Article(id=1227591336484864434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694361600000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-11, revisedDate=1704211200000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610182162, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610182162, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610182162, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610182162, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591330579284357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='7', pageStart='1363', pageEnd='1644', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610180719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610389679, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1577, endPage=1587, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591337680241103, articleId=1227591336484864434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Reliability study of AP1000 nuclear power plant under stochasic main aftershock, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In practice,earthquakes typically involve a mainshock followed by a series of aftershocks,and their occurrence is highly unpredictable. The mainshock damages the structure,and the aftershocks worsen the response and damage of the structure. However,no studies have investigated the effects of stochastic seismic sequences on AP1000 nuclear power plants. This paper proposes an analytical framework for studying the dynamic response and reliability of AP1000 nuclear power plants under stochastic main aftershocks. Stochastic main aftershock sequences are generated using the physical stochastic function model of ground motions,narrow-band harmonic group superposition method,and Copula function. The dynamic response of the AP1000 nuclear power plant is analyzed by using ABAQUS software. The direct probability integration method (DPIM) is used to obtain the probability density function of the maximum displacement response in the horizontal direction of the shielded building,and its dynamic reliability is calculated. The results show that the acceleration and relative displacement of the top of the shielded building and the steel containment vessel have increased to varying degrees after the aftershock,compared with experiencing the mainshock only. Additionally,the damage area between the water tanks and the vents has expanded. The aftershocks could cause further damage to the nuclear power plant. The dynamic response of nuclear power plants exhibits a high degree of randomness due to the stochastic ground motions. Aftershocks can reduce the reliability of nuclear power plants to varying degrees under different thresholds.

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在实际中,地震通常由一次主震和一系列余震构成,且地震发生的随机性很强。主震会对结构造成破坏,随后的余震则会放大和加剧结构的响应与损伤。然而,目前尚无考虑随机地震序列作用对核电厂影响的研究。提出了一种AP1000核电厂在随机主余震作用下的动力响应和可靠度研究的分析框架。使用地震动的物理随机函数模型、窄带波群叠加法和Copula函数模拟随机主余震序列;基于ABAQUS软件建立AP1000核电站模型,并对其进行动力响应分析;基于直接概率积分法得到核电厂屏蔽厂房水平方向最大位移响应的概率密度函数,并计算其动力可靠度。结果表明,相较于仅经历主震,余震作用后屏蔽厂房顶部和安全壳顶部的加速度与相对位移分别有不同程度的增大,屏蔽厂房水箱和通风口之间区域的损伤面积有所扩大,余震会对核电厂造成进一步破坏。由于地震的随机性,核电厂的动力响应也表现出一定随机性。余震会降低核电厂的动力可靠度,其降低的程度与核电厂选择的阈值相关。

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庞锐(1991—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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高嘉鸿(2000—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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高嘉鸿(2000—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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高嘉鸿(2000—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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Probability distribution and statistics of random variable

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变量主震余震
函数类型p1p2函数类型p1p2
A0Lognormal2.851.26Lognormal4.541.30
τLognormal0.761.23Lognormal2.171.72
aLognormal1.370.54Lognormal1.830.64
bLognormal1.920.56Lognormal1.950.57
cWeibull1.311.27Weibull1.711.68
dWeibull1.431.60Weibull1.541.85
ωgWeibull0.492.58Weibull0.492.58
ξgWeibull12.231.22Weibull12.231.22
), ArticleFig(id=1227654469442273411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336484864434, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各随机变量的概率分布与统计值

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变量主震余震
函数类型p1p2函数类型p1p2
A0Lognormal2.851.26Lognormal4.541.30
τLognormal0.761.23Lognormal2.171.72
aLognormal1.370.54Lognormal1.830.64
bLognormal1.920.56Lognormal1.950.57
cWeibull1.311.27Weibull1.711.68
dWeibull1.431.60Weibull1.541.85
ωgWeibull0.492.58Weibull0.492.58
ξgWeibull12.231.22Weibull12.231.22
), ArticleFig(id=1227654469530353801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336484864434, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

The optimal Copula functions and parameter values of random variable

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变量函数参数数值
A0Plackettθ19.218
τStudentθ0.225
ν4
aPlackettθ3.107
bClaytonθ1.302
cClaytonθ0.503
dStudentθ0.213
ν4
), ArticleFig(id=1227654469664571536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336484864434, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各随机变量的最佳Copula函数和参数数值

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变量函数参数数值
A0Plackettθ19.218
τStudentθ0.225
ν4
aPlackettθ3.107
bClaytonθ1.302
cClaytonθ0.503
dStudentθ0.213
ν4
), ArticleFig(id=1227654469782012055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336484864434, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Material parameters for concrete and reinforcement

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材料参数数值
混凝土密度/(kg·m-3)2400
弹性模量/GPa32.5
泊松比0.2
轴心抗压强度/MPa30.4
轴心抗拉强度/MPa2.39
峰值拉应变0.000104
钢筋密度/ (kg·m-3)7800
弹性模量/GPa200
泊松比0.3
弹性应变0.002
屈服应力/MPa400
), ArticleFig(id=1227654469878481055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336484864434, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

混凝土及钢筋材料性能参数

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材料参数数值
混凝土密度/(kg·m-3)2400
弹性模量/GPa32.5
泊松比0.2
轴心抗压强度/MPa30.4
轴心抗拉强度/MPa2.39
峰值拉应变0.000104
钢筋密度/ (kg·m-3)7800
弹性模量/GPa200
泊松比0.3
弹性应变0.002
屈服应力/MPa400
), ArticleFig(id=1227654469974950050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336484864434, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

First six order modal information of the model

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振型周期/s频率/Hz
1阶0.31123.2130
2阶0.28143.5533
3阶0.18345.4525
4阶0.18175.5023
5阶0.17275.7917
6阶0.14856.7361
), ArticleFig(id=1227654470063030436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336484864434, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

模型前6阶模态信息

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振型周期/s频率/Hz
1阶0.31123.2130
2阶0.28143.5533
3阶0.18345.4525
4阶0.18175.5023
5阶0.17275.7917
6阶0.14856.7361
), ArticleFig(id=1227654470172082347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336484864434, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Comparison of the first order frequency of different models

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文献混凝土模型高度/m分析软件1阶振型频率/Hz偏差/%
文献[21]C4581.80ANSYS3.2440.96
文献[22]C4081.76ANSYS3.1621.61
文献[20]C4583.37ABAQUS3.96423.37
本文C4081.98ABAQUS3.2130
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不同模型的1阶频率对比

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Average maximum acceleration at the top of SB

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方向主震/g主余震/g增大程度/%
X方向0.64050.66313.53
Y方向0.28240.29062.90
Z方向0.73100.75813.71
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屏蔽厂房顶部最大加速度均值

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方向主震/g主余震/g增大程度/%
X方向0.64050.66313.53
Y方向0.28240.29062.90
Z方向0.73100.75813.71
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Average maximum acceleration at the top of SCV

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方向主震/g主余震/g增大程度/%
X方向0.59420.60702.15
Y方向0.28400.29694.54
Z方向0.65460.68124.06
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钢制安全壳顶部最大加速度均值

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方向主震/g主余震/g增大程度/%
X方向0.59420.60702.15
Y方向0.28400.29694.54
Z方向0.65460.68124.06
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Average maximum relative displacement at the top of SCV

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方向主震/mm主余震/mm增大程度/%
X方向4.764.892.67
Y方向1.391.411.36
Z方向5.025.234.10
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钢制安全壳顶部最大相对位移均值

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方向主震/mm主余震/mm增大程度/%
X方向4.764.892.67
Y方向1.391.411.36
Z方向5.025.234.10
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随机主余震作用下AP1000核电厂可靠度研究
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高嘉鸿 1, 2 , 庞锐 1, 2 , 宰德志 1, 2 , 徐斌 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(7): 1577-1587
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(7): 1577-1587
随机主余震作用下AP1000核电厂可靠度研究
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高嘉鸿1, 2 , 庞锐1, 2 , 宰德志1, 2, 徐斌1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.大连理工大学建设工程学院,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 2.大连理工大学海岸与海洋工程全国重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 高嘉鸿(2000—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

庞锐(1991—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Reliability study of AP1000 nuclear power plant under stochasic main aftershock
Jiahong GAO1, 2 , Rui PANG1, 2 , Dezhi ZAI1, 2, Bin XU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Infrastructure Engineering,Dalian University of Technology,Dalian 116024,China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering,Dalian University of Technology,Dalian 116024,China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309029
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在实际中,地震通常由一次主震和一系列余震构成,且地震发生的随机性很强。主震会对结构造成破坏,随后的余震则会放大和加剧结构的响应与损伤。然而,目前尚无考虑随机地震序列作用对核电厂影响的研究。提出了一种AP1000核电厂在随机主余震作用下的动力响应和可靠度研究的分析框架。使用地震动的物理随机函数模型、窄带波群叠加法和Copula函数模拟随机主余震序列;基于ABAQUS软件建立AP1000核电站模型,并对其进行动力响应分析;基于直接概率积分法得到核电厂屏蔽厂房水平方向最大位移响应的概率密度函数,并计算其动力可靠度。结果表明,相较于仅经历主震,余震作用后屏蔽厂房顶部和安全壳顶部的加速度与相对位移分别有不同程度的增大,屏蔽厂房水箱和通风口之间区域的损伤面积有所扩大,余震会对核电厂造成进一步破坏。由于地震的随机性,核电厂的动力响应也表现出一定随机性。余震会降低核电厂的动力可靠度,其降低的程度与核电厂选择的阈值相关。

AP1000核电厂  /  随机主余震  /  直接概率积分法  /  动力响应  /  可靠度

In practice,earthquakes typically involve a mainshock followed by a series of aftershocks,and their occurrence is highly unpredictable. The mainshock damages the structure,and the aftershocks worsen the response and damage of the structure. However,no studies have investigated the effects of stochastic seismic sequences on AP1000 nuclear power plants. This paper proposes an analytical framework for studying the dynamic response and reliability of AP1000 nuclear power plants under stochastic main aftershocks. Stochastic main aftershock sequences are generated using the physical stochastic function model of ground motions,narrow-band harmonic group superposition method,and Copula function. The dynamic response of the AP1000 nuclear power plant is analyzed by using ABAQUS software. The direct probability integration method (DPIM) is used to obtain the probability density function of the maximum displacement response in the horizontal direction of the shielded building,and its dynamic reliability is calculated. The results show that the acceleration and relative displacement of the top of the shielded building and the steel containment vessel have increased to varying degrees after the aftershock,compared with experiencing the mainshock only. Additionally,the damage area between the water tanks and the vents has expanded. The aftershocks could cause further damage to the nuclear power plant. The dynamic response of nuclear power plants exhibits a high degree of randomness due to the stochastic ground motions. Aftershocks can reduce the reliability of nuclear power plants to varying degrees under different thresholds.

AP1000 nuclear power plants  /  stochastic main aftershocks  /  direct probability integration methool (DPIM)  /  dynamic response  /  reliability
高嘉鸿, 庞锐, 宰德志, 徐斌. 随机主余震作用下AP1000核电厂可靠度研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1577 -1587 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309029
Jiahong GAO, Rui PANG, Dezhi ZAI, Bin XU. Reliability study of AP1000 nuclear power plant under stochasic main aftershock[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1577 -1587 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309029
核能作为经济、清洁、高效的能源,相比于传统煤炭发电能够大大减少污染物的排放。为满足社会经济发展对能源结构优化的迫切需要,核能产业在近年来得到了飞速发展。然而,核电厂对于安全质量的要求更高,一旦发生事故,将对人民财产安全和社会可持续发展造成巨大威胁,例如日本福岛核电站事故。近年来地震频发,尤其是强震,严重威胁核电站的安全。因此,开展核电站的地震动力响应研究具有重要意义。
一般来说,一次完整的主余震序列会包括一次主震和一系列余震。目前,已有部分研究工作考虑了余震对建筑物的影响,RAGHUNANDAN等[1]、FURTADO等[2]、LI等[3]和RUIZ-GARCÍA等 [4]、PANG等[5-6]分别对主余震序列作用下钢筋混凝土建筑、钢结构建筑、混凝土面板堆石坝的损伤状态和易损性等进行了分析,结果均表明余震会加剧结构的损伤。针对核电厂结构,ZHAI等[7]研究了不同的余震持时对受损核电厂安全壳的影响,表明余震可能对在主震中产生损伤的建筑物造成进一步破坏。赵锦一等[8]用增量动力分析方法分析AP1000核电厂耦合体系在主余震作用下的地震易损性,结果表明余震的影响不容忽视。汪大洋等[9]对在单一和序列型地震动作用下的核电厂屏蔽厂房进行损伤评估,表明余震会加剧主震后已损伤区域的破坏。然而,现行的核电厂抗震规范只考虑了主震的作用,忽视了余震对核电厂的累积影响,高估了核电厂的抗震性能,容易造成重大安全事故。因此,研究主余震对核电厂的影响十分必要。
在实际中,由于地震震级差异和地震动在传播过程中的复杂性,地震动具有很强的随机性。HAN等[10]讨论了地震动的不确定性,对一座钢筋混凝土框架建筑进行了地震作用下的风险分析,表明了忽视余震作用会严重低估地震的风险。KHANSEFID[11]研究了不同层数的钢框架建筑在随机主余震作用下的响应和累积损伤,表明了忽略余震会低估建筑在使用期间的风险。HATZIGEORGIOU[12]使用随机组合的地震动研究了单自由度体系的延性需求谱,表明了只考虑“设计地震”会低估结构的损伤。WEN等[13]随机生成了主余震,定量研究了余震对损伤谱的影响,指出强余震会对软土场地造成更大破坏。NAZARI等[14]基于一系列不同强度的主震和随机余震,研究了受损木质建筑的地震响应,凸显了余震在抗震设计中的重要性。然而,针对核电厂这种安全要求更加严格的结构,尚无学者考虑地震动随机性的影响。因此,开展随机主余震作用下核电厂的动力响应和可靠度研究对后续AP1000核电厂的设计和运维具有重要意义和参考价值。
本文随机生成了200条主余震序列,建立了AP1000核电厂有限元模型,分析了随机主余震作用下核电厂的动力响应与可靠度,研究技术路线示意图如图1所示。
非平稳的时域和频域让地震动具有很强的随机性。王鼎等[15]引入了“震源-传播途径-局部场地”全过程模型,在模型中将影响地震动随机性的关键物理因素抽象为随机变量,得到了场地内某一点处的地震动物理随机函数模型,其地震动加速度时程为:
a(t)=-12π-+A(ξ,ω) cos[ωt+Φ(ξ,ω)]dω
式中,ω为圆频率;A(ξ,ω)Φ(ξ,ω)分别为地震动加速度时程的Fourier幅值谱和相位谱,二者具体表达式为:
A(ξ,ω)=A0ωe-KRωω2+(1/τ)21+4ξg2(ω/ωg)2[1-(ω/ωg)2]2+4ξg2(ω/ωg)2
Φ(ξ,ω)=arctan(1τω)-Rln[aω+1000b+0.1323sin(3.78ω)+ccos(dω)]
式中,随机变量A0为震源幅值参数,能够反映震源幅值强度大小;R为场地相对于震源的距离;τ为Brune震源系数,与震源断裂的时间过程特性有关;K为表示地震动传播过程中介质衰减效应的参数,针对一般的传播介质,通常可认为K=10-5 s/km;abcd为经验系数,其取值由真实的波数-频率关系曲线确定;ωg为局部场地等效卓越圆频率随机变量;ξg为局部场地等效阻尼比随机变量;ξ为主震和余震的基本物理参数向量,可表示为:
ξ=[A0M τM aM bM cM dM A0A τA aA bA cA dA ξg ωg]
式中,各量的下标“M”和“A”分别代表主震和余震。ξ能够反映出震源、传播途径、局部场地的随机性。
基于1.1节中的Fourier幅值谱和相位谱,采用Fourier逆变换即可得到模拟地震动时程。然而生成地震动波形受地震动相位谱影响程度很大,通过理论得到的地震动相位谱与实际有较大差异。本节将介绍窄带谐波叠加法,并结合地震动物理随机函数模型合成人工地震序列。该方法是将圆频率ω离散,累加每一个离散的圆频率分量所对应的窄带波群分量,即可得到样本地震动时程。宋萌[16]在1.1节介绍模型的基础上优化了Fourier相位谱模型:
地震加速度时程:
as(t)=-iAiFi(t)cos(ωit+φi)
式中,ωi代表第i个波群的圆频率。
波群幅值:
Ai=2πA0ωie-KRωiωi2+(1/τ)21+4ξg2(ωi/ωg)2[1-(ωi/ωg)2]2+4ξg2(ωi/ωg)2
波群相位:
φi=arctan(1τωi)-Rln[aωi+1000b+0.1323sin(3.78ωi)+ccos(dωi)]
波群时间能量包络函数:
Fi(t)=sin[(t-xci)Δωi]t-xci
式中,∆ωi代表第i个波群窄带谐波合成的频率间隔。
波群时间等效群速度-频率关系:
ci=aωi+1000b+0.1323sin(3.78ωi)+ccos(dωi)d[a+cos2(dωi)]
各随机变量的概率密度函数类型及函数统计值见表1,当概率密度函数为Lognormal时,p1p2分别表示对数的均值和标准差;当概率密度函数为Weibull时,p1p2分别表示形状参数和尺寸参数。
地震的主震和余震通常不会独立存在,它们之间存在某种相关性。本节基于申家旭等[17]的研究,介绍了利用Copula理论进行定量分析,从而确定主震和余震的参数相关关系的方法,累积分布函数(CDF)和联合概率密度函数(PDF)表达式如下:
F(xM,xA)=CMA{FM(xM),FA(xA)}
f(xM,xA)=cMA{FM(xM),FA(xA)}fM(xM)fA(xA)
cMA{FM(xM),FA(xA)}=2CMA{FM(xM),FA(xA)}FM(xM)FA(xA)
式中,F(x)为变量x的边缘累计分布函数;f(x)为变量x的概率密度函数;CFx)}为Copula分布函数;cFx)}为Copula密度函数。同时应用Student、Plackett、Independent以及Clayton等函数,各随机变量的最优函数类型和参数νθ表2所示。
AP1000核电厂以安全停堆地震为设计基准地震,设计输入自由场峰值地面加速度为0.3g。故本文采用幅值为0.3g的地震动,研究AP1000核电厂在随机主余震作用下的动力响应与可靠度。考虑到模拟随机地震动条数越多,可靠度分析结果越可靠,但同时需要的运算时间更长,对运算资源的需求也更大。本文在XYZ三个方向各随机生成了200条持时60 s的主余震序列,参照AP1000核电厂设防水准,设置XYZ方向地震动幅值为1∶0.67∶1,XZ方向的最大振幅为0.3g[18]。主震持续时长为30 s,余震持续时长为20 s,主震和余震之间设置10 s间隔,使核电厂在余震作用前能够达到新的平衡。图2为200条随机地震动在XYZ三个方向的加速度,存在某方向上余震振幅超过了主震振幅的地震动序列。各方向地震动的平均值由图2中黄色实线标出,图3为200条随机地震动的标准差,表明生成的地震具有良好的统计特性。
AP1000核电厂由核岛厂房、蒸汽机厂房、柴油发电机厂房等部分组成。核岛厂房(NIP)是AP1000核电厂的核心结构,由钢制安全壳(SCV)、屏蔽厂房(SB)和辅助厂房(AB)组成。本文主要对核岛厂房进行研究分析,核岛厂房长77.42 m,宽35.2 m,高81.98 m。
本文使用ABAQUS软件,选用壳单元对AP1000核岛厂房进行三维建模。屏蔽厂房的高度为81.98 m,直径为44.2 m,壁厚为0.914 m,重力水箱内、外半径分别为10.668和27.3 m,在距离模型底部59.52 m处设置16个通风口,大小为1.5 m×2 m。AP1000辅助厂房高度为39.42 m,底边长度为77.42 m,底面两条边宽度分别为35.2和26.61 m。钢制安全壳的高度为65.6 m,直径为39.6 m,壁厚为0.041 m。
在进行有限元分析时,划分网格数量越多得到的结果越准确,但是同时需要更长的计算时间。本文采用S3单元对屏蔽厂房上部通风口周围(距离模型底部57.77~61.27 m的范围)进行划分以得到精确解并使计算收敛,采用S4R单元对屏蔽厂房其余部分、安全壳和辅助厂房进行划分。图4为AP1000核电厂有限元模型,模型共有网格单元数量34507个,其中S4R单元33266个,S3单元1241个,共有节点数量33515个。核电厂位于基岩上,本文没有对地基建模,由于输入三个方向的地震作用,限制模型底部三个方向转动自由度为0。
AP1000核电厂屏蔽厂房及辅助厂房为钢筋混凝土结构,模型采用C40混凝土与HRB400E钢筋,材料性能参数如表3所示。混凝土采用塑性损伤本构模型[19],钢筋则采用理想弹塑性模型。
在进行非线性动力分析之前,需对模型进行模态分析,表4为模型前6阶模态信息。模型第1阶振型的周期为0.3112 s,AP1000核电厂为短周期结构,模型振型的频率和周期基本成对出现。表5中列出了本文与其他学者研究的模态分析结果的对比,模型尺寸和混凝土材料的差异会导致质量与刚度的不同,进而影响模型自振频率。由于本文模型与文献[20]模型高度数值差异较大,除与文献[20]模型频率相差较大外,与其他模型的1阶频率基本一致。由此可见,本文建立的核电厂模型是正确合理的,可以进行后续分析。
在模态分析时忽略了阻尼对于结构振动的影响,本文采用瑞利阻尼模拟结构阻尼,推导比例系数αβ的公式如下:
(αβ)=2ωmωnωn2-ωm2[ωn-ωm-1ωn1ωm](ξmξn)
式中,ωmωn为模型前2阶振型对应的圆频率;阻尼比ξmξn取为5%,可得α=1.0601β=0.002352
分析钢筋混凝土结构在地震作用下的动力响应时,常用的研究指标为结构的加速度和位移。本文选择屏蔽厂房和钢制安全壳的最大加速度和最大相对位移作为研究指标。由于混凝土更容易受到拉伸损伤而发生破坏,同时将屏蔽厂房的拉伸损伤作为研究重点。
图5所示,由模态分析可知,核电厂模型主要为1、2阶振型的平动,呈现上部结构的摇晃。由于钢制安全壳在地震中的位移极小,选取水箱顶部相对于屏蔽厂房底部的位移作为分析指标。图6为第3条主余震下屏蔽厂房位移时程曲线,主震和主余震作用下YZ方向最大相对位移的数值在图中标出,余震增大了屏蔽厂房顶部YZ方向的相对位移。
对安全壳在单一主余震序列下距离安全壳模型底面高度为0、20、40、65.6 m(顶部)位置处的加速度进行分析。结果如图7所示,同一地震序列作用下时,加速度值随着高度的升高而增大。在同一高度位置时,受到主余震作用后的安全壳加速度明显大于仅受主震作用后,余震的影响不能被忽视。此外,由于不同地震动下模型动力响应差异性较大,需要对动力响应进行统计特性分析。
表67为仅考虑主震作用和考虑主余震作用2种情况下,200条随机地震动在核电厂屏蔽厂房和安全壳顶部产生最大加速度的平均值。在经历余震后,屏蔽厂房和钢制安全壳顶部XYZ三个方向最大加速度的平均值都有所增大。表8为200条随机地震动在安全壳顶部产生最大相对位移的平均值,其水平方向位移远大于垂直方向位移,且数值很小。图8为200条随机地震动在屏蔽厂房顶部产生最大相对位移的散点图,图中标出了2种情况下最大相对位移的平均值。经历余震后,XYZ三个方向最大相对位移分别增大了7.31%、6.02%和9.24%。与安全壳不同,屏蔽厂房的垂直位移接近水平位移。此外,图8中的数值点相对离散,说明主余震序列具有较强的随机性。
图910分别为核电厂在第20条和第139条地震序列作用下第30 s和60 s的损伤情况,损伤破坏主要发生在屏蔽厂房通风口和水箱底部之间的区域,余震作用会加剧该区域的损伤。为了定量评估其损伤情况,定义损伤面积比作为评估指标:
损伤面积=该区域产生的损伤面积屏蔽厂房通风口至水箱底部区域面积
损伤面积比取值范围为[0,1]。图11为第139条地震序列作用下屏蔽厂房通风口至水箱底部区域的损伤情况,第30 s时损伤面积比为0.7439,即该区域有74.39%的面积产生了损伤。经历余震后,损伤面积比增大到0.7834,余震加剧了厂房的损伤。在此基础上,选取模型的最大塑性应变一并作为损伤评估指标,进一步研究其统计特性。
图1213分别为200条随机主余震序列作用下核电厂屏蔽厂房损伤面积比与最大塑性应变的散点图,在图中标出了其在经历单一主震和主余震后的平均值。余震作用后,模型损伤面积比均值由0.7730增大到0.7778,增大了0.62%,最大塑性应变均值由0.0148显著增大到0.0174,增大了17.57%。此外,损伤面积比数据大多离散分布在0.735~0.815之间,具有很强的随机性。
结构的可靠度指结构在规定的时间和条件下能够完成预定功能的概率,对核电厂等安全要求较高的结构进行可靠度分析具有重要意义。进行可靠度分析时,失效域的边界通常难以确定,本文基于CHEN等[23]提出的直接概率积分法对核电厂进行可靠度分析。
基于概率守恒原理,在动力系统中有:
ΩYPY(y)dy=ΩθPθ(θ)dθ
式中,y为输出响应向量;θY分别表示输入随机向量和输出随机向量;PθPYθY的概率密度函数;ΩθΩYθY对应的样本空间。且任何动力系统都有映射关系g(·)如下:
Y(t)=g(θ,t)
由此可得,t时刻动力系统随机输出响应Y(t)的概率密度函数,即概率密度积分方程(PDIE)为:
PY(y,t)=-+-+Pθ(θ)δ[y-g(θ,t)]dθ
对式(16)两边积分,响应分量yε的概率密度函数为:
PYε(yε,t)=-+-+Pθ(θ)δ[yε-gε(θ,t)]dθ
式中,δ为狄拉克函数,采用解析求解比较困难,而使用直接概率积分法可高效求解。该方法有以下两个关键环节:使用基于GF偏差的选点策略划分输入概率空间,并对不连续的狄拉克函数进行光滑化处理,公式如下:
limσ0pN(y;μ,σ)=limσ012πσe-(y-μ)2/2σ2=δ(y-μ)
式中,下标“N”为概率空间中代表点的总数;μσ分别为高斯分布的均值和标准差,光滑参数σ能够影响输出随机响应PDF的精度。基于概率密度积分方程求解动力系统随机输出响应PDF的公式如下:
p^Y(y,t)=q=1N{12πσe-[y-g(θq,t)]2/2σ2Pq}
式中,θq为概率空间中第q个代表点;Pq为第q个代表点赋得概率。将第q个代表点的概率分为有效部分Pq,s(t)与无效部分Pq,f(t)
Pq(t)=Pq,f(t)+Pq,s(t)
结构的功能函数可表示为:
Z(t)=Y¯-Y(Θ,t)
式中,Y¯为在进行可靠度分析时所研究结构的阈值;Y(Θ,t)为通过映射得到的结构输出响应,Θ为随机输入因素。Z<0时,结构处于失效状态,此时Pq,f(t)假定为零,第q个代表点响应失效分量的概率表达式为:
Pq,f(ti)=0, zΩZ,f={z|g(θq,ti)0}
式中,z表示输出响应的域;ti表示落入失效域的瞬间。基于概率守恒原理,剩余的概率为响应有效分量的概率,用概率密度积分方程求解结构处于安全状态时的PDF:
p^Z,s(z,t)=q=1N{12πσe-[z-g(θq,t)]2/2σ2Pq(t)}
结构动力可靠度:
Ps(t)=Pr(Z>0)=0pZ,s(z,t)dz=j=1Nzp^Z,s(z,t)Δz
式中,Nz和∆z分别表示离散数和离散步长。此外,对于式(15)所描述的随机动力系统,在给定时间区间[0,T]内的极值依赖于输入随机向量θ,极值可表示为:
YZ=max(g(θ,t)|,t[0,T])
对于给定的θYZ是存在且唯一的,即存在映射关系WZ(·)
YZ=WZ(θ,T)
因此,可以构造一个虚拟的随机过程:
QZ(τ)=Yθτ=WZ(θ,T)τ
式中,Yθ的含义见文献[24];τ代表一个虚拟的时间参数,则:
QZ(τ)|τ=0=0,YZ=QZ(τ)|τ=1
对上式关于τ求导:
Q˙Z=WZ(θ,T)
则表明构成了一个概率保守系统,在该系统中,结合确定性动力分析方法与单边差分格式的有限差分法,可以求得取随机结构动力反应极值分布的数值解,即得到累计分布函数(CDF)[24]
基于3.1节动力响应分析结果,在地震动作用下,核电厂钢制安全壳的相对位移远远小于屏蔽厂房顶部产生的相对位移,同时屏蔽厂房在水平沿X方向的最大相对位移大于其他两个方向。本文选用屏蔽厂房沿X方向的最大相对位移计算输出随机响应的概率密度。
图14为第10~30 s和第40~60 s的三维PDF曲面图,二者分别对应单一主震和主余震作用下屏蔽厂房顶部产生最大相对位移的概率密度函数。主震达到振幅(对应t=10 s)时,PDF数值变化剧烈,表明地震动具有较强的非平稳特性。在余震作用区间,PDF相比主震时显著减小,结构的动力响应进一步增大。图15为单一主震和主余震结束时刻的PDF和CDF曲线,PDF曲线具有一定的对称性,表明X方向的相对位移响应在Y-Z平面上是对称的,反映出生成的随机地震动具有良好的统计特性。
在进行可靠度研究时,由于屏蔽厂房水平方向的位移大于竖直方向的位移,选用水平上X方向和Z方向的合位移作为可靠度研究指标。图16为阈值为5和7 cm的核电厂可靠度曲线。在幅值为0.3g的安全停堆地震作用下,当结构可靠度取为95%时,核电厂所允许的最大相对位移为5 cm;阈值为7 cm时,核电厂结构可靠度则为80%,且考虑余震作用的可靠度比仅考虑主震作用的可靠度低5%。余震降低了核电厂结构的可靠度,在进行抗震分析和结构设计时必须考虑余震的影响,否则会高估核电厂的抗震性能。
本文采用“震源-传播途径-局部场地”全过程模型生成随机主余震序列,研究AP1000核电厂在安全停堆地震下的动力响应与可靠度,并分析了不同评估指标在单次主震和主余震作用后的差异,得出的主要结论如下:
(1) 与单一主震相比,主余震序列作用下结构的动力响应更大。屏蔽厂房顶部沿Z方向加速度和相对位移分别增大了3.71%和9.32%,安全壳顶部沿Y方向加速度和沿Z方向相对位移分别增大了4.54%和4.10%。忽视余震的影响会高估核电厂的抗震性能。
(2) 在地震作用下,核电厂的损伤主要发生在水箱和通风口之间的区域。余震作用后,损伤面积比增大了0.62%,最大塑性应变增大了17.57%。该区域的工程设计和运维必须引起足够重视。
(3) 基于直接概率积分法可以获得结构在任意时刻的概率信息和不同阈值下的可靠度。余震会降低核电厂的可靠度,且可靠度的降低程度随阈值的不同而变化。本文提出的可靠度分析框架可以为大型结构抗震设计与分析提供一定参考。
  • 国家重点研发项目(2023YFC3011400)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52379117)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52279096)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52279125)
  • 水利工程仿真与安全国家重点实验室开放基金资助项目(HESS-2302)
  • 海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室青年学者创新基金资助项目(LY2301)
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2025年第38卷第7期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202309029
  • 接收时间:2023-09-11
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-11
  • 修回日期:2024-01-03
基金
国家重点研发项目(2023YFC3011400)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52379117)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52279096)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52279125)
水利工程仿真与安全国家重点实验室开放基金资助项目(HESS-2302)
海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室青年学者创新基金资助项目(LY2301)
作者信息
    1.大连理工大学建设工程学院,辽宁 大连 116024
    2.大连理工大学海岸与海洋工程全国重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024

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庞锐(1991—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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