Article(id=1227591337990619603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307057, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689868800000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-21, revisedDate=1695225600000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610182520, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610182520, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610182520, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610182520, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591330579284357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='7', pageStart='1363', pageEnd='1644', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610180719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610389679, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1555, endPage=1564, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591338380689892, articleId=1227591337990619603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Layout schemes analysis of the cable-bracing-self-balancing inerter system in bending-shear structure, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Focusing on a type of cable-bracing inerter system that utilizes positive and negative teeth ball screws to achieve self-balancing properties,this paper explores the prospect of its application in high-rise or super high-rise structures with complex deformation characteristics of bending and shearing. This paper develops a simplified model for the dynamic analysis of bending-shear structures based on the modified Timoshenko beam theory in order to take into account the accuracy and computational efficiency of the simulation of the original structural dynamic characteristics. Three types of cable layout schemes are proposed for the cable-bracing-self-balancing inerter system,and the appropriate cable layouts for the structures with different bending-shear deformation ratios are verified. A quantitative metric is proposed to optimize the anchorage position for structure-specific modal control. The accuracy of the optimization results is confirmed in the time and frequency domains through the application of fixed-point theory for single-modal control. The following conclusions can be derived. The higher the percentage of bending deformation of the structure is,the more effective the vertical connection of the cables will be,and the more effective the diagonal connection will be as the percentage of shear deformation increases. With regard to structure-specific modal control,the optimized anchorage position and fixed-point theory methods can significantly increase the damping efficiency of the inerter system.

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针对一类采用正反牙滚珠丝杠实现自平衡特性的拉索式惯容系统,本文探索了其在高层或超高层等具有弯剪复杂变形特性结构中的应用前景。基于修正的Timoshenko梁理论,建立了弯剪型结构动力分析的简化模型,以兼顾原结构动力特性模拟的准确性和计算效率。提出了拉索式自平衡惯容系统的三种不同拉索安装方式,并验证了不同弯剪变形占比结构各自适配的拉索安装方式。针对结构特定模态控制,提出了一种量化指标来优化拉索锚固位置。从时域和频域分别验证了基于单模态控制定点理论优化结果的准确性。得到结论如下:结构弯曲变形占比越高,拉索竖向安装方式更为有效;随着剪切变形占比的增大,斜向安装更为有效。而针对结构特定模态控制,锚固位置优化和定点理论参数优化能明显提高惯容系统的减震效率。

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谢丽宇(1978—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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Development of bending-shear model for simplified analysis of super-tall buildings[C]//Processing of 17th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,Sendai,Japan. 2021:0218., articleTitle=Development of bending-shear model for simplified analysis of super-tall buildings, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1227654466082635810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591337990619603, awardId=2021YFE0112200, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划重点专项(2021YFE0112200), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227654466200076327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591337990619603, awardId=20ZR1461800, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市自然科学基金面上项目(20ZR1461800), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1227654457182323231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591337990619603, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227654457186517536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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Structural information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构参数取值
结构层数N1/层40
层高h/m4
核心筒截面形状(长度b×宽度b×壁厚t1)/m3薄壁方形14×14×0.4
弹性模量Ec/Pa2.48×1010
剪切截面系数Κ0.43
结构弯剪线刚度比η10.52
核心筒截面面积A/m221.76
楼板形状(长度a×宽度a×板厚t2)/m3正方形30×30×0.15
密度ρ/(kg·m-3)2400
截面惯性矩I/m4671.37
), ArticleFig(id=1227654465352827895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591337990619603, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

结构信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构参数取值
结构层数N1/层40
层高h/m4
核心筒截面形状(长度b×宽度b×壁厚t1)/m3薄壁方形14×14×0.4
弹性模量Ec/Pa2.48×1010
剪切截面系数Κ0.43
结构弯剪线刚度比η10.52
核心筒截面面积A/m221.76
楼板形状(长度a×宽度a×板厚t2)/m3正方形30×30×0.15
密度ρ/(kg·m-3)2400
截面惯性矩I/m4671.37
), ArticleFig(id=1227654465453491200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591337990619603, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of the efficiency of installation modes under different bending-shear line stiffness ratios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构结构顶部剪切变形占比/%安装方式剪切变形驱动惯容位移比γd/%惯容相对位移
原结构2.4竖向安装01
倒V安装2.40.73
斜向安装7.30.47
η增大10倍19.8竖向安装01
倒V安装19.80.90
斜向安装44.20.79
η增大20倍33.2竖向安装00.86
倒V安装33.20.94
斜向安装61.41
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不同弯剪线刚度比下的安装方式效率对比

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结构结构顶部剪切变形占比/%安装方式剪切变形驱动惯容位移比γd/%惯容相对位移
原结构2.4竖向安装01
倒V安装2.40.73
斜向安装7.30.47
η增大10倍19.8竖向安装01
倒V安装19.80.90
斜向安装44.20.79
η增大20倍33.2竖向安装00.86
倒V安装33.20.94
斜向安装61.41
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Comparison of the optimal parameters of inerter system under different bending-shear line stiffness ratios

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结构安装位置(安装层,锚固层)安装方式mdopt/(×107 kg)kdopt/(×107 N·m-1)cdopt/(×107 N·s·m-1)
原结构(0,40)竖向安装1.398.541.37
倒V安装2.5615.722.52
斜向安装6.2338.216.13
η增大10倍(0,40)竖向安装2.3211.102.01
倒V安装2.8613.692.49
斜向安装3.6617.563.19
η增大20倍(0,40)竖向安装3.6614.072.85
倒V安装3.1111.962.42
斜向安装2.7310.482.12
原结构(0,20)斜向安装6.2338.216.13
(0,1)斜向安装6.2338.216.13
), ArticleFig(id=1227654465826783253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591337990619603, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同弯剪线刚度比下惯容系统的优化参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构安装位置(安装层,锚固层)安装方式mdopt/(×107 kg)kdopt/(×107 N·m-1)cdopt/(×107 N·s·m-1)
原结构(0,40)竖向安装1.398.541.37
倒V安装2.5615.722.52
斜向安装6.2338.216.13
η增大10倍(0,40)竖向安装2.3211.102.01
倒V安装2.8613.692.49
斜向安装3.6617.563.19
η增大20倍(0,40)竖向安装3.6614.072.85
倒V安装3.1111.962.42
斜向安装2.7310.482.12
原结构(0,20)斜向安装6.2338.216.13
(0,1)斜向安装6.2338.216.13
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拉索连接自平衡惯容系统应用于弯剪型结构布置策略分析
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谢丽宇 1 , 杨梓健 1 , 薛松涛 1, 2 , 龚玲 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(7): 1555-1564
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(7): 1555-1564
拉索连接自平衡惯容系统应用于弯剪型结构布置策略分析
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谢丽宇1 , 杨梓健1, 薛松涛1, 2, 龚玲1
作者信息
  • 1.同济大学土木工程学院,上海 200092
  • 2.日本东北工业大学建筑系,仙台982-8577

通讯作者:

谢丽宇(1978—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Layout schemes analysis of the cable-bracing-self-balancing inerter system in bending-shear structure
Liyu XIE1 , Zijian YANG1, Songtao XUE1, 2, Ling GONG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Civil Engineering,University of Tongji,Shanghai 200092,China
  • 2.Department of Architecture,Tohoku Institute of Technology,Sendai 982-8577,Japan
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307057
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针对一类采用正反牙滚珠丝杠实现自平衡特性的拉索式惯容系统,本文探索了其在高层或超高层等具有弯剪复杂变形特性结构中的应用前景。基于修正的Timoshenko梁理论,建立了弯剪型结构动力分析的简化模型,以兼顾原结构动力特性模拟的准确性和计算效率。提出了拉索式自平衡惯容系统的三种不同拉索安装方式,并验证了不同弯剪变形占比结构各自适配的拉索安装方式。针对结构特定模态控制,提出了一种量化指标来优化拉索锚固位置。从时域和频域分别验证了基于单模态控制定点理论优化结果的准确性。得到结论如下:结构弯曲变形占比越高,拉索竖向安装方式更为有效;随着剪切变形占比的增大,斜向安装更为有效。而针对结构特定模态控制,锚固位置优化和定点理论参数优化能明显提高惯容系统的减震效率。

弯剪型结构  /  拉索连接自平衡惯容系统  /  布置方法  /  锚固位置

Focusing on a type of cable-bracing inerter system that utilizes positive and negative teeth ball screws to achieve self-balancing properties,this paper explores the prospect of its application in high-rise or super high-rise structures with complex deformation characteristics of bending and shearing. This paper develops a simplified model for the dynamic analysis of bending-shear structures based on the modified Timoshenko beam theory in order to take into account the accuracy and computational efficiency of the simulation of the original structural dynamic characteristics. Three types of cable layout schemes are proposed for the cable-bracing-self-balancing inerter system,and the appropriate cable layouts for the structures with different bending-shear deformation ratios are verified. A quantitative metric is proposed to optimize the anchorage position for structure-specific modal control. The accuracy of the optimization results is confirmed in the time and frequency domains through the application of fixed-point theory for single-modal control. The following conclusions can be derived. The higher the percentage of bending deformation of the structure is,the more effective the vertical connection of the cables will be,and the more effective the diagonal connection will be as the percentage of shear deformation increases. With regard to structure-specific modal control,the optimized anchorage position and fixed-point theory methods can significantly increase the damping efficiency of the inerter system.

bending-shear structure  /  cable-bracing-self-balancing inerter system  /  layout methods  /  anchorage position
谢丽宇, 杨梓健, 薛松涛, 龚玲. 拉索连接自平衡惯容系统应用于弯剪型结构布置策略分析. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1555 -1564 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307057
Liyu XIE, Zijian YANG, Songtao XUE, Ling GONG. Layout schemes analysis of the cable-bracing-self-balancing inerter system in bending-shear structure[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1555 -1564 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307057
随着中国经济的快速发展,城市中高层或超高层建筑的数量和类型越来越多。而当面对地震或风等外部动力作用时,保障人员和财富集中的高层或超高层建筑的安全与舒适性是一大关键。近年来,隔震与消能减震等技术因其高效、方便、经济等特点,得到研究人员的重视和工程的广泛应用。其中,通过在结构中附设消能减震(振)装置或者调谐减震(振)装置进行被动控制是目前应用最为广泛的结构振动控制方式。这种方式主要通过改变结构阻尼或刚度特性,或增设附加质量块等措施来控制结构的动力响应。但是受限于建筑布局、经济成本和节点处理难度,传统消能减震(振)装置所附加力学元件的大小被约束在一定的范围内,减震效果也受到约束。以常用于超高层建筑抗风或抗震的调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)为例,其质量尽管只占原结构的1%~5%左右,但由于原结构质量大,最后给结构附加的质量往往不能忽略。这些附加质量在重力作用下全由结构承担,会增添额外的处理成本。而惯容减震系统通过齿轮、液压或滚珠丝杠等形式实现了表观质量放大的效果。在静力作用下结构只需承受这些机制的真实物理质量,从而实现了被动控制系统的轻量化。
日本学者IKAGO等[1-4]首先将惯容系统用于土木工程结构振动控制领域上,并提出了调谐黏滞质量阻尼器 (TVMD)这一减震系统,并运用定点理论针对单自由度和多自由度TVMD提出了设计优化方法。随后,PAN等[5-6]和ZHANG等[7]推导出了惯容减震系统的阻尼增效关系,揭示了惯容系统高效耗能的原因,并基于性能需求设计提出了快速估计惯容参数的方法。除了对惯容放大机理和参数优化算法的研究外,众多学者也对惯容系统的安装位置、安装方式做了大量的研究。WANG等[8]提出了液柱惯容系统安装于结构层间以及两个相邻高层建筑之间的不同方式,并且通过遗传算法优化参数,验证了其减震性能。KANG等[9]提出了一种基于流体黏滞阻尼器的跷跷板结构振动控制系统,通过纯拉力支撑构件与结构进行连接,能够提高结构的位移传递效率,并验证了纯拉力系统下的跷跷板消能系统能够有效控制结构响应。ASAI等[10-11]提出了一种伸臂式惯容系统,将TVMD安装于框架核心筒结构的外伸支臂和周边柱之间,利用结构的弯曲变形而非剪切变形,提高了TVMD的利用效率。薛松涛等[12]、KANG等[13]和XUE等[14]提出了基于拉索的惯容系统跨层安装优化的方法,基于拉索跨层安装不同布置形式以得到最佳的安装方式。
在惯容系统众多的安装方式中,拉索连接方式安装构造简单、适应性强,能带来丰富的优化空间。且通过设计出力施加一定的预应力使拉索始终处于受拉状态,能一定程度上解决传统刚性支撑受压屈曲的问题,同时增加了拉索的稳定性。但是现阶段拉索连接更多的是利用结构的相对层间变形,而利用其他变形或综合考虑所有变形的研究较少。文献[12-14]讨论的拉索连接式惯容系统跨层安装优化只考虑和利用结构层间相对变形来驱动惯容系统。这让拉索式惯容系统的应用受到一定的局限。XIE等[15]在此基础上提出了拉索式自平衡惯容系统(CBSBIS)在弯曲型结构中的运用,扩展了其应用空间。但实际中很多复杂结构的弯曲和剪切变形都不可忽略,无法简单用剪切模型或弯曲模型来准确模拟结构的变形特性。另外,只考虑结构层间变形会错误包含结构转角带来的刚体位移,从而高估减震装置的作用效果。而采用忽略剪切变形的欧拉梁模型又会低估结构实际的相对层间位移。
综上,本文通过建立弯剪型结构的简化模型,同时考虑结构层间相对位移和相对转角对拉索连接自平衡惯容系统减震效率的影响。并针对弯剪变形占比不同的弯剪型结构,提出了不同的拉索安装方式以优化拉索连接自平衡惯容系统的减震效果。同时,为提高结构振动中某特定模态成分的控制效果,提出了惯容系统模态位移转化系数这一量化指标来优化拉索在结构中的锚固位置。采用结构待控制模态的等效单自由度模型,用定点理论得到惯容系统参数的优化设计值。最后从时域和频域分别验证了在弯剪型结构中对拉索式自平衡惯容系统进行安装方式和锚固位置优化的有效性。
传统结构分析中集中质量模型的连接单元一般采用的是欧拉梁理论,这样通过考虑或忽略节点转角可以模拟结构的纯弯曲或等效剪切变形。而对于同时考虑结构的弯曲和剪切变形,可以采用修正的Timoshenko梁模型[16]来代替集中质量模型中的欧拉梁连接单元。Timoshenko梁在欧拉梁的基础上考虑了剪切变形,因此能够同时模拟结构的剪切和弯曲变形。而修正的Timoshenko梁模型在原来的基础上还考虑了剪切变形引起的转动惯量,消除了原本运动方程中关于时间的四阶导数项。而运动方程中关于时间的四阶导数项的存在使梁产生了没有实际物理意义的第二频谱。所以修正后的Timoshenko梁理论对实际弯剪型结构有更好的模拟。为此,本文选择修正Timoshenko梁作为连接单元的离散集中质量模型来对弯剪型结构进行简化模拟,即结构质量和转动惯量集中于节点,集中质量模型之间的连接采用修正的Timoshenko梁杆模型[17]。其中连接单元采用的Timoshenko梁杆模型的转角位移方程如下:
{MAB=4+12η1+12ηχθA+2-12η1+12ηχθB-61+12ηχlΔMBA=2-12η1+12ηχθA+4+12η1+12ηχθB-61+12ηχlΔQAB=QBA=-61+12ηχl(θA+θB)+121+12ηχl2Δ
式中,η=EI/(ΚGAl2)为梁杆模型的抗弯线刚度与抗剪线刚度之比,其中E为弹性模量,I为梁抗弯截面的惯性矩,G为材料的剪切模量,A为横截面的面积,Κ为剪切截面系数;l为杆长;χ=EI/l为梁的抗弯线刚度;Δ为梁两端相对位移;θAθB分别为梁两端转角。根据此转角位移方程可得到结构刚度矩阵Ks,进而得到离散集中质量模型的动力学方程如下:
Msu¨s+Csu˙s+Ksus=-Msrsx¨g
{Ms=diag(m1,m2,,mN,J1,J2,,JN)rs=[1,1,,1N,0,0,,0N]us=[x1,x2,,xN,θ1,θ2,,θN]TCs=α1Ms+α2Ks
式中,miJi分别为第i个离散节点的质量和转动惯量;us为结构位移向量;xi表示第i个离散节点的平动位移;θi表示第i个离散节点的转动角度;rs为地震力传递矩阵;x¨g为地震作用加速度;α1α2分别为质量比例阻尼系数和刚度比例阻尼系数,假设结构阻尼满足瑞利阻尼假设,且可以根据结构任意两阶模态的阻尼比计算出α1α2N为离散节点数量。
根据上文阐述的简化弯剪型结构的建模方法,本文选取了一个高160 m、40层的混凝土核心筒结构作为建模示例。并在此基础上,通过变化结构等效弯剪线刚度比来获得弯剪变形成分占比不同的弯剪型结构,以此来探讨自平衡惯容系统拉索不同安装方式的减震效果。结构详细信息如表1所示。
对于示例结构采用40个集中质量来对原结构进行离散化模拟。节点集中质量简化为长方体,计算得到节点的质量和转动惯量如图1所示。
简化集中质量模型中的连接单元可视为梁杆单元,能够计算出其对应的弯曲刚度和剪切刚度。而对于其他更为复杂的结构例如钢混组合结构可采用KASAI等[18]提出的一种简单且精度较高的方法来简化复杂结构建模,并可以得到较符合原结构模态特性的简化模型。这个方法能近似得到各层等效弯曲和剪切刚度,且能够较好地符合原结构的第1和第2阶频率和振型。根据各层等效弯曲和剪切刚度标定简化模型中修正的Timoshenko梁连接单元的相关参数,然后根据简化模型来进行后续的消能减震设计。采用简化模型既保证了对原结构关键模态的准确模拟,也为后续惯容系统的优化设计节约了计算资源。
自平衡惯容系统是将惯容元件、阻尼元件及弹簧元件进行串、并联组合而成的被动控制系统,具有转移和消耗外部激励、输入主结构能量的作用。其力学元件合理的拓扑组合与表观质量放大的特性,能提高阻尼耗能和惯质吸能的能力。其中惯容元件通过正反牙滚珠丝杠的形式,将装置的平动转化为转动以获得较大的转动惯量。且利用丝杠的正反牙使惯性飞轮转动方向相反,使其产生的扭矩方向相反,实现端部扭矩自平衡的特性,从而不需额外承受端部扭矩的约束,也得以以拉索这种纯拉力连接方式作为支撑。运用虚功原理可得到惯容元件出力:
F=2J(2πLd)2x¨d=mdx¨d
式中,J为飞盘的转动惯量,当飞盘半径远大于丝杆半径时,J近似为mR2/2,m为飞盘质量,R为飞盘半径;Ld为丝杆导程,表示飞盘转动一圈时丝杆的平动位移;xd为丝杆水平位移。通过调整丝杆导程Ld和飞盘半径R可以获得相较于真实物理质量放大目标倍数的表观质量md,从而相对于调谐减震实现所需质量元件的轻量化。当然质量放大倍数越高,对丝杆材料、加工工艺要求也就越高,成本也会对应增加,需权衡选择。
本文所采用的自平衡惯容系统借鉴IKAGO等[2]提出的TVMD的连接形式,即惯容元件与阻尼元件并联后与调谐弹簧串联。通过在飞盘上设置电涡流阻尼实现惯容元件与阻尼元件并联。图2为自平衡惯容元件和装备拉索连接自平衡惯容系统的一个简单结构,图中,φ¨lφ¨r分别为左、右飞轮转动的角加速度,惯容系统两端采用拉索连接并通过定滑轮转向后固定到结构上。当结构在地震作用下发生振动时,结构变形带动拉索从而驱动惯容系统产生控制效果。拉索连接构造较为简单,结构变形驱动惯容系统的作用明晰。同时,拉索经过滑轮转向后,能以不同的布置形式进行跨楼层锚固。这种多样的安装方式对结构空间适应性强,且通过施加预应力使拉索在工作段处于拉紧状态能一定程度上解决传统支撑受压屈曲的问题,也能增加拉索的稳定性。由于采用了柔性拉索,在设计中也需计算其带来的串联刚度来修正所需弹簧刚度,以考虑拉索变形带来的影响。
由于拉索支撑连接的形式多样,本文根据弯曲和剪切变形特点选择三种较为典型的安装方式,根据连接形状分别定义为斜向安装方式、竖向安装方式和倒V安装方式,如图3所示。
下面以斜向安装方式为例推导简化模型安装自平衡惯容系统后的运动方程。假设惯容系统在底层安装,拉索锚固于顶层。定义惯容系统刚度元件、惯质元件和阻尼元件对应的力学参数分别为kdmdcdTc为惯容系统安装的位移转化矩阵;Fc为惯容系统力作用矩阵;ud为惯容系统的位移。设α为拉索与水平方向的夹角;a为结构宽度,当拉索固定在外部的伸臂桁架时,其为桁架外端到结构中心的距离。令βx=acosαβθ=asinα/2。惯容系统位移ud如下式所示:
ud=Tcus
对于斜向安装方式拉索锚固于结构顶部时:
Tc=Fc=[0,0,N-1,βx,0,0,N-1,-βθ]
地震力作用矩阵r为:
r=[1,1,,1N,0,0,,0N+1]T
安装惯容系统后结构的位移、质量、刚度和阻尼矩阵如下式所示:
{u=[x1,x2,,xN,θ1,θ2,,θN,xd]M=diag(m1,m2,,mN,J1,J2,,JN,md)K=[Ks+FcTkdTc-FcTkd-kdTckd]C=[Cs00cd]
得到安装CBSBIS结构运动方程如下:
Mu¨+Cu˙+Ku=-Mrx¨g
对于竖向安装方式、倒V安装方式运动方程的推导,只有布置形式不同导致位移转化矩阵Tc和力作用矩阵Fc不同,这里不再过多阐述。
三种不同安装方式的减震效果取决于结构位移转化效率即驱动效率和抗力作用效率即不同形式的回复力效率。分析发现,竖向安装、倒V安装和斜向安装这三种方式惯容系统的驱动效率受到结构弯曲和剪切变形比例的影响。具体而言,竖向安装惯容系统的驱动完全是靠结构的弯曲变形(顶层转角)。而倒V安装和斜向安装同时受到弯曲和剪切变形的影响。由于倒V安装中拉索固定在结构中部不受到该层转角自由度的影响,所以相对而言受到弯曲变形的影响较斜向安装小。由于结构振动中模态叠加导致变形没有规律,而在多自由度结构动力分析中1阶模态成分占比往往最大。为了进一步量化结构弯剪变形对不同安装方式位移传递效率的影响,这里选择对结构振动中1阶模态成分进行控制。下面假设结构按1阶模态振动,分析三种安装方式中弯曲变形和剪切变形对惯容系统驱动的占比。多自由度1阶模态振动如下式所示:
us=ψ1x1(t)
式中,ψ1为结构的1阶变形;x1t)为1阶模态广义自由度。
由于只考虑结构振动中1阶模态分量,所以各自由度的相对变形不会发生变化,即结构弯剪变形比例不会发生变化。惯容系统的驱动位移ud=Tcus,在1阶模态振动下弯曲驱动位移udb和剪切驱动位移uds如下式所示:
{udb=Tcψ1bx1(t)uds=Tcψ1sx1(t)ud=udb+uds
式中,ψ1b为1阶振型中的弯曲变形分量;ψ1s为1阶振型中的剪切变形分量。定义结构弯曲和剪切变形传递到惯容系统的驱动比γd=Tcψ1s/(Tcψ1),易知当结构动力特性和惯容系统安装方式确定时,γd为定值。
对于竖向安装,γd≡0,而对于倒V安装和斜向安装,可以对结构振型进行弯曲剪切成分分解,然后求出γd。考虑到示例结构剪切变形占比较小,分别将原结构弯剪线刚度比增大10、20倍(实际各类型结构弯剪线刚度比范围0~∞)来模拟不同的弯剪型结构。对各结构1阶振型进行弯剪变形成分分解,如图4所示。
将不同弯剪线刚度比结构进行纵向对比,选择原结构与弯剪线刚度比分别增大10倍和20倍的结构进行分析。因为结构振型的相对性,这里惯容系统位移取相对大小(最大值为1)。得到结果如表2所示。
表2中可以看出,对于弯曲变形占比较大的结构,竖向安装方式驱动惯容系统效率最高。而当结构弯剪线刚度比增大即剪切变形成分增加时,斜向安装方式剪切变形驱动惯容系统比例增加最大,且驱动惯容位移转化效率由最低变为了最高。于是,可以得出结论:安装于相同位置时,对于三种安装方式结构弯曲变形驱动惯容系统的占比的排序为竖向安装>倒V安装>斜向安装。即结构弯曲变形越大,竖向安装驱动惯容系统更为有效,而随着剪切变形的增加,斜向安装更为有效。
此结论可以帮助在拉索连接自平衡惯容系统的设计中选择合适的安装方式,即根据结构振型弯曲和剪切变形占比来选择不同的安装方式以获得更大的惯容系统驱动效率,从而实现更好的减震效果。当然也可将纯弯曲结构或剪切结构视为两种极端情况来进行设计。
相对于传统的刚性支撑,拉索安装方式带来极大的灵活性,通过各种拓扑形式实现跨层安装以积累结构变形来驱动惯容系统。根据结构变形特点合理选择拉索锚固位置也是提高惯容系统减震效率的有效方法之一。不同的锚固位置惯容系统减震效果差别巨大,如由于跨层安装位置变形的相互抵消,在结构振动过程中驱动惯容系统的位移可能始终为零,即惯容系统几乎不发生作用。另外跨层锚固也可能通过有效累积结构变形放大驱动惯容的位移,使惯容系统的作用得到几何上的增效。同样由于结构实际振动过程中的随机性,认为结构1阶模态振动成分占主导地位。为了定量比较,假定结构变形中1阶模态占主导地位,可得到惯容系统的驱动位移ud=Tcus=Tcψ1x1t)。这里定义结构驱动惯容系统位移与结构1阶模态等效单自由度位移之比为模态位移转化系数,其表达式如下:
γt1=|udx1(t)|=|Tcψ1|
其中,惯容系统位移转化矩阵Tc与其在结构中的安装方式和锚固位置相关。
根据模态位移转化系数的定义,可以得到惯容系统安装于不同楼层位置时其值的相对大小,如图5所示。从图5中可以看出,无论是斜向安装还是倒V安装,对于结构1阶模态位移转化系数而言,跨层安装明显比单层安装效率更高,且惯容系统安装于底层、拉索锚固于顶层时效率最高,即结构发生相同的变形时,惯容系统的驱动位移最大,控制效果较好。另外为了实现惯容系统调谐特点,需要拉索存在一定的变形能力,这导致单层安装时位移传递效率低,惯容系统发挥作用较小。对于斜向安装和倒V安装两种方式,结构2阶模态控制位移转化系数在图中都出现了两个峰值,这与结构对应振型形状类似,但最大峰值位置因安装方式不同而有所差别。值得注意的是,由于高阶振型较为复杂,不合理的跨层锚固位置容易导致惯容驱动位移的相互抵消,从而导致对该阶模态的控制效果差。因此,实际设计拉索连接自平衡惯容系统时,需要根据结构待控制模态合理选择惯容系统安装方式与锚固位置,以最大化发挥自平衡惯容系统的减震效果。
自平衡惯容系统由阻尼元件(cd)、刚度元件(kd)和惯容元件(md)构成,惯容系统参数的优化即确定cdkdmd以达到更好的减震效果,发挥出阻尼增效特性。现有的惯容系统参数优化设计方法有定点理论和基于目标的阻尼增效设计法等。本文讨论的是结构模态控制,与定点理论共振峰值控制目标一致,这里选择定点理论进行优化设计。
但定点理论方法针对的是单自由度模型优化设计,不能直接运用。而结构模态控制能将待控制模态的多自由度模型简化为对应模态等效单自由度模型。其质量、刚度和阻尼对应控制模态的模态质量、模态刚度和模态阻尼。通过简化的单自由度模型,可以运用定点理论进行优化设计。
为了确保结构振动控制中惯容系统在简化的1阶模态等效单自由度的作用与在结构1阶模态振动中的作用相同,要对结构的振型进行归一化处理,归一化的原则为惯容系统1阶模态位移转化系数γt1=1,即当简化的1阶模态等效单自由度发生位移x1t),结构1阶模态振动发生位移ψ1x1t)时,惯容系统的出力一致。因此针对1阶模态的振型归一化如下式所示:
ψ¯i=ψi|Tcψ1|
式中,ψi为结构的第i阶振型;ψ¯i为结构针对1阶模态控制归一化后的第i阶振型,同理可得到归一化后1阶模态等效单自由度的模态质量mdof1、模态刚度kdof1和模态阻尼cdof1如下式所示:
{mdof1=ψ¯1TMsψ¯1cdof1=ψ¯1TCsψ¯1kdof1=ψ¯1TKsψ¯1
对此,利用单自由度TVMD优化的定点理论公式[1],结合单模态控制的思想最终可获得结构1阶模态控制惯容系统的优化参数如下式所示:
{mdopt=μmdof1=μψ1T(Tcψ1)TMsψ1Tcψ1kdopt=kdof1κopt=μ1-μψ1T(Tcψ1)TKsψ1Tcψ1cdopt=cdof1ξopt=μ23μ(1-μ)(2-μ)ψ1T(Tcψ1)TCsψ1Tcψ1
式中,κoptξopt分别为定点理论优化确定的刚度比和阻尼比;μ为设计时需要确定的惯质比,通常来说,μ越大,减震效果越好,但对应的成本也越高。为方便对比,本文后续研究中始终取μ=0.1
为了验证拉索安装方式与锚固位置优化结论的正确性,选用El-Centro_NS(EI)地震波作为地面激励对结构进行时程分析。利用不同弯剪线刚度比结构验证三种安装方式的有效性。考虑到斜向安装方式驱动惯容系统最为复杂,以斜向安装方式为例验证惯容系统拉索锚固于不同楼层时的减震效果。这里选择拉索锚固楼层为顶层、20层和2层三个位置作为对比,如图6所示。
由于拉索安装方式和锚固位置发生变化时,位移传递矩阵Tc不同,惯容系统对应的定点理论优化参数会发生变化。根据上述结构模态控制定点理论优化的思想,振型归一化的原则为对应模态等效单自由度惯容系统的出力一致。而结构位移转化效率越高,惯容系统达到相同出力所需力学元件参数越小。通过采用定点理论这一相同优化方法来对比拉索不同布置方式减震效率,在其等效单自由度模型惯容系统出力一致的情况下,惯容系统所需参数越小,其控制效率越高。选择原结构以斜向安装方式和相同的惯容系统参数来对比拉索锚固于不同楼层时的减震效果。由于结构1阶模态振动成分在结构振动中占比较多,本文主要针对结构1阶模态进行控制,运用上文结构单模态控制定点理论的优化结果,得到了不同方案惯容系统的优化参数如表3所示。
时程分析得到结构顶层自由度水平位移如图7所示。从图7(a)~(c)中可以看到,不同安装方式按照模态控制定点理论优化得到的惯容系统对结构顶层位移控制效果差别不大。但是无论是惯容系统的表观质量、阻尼还是刚度,在原结构和弯剪线刚度比增大10倍的结构中,竖向安装都是其中所需最小的,斜向安装都是所需最大的,即竖向安装驱动惯容系统效率最高,减震效率也最高。而当结构弯剪线刚度比增大20倍后,即剪切变形的比例大大增加后,斜向安装所需惯容系统参数最小,竖向安装所需最大。即完全和原结构结论相反,在减震效果差别不大的情况下,斜向安装驱动惯容系统减震效率较高。
层间位移角体现了结构在地震作用下的相对变形,而对于弯剪型结构有害层间位移角在层间位移角的基础上忽略了对结构变形能力没有影响的刚体位移,更能体现结构的一个变形状态。图8(a)、(b)、(c)展示了目标地震波作用下有害层间位移角的均方根值。可以发现,当结构剪切变形比例增加时,依靠弯曲变形驱动的竖向安装方式的减震效果变差,甚至对于弯剪线刚度比增大20倍结构,有害层间位移角比无控结构还大。可见对于弯剪变形占比不同的结构,选择不同的拉索安装方式对减震效果有较大的影响。
对于结构1阶模态控制,自平衡惯容系统拉索锚固于不同楼层时结构顶层位移的减震效果如图7(d)所示。当拉索分别锚固于2、20、40层时,拉索最佳锚固优化位置40层的控制效果最好。同样,图8(d)展示了拉索不同锚固位置对结构有害层间位移角的控制效果,依旧也是优化位置40层最佳。但是如图9所示,对于各楼层最大绝对加速度的控制,最佳锚固位置仅仅在高层的控制效果略优于20层,中低层的控制效果反而不如锚固于20层。这里可以从图5展示的模态位移转化系数分布图得到一些解释,对于高阶模态控制,40层并非最佳安装位置,而结构的加速度容易受到高阶模态的影响,因此控制效果较差。图10展示了惯容系统拉索锚固于不同楼层时,结构顶层位移的频响函数。从图10中可以看到针对结构的1阶模态控制,最佳优化位置对1阶模态共振峰控制效果最好。同时发现拉索锚固于20层时,对结构2阶模态影响较大。这可以从图5(b)中得到解释,拉索锚固于20层时2阶模态位移转化系数较大,说明此锚固位置对2阶模态影响大。为此在实际工程中,可以根据控制目标选择待控制的模态,然后针对各待控模态运用单模态控制定点理论,优化得到多个惯容系统和各自对应的拉索锚固位置,这样可以有针对性的优化惯容系统的减震效果。
无论是顶层位移、有害层间位移角还是绝对加速度,惯容系统拉索单层锚固于底部时效果甚微,所以惯容系统自平衡特性带来的端部约束解放得以以拉索支撑连接方式实现跨层锚固来积累结构变形驱动惯容系统,从而提高控制效果。图11展示了拉索锚固于不同楼层时,自平衡惯容系统阻尼元件的滞回环,可以看到最佳拉索锚固位置的滞回环最为饱满,耗能最为充分。
综上针对弯剪型结构,拉索连接自平衡惯容系统的设计优化流程图如图12所示。
在实际工程运用中,由于高层或超高层结构体系往往较为复杂,本装置需结合建筑实际的布局设计来考虑拉索在结构中的具体安装方式。可以充分利用电梯井、设备管线等已有构造来布置拉索以减少后续成本。
本文基于修正的Timoshenko梁理论建立了弯剪型结构动力分析的简化模型。并基于简化模型,分析探讨了拉索连接自平衡惯容系统三种不同安装方式对弯剪变形占比不同的弯剪型结构减震效果的影响。针对结构振动中特定模态控制,讨论了拉索连接自平衡惯容系统拉索锚固楼层优化的控制效果,主要结论如下:
(1) 拉索连接自平衡惯容系统设计时,对原结构采用简化弯剪型模型建模能同时考虑结构的弯曲和剪切变形,能相对更为准确地模拟出控制系统的减震效果并节约计算资源。
(2) 拉索连接自平衡惯容系统的自平衡特性能解放端部扭矩约束,从而得以以拉索这种纯拉力形式作为连接支撑。发挥了拉索这种柔性连接方式的多样化调整和优化空间的优势。
(3) 针对各弯剪变形占比不同的弯剪型结构,可合理选择本文提出的三种拉索安装方式。具体而言,结构弯曲变形越大,竖向安装驱动惯容系统的减震效率更高,而随着剪切变形的增加,倒V和斜向安装方式的减震效率更高。
(4) 对于拉索连接自平衡惯容系统,需根据实际工程设计中的待控制模态合理选择拉索锚固楼层以积累结构变形来驱动惯容系统,从而实现更好的减震控制效果。
  • 国家重点研发计划重点专项(2021YFE0112200)
  • 上海市自然科学基金面上项目(20ZR1461800)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202307057
  • 接收时间:2023-07-21
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-21
  • 修回日期:2023-09-21
基金
国家重点研发计划重点专项(2021YFE0112200)
上海市自然科学基金面上项目(20ZR1461800)
作者信息
    1.同济大学土木工程学院,上海 200092
    2.日本东北工业大学建筑系,仙台982-8577

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谢丽宇(1978—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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