当S^(z)阶数足够高时,S^(z)可唯一收敛到S(z)
根据图1可知,用于在线系统辨识的辅助白噪声与控制信号一同经由作动器输出,降低白噪声的功率会影响系统辨识的精度,白噪声功率过大则会严重降低控制系统的性能。且次级通道的更新采用固定步长,在辨识开始时不准确的模型容易导致控制器错误的更新方向,而在控制稳定后次级通道模型也存在较大的变化,进而影响主动隔振的效果。
AKHTAR等[14]依据误差信号和建模误差信号的能量提出一种变步长的在线辨识算法,提高了辨识的速度,但忽略了控制滤波器和建模滤波器之间的相互干扰,控制收敛后辅助噪声始终影响着控制效果。
浦玉学等[15]通过引入新的自适应滤波器来更新控制器的权值,避免了附加随机噪声对控制收敛的影响,加快了系统的收敛速度,其控制算法框图如图3所示。
其中控制器更新过程为:
g(n)=f(n)+ys(n)d(n)
W(n+1)=W(n)+μwXs(n)g(n)
式中,μw为在线辨识步长因子。当辨识完全收敛之后,f(n)v(n)完全相关,g(n)x(n)完全相关,附加的白噪声信号不对控制器的收敛产生影响,因此消除了主动控制环节和次级通道辨识环节的相互耦合。但该算法引入的多个经验阈值参数降低了系统的鲁棒性,在次级通道发生突变时难以保证控制的稳定性。
FxLMS算法依赖于一个能反映出被控系统在噪声频段幅频特性和相频特性的次级通道模型,其中次级通道幅频辨识误差可以通过调整控制器的更新步长使控制效果达到最佳,而相频辨识误差影响了系统的收敛性和控制精度,当辨识出的次级通道模型在相频特性与真实系统在某频段上相差大于±90°时,控制将无法收敛甚至发散。常规的在线系统辨识方法利用白噪声对次级通道在全频段上进行辨识,而被控系统通常只会工作在单一或者少数几个频率区间,因此利用白噪声在线更新次级通道的方法,不仅增加了辨识的时间,同时也难以达到理想的辨识精度。本文利用控制器的输出信号Wy(n)同时用作于控制过程和辨识过程,仅针对噪声频段进行辨识,从而避免辅助噪声的引入,并实时更新次级通道模型完成FxLMS算法的迭代。改进后的控制信号在线系统辨识算法框图如图4所示。
用于在线更新次级通道建模的误差信号f(n)为:
f(n)=d(n)e(n)ys(n)
可见该误差信号中包含了初级通道的建模误差,在隔振平台上初级通道为振源至误差传感器这一通路,通常可认为是时不变的刚性连接系统,几乎不存在相位滞后特性,采用离线系统辨识的方法可获得精度较高的初级通道模型,从而最大程度地减少对次级通道在线辨识的影响,提高辨识的精度。因此建模滤波器S^(z)的更新公式可表示为:
S^(n+1)=S^(n)+μff(n)Wy(n)
其中:
Wy(n)=[Wy(n)Wy(n1)Wy(nM+1)]T
S^(z)阶数和P^(z)精度足够高的情况下,S^(z)能完全收敛到S(z),并实时更新给FxLMS算法中所需的次级通道。在初级通道系统特性固定的情况下,不仅能保证辨识过程输入输出信号的高度相关,也降低了系统参数整定难度。
根据指数平滑法定义误差信号的能量为:
Pe(n)=λPe(n1)+(1λ)e2(n)
式中,λ为指数平滑法中的加权系数,通常能说明当前数据和过去数据对预测值的影响权重。
则控制器的迭代公式可表示为:
W(n+1)=W(n)+2μee(n)Xs(n)
其中,步长μe(n)为:
μe(n)=αPe(n)μemax+[1αPe(n)]μemin
式中,α为指数平滑法中的加权系数;uemaxuemin分别为设定的最大和最小收敛步长因子。
此处通过变步长的方法调整控制器的收敛速度,使迭代步长时刻处于较优位置,补偿了次级通道在幅频上的辨识误差。本文所提方法可以根据控制信号的频率成分辨识出次级通道在对应频率段的相频特性,当频率成分发生变化时,控制信号总能跟踪到噪声频段,因此在不注入辅助噪声的情况下,既能完成对时变系统不同频段的在线辨识,又能降低控制系统在稳态时的控制误差,具有较强的实用性。
为了验证本文提出的基于控制信号在线辨识算法的性能,仿真中利用FIR滤波器拟合提前离线辨识好的隔振控制平台模型,FIR滤波器的阶数越高,则模型精度越高,同时计算量也越大,故当增加阶数对模型精度提升幅度不大时,应使计算量越小越好。这里对其初级通道与次级通道均采用320阶FIR滤波器进行拟合,系统模型脉冲响应系数如图5所示。
为了验证不同算法的辨识与控制效果,通常用于评价算法减振性能的一个关键指标为系统的归一化降噪量,其标准定义如下:
R(n)=10lg{k=1ne2(k)k=1nd2(k)}
R(n)值越大,说明系统的降噪性能越好。
仿真中采用幅值为1、频率为50 Hz的正弦信号作为参考信号,并叠加信噪比为30 dB的高斯白噪声,采样频率为320 Hz。为验证本文算法的有效性,与表1中所示的3种算法进行对比分析,各算法均采用256阶FIR滤波器作为控制器,仿真时间为120 s。取均值为0、方差为0.001的高斯白噪声作为在线辨识的辅助噪声,各算法参数均在仿真效果最优时取得,具体初始步长如表1所示。
初始化控制滤波器权值为0,辨识滤波器权值需要保证至少有一阶不为0,以防止在算法迭代中控制发散。
图6所示,注入白噪声在线辨识的方法是为了保证控制系统收敛,较小的控制步长影响了控制收敛速度,而本文算法在10 s内取得了25.4 dB的降噪量,相对于其他算法有着更快的收敛速度和更低的稳态误差。绘制4种控制方法中所辨识系统的相频特性如图7所示。
可见本文算法与ERIKSSON算法[4]在噪声频段均还原了真实次级通道的相频特性,即50 Hz的信号经过该次级通道会带来约181°的相位延迟。本文算法不会对非噪声频段的系统相频特性进行辨识,因此收敛速度更快的同时辨识也更加精确、稳定。
为了验证本文所提在线辨识方法对时变系统的有效性,在仿真过程中,改变次级通道的相频特性,在FxLMS主动控制算法中引入本文在线辨识方法,对比分析两者之间的减振效果。仿真框图如图8所示。
试验中次级通道是指算法计算出的控制量,经由控制器输出至一系列能量传递、转换设备,最后产生力,并作用在待隔振点的这一条物理通道,为了模拟真实次级通道发生的较大改变,在控制器输出控制信号到次级通道之前使之额外通过一个滤波器M(z)使控制信号产生延迟,相当于通过真实次级通道的信号相位会更加滞后,将M(z)S(z)串联组成突变后的次级通道。
FxLMS算法中辨识出来的次级通道在幅频特性的误差可以通过调整控制步长弥补,但相频特性上的误差如果没有控制在±90°的范围内会导致控制算法的发散。根据采样频率与相位的关系可知:
φ=2πfncfsrad/s
式中,f为参考信号的频率;nc为采样点的个数;fs为采样频率。
故设计M(z)使得次级通道在幅频特性上为原来的0.8倍,每隔30 s令次级通道相位滞后一个采样点,仿真参考信号频率为40 Hz,采样频率为320 Hz,即每个采样点的延迟会带来45°的相位滞后,将本文算法与采用离线辨识次级通道进行120 s的仿真对比,误差时域图如图9所示。
可见当次级通道在相频特性上发生不超过90°的突变时,两种算法均能保持稳定并重新收敛,刚好发生90°的相位突变时,采用离线辨识次级通道的FxLMS算法开始失效,而当发生超过90°的相位突变时,则该方法加速发散。本文算法在上述过程中均保持了快速、稳定的控制,且超调量较小。
针对在一次系统突变中相位变化超过90°的情况,各算法仿真参数不变,调整参考信号频率为50 Hz,根据式(20)可计算出延迟两个采样点会带来112.5°的次级通道相位延迟。对比各算法控制性能如图10所示。
本文算法在收敛速度和稳态精度上均优于其他算法,当系统发生较大突变时也能保证控制的稳定,绘制本文算法在系统发生突变后所辨识的次级通道相频特性曲线如图11所示。
可见在次级通道相位发生90°以上的突变时,本文算法对突变后的次级通道相频特性进行了精确的辨识,在噪声频段对相位变化的识别与理论计算一致,保证了控制器的性能。
为验证本文所提算法的实际有效性和隔振性能,搭建主、被动混合隔振主控控制试验平台并进行试验分析。搭建的主、被动混合隔振平台及其控制系统如图12所示。
设定振动电机工作频率为50 Hz,安装在电机外壳上的加速度传感器及隔振平台下层与电磁作动器连接处的误差信号传感器分别为FxLMS控制器提供参考信号及误差信号。采集经过调理滤波之后的信号经由STM32H750XBH6控制器运算后输入功率放大器,驱动电磁作动器产生作动力,实现在线系统辨识的同时完成振动的主动控制。
所设计的FxLMS控制器收敛步长为0.05,次级通道在线辨识收敛步长为0.01,采样频率为320 Hz,模拟初级通道和次级通道以及控制器分别采用17阶以及256阶的FIR滤波器拟合。本文方法在控制开启时将模拟次级通道的所有权值初始化为0,对比采用离线辨识次级通道模型的经典前馈控制算法,在频域上的降噪效果如图13所示。
图13可知,无次级通道模型的在线辨识算法能迅速收敛并达到与离线辨识同样的降噪效果,对比单纯采用被动隔振时的降噪效果,其在主要噪声频率分别取得了20.44和18.87 dB的噪声衰减。
当次级通道发生突变时,基于次级通道离线辨识模型的FxLMS前馈控制算法很容易失效发散,前馈控制算法在次级通道模型误差大于±90°时会发散。根据采样频率与相位的关系,经过延时环节的控制信号会给次级通道带来相位上的滞后。控制开启后,在第60 s时令控制器输出的控制信号延迟两个采样单位再输入功率放大器,即在原始控制器至功率放大器这一部分的次级通道环节上突然使得相位延迟了112.5°,理论上FxLMS算法会失效发散,其误差时域图如图14所示。
可见当次级通道在相频特性上发生超过±90°的突变时,离线辨识的固定次级通道模型适应不了发生较大变化的系统,在系统突变时控制失效发散,残余误差信号超过了被动隔振时的噪声信号,控制起了相反作用;在线次级通道辨识的FxLMS算法能迅速检测到次级通道的变化并快速收敛,保持控制效果的平稳。
在突变前后绘制所测次级通道相频特性曲线,理论计算得出突变后的系统应在原有次级通道的基础上增加约112.5°的相位延迟,如图15所示,突变前后的次级通道相频特性曲线在电机噪声频段处存在109.71°的相位差,与理论计算基本一致,表明在线系统辨识在次级通道发生突变时的有效性。
根据采样点和系统相位的关系,给出系统理论模型和实测模型在工作频率处的相频特性,根据大量试验测得原始次级通道不施加延迟时的理论相位延迟,即从控制器经过功率放大器、电磁作动器等一系列软硬件设备会给信号带来约45°的相位延迟,试验实测次级通道相位延迟与理论计算数值对比如表2所示。
试验结果表明,在线辨识实测次级通道的相频特性与理论计算得出的次级通道相位延迟相对误差较小,本文利用控制信号在线系统辨识的算法能有效跟踪次级通道在噪声频段相频特性的变化,计算量较小且识别精度高,同时取得了良好的控制效果。
本文针对存在时变特性的机械动力转置采用次级通道在线系统辨识的FxLMS控制算法,为了弥补传统利用辅助白噪声在线系统辨识方法的不足,采用控制信号对算法所需噪声频段的被控系统次级通道进行在线建模,得到结论如下:
本文方法利用控制信号完成在线系统辨识的同时未引入额外的辅助噪声,并能准确还原被控系统在工作频段的相频特性。仿真中对比几种传统的在线系统辨识方法,本文方法在收敛速度和次级通道辨识精度上均取得了更好的效果;针对次级通道发生突变时控制发散的问题,本文方法能准确识别突变前后系统的相频特性,并保持控制的稳定,验证了算法的有效性。
利用控制信号在线辨识的FxLMS控制试验结果表明,无需提前对次级通道进行离线辨识也可以取得较好的控制效果,在电机工作频率(50 Hz)处取得了20.44 dB的降噪效果,所辨识出的次级通道相频特性的变化量与理论计算基本保持一致。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(51879209)
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2025年第38卷第9期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309034
  • 接收时间:2023-09-12
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-12
  • 修回日期:2023-12-17
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(51879209)
作者信息
    1.武汉理工大学机电工程学院,湖北 武汉 430070
    2.湖北省磁悬浮工程技术研究中心,湖北 武汉 430070

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宋春生(1981—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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