Article(id=1227591336711353095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202304031, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1682006400000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-21, revisedDate=1694707200000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610182216, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610182216, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610182216, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610182216, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591330579284357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='7', pageStart='1363', pageEnd='1644', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610180719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610389679, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1548, endPage=1554, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591337512465177, articleId=1227591336711353095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Design,test and parameter identification of self-centering rebar splices, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Post-tensioned prestress,self-centering brace and shape memory alloy (SMA) are the main ways to realize the self-centering of the structures. However,the construction of post-tensioned prestress is complex,the concentrated force generated by self-centering brace may cause joint damage,and the SMA is expensive. The disc springs are preloaded to provide the self-centering force. A self-centering rebar splice is developed to connect the longitudinal rebars in the reinforced concrete structures. The calculation method of the stiffness,preload and effective stroke of the self-centering rebar splice is established. Four rebar splices with different preload force,stiffness and effective stroke are designed and manufactured,and the mechanical properties of the rebar splices are tested. The parameters of the rebar splice adopting the Bouc-Wen model are identified based on particle swarm optimization algorithm. The results show that the self-centering rebar splice has a stable half-flag hysteretic curve and excellent self-centering performance. The Bouc-Wen model can accurately describe the hysteretic characteristics of the rebar splice,and the fitting data are in good agreement with the test data.

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后张预应力、自复位支撑和形状记忆合金(SMA)是实现结构自恢复功能的主要途径,但后张预应力施工复杂,自复位支撑产生的集中力可能造成节点破坏,形状记忆合金(SMA)造价较高。通过预紧碟簧提供自复位力,研发了一种钢筋混凝土结构纵向钢筋自复位连接接头,建立了自复位钢筋接头刚度、预紧力和有效行程计算方法;设计制作了4组不同预紧力、刚度和有效行程的钢筋接头,开展了接头力学性能试验;基于粒子群算法对接头Bouc-Wen模型参数进行识别,建立了接头Bouc-Wen模型。结果表明:自复位钢筋接头具有稳定的半旗形滞回曲线和优异的自复位性能;Bouc-Wen模型可以准确描述接头的滞回特性,拟合数据与试验数据吻合良好。

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吕杨(1984—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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Design parameters of self-centering rebar splices

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参数T1T2T3T4
ω0.10.20.20.2
预紧力Fp/kN9.1618.3218.3218.32
碟簧数n28282624
刚度K/(N∙mm-13571357138464167
预紧长度d0/mm2.565.134.764.44
总行程d/mm11.211.210.49.6
有效行程de/mm8.646.075.645.21
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自复位钢筋接头设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数T1T2T3T4
ω0.10.20.20.2
预紧力Fp/kN9.1618.3218.3218.32
碟簧数n28282624
刚度K/(N∙mm-13571357138464167
预紧长度d0/mm2.565.134.764.44
总行程d/mm11.211.210.49.6
有效行程de/mm8.646.075.645.21
), ArticleFig(id=1227654456729334552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336711353095, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Parameter identification results of particle swarm algorithm

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参数T1T2T3T4
γ0.981.450.0010.82
β3.8920.140.159.25
A5.4131.2214.412.55
C0-4.82-32.44-3.785.46
K03.583.603.794.18
α2.171.780.862.64
X0-2.59-3.85-2.973.21
N0.460.4112.0516.50
), ArticleFig(id=1227654456850969382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336711353095, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

粒子群算法参数识别结果

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参数T1T2T3T4
γ0.981.450.0010.82
β3.8920.140.159.25
A5.4131.2214.412.55
C0-4.82-32.44-3.785.46
K03.583.603.794.18
α2.171.780.862.64
X0-2.59-3.85-2.973.21
N0.460.4112.0516.50
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自复位钢筋接头设计、试验及模型参数识别
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吕杨 1 , 李秋虎 1, 2 , 董翠 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(7): 1548-1554
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(7): 1548-1554
自复位钢筋接头设计、试验及模型参数识别
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吕杨1 , 李秋虎1, 2, 董翠1
作者信息
  • 1.天津城建大学天津市土木建筑结构防护与加固重点实验室,天津 300384
  • 2.中建三局第一建设工程有限责任公司,湖北 武汉 430040

通讯作者:

吕杨(1984—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Design,test and parameter identification of self-centering rebar splices
Yang LYU1 , Qiuhu LI1, 2, Cui DONG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Tianjin Key Laboratory of Civil Structure Protection and Reinforcement,Tianjin Chengjian University,Tianjin 300384,China
  • 2.China Contruction Third Bureau First Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040,China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202304031
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后张预应力、自复位支撑和形状记忆合金(SMA)是实现结构自恢复功能的主要途径,但后张预应力施工复杂,自复位支撑产生的集中力可能造成节点破坏,形状记忆合金(SMA)造价较高。通过预紧碟簧提供自复位力,研发了一种钢筋混凝土结构纵向钢筋自复位连接接头,建立了自复位钢筋接头刚度、预紧力和有效行程计算方法;设计制作了4组不同预紧力、刚度和有效行程的钢筋接头,开展了接头力学性能试验;基于粒子群算法对接头Bouc-Wen模型参数进行识别,建立了接头Bouc-Wen模型。结果表明:自复位钢筋接头具有稳定的半旗形滞回曲线和优异的自复位性能;Bouc-Wen模型可以准确描述接头的滞回特性,拟合数据与试验数据吻合良好。

自复位  /  钢筋接头  /  预紧碟簧  /  Bouc-Wen模型  /  粒子群算法

Post-tensioned prestress,self-centering brace and shape memory alloy (SMA) are the main ways to realize the self-centering of the structures. However,the construction of post-tensioned prestress is complex,the concentrated force generated by self-centering brace may cause joint damage,and the SMA is expensive. The disc springs are preloaded to provide the self-centering force. A self-centering rebar splice is developed to connect the longitudinal rebars in the reinforced concrete structures. The calculation method of the stiffness,preload and effective stroke of the self-centering rebar splice is established. Four rebar splices with different preload force,stiffness and effective stroke are designed and manufactured,and the mechanical properties of the rebar splices are tested. The parameters of the rebar splice adopting the Bouc-Wen model are identified based on particle swarm optimization algorithm. The results show that the self-centering rebar splice has a stable half-flag hysteretic curve and excellent self-centering performance. The Bouc-Wen model can accurately describe the hysteretic characteristics of the rebar splice,and the fitting data are in good agreement with the test data.

self-centering  /  rebar splices  /  pre-loaded disc springs  /  Bouc-Wen model  /  particle swarm algorithm
吕杨, 李秋虎, 董翠. 自复位钢筋接头设计、试验及模型参数识别. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1548 -1554 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202304031
Yang LYU, Qiuhu LI, Cui DONG. Design,test and parameter identification of self-centering rebar splices[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1548 -1554 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202304031
基于“三水准”的建筑抗震设计理念虽然能保证人员生命安全,但是建筑功能在震时维持、震后快速恢复方面存在严重不足。地震后高档社区和写字楼等因建筑功能中断等造成的损失已经远大于建筑主体结构造价[1-2]。如何减小结构震后损伤及残余位移,提高震后建筑功能自恢复能力是当前地震工程领域的研究热点。国内外学者针对可恢复功能结构体系、可更换结构构件等开展了一系列研究,并取得了丰硕的研究成果[3-6]。其中,自复位支撑、形状记忆合金(SMA)的自复位节点和后张预应力是实现结构自复位的主要途径。
文献[7-9]提出了一种使用预紧碟簧提供复位功能、采用摩擦板耗散能量的自恢复支撑,研究结果表明,该支撑具有较好的复位功能和明显的耗能能力,能够呈现出旗形滞回曲线。MILLER等[10]提出一种使用SMA的自复位耗能支撑,试验结果表明,该支撑具有防屈曲支撑的耗能能力,在卸载后可以恢复原有状态。文献[11-12]设计了自复位耗能支撑,支撑由预应力钢绞线、黏滞耗能组件、摩擦耗能元件以及刚阻尼器组成,支撑和支撑框架结构低周往复荷载试验结果表明,该支撑具有旗形滞回性能和优良的自复位特性。文献[13-14]提出了一种通过碟簧提供压紧力,采用齿状钢块滑动摩擦实现自复位和耗能性能的自复位支撑,并采用该支撑开展了多种结构体系的振动台试验,证明了自复位支撑结构体系能有效降低结构残余位移。
QIU等[15]设计了SMA自复位支撑,并开展了4个六层框架结构的抗震性能分析。WANG等[16]将碟簧组件组装到钢套筒中,采用碟簧组件提供自复位力,设计了一种自复位摩擦碟簧阻尼器,阻尼器性能试验表明,在多个等级的位移加载下阻尼器都具有稳定的旗形滞回曲线,力学性能和耗能能力稳定。韩建平等[17]研发了一种自复位黏弹性阻尼支撑,支撑利用SMA的拉伸变形和黏弹性材料的剪切变形共同耗散能量,同时利用SMA的超弹性特性复位。钱辉等[18]提出利用SMA和ECC材料对预制梁柱节点进行连接,试验验证了SMA和ECC应用到装配式梁柱节点中能有效减小节点的残余变形和刚度退化速度。
后张预应力是实现结构自复位性能的另一个有效途径,通过设置预紧应力或预拉应力实现结构自复位。预应力自复位结构主要有梁柱节点[19-20]、框架结构[21-24]、剪力墙[25-26]以及桥墩[27-30]等。郭彤等[20]提出了一种腹板摩擦式自定心预应力混凝土框架梁柱节点,并通过14个低周往复加载试验对节点的力学行为以及耗能特性进行研究,证明了所提出的节点具有震后自动复位、主体结构基本无损、耗能机制明确等优点。冯世强等[21]提出一种预应力自复位装配式混合(SPH)框架结构,并将其与普通钢筋混凝土框架结构进行对比,研究表明,SPH框架表现出更好的承载性能、复位效果、变形及耗能能力。CHRISTOPOULOS等[23]采用预应力钢绞线给钢框架结构提供自复位性能,通过理论和试验研究了自复位钢框架结构力学性能,结果表明,自复位钢框架结构在非常大的位移下梁柱构件不会产生损伤,并且结构几乎没有残余变形。KURAMA等[25]采用后张预应力钢绞线给预制装配混凝土墙提供自复位性能,分析表明,自复位墙初始抗侧刚度与现浇结构相同,预制接缝张开后墙体以刚体位移为主。ZHANG等[29]开展了自复位预制节段拼装钢管混凝土桥墩试验,建立了桥墩数值分析方法并对关键参数进行了讨论,结果表明,经过适当设计的桥墩具有理想的自复位和耗能性能。
分析可知,自复位支撑可以替代传统支撑以及防屈曲支撑实现结构自复位性能,但其占用空间较大,影响建筑的使用功能,并且在地震过程中,支撑节点处会产生一个较大的集中力,结构将承担支撑产生的附加荷载造成连接节点破坏。预应力钢绞线需要在结构浇筑成型后张拉,施工较为复杂,在桥墩等大型结构构件中具有较好的应用前景,但对普通钢筋混凝土柱存在构造和施工复杂等问题,并且预应力损失可能造成结构自复位性能的降低。当前SMA还存在造价较高、恢复变形时间较长以及可能发生疲劳失效等问题。上述原因阻碍了自复位结构的工程应用,因此,减小自复位力的大小,降低施工复杂程度和造价是提高自复位结构工程应用的关键。本文提出一种自复位钢筋接头,用于连接钢筋混凝土柱、梁或节点纵向钢筋,在材料层面实现结构自复位性能,首先介绍自复位钢筋接头的构造和设计方法,然后设计制作了4组不同预紧力和有效行程的钢筋接头,开展接头力学性能试验,最后基于试验数据采用粒子群算法对接头的Bouc-Wen模型参数进行识别。
碟形弹簧材料特性稳定、弹性变形能力优越,并且不受外界温度变化的影响,用碟簧提供复位力,其变形能力、刚度、承载力可由不同数量碟簧组合,设计得到不同自复位和变形能力的钢筋连接接头。以直径18 mm的钢筋为例,设计碟簧尺寸如图1所示。碟簧自由高度a=4.3 mm,碟簧厚度b=3.5 mm,碟簧内径c=18.3 mm,碟簧外径2r=45 mm,单片碟簧行程e=a-b=0.8 mm。
碟簧材质为50CrV4,其屈服强度大于1130 MPa,抗拉强度大于1275 MPa,弹性模量为2.12 GPa。对单片碟簧进行性能测试,得到单片碟簧刚度K0为25 kN/mm。试验装置和试验结果分别如图23所示。
通过串联或并联碟簧组可调节碟簧组件受压刚度。如图4所示,碟簧组件安装完成后,拧紧密封螺母将碟簧组件封装在钢套筒内。通过拧动预紧螺母拉紧刚性导杆对碟簧单元施加预紧力。按照设计需求,预紧力取钢筋屈服强度的ω倍,设计不同预紧力的碟簧构件单元,预紧过程中碟簧被压短,预紧长度d0为施加预紧力与碟簧组刚度的比值。碟簧组件的有效行程de为碟簧组压实总行程d与预紧长度d0的差值。
图4所示,自复位钢筋接头主要由套筒、导杆、碟簧、密封螺母和预紧螺母组成。钢筋接头设计需要确定碟簧组件总行程d、刚度K、预紧力Fp以及静摩擦力Ff。在满足上述4个参数要求的情况下确定套筒直径,并按照钢筋抗拉强度确定套筒壁厚。
本文主要验证碟簧装置的自复位性能,以图4所示的自复位钢筋接头为例,采用直径18 mm的HRB400钢筋,钢筋屈服强度设计值fy=360 MPa,单根钢筋面积As1=254.5 mm2。碟簧组件通过并联2片碟簧后再串联14组(共28片)碟簧得到,不考虑摩擦组件时,自复位钢筋接头的主要参数如下:
① 总行程d=n×e=14×0.8=11.2 mm;
② 刚度K=K0n=25×214=3.571 kN/mm;
③ 预紧力Fp=ωfyAs1=0.2×360×254.5= 18.324 kN;
④ 预紧长度d0=FpK=18.323.571=5.13 mm;
⑤ 有效行程de=d-d0=6.07 mm。
通过预紧螺母拉动导杆施加预紧力,碟簧组受压变短,密封螺母挤压碟簧而处于压缩状态。在碟簧完全压实之前,自复位力随压缩变形的增大而增大。碟簧压实以后,钢筋受力与普通钢筋相同,将经历钢筋屈服、强化和拉断阶段。静摩擦力Ff主要由碟簧和套筒壁的摩擦提供,在地震过程中,碟簧之间相对挤压碰撞也会耗散部分能量。
采用自复位钢筋接头连接的钢筋混凝土构件在经受小震时,钢筋受力小于接头预紧力,结构受力性能与普通钢筋混凝土结构相同;当结构经受中震时,钢筋受到的拉力大于预紧力,碟簧组件被进一步压缩,混凝土在接头位置张开,接头自复位力增大,震后结构裂缝闭合,结构恢复初始状态;当结构经受大震时,碟簧组件被压实,钢筋受到的拉力超过钢筋屈服强度,钢筋进入强化阶段甚至极限状态,此时因钢筋塑性变形产生的残余位移不能完全恢复。当钢筋接头受压时,其受力性能与普通钢筋相同,因此,该钢筋接头的力-位移关系曲线为半旗形。预紧前后的钢筋接头受力状态如图4所示。工程应用时,接头可设置于柱脚、梁端等任意位置,以实现结构自复位性能。
设计不同预紧力和刚度的钢筋接头4个,各接头设计参数如表1所示。需要说明的是,本次设计的钢筋连接接头未设置摩擦材料,半旗形滞回曲线滞回环为接头碟簧与套筒以及碟簧之间产生的摩擦耗能。如图5所示,对不同预紧力和不同有效行程的4组试件进行力学性能试验,试验以位移控制分三级加载,加载位移分别为钢筋接头有效行程的1/3、2/3和1倍。以T1为例,三级加载位移分别为2.88、5.76和8.64 mm,每个等级的位移循环加载3次。因碟簧压紧后力学性能与普通钢筋相同,本文未考虑碟簧压紧后的力学性能。
钢筋接头碟簧组件压紧前受力性能主要分为两个阶段:第一阶段为外加荷载与预紧力平衡阶段,此时接头轴向刚度理论上为无穷大;第二阶段荷载大于预紧力,碟簧开始进一步压缩,接头受拉刚度与碟簧组刚度相同,卸载时由于碟簧与外套筒之间的摩擦滑移,因此接头表现出旗形的滞回曲线,如图6所示。以T1为例,接头预紧力为9.16 kN,当接头拉力小于预紧力时(图6中OA段),接头位移约等于0;当拉力大于10 kN时(图6中AB段),碟簧预紧力被外力抵消并进一步被压缩,接头抗拉刚度与碟簧组刚度相同;当外力加到43.7 kN时开始卸载,接头碟簧组与外套筒产生摩擦,卸载刚度大于碟簧组刚度(图6中BC段);进一步卸载,碟簧从压平状态恢复初始状态,碟簧外直径减小,由于未设置耗能装置,此时碟簧与外套筒摩擦减弱,接头刚度与碟簧组刚度相近直至回到初始预紧力点,此时压紧预紧螺母与外套筒,维持初始预紧力(图6中CA段)。对比T1和T2的试验数据可以看出,碟簧组数量及组合形式相同即刚度相同时,预紧力大的T1有效行程小于T2,接头卸载和再加载刚度相同。对比T2、T3和T4可知,由于碟簧组不同,接头具有不同的初始预紧刚度,当施加的预紧力相同时,T2预紧长度最大,T4最小;随着位移的增大,接头承载力因刚度的不同增长速率也不同,T4增长速率最慢,并且具有最小的有效行程5.21 mm。需要说明的是,钢筋接头压实力只跟碟簧的排列形式相关,本文两个碟簧并联后的刚度为50 kN/mm,单组碟簧压实位移为0.8 mm,因此,所设计的4个钢筋接头压实力均为40 kN。
为了在通用有限元程序中开展自复位钢筋接头连接钢筋混凝土结构力学性能分析,首先需要建立接头力学模型。鉴于Bouc-Wen模型能够较好地描述复杂非线性滞回关系,本文采用该模型模拟接头力-位移关系。Bouc-Wen模型由滞回系统、黏滞阻尼单元和弹簧单元并联组成,如图7所示。充分利用模型灵活的数值可调节性,对钢筋接头力学模型进行参数识别。Bouc-Wen模型的一般表达式为:
{F=C0X˙+K0(X-X0)+αzz˙=-γ|X˙|z|z|N-1-βX˙|z|N+AX˙
式中,F为钢筋接头的拉力;C0为碟簧材料屈服后的黏性系数;X0为碟簧的初始变形量;α为屈服刚度与屈服前刚度之比;z为滞变位移;z˙为滞变位移的一阶导数;γ为影响过渡区段线性度的系数;N为影响圆滑程度的系数;β为影响滞回环形状的系数;A为影响滞回环幅值的系数;X为加载位移;X˙为加载速度。Bouc-Wen模型需要确定C0K0X0αγβAN八个未知参数。
粒子群算法中主要包含粒子数量、学习因子及惯性权重等控制参数,这些参数在一定程度上会影响算法的优化性能,应依据设计原则适当选取。此外,粒子群算法是一种进化计算技术,属于进化算法的一种,从随机解出发,通过迭代寻找最优解,以适应度来评价解的品质。本文采用粒子群算法对钢筋连接接头的Bouc-Wen模型参数进行识别[31]。粒子群算法基本流程如图8所示。
为使用粒子群算法对Bouc-Wen模型进行参数识别,在MATLAB软件平台中采用实数编码编写粒子群算法程序,算法相关参数设置为:粒子个数为50,迭代次数M=1000,自变量个数D=8。其中,适应度函数f如下式所示:
f=1mi=1m(Fisim-Fiexp)2
式中,m表示数据点的个数;Fiexp表示力学性能试验测得的力;Fisim表示以当前粒子位置确定的Bouc-Wen模型得到的阻尼力。适应度函数作为评价优化问题效果的函数,函数值越小,表明此组数值越接近最优解。其中,Fisim由MATLAB程序采用四阶龙格-库塔算法求解得到。
基于试验结果,得到各钢筋接头Bouc-Wen模型参数识别结果如表2所示。将上述参数代入Bouc-Wen模型,并与试验结果进行对比,结果如图9所示。由图9可以看出,所建立的Bouc-Wen模型能较精确地模拟所建立钢筋接头的力学性能,后期将基于该模型开展自复位钢筋混凝土结构抗震性能研究。
本文研发了一种自复位钢筋接头,建立了接头预紧力、刚度和有效行程的计算方法,制作了4组接头并开展了接头力学性能试验,采用粒子群算法对接头Bouc-Wen模型参数进行了识别。研究主要得到如下结论:
(1) 自复位钢筋接头在加、卸载阶段具有稳定的半旗形滞回曲线,自复位性能优异,可用于连接钢筋混凝土结构中的纵向钢筋。
(2) 通过合理设计碟簧组件,可以设计制作不同预紧力、刚度和有效行程的自复位钢筋接头,进而实现小震时结构不开裂、中震可恢复、大震不破坏的抗震设计目标。
(3) 采用粒子群算法可以精确地确定自复位钢筋接头的力-位移关系曲线,建立接头的Bouc-Wen滞回模型。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52178295)
  • 天津市自然科学基金资助项目(24JCZDJC00140)
  • 天津市青年科技人才(第一层次)项目(QN20230106)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202304031
  • 接收时间:2023-04-21
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-21
  • 修回日期:2023-09-15
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52178295)
天津市自然科学基金资助项目(24JCZDJC00140)
天津市青年科技人才(第一层次)项目(QN20230106)
作者信息
    1.天津城建大学天津市土木建筑结构防护与加固重点实验室,天津 300384
    2.中建三局第一建设工程有限责任公司,湖北 武汉 430040

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吕杨(1984—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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