Article(id=1227591337629905697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306048, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687536000000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-24, revisedDate=1697212800000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610182434, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610182434, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610182434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610182434, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591330579284357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='7', pageStart='1363', pageEnd='1644', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610180719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610389679, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1486, endPage=1495, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591338116444978, articleId=1227591337629905697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Two-steps weight-removing for dynamic balancing of micromotor rotor based on discrete vector model, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A milling unbalance correction method based on a discrete vector model is proposed to address the issue of poor performance of traditional dynamic balancing methods when the initial unbalance of the micro motor rotor is large. A discrete vector model is established based on the parameters of the milling cutter and rotor,and the corresponding relationship between the equivalent cutting mass and cutting depth under second time cutting is obtained by integrating the discrete points of the edge curve. By comparing with the 3D model simulation data,it is verified that the deviation rate of the model is low. Experimental verification shows that when the initial unbalance on one side of the rotor exceeds 100 mg,a total weight removal rate of over 90% can be achieved,and the equivalent mass of the remaining unbalance on one side can be controlled below 10 mg. All rotors meet the G1 accuracy level. This indicates that this proposed method can improve the dynamic balance accuracy of the micro motor rotor when the initial unbalance of the micro motor rotor is large.

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针对微电机转子初始不平衡量较大时动平衡效果不佳的问题,提出了一种基于离散矢量模型的切削去重不平衡校正方法。根据铣刀和转子的参数建立离散矢量去重模型,基于边缘曲线离散点的积分计算得到了二次去重情况下切削等效质量与切削深度的对应关系,通过与三维模型仿真数据比较验证了模型的精度。采用5个微电机转子进行试验验证,在转子初始不平衡量高于100 mg的情况下,能实现90%以上的总去重率,并将剩余不平衡等效质量控制在10 mg以下,被测转子均符合G1.0精度等级。表明该方法能够在初始不平衡量较大时提高微电机转子动平衡精度。

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姜东(1985—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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label=Fig. 1, caption=Mechanical model of rotor unbalance, figureFileSmall=gSMkX9Gj71CrkIvw9W/o1Q==, figureFileBig=PxZRODg7XuIIzlsg1AxWZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654463532499842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591337629905697, language=CN, label=图1, caption=转子不平衡力学模型, figureFileSmall=gSMkX9Gj71CrkIvw9W/o1Q==, figureFileBig=PxZRODg7XuIIzlsg1AxWZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654463675106193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591337629905697, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The reason for raising the issue of two-steps balancing of the rotor, figureFileSmall=yWdM2on5kTS+aAQIoVOPrg==, figureFileBig=Cdi7sOgwPEs4PWii4+n9UA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654463767380889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591337629905697, language=CN, label=图2, caption=转子二次去重平衡问题提出的原因, figureFileSmall=yWdM2on5kTS+aAQIoVOPrg==, figureFileBig=Cdi7sOgwPEs4PWii4+n9UA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654463897404328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591337629905697, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The cutting sections of initial milling in different directions, figureFileSmall=jCCcaU3nAwed8lZo5NML5w==, figureFileBig=tKdJf12/BbgbT6rdpcYBrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654464010650541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591337629905697, language=CN, label=图3, caption=一次切削在不同方向上的切削截面, figureFileSmall=jCCcaU3nAwed8lZo5NML5w==, figureFileBig=tKdJf12/BbgbT6rdpcYBrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654464119702452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591337629905697, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Relationship between cutting depth and correction quality of initial cutting, figureFileSmall=+Nrd516l4ZUhvm5/6eXTMg==, figureFileBig=o7JeaheJ5H94V4EAaV3O/A==, 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cutting using discrete model method, figureFileSmall=yZ0vJU5MMglUG2GMACM47A==, figureFileBig=9ivCmzESUmOPEkkYAl4Yfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654465562542087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591337629905697, language=CN, label=图9, caption=采用离散模型方法切削后的实验转子, figureFileSmall=yZ0vJU5MMglUG2GMACM47A==, figureFileBig=9ivCmzESUmOPEkkYAl4Yfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654465642233867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591337629905697, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Relationship between cutting depth and correction quality of second time cutting, figureFileSmall=qUgD28FfutvKUVqtS0yz+g==, figureFileBig=+ASvF+wvErpbeLW3zXvU5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654465730314255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591337629905697, language=CN, label=图10, caption=二次切削切削深度与校正质量的关系, figureFileSmall=qUgD28FfutvKUVqtS0yz+g==, 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Comparison of cutting volumes (ω=10°,t1=1 mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t2/mm三维软件切削体积/mm3离散模型计算体积/mm3误差率/%
0.20.3840.3810.787
0.41.4441.4132.194
0.63.2843.1873.044
0.85.9805.7903.282
1.09.6739.3004.011
), ArticleFig(id=1227654466187493413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591337629905697, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

切削体积对比(ω=10°,t1=1 mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t2/mm三维软件切削体积/mm3离散模型计算体积/mm3误差率/%
0.20.3840.3810.787
0.41.4441.4132.194
0.63.2843.1873.044
0.85.9805.7903.282
1.09.6739.3004.011
), ArticleFig(id=1227654467575808042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591337629905697, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Initial cutting effect of discrete model rotor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
转子编号初始不平衡量一次切削去重参数一次切削后不平衡量
1校正面A113.26 mg,268.24°25.38 mg,324°,0.57 mm53.70 mg,262.51°
126.65 mg,252°,1.00 mm
校正面B70.23 mg,355.45°66.73 mg,36°,0.89 mm20.50 mg,306.56°
38.51 mg,324°,0.69 mm
2校正面A136.82 mg,218.64°116.07 mg,252°,1.00 mm50.67 mg,221.1°
92.13 mg,180°,1.00 mm
校正面B36.04 mg,96.71°41.22 mg,108°,0.72 mm7.20 mg,59.89°
36.66 mg,36°,0.68 mm
3校正面A102.65 mg,4.77°74.51 mg,36°,0.94 mm24.36 mg,18.85°
87.10 mg,324°,1.00 mm
校正面B93.14 mg,112.66°31.23 mg,180°,0.63 mm35.97 mg,78.89°
107.13 mg,108°,1.00 mm
4校正面A116.98 mg,40.16°122.11 mg,36°,1.00 mm56.30 mg,15.39°
17.30 mg,108°,0.48 mm
校正面B71.03 mg,10.82°40.16 mg,324°,0.71 mm19.61 mg,357.85°
41.09 mg,36°,0.72 mm
5校正面A71.94 mg,134.95°40.47 mg,108°,0.71 mm24.64 mg,98.74°
33.93 mg,180°,0.66 mm
校正面B132.59 mg,122.96°130.04 mg,108°,1.00 mm57.72 mg,113.93°
36.34 mg,180°,0.68 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1227654467697442866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591337629905697, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

离散模型转子一次切削效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
转子编号初始不平衡量一次切削去重参数一次切削后不平衡量
1校正面A113.26 mg,268.24°25.38 mg,324°,0.57 mm53.70 mg,262.51°
126.65 mg,252°,1.00 mm
校正面B70.23 mg,355.45°66.73 mg,36°,0.89 mm20.50 mg,306.56°
38.51 mg,324°,0.69 mm
2校正面A136.82 mg,218.64°116.07 mg,252°,1.00 mm50.67 mg,221.1°
92.13 mg,180°,1.00 mm
校正面B36.04 mg,96.71°41.22 mg,108°,0.72 mm7.20 mg,59.89°
36.66 mg,36°,0.68 mm
3校正面A102.65 mg,4.77°74.51 mg,36°,0.94 mm24.36 mg,18.85°
87.10 mg,324°,1.00 mm
校正面B93.14 mg,112.66°31.23 mg,180°,0.63 mm35.97 mg,78.89°
107.13 mg,108°,1.00 mm
4校正面A116.98 mg,40.16°122.11 mg,36°,1.00 mm56.30 mg,15.39°
17.30 mg,108°,0.48 mm
校正面B71.03 mg,10.82°40.16 mg,324°,0.71 mm19.61 mg,357.85°
41.09 mg,36°,0.72 mm
5校正面A71.94 mg,134.95°40.47 mg,108°,0.71 mm24.64 mg,98.74°
33.93 mg,180°,0.66 mm
校正面B132.59 mg,122.96°130.04 mg,108°,1.00 mm57.72 mg,113.93°
36.34 mg,180°,0.68 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1227654467802300472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591337629905697, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Second time cutting effect of discrete model rotor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
转子编号一次切削后不平衡量二次切削去重参数二次切削后不平衡量总去重率/%
1校正面A53.70 mg,262.51°18.89 mg,334°,0.50 mm5.92 mg,214.39°94.77
59.50 mg,242°,0.92 mm
校正面B20.50 mg,306.56°5.45 mg,46°,0.27 mm6.36 mg,239.14°90.94
17.82 mg,314°,0.48 mm
2校正面A50.67 mg,221.1°48.97 mg,262°,0.84 mm7.12 mg,229.91°90.18
40.59 mg,170°,0.77 mm
校正面B7.20 mg,59.89°7.56 mg,118°,0.32 mm4.50 mg,221.95°87.51
17.54 mg,26°,0.48 mm
3校正面A24.36 mg,18.85°20.53 mg,46°,0.52 mm9.36 mg,308.13°90.88
17.43 mg,314°,0.51 mm
校正面B35.97 mg,78.89°35.24 mg,118°,0.72 mm8.77 mg,278.50°90.58
22.42 mg,26°,0.54 mm
4校正面A56.30 mg,15.39°31.58 mg,314°,0.63 mm8.79 mg,2.51°92.49
56.84 mg,46°,0.90 mm
校正面B19.61 mg,357.85°11.72 mg,314°,0.4 mm1.55 mg,330.89°97.82
6.21 mg,46°,0.29 mm
5校正面A24.64 mg,98.74°8.96 mg,26°,0.35 mm8.42 mg,59.96°88.30
16.51 mg,118°,0.47 mm
校正面B57.72 mg,113.93°62.52 mg,98°,0.94 mm7.03 mg,159.16°94.70
19.05 mg,190°,0.5 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1227654467890380861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591337629905697, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

离散模型转子二次切削效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
转子编号一次切削后不平衡量二次切削去重参数二次切削后不平衡量总去重率/%
1校正面A53.70 mg,262.51°18.89 mg,334°,0.50 mm5.92 mg,214.39°94.77
59.50 mg,242°,0.92 mm
校正面B20.50 mg,306.56°5.45 mg,46°,0.27 mm6.36 mg,239.14°90.94
17.82 mg,314°,0.48 mm
2校正面A50.67 mg,221.1°48.97 mg,262°,0.84 mm7.12 mg,229.91°90.18
40.59 mg,170°,0.77 mm
校正面B7.20 mg,59.89°7.56 mg,118°,0.32 mm4.50 mg,221.95°87.51
17.54 mg,26°,0.48 mm
3校正面A24.36 mg,18.85°20.53 mg,46°,0.52 mm9.36 mg,308.13°90.88
17.43 mg,314°,0.51 mm
校正面B35.97 mg,78.89°35.24 mg,118°,0.72 mm8.77 mg,278.50°90.58
22.42 mg,26°,0.54 mm
4校正面A56.30 mg,15.39°31.58 mg,314°,0.63 mm8.79 mg,2.51°92.49
56.84 mg,46°,0.90 mm
校正面B19.61 mg,357.85°11.72 mg,314°,0.4 mm1.55 mg,330.89°97.82
6.21 mg,46°,0.29 mm
5校正面A24.64 mg,98.74°8.96 mg,26°,0.35 mm8.42 mg,59.96°88.30
16.51 mg,118°,0.47 mm
校正面B57.72 mg,113.93°62.52 mg,98°,0.94 mm7.03 mg,159.16°94.70
19.05 mg,190°,0.5 mm
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基于离散矢量模型的微电机转子二次去重动平衡研究
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姜东 , 薛子旻 , 鲁镇荣 , 李梦瑄 , 陈伟宇 , 杭晓晨
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(7): 1486-1495
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(7): 1486-1495
基于离散矢量模型的微电机转子二次去重动平衡研究
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姜东 , 薛子旻, 鲁镇荣, 李梦瑄, 陈伟宇, 杭晓晨
作者信息
  • 南京林业大学机械电子工程学院,江苏 南京 210037

通讯作者:

姜东(1985—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Two-steps weight-removing for dynamic balancing of micromotor rotor based on discrete vector model
Dong JIANG , Zimin XUE, Zhenrong LU, Mengxuan LI, Weiyu CHEN, Xiaochen HANG
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering,Nanjing Forestry University,Nanjing 210037,China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306048
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针对微电机转子初始不平衡量较大时动平衡效果不佳的问题,提出了一种基于离散矢量模型的切削去重不平衡校正方法。根据铣刀和转子的参数建立离散矢量去重模型,基于边缘曲线离散点的积分计算得到了二次去重情况下切削等效质量与切削深度的对应关系,通过与三维模型仿真数据比较验证了模型的精度。采用5个微电机转子进行试验验证,在转子初始不平衡量高于100 mg的情况下,能实现90%以上的总去重率,并将剩余不平衡等效质量控制在10 mg以下,被测转子均符合G1.0精度等级。表明该方法能够在初始不平衡量较大时提高微电机转子动平衡精度。

转子动平衡  /  微电机  /  切削去重不平衡校正方法  /  离散矢量模型  /  初始不平衡量

A milling unbalance correction method based on a discrete vector model is proposed to address the issue of poor performance of traditional dynamic balancing methods when the initial unbalance of the micro motor rotor is large. A discrete vector model is established based on the parameters of the milling cutter and rotor,and the corresponding relationship between the equivalent cutting mass and cutting depth under second time cutting is obtained by integrating the discrete points of the edge curve. By comparing with the 3D model simulation data,it is verified that the deviation rate of the model is low. Experimental verification shows that when the initial unbalance on one side of the rotor exceeds 100 mg,a total weight removal rate of over 90% can be achieved,and the equivalent mass of the remaining unbalance on one side can be controlled below 10 mg. All rotors meet the G1 accuracy level. This indicates that this proposed method can improve the dynamic balance accuracy of the micro motor rotor when the initial unbalance of the micro motor rotor is large.

rotor dynamic balancing  /  micromotor  /  milling unbalance correction method  /  discrete vector model  /  initial unbalance
姜东, 薛子旻, 鲁镇荣, 李梦瑄, 陈伟宇, 杭晓晨. 基于离散矢量模型的微电机转子二次去重动平衡研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1486 -1495 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306048
Dong JIANG, Zimin XUE, Zhenrong LU, Mengxuan LI, Weiyu CHEN, Xiaochen HANG. Two-steps weight-removing for dynamic balancing of micromotor rotor based on discrete vector model[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1486 -1495 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306048
微电机作为基础性的电子器件被广泛应用于各种机电设备中。由于制造中的材质不均匀、线圈缠绕不对称、加工和装配过程中存在误差等因素,使得微电机转子在工作时产生不平衡的离心力,动不平衡是引起转子振动的主要原因,会引起转轴以及轴承的各种磨损等危害,降低设备工作性能与工作效率[1-2]。因此,微电机转子在使用前必须进行动平衡改善其质量分布,确保转子的不平衡量在规定的精度等级范围内。在工程中很难实现理想的动平衡,通常情况下,稳定运行时转子的振幅降低到允许范围,即剩余不平衡量在允许范围时,可认为已达到转子动平衡[3-4]
转子动平衡校正主要有去重和加重两种方式。其中,去重校正多用于全自动化平衡机上,去重效率高[5-6]。对于去重校正方式,一直存在着切削位置偏差和切削精度难控制等问题[7-8]。除了要对不平衡信号精确检测并分析得到不平衡量的大小和位置外,还要建立切削材料部分与不平衡量之间的映射关系[9-13]。刘健等[14]全面考虑了去重质量分布及圆周槽对实际去除不平衡量的影响,建立了精确的R型切削去重模型。曾胜等[15]建立了一种V型铣刀切削去重简化模型,提出基于此模型运用线性插值方式的去重切削控制方案。TSENG等[16]针对铣刀重复加工操作造成的磨损,制定了补偿算法,以在线估计切削矢量计算矩阵中所需的参数设置。ZHANG等[17]针对薄圆盘工件半径较大导致微小不平衡质量也能形成较大不平衡量的结构特点,提出了一种可变权重去除率的迭代控制方法,提高不平衡校正精度。樊红卫等[18]针对单平面转子在线主动平衡问题,建立了转子在线主动平衡影响系数法的数学模型,提高了在线平衡效率。LI等[19]建立了基于V型铣刀的离散去重模型,实现高精度的去重切削。CHUNG等[20]提出了一种新的自适应转子平衡自动检测方法,实现了转子动平衡系统配置的快速实时优化。在工程中,直接将不平衡量较大的转子一次切削至合格较为困难,需要进行二次切削去重。
传统的二次切削方法为在一次切削模型上修正,在一次切削深度基础上增大切削量。本文提出了一种改进的二次切削方法,通过改进二次切削以及对二次切削区域进行离散矢量模型分析,能够有效地提高转子二次切削的切削效率和动平衡精度。
将刚性转子分解为垂直于旋转轴线的无限多个连续薄片,转子的不平衡是由每个薄片相对旋转轴线存在偏心所造成的。所有薄片上的离心力可以等效到两个任意选定且与旋转轴线垂直的校正面上,并用校正面内的两个等效力代替,在两个校正面内施加与等效力等值且相反的力使转子平衡。
转子不平衡力学模型如图1所示,其中面A和面B是校正面,L为两者之间的距离,将所有薄片上的离心力等效到校正面A和校正面B可得到等效力:
{FA=i=1nLBiLFiFB=i=1nLAiLFi
将单一校正面视为质点的集合,其等效力可表示为:
F=mrω02
式中,m为单位质量;r为圆盘薄片的旋转中心到其质心的距离;ω0为转子转速;LAiLBi分别表示第i个薄片到面A和面B的距离;n为转子分解的薄片数量;Fi表示分解的每一平面所产生的不平衡力。由此可知,转子的不平衡量在物理意义上表现为一定转速下的质径积,工程中等效为在转子半径处的质量,即等效质量。
本文采用影响系数法对刚性转子进行动平衡[21]。影响系数法是在转子支撑系统满足线性化假设的前提下,支撑处的振动响应等于各个位置不平衡量引起的振动响应的线性叠加,单位不平衡量在支撑处引起的振动响应与单位不平衡量的比值称为影响系数。通过测量转子选定平面的试加重与振幅之间的线性关系,得到该平面的影响系数与等效校正质量,通过校正达到转子动平衡。
图2所示,在通过影响系数法得到转子的等效校正质量后,采用V型铣刀去重校正。V型铣刀去重校正是根据等效校正质量和V型铣刀切削深度的关系,使铣刀在指定位置切削出计算的深度,从而对转子的不平衡量进行平衡校正。根据铣刀的参数、转子的材料及半径,可通过建模计算出对于不同不平衡量时铣刀的切削深度。对于微电机转子,切削模型的积分公式过于复杂,本文通过建立离散矢量模型提高了动平衡精度。
工程中,直接将不平衡量较大的转子一次切削至合格较为困难,通常基于理想模型用物理建模方法对转子进行去重加工。加工过程中存在工艺系统变形,会导致切削体积的实际值与理论值存在误差。
随着切削深度加深,切削精度会逐渐下降,导致去重效果差。为了解决这个问题,需要对未达到要求的转子进行二次去重,直到平衡要求得到满足。由于V型铣刀的特殊形状以及多槽转子的切削策略,实际切削位置集中在特定位置。在工程中,切削精度下降会导致切削残余,即二次切削位置与一次切削位置接近。若按照传统切削策略,二次切削直接在一次切削区域直接增加切削深度,单位切削深度所对应的切削等效质量呈现指数增长,导致切削精度降低,平衡效果差。同时,多槽转子单一截的分布特点为中间厚两侧薄,当切削点过于靠近截面边缘单薄区域,会引发硅钢片较薄部分崩解。因此,不能单纯依靠加深切削深度或错开切削区域的方式实现二次切削,应当选定特定的偏转角度对二次切削进行建模分析。
一次切削去重模型的截面如图3所示,显示了切削过程中转子与铣刀的分布状态,图中X方向为铣刀进给方向,Y方向为转子径向,Y1为阴影区沿Y方向的最大值,Z方向为转子轴向,Z1为阴影区沿Z方向的最大值,α为铣刀半刃角,r为铣刀半径,R为转子半径。初始位置时转子与铣刀相切,切削深度t=0,随着切削深度的增加,相交部分逐渐增大。其中,图3(a)为铣刀切削转子时X-Y面上的截面图,图3(b)为铣刀切削转子时X-Z面上的截面图。
基于V型铣刀的一次切削离散模型[19],可得到如图4(a)所示的切削深度与不平衡量质径积之间的关系。在工程中,采用影响系数法得到校正质量后,可以通过两种方式对不同的物理量进行转化:一种是将影响系数法的校正质量乘以转子半径,得到不平衡量的质径积,如图4(a)所示;另一种是将不平衡量的质径积除以转子半径来获得等效质量,如图4(b)所示,其中虚线是切削区域的质量,实线是切削区域的等效质量。
图4(b)所示,在一次切削去重模型中介绍了切削深度与等效质量的关系,若二次切削与一次切削存在切削重叠区域,不平衡量与切削深度不再满足此关系,二次切削去重模型需重新建模确定。图5X-Y坐标系为一次切削坐标系,x-y坐标系为二次切削坐标系。
二次切削情况下,需针对一次切削部分已经切除区域进行修正,故对两次切削重叠部分进行建模。第二次切削不平衡量的方位角与第一次切削不平衡量的方位角的夹角为ω,且旋转方向为逆时针。则第一次切削坐标与第二次切削坐标的转换关系可表示为:
[xy]=[cosωsinω-sinωcosω][XY]
式中,X、Y为一次切削的坐标;x、y为二次切削的坐标。式(3)等价为:
[XY]=[cosω-sinωsinωcosω][xy]
根据一次切削深度t1、二次切削深度t2、铣刀半刃角α、转子半径R、铣刀平刃段长度d,得到一次切削区域右侧曲线在X-Y坐标系下的表达式以及二次切削区域左侧曲线在x-y坐标系下的表达式:
{X=R-t1+(-Y-d2)cot(-α)x=R-t2+(y-d2)cotα
联立式(4)与(5)得到两次切削重合区域顶点在x-y坐标系下的坐标x'y'的表达式为:
{y'={(R-t1)sin2α+(R-t2)sinαsin(ω-α)+dcosα[sinα+sin(α-ω)]/2}/(-sinω)x'=R-t2+(y'-d2)cotα
z=0时,图5(a)为切削中心x-y平面上的截面图,其中重合区域内部包络线为铣刀两次切削内部边缘曲线:
x1(y)={R-t2+(y-d2)cotα, y'<yy1x'+(y-y')cot(ω-α), y2yy'
重合区域外部包络线为转子外围曲线:
x2(y)=R2-y2
式中,y1y2图5(a)所示z=0时,沿y方向阴影区域的最大值与最小值。联立式(7)与(8)得到y1关于切削深度t的表达式为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} y_{1}(t)=\left[-\cot \alpha\left(R-t_{2}-\cot \alpha \times \frac{d}{2}\right)+\right. \\ \left.\sqrt{R^{2}\left(\cot ^{2} \alpha+1\right)-\left(R-t_{2}-\cot \alpha \times \frac{d}{2}\right)^{2}}\right] / \\ \left(\cot ^{2} \alpha+1\right) \\ y_{2}(t)=\left\{-\cot (\omega-\alpha)\left[x^{\prime}-y^{\prime} \cot (\omega-\alpha)\right]-\right. \\ \left.\sqrt{R^{2}\left[\cot ^{2}(\omega-\alpha)+1\right]-y^{\prime}\left[x^{\prime}-\cot (\omega-\alpha)\right]^{2}}\right\}^{\prime} \\ {\left[\cot ^{2}(\omega-\alpha)+1\right]} \end{array}\right.$
图5(b)x-z平面上的截面图阴影区域与y轴坐标点取值有关,根据铣刀半径r,重合区域内部包络线为铣刀两次切削内部边缘曲线:
x1(z)={x'+[r-(y-d2)cotα]2-z2, y'yy1x'+[r-(y'-d2)cotα-(y-y')cot(ω-α)]2-z2, y2yy'
重合区域外部包络线为转子外围曲线:
x2(z)=R2-y2
z1为沿z方向阴影区域的最大值,联立式(10)与(11)得到z1关于y的表达式为:
z1(y)={[r-(y-d2)cotα]2-(R2-y2-x')2, y'yy1[r-(y'-d2)cotα-(y-y')cot(ω-α)]2-(R2-y2-x')2,y2yy'
当切削深度t确定时,沿y轴方向对x-z截面积分可得切削区域体积V的表达式为:
V=-y1y1dz-z1z1dyx1x2dx
转子不平衡量一般都是用质径积U来表示,其值等于转子校正面上一点的质量与该点到转子转轴距离的乘积,对应切削区域的不平衡量U表达式为:
U=-y1y1dz-z1z1dyx1x2xρdx
式中,ρ为转子切削区域密度。
由于式(13)、(14)的积分式非常复杂,难以得到准确的积分解析式。因此,根据两次切削区域重合部分的边缘曲线产生一组离散点来代替铣刀对转子的切削空间,其中各离散点的坐标为(xijkyizij),离散间距为K,单个点占据空间为K3,产生的不平衡效应为:
e=ρK3r
将所有离散空间与产生的不平衡效应叠加,得到该切削区域体积V与不平衡量U
V=i=1mj=1nik=1oijK3
U=i=1mj=1nik=1oijρK3xijk 
式中,mnioij分别为y轴方向、z轴方向、x轴方向对应的离散节点个数,表达式为:
{m=INT(y1(t)-y2(t)K)ni=INT(z1(yi)-z2(yi)K);i=1,2,,moij=INT(x1(zij)-x2(zij)K);j=1,2,,ni
式中,INT表示取整数;y1y2为转子切削区域在y轴方向的两个边缘点;yiy1y2沿y轴切削区域内侧产生的离散点:
yi=y1(t)-(i-1)×K;i=1,2,,m
z1z2为转子切削区域在z轴方向的两个边缘点,zijz1z2沿z轴切削区域内侧产生的离散点:
zij=z1(yi)-(j-1)×K; j=1,2,,ni
x1x2为转子切削区域在x轴方向的两个边缘点,xijkx1x2沿x轴正向切削区域内侧产生的离散点:
xijk=x2(zij)-x1(zij)-(k-1)×K;k=1,2,,oij
为验证离散矢量模型质径积参数的准确性,利用离散点组成的切削模型与三维软件模型进行对比。选取的铣刀参数为:铣刀半径r=13 mm,铣刀半刃角α=60°,铣刀平刃段长度d=0.4 mm;根据转子结构特性,选取偏转角度ω=10°,根据切削深度参数选取t1=1 mm;通过模拟切削区域体积与离散矢量模型体积进行对比验证模型的准确性。表1为偏转角度ω为10°,一次切削深度t1为1 mm,二次切削深度t2在1 mm以内的部分切削体积数据。从数值上来看,离散模型与三维模型之间切削体积误差率较小,表明离散矢量模型对质径积参数模拟效果较好,可实现动平衡。
微电机转子切削分刀是指将在单面切削时所需不平衡量质径积等效至其他多个位置,避免切削点过于靠近截面边缘区域导致硅钢片的崩解。
一次切削分刀的理论基础为力的分解原理,将测量得到校正质量分解在合适位置。以五槽微电机转子为例,如图6(a)所示。五槽微电机转子不同区域的可切削深度不一致,为保证生产效率,尽量减少切削次数。切削点选在齿面中心时可切削深度最大,即固定次数切削下可平衡范围最大,故切削分刀的切削位置一般选在齿面中心。
图6(b)所示,将Fa分解在最近的相邻两齿面中心:
Fa=Ft1+Ft2
平衡力与配平量之间近似为正比关系,可以直接用配平量分解代替力的分解,即
Ua=U1+U2
式中,U1U2为配平量Ua在相邻两齿面中心的分量。
对于五槽微电机转子,每两个槽之间的夹角为2π5,假设UaU1的夹角为θ,则UaU2的夹角为2π5-θU1U2关系为:
{|U1|=sin(2π5-θ)sin3π5|Ua||U2|=sinθsin3π5|Ua|
在计算得到U1U2后,根据切削深度t与不平衡量U之间的对应关系进行实际切削,即可完成一次切削分刀。
由于第二次切削往往会与第一次切削的部分区域重合,若按传统方法延续一次切削的切削分刀方案,直接在一次切削区域直接增加切削深度,单位切削深度所对应的切削等效质量呈现指数增长,导致切削精度降低,平衡效果差。同时,若为了避免切削区域重复,则切削点会靠近截面边缘单薄区域,引发硅钢片较薄部分崩解。因此,不能单纯依靠加深或错开切削区域实现二次切削,应当选定特定的偏转角度ω进行二次切削。
二次切削分刀的理论基础为力的分解原理,但需要结合一次切削的数据记录,形成特定的分刀。如图7(a)所示,由于切削分刀是将不平衡力向两侧分解,如果二次切削分刀的偏转方向为向内偏转,则会在转子上出现无法进行分刀的区域,增加切削分刀的复杂性,不便于工程实现;故二次切削分刀的偏转方向选择如图7(b)所示向外偏转:
Fa'=Ft1'+Ft2'
平衡力与配平量之间近似为正比关系,可以直接用配平量分解代替力的分解,即
Ua'=U1'+U2'
在二次切削过程中,单次二次切削的质径积Ut2'由无重合影响切削质径积Ut1'和一次切削与二次切削重合质径积Ut'两部分组成,质径积之间的关系为:
Ut2'=Ut1'-Ut'
图5(d)所示,合力在切向方向上的影响较小,根据计算在所有切削状况下最大影响偏转角不超过1°,故可以近似认为Ut1'Ut2'的关系为:
Ut2'=Ut1'-Ut'
对于五槽微电机转子,每两个槽之间的夹角为2π5+2ω,假设UaU1'的夹角为θUaU2'的夹角则为2π5+2ω-θU1'U2'表示为:
{|U1'|=sin(2π5+2ω-θ)sin(3π5-2ω)|Ua'||U2'|=sinθsin(3π5-2ω)|Ua'|
在得到U1'U2'的大小后,根据一次切削分刀的数据,若二次切削会与一次切削出现重合,则根据切削深度t与不平衡量U'之间的对应关系进行实际切削;若一次切削深度较浅无重合区域,则根据切削深度t与不平衡量U之间的对应关系进行实际切削,即可完成二次切削分刀。
上述分析完成了V型铣刀切削区域离散建模与影响系数法配平量之间的转化及分刀,下面通过具体实验的去重合格率验证该方法的平衡精度。转子动平衡机采用基恩KV-8000PLC作为控制器,微电机转子动平衡精度为G1.0,转子转速为2100 r/min,当转子左、右两侧的不平衡质量均低于20 mg时,转子合格。测量设备和切削设备如图8所示,选取的铣刀参数为:铣刀半径r=13 mm,铣刀半刃角α=60°,铣刀平刃段长度d=0.4 mm。采用离散模型方法切削后的实验转子如图9所示,选取的转子均为五槽微电机转子,转子参数为:转子半径R1=11.5 mm,转子叠高L=27 mm。经过二次切削,一次切削区域的下半部分与二次切削区域的上半部分重叠。通过切削前后转子不平衡量之差与切削前初始不平衡量之间的比值作为平衡效果判断依据,即不平衡量减少率。不平衡量减少率是评定平衡机综合性能的重要指标之一,习惯将这种比值转化为百分比进行表示:
pij=||Aij|-|Bij||Aij×100%
式中,pij为转子不平衡量减少率;Aij为转子初始不平衡质量;Bij为铣刀切削后的转子不平衡质量。
基于V型铣刀的二次切削离散模型,可以得到如图10(a)所示的切削深度与不平衡量质径积的关系,而在动平衡过程中,影响系数法测量得到的物理量为质量。可以通过两种方式对两种不同量纲的结果进行转化:一种是通过将影响系数法得出的质量乘以转子半径,得到不平衡量的质径积,以获得切削深度,如图10(a)所示;另一种是通过将不平衡量的质径积除以转子半径以获得等效质量,如图10(b)所示,其中虚线是切削区域的质量,实线是切削区域的等效质量。
控制铣刀切削深度的伺服电机分度值为0.01 mm,从图10(a)中可以看出,切削深度越大,转子不平衡量越大,产生的误差越大。在工程中,为避免切削深度过深后,切削质径积控制不稳定,设定该转子的单次最大切削深度为1 mm,即单次最大切削质量为86.42 mg。切削中心点距转子叠厚边缘5 mm,当转子切削深度为单次最大切削深度1 mm时,平行于转子轴方向的半长为5 mm,无空切削现象。切削效果如表2所示。
表2实验数据可知,在使用一次切削去重模型的情况下,超过单次最大切削质量86.42 mg的切削深度限制为1 mm,剩余不平衡质量由二次切削完成。切削效果如表3所示。
表3图11所示的实验数据可知,在使用二次切削去重模型的情况下,切削后转子的总体减少率在85%以上,初始不平衡量高于100 mg的情况下,能实现90%以上的总去重率,且转子两校正面剩余不平量均在10 mg以下,此方案能达到高精度去重校正的目的。
传统切削模型不考虑控制切削深度对切削精度的影响,针对不平衡量较大的转子一次切削效果不佳的情况,二次切削基于一次切削模型直接增加切削深度,工程中发现去重动平衡效果差。
本文提出了一种可行的二次切削优化策略,通过V型铣刀在二次切削中偏转特定角度,实现部分切削区域重叠情况下的离散矢量模型方案,解决V型铣刀在转子不平衡量较大时产生的二次切削问题,提高了不平衡量较大时转子的切削去重率和合格率。在转子动平衡精度G1.0的目标下,转子单面初始不平衡量高于100 mg,能实现90%以上的总去重率及将单面剩余不平衡质量控制在10 mg以下,所有转子均合格。本文的二次切削模型基于五槽转子结构下固定的一次切削深度和偏转角度,有效提高了不平衡量较大转子的去重精度。但在实际微电机转子去重校正中,需要进一步研究多种一次切削深度和偏转角度参数以适应工程中多种转子结构要求。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(11602112)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52202445)
  • 江苏高校“青蓝工程”优秀青年骨干教师项目
  • 江苏省高校自然科学基金资助项目(20KJB460003)
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2025年第38卷第7期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306048
  • 接收时间:2023-06-24
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-24
  • 修回日期:2023-10-14
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(11602112)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52202445)
江苏高校“青蓝工程”优秀青年骨干教师项目
江苏省高校自然科学基金资助项目(20KJB460003)
作者信息
    南京林业大学机械电子工程学院,江苏 南京 210037

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姜东(1985—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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