Article(id=1227591339492176746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202312006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701360000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-01, revisedDate=1706371200000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610182878, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610182878, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610182878, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610182878, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591330579284357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='7', pageStart='1363', pageEnd='1644', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610180719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610389679, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1529, endPage=1537, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591342847619977, articleId=1227591339492176746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Field test and analysis of influence factors on the dynamic characteristics of self-supporting flat arm tower crane under multiple working conditions, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to obtain more accurate and refined dynamic characteristics of the flat boom tower crane,the field test of the dynamic response of the typical freestanding flat boom tower crane was carried out considering the influence of lifting positions,lifting heights (rope lengths) and lifting weights. The test results show that the vibration along the boom axial direction and vertical direction has good synchronization. However,the response correlation between the horizontal direction of the vertical boom and the axial and vertical direction of the tower crane boom is relatively low. The natural frequencies identified by the half-power bandwidth method and the SSI-COV method are basically the same,with the difference of lifting positions,rope lengths and lifting weights,the natural frequencies of flat boom tower crane will fluctuate around the natural frequency under no load. There are some differences in the identification results of the damping ratio between the two methods,in most working conditions,the damping ratio identified by the SSI-COV method is smaller than that identified by the half power bandwidth method. Based on orthogonal test analysis,the influence of the above factors on the natural frequency and damping ratio of the tower crane is not significant,and there is no main effect. In addition,the finite element model of the flat arm tower crane is optimized,and the frequency of the updated model is in good agreement with the test results. The boom vibration mode function under no-load condition was fitted,the amplitude distribution along the boom length exhibits an approximately linear,however,when the lifting weight appears at the end or root of the boom,the boom vibration mode may show an obvious nonliner characteristics.

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为获得更为准确、精细化的平臂塔吊动力特性,考虑不同起吊位置、离地高度(吊绳长度)和吊重参数影响,开展了多工况典型自立式平臂塔吊动力特性现场实测。结果表明:臂架轴向和竖直方向振动具有较好的同步性,垂直臂架水平方向与轴向、竖直方向响应间相关性整体水平较低。采用半功率带宽法和SSI-COV方法识别出来的结构固有频率基本一致,随着起吊位置、吊绳长度和吊重的不同,塔吊固有频率值会较空载时发生左右波动;两种方法阻尼比识别结果差异较明显,多数工况下,SSI-COV方法识别出来的阻尼比要小于半功率带宽法识别结果。基于正交试验分析,可知上述三种影响因素(参数)对塔吊振动固有频率、阻尼比的影响均不显著,不存在主效应。开展了塔吊有限元模型优化,修正后的塔吊模型频率与实测结果能够较好地吻合。拟合了空载工况下的臂架振型函数,空载时,臂架振幅沿臂长分布基本呈线性,当吊重位于臂架端部或根部时,振幅分布则表现出明显的非线性特征。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
汪志昊(1980—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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张庆华(1977—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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张庆华(1977—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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[2020-4-28](2023-12-01). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774061., articleTitle=Operational modal analysis with automated SSI-COV algorithm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1227654473389113606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591339492176746, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1999, volume=79, issue=1-2, pageStart=135, pageEnd=150, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=40, authorNames=ZHOU Y, GU M, XIANG H F, journalName=Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHOU YGU MXIANG H F. Alongwind static equivalent wind loads and responses of tall buildings. Part Ⅰ:unfavorable distributions of static equivalent wind loads[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics1999,79(1-2):135-150., articleTitle=Alongwind static equivalent wind loads and responses of tall buildings. 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figureFileBig=fH8GclVma6F41RdyNWTqaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654463977096107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591339492176746, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Boom mode shapes of tower crane, figureFileSmall=7eeLkzhWJa4Opk6H5/UjnA==, figureFileBig=utxAGdulhxuK9/gEigEBzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654464098730930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591339492176746, language=CN, label=图5, caption=臂架振型, figureFileSmall=7eeLkzhWJa4Opk6H5/UjnA==, figureFileBig=utxAGdulhxuK9/gEigEBzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654464216171452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591339492176746, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Basic parameters of the tested tower crane

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本参数数值
最大工作幅度/m65
起重臂侧/m66.8
平衡臂侧/m15.5
最大起重量/kg10×103
平衡重/kg1.48×104
标准节(宽/高)/m1.8/2.8
独立式最大起升高度/m46
实测现场塔吊高度/m40
起升速度/(m·min-10~95
额定起重力矩/(kN·m)1600
最大起重力矩/(kN·m)1920
工作幅度(最大/最小)/m2.5/65
), ArticleFig(id=1227654464417498048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591339492176746, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实测塔吊基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本参数数值
最大工作幅度/m65
起重臂侧/m66.8
平衡臂侧/m15.5
最大起重量/kg10×103
平衡重/kg1.48×104
标准节(宽/高)/m1.8/2.8
独立式最大起升高度/m46
实测现场塔吊高度/m40
起升速度/(m·min-10~95
额定起重力矩/(kN·m)1600
最大起重力矩/(kN·m)1920
工作幅度(最大/最小)/m2.5/65
), ArticleFig(id=1227654464513967045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591339492176746, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Orthogonal test design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况起吊位置吊绳长度(离地高度)吊重(质量)
空载
C1L1H1m1
C2L2H2m1
C3L3H3m1
C4L3H2m2
C5L2H1m2
C6L1H3m2
C7L1H2m3
C8L2H3m3
C9L3H1m3
), ArticleFig(id=1227654464618824648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591339492176746, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

正交试验设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况起吊位置吊绳长度(离地高度)吊重(质量)
空载
C1L1H1m1
C2L2H2m1
C3L3H3m1
C4L3H2m2
C5L2H1m2
C6L1H3m2
C7L1H2m3
C8L2H3m3
C9L3H1m3
), ArticleFig(id=1227654464732070865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591339492176746, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Basic parameters of orthogonal test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吊重/(×103 kg)吊绳长度(离地高度)/m起吊位置/m
m1m2m3H1H2H3L1L2L3
0.520.751.3011203063362
), ArticleFig(id=1227654464794985430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591339492176746, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

正交试验基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吊重/(×103 kg)吊绳长度(离地高度)/m起吊位置/m
m1m2m3H1H2H3L1L2L3
0.520.751.3011203063362
), ArticleFig(id=1227654464857899998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591339492176746, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

The wind speeds during field tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况风速/(m·s-1)
开始中间结束
空载1.91.21.1
C11.51.30.7
C21.40.92.1
C31.40.91.6
C42.21.60.3
C50.82.00.6
C61.92.12.0
C72.02.41.0
C81.62.40.9
C92.01.21.9
), ArticleFig(id=1227654464987923430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591339492176746, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

实测时的风速记录

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况风速/(m·s-1)
开始中间结束
空载1.91.21.1
C11.51.30.7
C21.40.92.1
C31.40.91.6
C42.21.60.3
C50.82.00.6
C61.92.12.0
C72.02.41.0
C81.62.40.9
C92.01.21.9
), ArticleFig(id=1227654465092781032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591339492176746, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Velocity responses correlations of field tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况方向XAXBYAYBZAZB工况方向XAXBYAYBZAZB
空载XA1.00-0.130.08-0.050.040.13C5XA1.00-0.950.10-0.030.000.01
XB-0.131.000.07-0.820.110.30XB-0.951.00-0.110.04-0.01-0.02
YA0.080.071.00-0.500.970.73YA0.10-0.111.00-0.990.880.87
YB-0.05-0.82-0.501.00-0.52-0.78YB-0.030.04-0.991.00-0.90-0.90
ZA0.040.110.97-0.521.000.77ZA0.00-0.010.88-0.901.000.99
ZB0.130.300.73-0.780.771.00ZB0.01-0.020.87-0.900.991.00
C2XA1.00-1.000.19-0.06-0.010.02C8XA1.00-0.990.33-0.09-0.020.03
XB-1.001.00-0.190.060.01-0.02XB-0.991.00-0.330.090.02-0.03
YA0.19-0.191.00-0.990.910.91YA0.33-0.331.00-0.960.790.80
YB-0.060.06-0.991.00-0.95-0.95YB-0.090.09-0.961.00-0.86-0.87
ZA-0.010.010.91-0.951.001.00ZA-0.020.020.79-0.861.000.99
ZB0.02-0.020.91-0.951.001.00ZB0.03-0.030.80-0.870.991.00
), ArticleFig(id=1227654465247970291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591339492176746, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

测点速度响应相关性

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工况方向XAXBYAYBZAZB工况方向XAXBYAYBZAZB
空载XA1.00-0.130.08-0.050.040.13C5XA1.00-0.950.10-0.030.000.01
XB-0.131.000.07-0.820.110.30XB-0.951.00-0.110.04-0.01-0.02
YA0.080.071.00-0.500.970.73YA0.10-0.111.00-0.990.880.87
YB-0.05-0.82-0.501.00-0.52-0.78YB-0.030.04-0.991.00-0.90-0.90
ZA0.040.110.97-0.521.000.77ZA0.00-0.010.88-0.901.000.99
ZB0.130.300.73-0.780.771.00ZB0.01-0.020.87-0.900.991.00
C2XA1.00-1.000.19-0.06-0.010.02C8XA1.00-0.990.33-0.09-0.020.03
XB-1.001.00-0.190.060.01-0.02XB-0.991.00-0.330.090.02-0.03
YA0.19-0.191.00-0.990.910.91YA0.33-0.331.00-0.960.790.80
YB-0.060.06-0.991.00-0.95-0.95YB-0.090.09-0.961.00-0.86-0.87
ZA-0.010.010.91-0.951.001.00ZA-0.020.020.79-0.861.000.99
ZB0.02-0.020.91-0.951.001.00ZB0.03-0.030.80-0.870.991.00
), ArticleFig(id=1227654465398965242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591339492176746, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Results of natural frequency and damping ratio identification of tower crane

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方向工况固有频率/Hz阻尼比/%
半功率带宽法SSI-COV方法半功率带宽法SSI-COV方法
X空载0.1060.1053.8710.834
C10.1140.1143.1940.918
C20.1240.0952.5933.346
C30.1070.1073.1290.953
C40.1070.1083.2951.133
C50.1100.1113.8943.205
C60.0850.0854.2131.573
C70.0730.0724.5270.795
C80.0910.0913.8620.951
C90.0880.0883.5802.973
Z空载0.2100.2051.5380.679
C10.1950.1941.6810.537
C20.2050.2051.5650.529
C30.1470.1462.1970.686
C40.2060.2062.5651.904
C50.2040.2041.5610.404
C60.2090.1881.6201.332
C70.1860.1861.6960.288
C80.2050.2051.8321.047
C90.2120.2131.6721.601
), ArticleFig(id=1227654465516404739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591339492176746, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

塔吊固有频率和阻尼比识别结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方向工况固有频率/Hz阻尼比/%
半功率带宽法SSI-COV方法半功率带宽法SSI-COV方法
X空载0.1060.1053.8710.834
C10.1140.1143.1940.918
C20.1240.0952.5933.346
C30.1070.1073.1290.953
C40.1070.1083.2951.133
C50.1100.1113.8943.205
C60.0850.0854.2131.573
C70.0730.0724.5270.795
C80.0910.0913.8620.951
C90.0880.0883.5802.973
Z空载0.2100.2051.5380.679
C10.1950.1941.6810.537
C20.2050.2051.5650.529
C30.1470.1462.1970.686
C40.2060.2062.5651.904
C50.2040.2041.5610.404
C60.2090.1881.6201.332
C70.1860.1861.6960.288
C80.2050.2051.8321.047
C90.2120.2131.6721.601
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Range analysis of orthogonal test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素X向固有频率/HzZ向固有频率/HzX向阻尼比/%Z向阻尼比/%
K¯1K¯2K¯3RX_FK¯1K¯2K¯3RZ_FK¯1K¯2K¯3RX_DK¯1K¯2K¯3RZ_D
起吊位置(L0.0900.0990.1010.0110.1890.2050.1880.0171.0952.5011.6861.4050.7190.6601.3970.737
离地高度(H0.1040.0910.0950.0130.2040.1990.1800.0242.3651.7581.1591.2060.8480.9071.0220.174
吊重(m0.1050.1010.0840.0220.1820.1990.2010.0191.7391.9701.5730.3980.5841.2130.9790.629
), ArticleFig(id=1227654465747091473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591339492176746, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

正交试验极差分析

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因素X向固有频率/HzZ向固有频率/HzX向阻尼比/%Z向阻尼比/%
K¯1K¯2K¯3RX_FK¯1K¯2K¯3RZ_FK¯1K¯2K¯3RX_DK¯1K¯2K¯3RZ_D
起吊位置(L0.0900.0990.1010.0110.1890.2050.1880.0171.0952.5011.6861.4050.7190.6601.3970.737
离地高度(H0.1040.0910.0950.0130.2040.1990.1800.0242.3651.7581.1591.2060.8480.9071.0220.174
吊重(m0.1050.1010.0840.0220.1820.1990.2010.0191.7391.9701.5730.3980.5841.2130.9790.629
), ArticleFig(id=1227654465847754775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591339492176746, language=EN, label=Tab. 8, caption=

Analysis of variance of testing results

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指标因素分布检验统计量F显著性P
X_Freq起吊位置0.5630.640
离地高度(吊绳长度)0.8030.555
吊重2.3080.302
X_Damp起吊位置0.7390.575
离地高度(吊绳长度)0.5400.649
吊重0.0590.944
Z_Freq起吊位置0.4800.676
离地高度(吊绳长度)0.9130.523
吊重0.6270.614
Z_Damp起吊位置1.0300.493
离地高度(吊绳长度)0.0480.954
吊重0.6210.617
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实测结果方差分析表

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指标因素分布检验统计量F显著性P
X_Freq起吊位置0.5630.640
离地高度(吊绳长度)0.8030.555
吊重2.3080.302
X_Damp起吊位置0.7390.575
离地高度(吊绳长度)0.5400.649
吊重0.0590.944
Z_Freq起吊位置0.4800.676
离地高度(吊绳长度)0.9130.523
吊重0.6270.614
Z_Damp起吊位置1.0300.493
离地高度(吊绳长度)0.0480.954
吊重0.6210.617
), ArticleFig(id=1227654466061664286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591339492176746, language=EN, label=Tab. 9, caption=

Natural frequencies comparison of initial values,updated values and test values

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模态阶数固有频率/Hz误差/%
初始模型修正模型实测结果(SSI-COV)修正前修正后
1阶0.1250.1100.10519.054.35
2阶0.1830.1950.205-10.73-4.90
), ArticleFig(id=1227654466187493412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591339492176746, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

塔吊有限元模型修正前后以及实测固有频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶数固有频率/Hz误差/%
初始模型修正模型实测结果(SSI-COV)修正前修正后
1阶0.1250.1100.10519.054.35
2阶0.1830.1950.205-10.73-4.90
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工作状态下自立式平臂塔吊动力特性现场实测及影响因素分析
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张庆华 1 , 汪志昊 1 , 杨辉 2 , 赵金明 2 , 许艳伟 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(7): 1529-1537
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(7): 1529-1537
工作状态下自立式平臂塔吊动力特性现场实测及影响因素分析
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张庆华1 , 汪志昊1 , 杨辉2, 赵金明2, 许艳伟1
作者信息
  • 1.华北水利水电大学土木与交通学院,河南 郑州 450045
  • 2.中建三局集团有限公司,湖北 武汉 430046
  • 张庆华(1977—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

汪志昊(1980—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Field test and analysis of influence factors on the dynamic characteristics of self-supporting flat arm tower crane under multiple working conditions
Qinghua ZHANG1 , Zhihao WANG1 , Hui YANG2, Jinming ZHAO2, Yanwei XU1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering and Transportation,North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power,Zhengzhou 450045,China
  • 2.China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430064,China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202312006
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为获得更为准确、精细化的平臂塔吊动力特性,考虑不同起吊位置、离地高度(吊绳长度)和吊重参数影响,开展了多工况典型自立式平臂塔吊动力特性现场实测。结果表明:臂架轴向和竖直方向振动具有较好的同步性,垂直臂架水平方向与轴向、竖直方向响应间相关性整体水平较低。采用半功率带宽法和SSI-COV方法识别出来的结构固有频率基本一致,随着起吊位置、吊绳长度和吊重的不同,塔吊固有频率值会较空载时发生左右波动;两种方法阻尼比识别结果差异较明显,多数工况下,SSI-COV方法识别出来的阻尼比要小于半功率带宽法识别结果。基于正交试验分析,可知上述三种影响因素(参数)对塔吊振动固有频率、阻尼比的影响均不显著,不存在主效应。开展了塔吊有限元模型优化,修正后的塔吊模型频率与实测结果能够较好地吻合。拟合了空载工况下的臂架振型函数,空载时,臂架振幅沿臂长分布基本呈线性,当吊重位于臂架端部或根部时,振幅分布则表现出明显的非线性特征。

平臂塔吊  /  动力特性  /  现场实测  /  正交试验  /  有限元模型修正

In order to obtain more accurate and refined dynamic characteristics of the flat boom tower crane,the field test of the dynamic response of the typical freestanding flat boom tower crane was carried out considering the influence of lifting positions,lifting heights (rope lengths) and lifting weights. The test results show that the vibration along the boom axial direction and vertical direction has good synchronization. However,the response correlation between the horizontal direction of the vertical boom and the axial and vertical direction of the tower crane boom is relatively low. The natural frequencies identified by the half-power bandwidth method and the SSI-COV method are basically the same,with the difference of lifting positions,rope lengths and lifting weights,the natural frequencies of flat boom tower crane will fluctuate around the natural frequency under no load. There are some differences in the identification results of the damping ratio between the two methods,in most working conditions,the damping ratio identified by the SSI-COV method is smaller than that identified by the half power bandwidth method. Based on orthogonal test analysis,the influence of the above factors on the natural frequency and damping ratio of the tower crane is not significant,and there is no main effect. In addition,the finite element model of the flat arm tower crane is optimized,and the frequency of the updated model is in good agreement with the test results. The boom vibration mode function under no-load condition was fitted,the amplitude distribution along the boom length exhibits an approximately linear,however,when the lifting weight appears at the end or root of the boom,the boom vibration mode may show an obvious nonliner characteristics.

flat arm tower crane  /  dynamic characteristics  /  field test  /  orthogonal test  /  finite element model updating
张庆华, 汪志昊, 杨辉, 赵金明, 许艳伟. 工作状态下自立式平臂塔吊动力特性现场实测及影响因素分析. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1529 -1537 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202312006
Qinghua ZHANG, Zhihao WANG, Hui YANG, Jinming ZHAO, Yanwei XU. Field test and analysis of influence factors on the dynamic characteristics of self-supporting flat arm tower crane under multiple working conditions[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1529 -1537 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202312006
塔吊是工程施工中重要的起重设备,广泛应用于城市高层建筑、桥梁、港口、水利和电力建设工程等众多领域。由于轻质、高柔、小阻尼的特性,塔吊动力损伤或倒塌事故屡有发生[1-2],明确复杂环境、工作条件下塔吊的动力效应是提高塔吊整体安全性和抗突变能力的关键。现场实测、理论分析、试验研究和数值计算是目前结构动力响应研究的主要方法。
现场实测是结构振动研究最基本的手段,可以直观了解其振动特点,获得最真实、可信的数据。基于现场实测结果,GARCIA等[3]通过MATLAB信号工具箱识别了一座58.8 m高的天线桅杆的固有频率和模态振型;JIMENEE等[4]采用自由衰减法识别了低矮格构式通讯塔阻尼值;WANG等[5]基于随机子空间方法识别了两座65 m高的在役风电塔架的动力特性(固有频率、阻尼和振型),比较了不同传感器时的频域性能;何宏明等[6]分析了台风“海马”作用下输电塔塔周风场特性及其动力响应特征;董霄峰等[7]详细测量了某海上风电试验样机在停机、正常运行、开(停)机及台风工况下的振动响应;茅建校等[8]采用随机减量法识别了钢桥塔的自振频率和阻尼比等模态参数,研究了台风期间实测环境因素对钢桥塔模态参数的影响。现场实测费用大、周期长,受环境制约明显,且测量工况存在较大的局限性。
理论分析是从理论层面揭示结构动力学基本规律和特性的方法。早期多关注塔吊运行(起升、回转、变幅等)时吊重摆动对系统安全性的影响,研究根据吊重的不同将塔吊体系简化为单摆模型[9]或双摆模型[10-11],采用拉格朗日方法建立动力学方程,进行振动控制研究。THOMAS等[12]考虑塔吊结构变形,建立了多柔性体模型,通过模态分析发现塔吊变形将改变单摆模型的振动频率;ZHANG等[13]建立了变吊索长度的三维摆动模型,研究了摆动控制的方法;LIU等[14]建立了更精细化的提升-变幅耦合模型和提升-回转耦合模型,分析了绳索长度、提升速度、回转加速度和俯仰加速度等复合工况下的塔机振动特性。董明晓等[15]和张恩等[16]忽略塔身的影响(将塔身抽象为刚体),考虑臂架、吊重的耦合作用,建立了塔机悬臂梁(臂架)-移动质量-球摆二维摆动模型,探讨了塔机回转运动、变幅过程小车运动、载荷质量、吊索长度等因素对臂架振动的影响。塔吊系统是由大量构件组成的空间体系,上述理论分析采用的简化模型虽然能够得到较为可靠的整体振动特性,但对于局部构件分析仍有欠缺。
模型试验是验证理论分析、数值计算准确性和可靠性的重要依据。KENAN等[17]基于模态分析结果,建立了精细化格构式塔架缩尺试验模型。采用风洞试验,马如进等[18]研究了自立状态钢桥塔与塔吊组成的联合体系的抖振性能,结果表明塔吊和钢桥塔抖振响应相互影响明显;LEI等[19]分析和验证了电涡流调谐质量阻尼器(ECD-TMD)对输电塔低阶风致振动的抑制作用。通过振动台试验,徐亚洲等[20]研究了随机地震作用下风电塔响应特性;申民宇等[21]对海上风力发电塔三脚架结构动力特性进行了试验研究;NGUYEN等[22]研究了集装箱起重机在近场和远场地面运动作用下的地震响应;通过改变边界条件,探讨了提升、脱轨等工况下的起重机响应特性[23]。模型试验可以方便地控制所需要的参数和试验环境,重复性强,但成本较高,缩尺模型与实际结构会存在一定误差。
数值计算在研究费用、时间等方面具有明显优势。YAO等[24]计算了不同臂架位置下动臂式塔机动力特性,分析了地震激励对塔机响应(位移、应力)的影响;GU等[25]深入研究了风机吊装中动臂式塔机突然卸载时的动态特性;CHEN等[26]讨论了塔机结构在不同风向下的风振响应及安全性;LU等[27]总结了小车变幅式塔机在施工各阶段的风致振动特性和易损性;夏烨等[28]提出大跨桥梁施工过程中附着高耸塔吊精细化抗风分析流程,对南京长江五桥的桥塔-塔吊联合结构进行了安全性综合评价;OLIVEIRA等[29]对比两种小车变幅式塔机在风荷载和地震荷载作用下的响应特性。数值计算具有方便、快捷、费用低等优点,但部分参数为人为假设,结果需经其他方法(现场实测、模型试验等)验证。
动力特性(包括固有频率、阻尼、振型)作为结构的固有特性,直接影响结构动力效应分析的准确性和可靠性。现阶段,塔吊动力特性主要通过简化模型理论分析[9-11]、数值计算[24-27]获得。塔吊是由塔架、吊绳和吊重等组成的复杂体系,各部分相互作用影响,系统动力特性复杂,本研究基于多参数影响的正交试验,开展了典型自立式平臂塔吊动力特性现场实测,明确不同参数变化(起吊位置、吊绳长度和吊重大小)对动力特性的影响,为塔吊精细化动力学分析、设备故障诊断和动力特性优化提供参考。
实测项目位于河南省郑州市金水大道南辅路以南,占地面积约为4.61×104 m2,总建筑面积约为2.094×104 m2,主要功能为停车、人防、设备用房、综合服务、局部商业等。施工现场共有6座平臂塔吊,为了便于实测,同时减小对施工项目进程的影响,选取最左侧平臂塔吊为本次实测目标塔吊,如图1所示。实测塔吊基本参数如表1所示。
平臂塔吊臂架外伸质量大、结构复杂、外伸长,位于塔顶且需要承受大的起吊重量,是塔吊振动产生的主要结构,故本文实测主要关注臂架振动特性。由于臂架跨度非常大,人在其上活动非常有限,很难配置有线式振动传感器和数据采集设备,本次实测采用江苏东华测试技术股份有限公司DH5907N无线测试分析系统完成。该系统设备体积小巧、方便携带,使用时直接安装于测点位置,采用无线同步技术,无需连线和搜索GPS,直接通过无线传输实现多采集器同步;内置锂电池,可连续工作达10 h以上;通讯距离可达300 m,被广泛应用于桥梁、大型建筑及大型机械设备等的实测分析。
在塔吊端部A和中部B分别固定2个三向测试模块(可直接获得3个相互垂直方向的动力响应),为便于安装、保证塔吊运行传感器的牢固性和安全性,设计了传感器专用夹具。传感器位置、专用夹具安装及实测坐标系如图2所示。其中,X向为垂直于臂架水平方向,Y向为沿臂架轴向,Z向为竖直方向。
影响塔吊振动特性的因素很多,包括塔吊高度、结构(特别是臂架结构)尺寸和外形、起吊位置、吊绳长度、吊重大小等。这些因素十分复杂,且互相牵制,如果对每一种配置的全部组合都进行现场实测,则试验工况和试验时间的量巨大,难以实现。为此,使用正交试验法,用最少的试验次数,得到尽可能多的信息;并对试验数据进行方差分析,以得到各因素的显著性水平和各水平的影响效果。考虑实测项目的现场条件,本文现场实测将重点研究起吊位置、吊绳长度、吊重大小对塔吊动力特性的影响。详细的正交试验设计如表2所示。
通过正交设计将原来的3×3×3=27种工况减少至9种工况(详细工况位置如图3所示),极大地减少了试验次数。本文实测平臂塔吊正交试验表(表2)中相关参数取值如表3所示。
实测时每种工况分别记录开始、中间和结束前塔顶平均风速(由司机室控制台风速仪确定),如表4所示,可以看到,在所有实测工况下,塔顶风速不超过2.4 m/s,即风荷载对塔吊振动的影响不明显。
考虑塔吊振动特性,选择速度响应为主要实测响应,量程取为600 mm/s,采样频率为50 Hz,塔吊运行至指定位置进入稳态后,开始采样,采样时间为600 s。
实测振动信号通过配套的DHDAS振动分析软件导出至MATLAB软件进行后续处理。为提高信噪比,采用数字低通滤波对数据进行处理。
通过实测数据间的相关性状态评估可以直观地了解各方向信号间的密切程度。表5分析了A、B测点X、YZ向速度响应间的相关特性。考虑到结果类似,为节省篇幅,仅给出了空载以及C2、C5和C8工况的结果。可以看到,各工况下,A、B测点X向与YZ向响应间相关性整体水平较低(<0.5),基本不相关;YZ向间响应相关水平始终较高,均超过了0.73,最高值为0.97,呈现高度相关,即塔吊YZ向振动具有较好的同步性。
空载时,测点A、B由于距离影响,同一方向之间(XAXBYAYB)相关性较小,振动一致性较差;当塔吊起吊重物后,测点同一方向振动相关性增大至接近于1,振动基本同步。
鉴于上述振动特性,考虑塔吊结构特点,振动固有频率和结构阻尼比识别将主要关注XZ方向。
分别采用半功率带宽法[30]和协方差驱动的随机子空间识别(SSI-COV)方法[31]进行平臂塔吊振动固有频率和阻尼比识别。表6列出了不同工况下识别的结果。可见,两种方法识别出来的固有频率基本一致,误差很小。以SSI-COV方法识别结果为目标,对比不同工况固有频率可以发现,随着塔吊工作状态的改变,固有频率值会较空载时发生左右波动,其中,X向最大波动9.8%((工况固有频率-空载固有频率)/空载固有频率×100%),Z向最大波动1.6%。
由于阻尼机制的复杂性及识别原理的不同,阻尼比识别结果不确定性较大。对比本文两种方法阻尼比识别结果可以看到,两者存在较明显差异,多数工况下,SSI-COV方法识别的阻尼比小于半功率带宽法识别结果。总的来说,根据工作状态不同,塔吊X向阻尼比介于0.8%~3.3%之间,Z向阻尼比介于0.3%~1.9%(SSI-COV方法识别结果)之间。
以起吊位置(L)、离地高度(吊绳长度H)和吊重(m)作为分析指标,实测的固有频率和阻尼比值(SSI-COV方法)识别结果(表6)作为分析指标,计算相应的均值和极差,结果如表7所示。其中,K¯ii=1,2,3)表示每个因素3次实测所得各指标因素的平均值;RX_FRZ_FRX_DRZ_D为各因素平均数的极差,即K¯i最大均值与最小均值的差。根据极差的大小,可以对影响因素进行排序,极差越大,该因素水平对指标的影响越大,因素越重要。
表7可以看到,各因素对固有频率的主要影响顺序为:X向频率m>H>LZ向频率H>m>L。即起吊位置对结构XZ向振动固有频率的影响最小,吊重和离地高度(吊绳长度)分别对XZ向振动的影响最大。
各因素对阻尼比的主要影响顺序为:X向阻尼比L>H>mZ向阻尼比L>m>H。即起吊位置对XZ向阻尼比的影响最大,离地高度(吊绳长度)和吊重对不同方向阻尼比的影响不同。
给定显著性P值水平为0.05,当显著性P值小于0.05时,认为该因素对结果影响显著;当显著性P值大于0.05时,认为该因素对结果影响不显著。统计量F值表示因素水平变化对指标影响的显著性,该值越大表明该因素对实验指标的影响越显著。
表8为固有频率和阻尼比方差分析结果。可以看出,起吊位置、离地高度(吊绳长度)和吊重对塔吊XZ向固有频率、阻尼比的影响均不呈现显著性(P>0.05),不存在主效应,不会产生差异性关系。
对于固有频率,与极差分析结果一致,起吊位置F值占比最小,XZ向占比分别为15.3%、23.8%,塔吊离地高度(吊绳长度)、吊重F值介于21.9%~62.8%之间,三因素间差异性不明显,对固有频率影响可能存在较高程度的耦合作用。
与固有频率不同,对于XZ向阻尼比,起吊位置F值占比最大,分别为55.2%、60.6%。离地高度(吊绳长度)对X向阻尼比影响较大,达到了40.4%,对Z向阻尼比基本无影响,仅为2.8%。吊重对Z向阻尼比影响较大,达到了36.6%,对X向阻尼比影响甚微,仅为4.4%。
考虑每个杆件真实的形状和分布,在有限元软件ANSYS中采用梁单元(Beam188)模拟杆件,采用MASS21单元模拟配重,建立塔吊有限模型,节点共980个,单元数987,塔吊材料主要为钢材,弹性模量E=210 GPa,泊松比μ=0.3,密度ρ=7.85 kg/m3。鉴于建模中并未考虑次要部件(如爬梯、扶手、连接螺栓等),通过增加杆件密度进行质量补偿,保证补偿后全塔总重与实际塔吊重误差不超过2%。
对(空载)塔吊模型进行模态分析,塔吊前2阶振型分别为:①第1阶:起重臂在水平面内以塔身为中心的转动(臂架节点X向振动为主);②第2阶:起重臂随塔身变形上下偏摆(臂架节点Z向振动为主)。固有频率值如表9所示,对比实测结果固有频率值可见,有限元模型1、2阶固有频率与实测XZ向振动频率相对应,但误差值超过10%,模型不能反映实际结构动力特性,需要基于实测结果进行修正。
为使固有频率误差最小,以材料密度、泊松比、塔身和臂架弦杆宽度等为设计变量,在ANSYS Workbench中开展塔吊响应面结构优化设计,修正后的动力模型固有频率和误差参见表9。可以看到,修正后塔吊固有频率与实测结果能够较好地吻合,误差值不超过±5%。图4为塔吊修正模型振型图。
塔吊与常见格构式结构最大的不同在于臂架结构,其外形复杂、外伸质量大,且位于塔的顶部承担较大的工作重量,获得臂架准确的振型是塔吊动力响应理论分析的基础。
虽然本文实测测点有限,但从图5(a)给出的空载时塔吊XZ向臂架振型简图可以看到,基于实测结果识别出的臂架振型与有限元修正模型振型能够吻合地较好,也反映了修正模型模拟的准确和可靠性。
鉴于臂架主材对称(方钢或圆钢),空载时臂架XZ向振型(如图5(a)所示)无明显差异,与高耸结构1阶振型类似,以臂架塔身连接处为基点随臂架水平位置比(l/Ll为臂架位置,L为起重臂架总长度)呈线性变化。取幂函数形式[32]作为塔吊空载振型表达式:β=(l/L)α,采用非线性最小二乘法拟合得α=1.067,拟合结果与实测和仿真结果对比如图5(a)所示。
图5(b)给出了不同实测工况时识别出的振型与空载振型拟合结果对比示意图。在多数工况下,臂架振型与空载振型相差不大,但当吊重出现在臂架端部(C6)或根部(C4)时,臂架振型呈现较明显的曲线形式,与线性振型差异明显。
以典型自立式平臂塔吊为研究对象,通过多工况现场实测,详细探讨了起吊位置、离地高度(吊绳长度)和吊重等参数对平臂塔吊动力特性的影响,获得了下列结论:
(1)实测平臂塔吊垂直臂架水平方向(X向)与沿臂架轴向(Y向)、竖直方向(Z向)之间相关性整体水平较低;YZ向振动具有较好的同步性。塔吊空载时,同一方向之间相关性较小,振动一致性较差;当塔吊起吊重物后,振动基本同步。
(2)半功率带宽法和SSI-COV方法识别出来的固有频率基本一致,误差较小。阻尼比识别结果差异明显,多数工况下,SSI-COV方法识别出来的阻尼比要小于半功率带宽法识别结果。
(3)随着起吊位置、吊绳长度和吊重的不同,实测平臂塔吊固有频率值会较空载时发生左右波动,其中,X向最大波动9.8%,Z向最大波动1.6%。X向阻尼比介于0.8%~3.3%之间,Z向阻尼比介于0.3%~1.9%(SSI-COV方法识别结果)之间。
(4)通过正交实测结果极值和方差分析表明,起吊位置、离地高度(吊绳长度)和吊重对塔吊XZ向振动固有频率、阻尼比的影响均不呈现显著性,不存在主效应,不会产生差异性关系。
(5)基于实测结果,开展了塔吊有限元模型优化,修正后塔吊模型频率与实测结果误差不超过±5%。空载时,塔吊臂架振幅比呈线性,拟合公式为β=(l/L)1.067;当吊重出现在臂架端部或根部时,臂架振型呈现较明显的非线性特征。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52378300)
  • 河南省杰出青年科学基金资助项目(242300421014)
  • 河南省科技研发计划联合基金(应用攻关类)项目(242103810102)
  • 河南省高等学校重点科研项目(22A410003)
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2025年第38卷第7期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202312006
  • 接收时间:2023-12-01
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-01
  • 修回日期:2024-01-28
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52378300)
河南省杰出青年科学基金资助项目(242300421014)
河南省科技研发计划联合基金(应用攻关类)项目(242103810102)
河南省高等学校重点科研项目(22A410003)
作者信息
    1.华北水利水电大学土木与交通学院,河南 郑州 450045
    2.中建三局集团有限公司,湖北 武汉 430046

通讯作者:

汪志昊(1980—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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