Article(id=1227591336317092272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1685894400000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-05, revisedDate=1693238400000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770610182122, onlineDateStr=2026-02-09, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770610182122, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770610182122, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610182122, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1227591330579284357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='7', pageStart='1363', pageEnd='1644', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770610180719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770610389679, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227592206953935679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1227591330579284357, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1599, endPage=1615, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1227591337453748673, articleId=1227591336317092272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Experimental study and mechanism analysis of out-of-plane seismic performance of reinforced concrete shear walls, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Compared with the in-plane seismic performance,the out-of-plane seismic performance of reinforced concrete shear walls is weak and usually neglected,which leads to an inadequate study of the out-of-plane damage mechanism of shear walls and a lack of clear protective measures,and the overall seismic performance of shear wall structure is also unsafe,which needs urgent attention. In order to compare the similarities and differences in seismic performance of reinforced concrete shear walls when subjected to in-plane and out-plane loads in different directions and to clarify the key influencing factors,low cyclic loading tests are conducted on typical shear wall specimens in-plane and out-plane directions,and the macroscopic test phenomena,hysteresis curves,skeleton curves,stiffness degradation curves,energy dissipation capacity and ductility in both directions are compared and analyzed. The moment-curvature simulations of shear wall sections in both in-plane and out-plane directions are analyzed,and the results obtained from multiple sets of constitutive models are compared with the experimental results. Combined with the finite element variable parameter analysis,the effects of parameters such as axial pressure ratio,wall thickness,height-to-width ratio and concrete grade on the seismic performance of in-plane and out-plane are analyzed. Based on the endurance time analysis,the time-history response of structural displacement with seismic magnitude is studied. The results show that the seismic performance of shear walls outside the face is significantly weaker than that inside the face,and the bearing capacity is only 1/20~1/15 times of the latter,among which the wall thickness and height-width ratio are the main parameters affecting the seismic performance inside and outside the face. The out-of-plane nonlinear analysis of the cross-section can be performed more accurately and quickly by using the principal structure model proposed in this paper and some traditional principal structures. In the seismic design of shear walls,especially for the single directional wall with less structure,both in-plane and out-of-plane seismic performance should be ensured,and the thickness and aspect ratio of shear walls should be reasonably controlled. Wall damage assessment by using elastic-plastic energy dissipation difference rate has the characteristics of obvious differentiation and reasonable threshold value.

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相对于面内抗震性能,钢筋混凝土剪力墙的面外抗震性能偏弱且通常被忽略,这导致对剪力墙面外损伤的机理研究较薄弱并缺少明确的防护措施,剪力墙结构整体抗震性能也偏于不安全,亟须重视。为对比钢筋混凝土剪力墙在承受面内、外不同方向荷载时抗震性能的异同并明确关键影响因素,对典型剪力墙试件进行面内、外方向的低周往复加载试验,并对两个方向的宏观试验现象、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、刚度退化曲线、耗能能力及延性进行比对和分析。对剪力墙截面进行面内、外两个方向的弯矩-曲率模拟分析,将多组本构模型得到的结果与试验结果进行对比。结合有限元变参分析,分析了轴压比、墙体厚度、高宽比及混凝土等级等参数对面内、外抗震性能的影响。通过耐震时程分析研究了结构体系位移变化规律及墙体面外损伤的可能性。研究结果表明:剪力墙面外抗震性能明显弱于其面内抗震性能,承载力仅为后者的1/20~1/15,其中墙体厚度、高宽比是影响面内、外抗震性能的主要参数。利用本文建议的本构模型及部分传统本构模型可较准确地实现截面的面外非线性分析。对剪力墙进行抗震设计时,尤其是针对单向少墙结构体系,既要保证其面内抗震性能又要兼顾其面外抗震性能,合理地控制剪力墙墙体厚度、高宽比等指标。利用弹塑性耗能差率进行墙体损伤评估,具有区分度明显和阈值合理等特点。

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何浩祥(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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程扬(1996—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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程扬(1996—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press,2014., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1227654482239095172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336317092272, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=51, issue=增刊1, pageStart=122, pageEnd=126, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=38, authorNames=章红梅, 蒋小星, journalName=土木工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=章红梅,蒋小星. 高宽比对RC剪力墙地震损伤性能影响特征的试验分析[J]. 土木工程学报2018,51(增刊1):122-126., articleTitle=高宽比对RC剪力墙地震损伤性能影响特征的试验分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1227654482306204038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336317092272, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=51, issue=Sup 1, pageStart=122, pageEnd=126, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=39, authorNames=ZHANG Hongmei, JIANG Xiaoxing, journalName=China Civil Engineering Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG HongmeiJIANG Xiaoxing. Experimental study of RC shear wall with different influence of the aspect ratio on the Aspect Ratio in seismic damage performance[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal2018,51(Sup 1):122-126., articleTitle=Experimental study of RC shear wall with different influence of the aspect ratio on the Aspect Ratio in seismic damage performance, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1227654482364924296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336317092272, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=11, issue=4, pageStart=361, pageEnd=370, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=40, authorNames=ESTEKANCHI H E, VAFAI A, SADEGHAZAR M, journalName=Scientia Iranica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ESTEKANCHI H EVAFAI ASADEGHAZAR M. Endurance time method for seismic analysis and design of structures[J]. 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label=图30, caption=典型楼层损伤指数的时程曲线, figureFileSmall=YiKqkUIqYOvc2epcxJl2wA==, figureFileBig=9rasnnmMmN4nhDiQ9JVzjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227654473636577549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336317092272, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Mechanical properties of reinforcements

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钢筋直径/mm屈服强度/MPa极限强度/MPa
6452622
8414556
10402522
), ArticleFig(id=1227654473724657937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336317092272, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

钢筋材料力学性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钢筋直径/mm屈服强度/MPa极限强度/MPa
6452622
8414556
10402522
), ArticleFig(id=1227654473800155409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336317092272, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Horizontal loading levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加载等级面内加载数值面外加载数值
140 kN10 mm
280 kN20 mm
3120 kN30 mm
4Δ/8 mm40 mm
52Δ/16 mm50 mm
63Δ/24 mm60 mm
74Δ/32 mm
85Δ/40 mm
96Δ/48 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1227654473871458578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336317092272, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

水平加载等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加载等级面内加载数值面外加载数值
140 kN10 mm
280 kN20 mm
3120 kN30 mm
4Δ/8 mm40 mm
52Δ/16 mm50 mm
63Δ/24 mm60 mm
74Δ/32 mm
85Δ/40 mm
96Δ/48 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1227654473963733270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336317092272, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Area of hysteretic loop at all levels of loading

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加载等级面内加载/(kN·mm)面外加载/(kN·mm)
试验模拟试验模拟
1556.99523.19177.4753.71
21601.341856.25307.52266.61
32056.912014.56629.32474.60
42676.802205.701065.77730.20
53856.524423.851252.691057.12
66620.246937.611557.221150.12
77092.259445.80
88929.0512145.95
911025.1315324.11
), ArticleFig(id=1227654474043425048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336317092272, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各级加载滞回环面积

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加载等级面内加载/(kN·mm)面外加载/(kN·mm)
试验模拟试验模拟
1556.99523.19177.4753.71
21601.341856.25307.52266.61
32056.912014.56629.32474.60
42676.802205.701065.77730.20
53856.524423.851252.691057.12
66620.246937.611557.221150.12
77092.259445.80
88929.0512145.95
911025.1315324.11
), ArticleFig(id=1227654474131505434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336317092272, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Specimen feature points and ductility coefficients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件编号开裂位移/mm开裂荷载/kN屈服位移/mm屈服荷载/kN峰值位移/mm峰值荷载/kN极限位移/mm极限荷载/kN延性系数
SW12.5655.888.09154.6032.47223.5835.55190.044.39
SW21.264.6310.8611.4222.8713.5845.5711.544.20
), ArticleFig(id=1227654474186031388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336317092272, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

试件特征点及延性系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件编号开裂位移/mm开裂荷载/kN屈服位移/mm屈服荷载/kN峰值位移/mm峰值荷载/kN极限位移/mm极限荷载/kN延性系数
SW12.5655.888.09154.6032.47223.5835.55190.044.39
SW21.264.6310.8611.4222.8713.5845.5711.544.20
), ArticleFig(id=1227654474248945950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336317092272, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Comparison of measured and calculated values

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屈服荷载/kN屈服位移/mm
试验11.4210.86
式(2)10.28
式(3)8.12
式(4)25.98
), ArticleFig(id=1227654474324443424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336317092272, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

实测值与计算值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
屈服荷载/kN屈服位移/mm
试验11.4210.86
式(2)10.28
式(3)8.12
式(4)25.98
), ArticleFig(id=1227654474387357987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336317092272, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Parameters of finite element model

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编号轴压比墙体厚度/mm高宽比混凝土等级
M0-I/M0-O0.21252.0C30
M1-I/M1-O0.051252.0C30
M2-I/M2-O0.11252.0C30
M3-I/M3-O0.31252.0C30
M4-I/M4-O0.21002.0C30
M5-I/M5-O0.21502.0C30
M6-I/M6-O0.22002.0C30
M7-I/M7-O0.21251.5C30
M8-I/M8-O0.21252.5C30
M9-I/M9-O0.21252.0C25
M10-I/M10-O0.21252.0C40
), ArticleFig(id=1227654474450272550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336317092272, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

有限元模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号轴压比墙体厚度/mm高宽比混凝土等级
M0-I/M0-O0.21252.0C30
M1-I/M1-O0.051252.0C30
M2-I/M2-O0.11252.0C30
M3-I/M3-O0.31252.0C30
M4-I/M4-O0.21002.0C30
M5-I/M5-O0.21502.0C30
M6-I/M6-O0.22002.0C30
M7-I/M7-O0.21251.5C30
M8-I/M8-O0.21252.5C30
M9-I/M9-O0.21252.0C25
M10-I/M10-O0.21252.0C40
), ArticleFig(id=1227654474542547242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336317092272, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=

Structure section size and reinforcement

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件截面尺寸/mm2配筋
剪力墙2000×2506Φ18+5Φ16
500×5004Φ22
300×6002Φ25+2Φ22
), ArticleFig(id=1227654474622239022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1227591336317092272, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

结构截面尺寸及配筋

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构件截面尺寸/mm2配筋
剪力墙2000×2506Φ18+5Φ16
500×5004Φ22
300×6002Φ25+2Φ22
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钢筋混凝土剪力墙平面外抗震性能试验研究及力学机理分析
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程扬 , 何浩祥 , 孙澔鼎 , 程时涛
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(7): 1599-1615
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(7): 1599-1615
钢筋混凝土剪力墙平面外抗震性能试验研究及力学机理分析
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程扬 , 何浩祥 , 孙澔鼎, 程时涛
作者信息
  • 北京工业大学工程抗震与结构诊治北京市重点实验室,北京 100124
  • 程扬(1996—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

何浩祥(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Experimental study and mechanism analysis of out-of-plane seismic performance of reinforced concrete shear walls
Yang CHENG , Haoxiang HE , Haoding SUN, Shitao CHENG
Affiliations
  • Beijing Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Retrofit,Beijing University of Technology,Beijing 100124,China
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306008
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相对于面内抗震性能,钢筋混凝土剪力墙的面外抗震性能偏弱且通常被忽略,这导致对剪力墙面外损伤的机理研究较薄弱并缺少明确的防护措施,剪力墙结构整体抗震性能也偏于不安全,亟须重视。为对比钢筋混凝土剪力墙在承受面内、外不同方向荷载时抗震性能的异同并明确关键影响因素,对典型剪力墙试件进行面内、外方向的低周往复加载试验,并对两个方向的宏观试验现象、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、刚度退化曲线、耗能能力及延性进行比对和分析。对剪力墙截面进行面内、外两个方向的弯矩-曲率模拟分析,将多组本构模型得到的结果与试验结果进行对比。结合有限元变参分析,分析了轴压比、墙体厚度、高宽比及混凝土等级等参数对面内、外抗震性能的影响。通过耐震时程分析研究了结构体系位移变化规律及墙体面外损伤的可能性。研究结果表明:剪力墙面外抗震性能明显弱于其面内抗震性能,承载力仅为后者的1/20~1/15,其中墙体厚度、高宽比是影响面内、外抗震性能的主要参数。利用本文建议的本构模型及部分传统本构模型可较准确地实现截面的面外非线性分析。对剪力墙进行抗震设计时,尤其是针对单向少墙结构体系,既要保证其面内抗震性能又要兼顾其面外抗震性能,合理地控制剪力墙墙体厚度、高宽比等指标。利用弹塑性耗能差率进行墙体损伤评估,具有区分度明显和阈值合理等特点。

钢筋混凝土剪力墙  /  抗震性能  /  损伤模型  /  面内破坏  /  面外破坏

Compared with the in-plane seismic performance,the out-of-plane seismic performance of reinforced concrete shear walls is weak and usually neglected,which leads to an inadequate study of the out-of-plane damage mechanism of shear walls and a lack of clear protective measures,and the overall seismic performance of shear wall structure is also unsafe,which needs urgent attention. In order to compare the similarities and differences in seismic performance of reinforced concrete shear walls when subjected to in-plane and out-plane loads in different directions and to clarify the key influencing factors,low cyclic loading tests are conducted on typical shear wall specimens in-plane and out-plane directions,and the macroscopic test phenomena,hysteresis curves,skeleton curves,stiffness degradation curves,energy dissipation capacity and ductility in both directions are compared and analyzed. The moment-curvature simulations of shear wall sections in both in-plane and out-plane directions are analyzed,and the results obtained from multiple sets of constitutive models are compared with the experimental results. Combined with the finite element variable parameter analysis,the effects of parameters such as axial pressure ratio,wall thickness,height-to-width ratio and concrete grade on the seismic performance of in-plane and out-plane are analyzed. Based on the endurance time analysis,the time-history response of structural displacement with seismic magnitude is studied. The results show that the seismic performance of shear walls outside the face is significantly weaker than that inside the face,and the bearing capacity is only 1/20~1/15 times of the latter,among which the wall thickness and height-width ratio are the main parameters affecting the seismic performance inside and outside the face. The out-of-plane nonlinear analysis of the cross-section can be performed more accurately and quickly by using the principal structure model proposed in this paper and some traditional principal structures. In the seismic design of shear walls,especially for the single directional wall with less structure,both in-plane and out-of-plane seismic performance should be ensured,and the thickness and aspect ratio of shear walls should be reasonably controlled. Wall damage assessment by using elastic-plastic energy dissipation difference rate has the characteristics of obvious differentiation and reasonable threshold value.

reinforced concrete shear wall  /  seismic performance  /  damage model  /  in-plane failure  /  out-of-plane failure
程扬, 何浩祥, 孙澔鼎, 程时涛. 钢筋混凝土剪力墙平面外抗震性能试验研究及力学机理分析. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1599 -1615 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306008
Yang CHENG, Haoxiang HE, Haoding SUN, Shitao CHENG. Experimental study and mechanism analysis of out-of-plane seismic performance of reinforced concrete shear walls[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (7) : 1599 -1615 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306008
地震产生机理和结构震害调查均表明:地震动和结构地震反应均为多维复杂随机过程,仅研究单维地震效应是不充分的。目前结构多维地震反应分析可以最多考虑地震动三个正交平动分量及三个转动分量的影响[1],且至少需要考虑双向水平分量的作用。因钢筋混凝土剪力墙具有优良的抗侧能力,通常作为工程结构的第一道抗震防线来耗散地震能量,抗震作用显著。值得注意的是:目前的剪力墙抗震性能研究主要聚焦于面内的性能提升及材料和构造的改进,然而剪力墙在地震作用下实际承受多维的剪切、弯矩、扭转及轴力等综合作用[2],加之其面外刚度明显小于面内刚度,墙体的真实破坏机制比传统理论假设和试验现象更为复杂,研究剪力墙结构在实际震害中的多维受力特征和破坏机制具有重要意义。
根据实际震害,可将剪力墙的破坏模式分为面内方向破坏及面外方向破坏两种类型。前者的主要特征为:墙体出现剪切裂缝或弯剪裂缝、钢筋屈曲及底部混凝土压碎;后者的主要破坏特征为:结构整体沿弱轴方向出现弯曲大变形、倾斜、失稳甚至倒塌。剪力墙发生面外破坏的情况并不少见。徐培福等[3]对国内外自1960年至2010年间发生的8次大地震中现浇剪力墙结构的抗震性能和典型震害特点进行了剖析。大部分地震下的剪力墙主要表现为面内破坏,但在某些地震下部分剪力墙也出现了较严重的面外损伤。2011年2月新西兰基督城发生了6.2级地震,震害调查表明[4]:在Grand Chancellor酒店中,位于底层关键位置的剪力墙出现了面外剪切破坏,且在面外方向发生明显局部变形,但该建筑在遭受2010年9月的地震作用时,没有发现任何严重的结构损坏。经调查发现:该片剪力墙的边缘约束构造不合理,配筋率过低且结构设计为单向少墙体系,东西向剪力墙数量明显少于南北向。通过分析台站地震记录可发现:2010年的地震动主轴主要沿南北方向(剪力墙面内方向),而2011年的地震动主轴却主要为东西方向(剪力墙面外方向),这导致剪力墙面外地震作用比较显著,因而诱发了较严重的面外破坏。上述现象表明,剪力墙面外方向的抗震性能往往偏弱,当该方向地震作用较强时,可能出现较严重的变形和破坏,有必要探究并提升剪力墙结构的面外抗震性能。
中国《建筑抗震设计规范》[5]规定:一般情况下,应允许在建筑结构的两个主轴方向分别计算水平地震作用并进行抗震验算,各方向的水平地震作用应由该方向的抗侧力构件承担。对于框架柱等截面较对称的构件,其两向刚度较接近,可分别进行抗震验算。但剪力墙面内、外的抗侧刚度相差极大,两方向的承载能力和延性也不均衡,对于厚度较小的剪力墙,即使在面外方向的层间变形较小的情况下也可能发生较严重的面外损伤,亟须开展相关理论和试验研究。此外,为适应通风、采光等需要,某些住宅类剪力墙在设计时被要求尽量在南北向布置,从而形成了单向少墙结构。深圳市住建局已发布《一向少墙剪力墙结构抗震设计技术指引(试行)》[6],明确此类结构满足规范要求,但应重视剪力墙面外方向的抗侧性能。单向少墙结构及剪力墙面外抗侧性能的研究正逐渐被重视。
然而,目前的相关研究和有限元分析往往忽视或简化剪力墙面外刚度的贡献[7-8]。针对剪力墙面外方向抗震性能的研究也主要集中在异形剪力墙方面,缺少对面大量广的矩形截面剪力墙结构系统而深入的分析。在异形剪力墙研究方面,HIRAISHI等[9]对含端柱的剪力墙进行了双向加载,比较了墙体面内、外同时加载时抗震性能的异同。结果表明面外方向受力会导致面内方向承载力降低。KABEYASAWA等[10]对含端柱的剪力墙进行了双向加载,研究了剪力墙面外受力对其面内抗震性能的影响。结果表明:剪力墙双向加载将导致面内抗震性能明显降低。但试件的剪跨比偏小,代表性略差。BRUEGGEN等[11]对T形剪力墙进行了双向拟静力试验,研究了腹板方向的抗震性能。ILE等[12]、BEYER等[13]、CONSTANTIN等[14]针对U形剪力墙进行了双向加载,试验结果显示:翼缘发生了明显的面外倾斜。上述剪力墙因增设端柱及翼缘增大了面内、外方向的承载力,不能充分反映矩形截面剪力墙的真实受力情况,亟须开展相关研究。此外,薛伟辰等[15]开展了高轴压比下平面内和低轴压比下平面外的足尺剪力墙低周往复荷载试验,研究表明:双面叠合剪力墙在平面内和平面外低周反复荷载作用下的破坏形态与现浇剪力墙相同,均发生受弯破坏。然而其平面内、外加载的剪力墙尺寸不一致,且平面外受力试件为非常规剪力墙设计,不具备足够的代表性。王平山等[16]对双面叠合剪力墙及现浇剪力墙进行了面外加载,但其研究重点在双面叠合剪力墙,关于现浇剪力墙的力学性能分析较少。NIROOMANDI[17]对于剪跨比较大的矩形截面剪力墙开展了面内方向和双向加载的拟静力试验,研究了加载角度对剪力墙抗震性能和破坏过程的影响,但缺乏关于单纯面外加载的试验研究。
由上述国内外研究现状可知,目前关于传统矩形截面剪力墙的理论和试验研究均比较薄弱,需要在开展相关静动力试验研究的基础上,利用薄板、墙体等弹塑性力学基础理论和精细化有限元分析手段对墙体面外的屈服和破坏机制、承载能力及倒塌机理进行深入而细致的研究。
有鉴于此,本文通过理论分析验证了现行剪力墙面外承载力计算公式存在的缺陷。通过截面层次的弯矩-曲率分析,比对4组不同材料本构模型的计算结果,确定了剪力墙在承受面内、外荷载时合理的混凝土受压本构。设计了2片矩形剪力墙试件,分别完成面内和面外的低周往复加载试验,对剪力墙在面内、外受力下的宏观试验现象、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、刚度退化曲线、耗能能力及延性等进行对比。之后,进行有限元模拟、参数分析及耐震时程分析,对剪力墙在承受面内、外不同方向地震作用时的破坏模式及力学机理进行研究。厘清了剪力墙面内、外抗震性能的异同及关键影响参数。明确了研究剪力墙面外抗震性能的必要性和意义。
目前国内外对矩形剪力墙面内抗震性能的研究较成熟,相关理论公式较为丰富,但针对面外抗震性能的计算较少。美国ACI-318规范[18]给出了剪力墙承受面外荷载作用时的屈服弯矩、屈服荷载及屈服位移计算公式,具体如下:
Mn=Asefy(d-a2)
F=Mnlc
Δn=5Mnlc248EcIcr
式中,Ase为墙体有效受拉钢筋面积;fy为钢筋抗拉强度设计值;d为受拉钢筋到混凝土受压区边缘的距离;a为混凝土等效矩形受压区高度;lc为剪力墙高度;Ec为混凝土弹性模量;Icr为开裂惯性矩,Icr=Es·[Aseh0-a2/Ec]+ba/3,Es为钢筋弹性模量,h0为混凝土保护层高度,b为混凝土截面宽度。
上述公式是将剪力墙简化为受均布荷载的简支杆而推导出的,对于拟静力试验,剪力墙的真实受力模式为顶部受集中力的悬臂杆,如图1所示,图中,ql表示结构受到的均布力,f表示结构因受力产生的挠度,N为结构受到的集中力。
对该模式下的剪力墙的挠度进行推导,屈服弯矩计算公式相同,相关屈服位移的计算式如下:
Δn=Mnlc23EcIcr
由于上述理论分析方法的力学假设和考虑因素均较简单,其准确性有待验证。与之相比,利用截面层次的非线性模拟分析方法能够更精确地反映剪力墙的力学性能和弹塑性破坏特征。截面弯矩曲率分析是钢筋混凝土构件非线性分析的必要手段,可快速计算截面的承载能力,反映受弯构件截面的弯曲变形性能。条带法是其中的典型方法,其可根据截面不同的材料将截面划分成有限条带,并将结构理想化为杆单元进行有限元分析,简单实用。有限元法则可根据实际情况建立细致的构件模型,对构件的滞回性能和抗震能力进行精细化模拟。实现上述方法的关键因素是选取合理而准确的材料本构和滞回规则。目前研究者已经遴选出能够较精确地模拟剪力墙面内非线性性能的本构模型,面外的性能模拟可以借鉴既有经验,但仍需在模型函数和参数选取等方面进行比对和调整。
采用条带法对剪力墙截面面内、外进行弯矩曲率的全过程分析,可将弯矩曲率曲线转化为荷载位移曲线进行对比,计算流程如图2所示。本文建议钢筋的材料本构可采用理想弹塑性模型[19]或Pinto钢筋本构[20],混凝土受拉本构采用抛物线模型[5]或中国《混凝土结构设计规范》[21]中规定的模型,混凝土受压本构可采用HOGNESTAD混凝土本构[22]、朱伯龙混凝土本构[23]、修正的Kent-Park混凝土本构[24]、《混凝土结构设计规范》[21]本构或本文建议的本构。
钢筋理想弹塑性本构函数为[19]
σs={Esεs,εsεyfy,εs>εy
Pinto钢筋本构函数为[20]
σsn=βεsn+(1-β)εsn(1+εsn)1R
混凝土受拉本构函数为[5]
σt={ft[2εtεt0-(εtεt0)2],0εtεt00,εt0<εt
《混凝土结构设计规范》中的受拉本构函数为[21]
σt=(1-dt)Ecεt
HOGNESTAD混凝土受压本构函数为[22]
σc={fc(2εcεc0-εc2εc02),0εcεc0fc(1-0.15εc-εc0εcu-εc0),εc0<εcεcu
朱伯龙混凝土受压本构函数为[23]
σc={fc2εcεc0+εc,0εcεc0fc-fc[2000(εc-εc0)],εc0<εcεcu
修正的Kent-Park混凝土受压本构函数为[24]
σc={Kfc(2εcεc0-εc2εc02),0εcεc0Kfc[1-z(εc-εc0)],εc0<εcεcu0.2Kfc,εcuεc
《混凝土结构设计规范》中受压本构函数为[21]
σc=(1-dc)Ecεc
式中,σs为钢筋应力;εs为钢筋应变;Es为钢筋的弹性模量;εy为钢筋屈服应变的设计值;σsnεsn分别为归一化的应力和应变,且有σsn=(σ-σr)/(σ0-σr),εsn=(ε-εr)/(εc0-εr),R=R0-a1ξ/(a2+ξ),R为影响过渡曲线形状的参数,R0为初始加载时曲线的曲率系数,a1a2为钢筋在往复加载时钢筋的曲率退化系数,ξ为钢筋在加载史上最大的应变的参数,(σ0εc0)为两条渐近线的交点;β为应变强化率;σrεr分别为双线性骨架线反向点处钢筋的应力、应变;σt为混凝土拉应力;ft为混凝土抗拉强度设计值;εt为混凝土拉应变;εt0为峰值拉应变;dt为混凝土单轴受拉损伤演化参数,取值参见文献[21];σc为混凝土压应力;fc为混凝土抗压强度设计值;εc为混凝土压应变;εc0为峰值压应变;εcu为混凝土极限压应变。K为箍筋对混凝土强度提高系数;z为应变下降度斜率;dc为混凝土单轴受压损伤演化参数,取值参见文献[21]。
HOGNESTAD模型及朱伯龙模型在曲线的下降段没有引进相关参数,会导致模拟结果下降趋势不明显,与真实情况存在差异。修正的Kent-Park模型则引入了箍筋对混凝土强度提高系数及应变下降度斜率2个参数,可在一定程度上提高下降段的模拟精度,但仍有不足。
为更精准地拟合下降段曲线,在前人研究的基础上,本文构造了有理分式形式的本构函数,并引入对混凝土压应变及混凝土峰值压应变的修正参数,可对截面面内、外方向的弯矩曲率进行精确模拟。相关新型混凝土受压本构函数为:
σc={Kfc(2εcεc0-εc2εc02),εcεcuKfcεcu-Aεc0-Bεcεcu-εc0,εc>εcu
式中,AB为修正参数,可由试验情况确定。
鉴于混凝土受拉本构函数对计算结果的影响较小,可采用公式(7)的本构函数进行计算。并结合本文的试验数据,在下文对上述本构函数的计算结果进行对比。
为了研究和比较剪力墙面内、面外抗震性能的异同,并为理论和模拟研究提供试验支撑,本文设计了分别承受面内、外荷载作用的剪力墙试件,并进行低周往复加载试验。根据《建筑抗震设计规范》[5]《混凝土结构设计规范》[21]的规定,设计了2片尺寸及配筋均相同的剪力墙试件,尺寸为2000 mm×1000 mm×125 mm。加载梁尺寸为300 mm×1600 mm×300 mm,地梁尺寸为550 mm×1600 mm×800 mm,如图3所示。剪力墙、加载梁及地梁的配筋图如图4所示。
剪力墙采用C30商品混凝土浇筑,每片剪力墙取3块立方体试块进行材料强度试验。混凝土立方体试块(150 mm×150 mm×150 mm)28天实测抗压强度平均值为32.0 N/mm2。钢筋采用普通HRB400钢筋,材料力学性能如表1所示。
2个试件的加载装置及加载现场如图5所示。SW1为承受面内荷载的试件(图5(a)),SW2为承受面外荷载的试件(图5(b))。剪力墙左、中、右各选取一根纵筋作为典型纵筋,每根钢筋的下部、中部及上部分别布设2个、4个及2个测点。
剪力墙端部、底部布设混凝土应变片,在中间部位布置了混凝土应变花,内外共12个测点。剪力墙在面内、面外加载方向下的破坏模式不同,因此位移计的布设也不同,具体布设情况如图6所示。面内加载时,主要监测该方向的位移及弯剪变形;面外加载时,主要监测该方向的位移及弯曲变形。
试验设计轴压比为0.20,即在剪力墙加载梁顶端施加492 kN的轴力。因面内和面外加载的试件承载力相差较大,因此面内加载采用荷载(kN)-位移(mm)控制,而面外加载采用位移(mm)控制,加载制度如图7(图中Δ表示位移)和表2所示。
面内加载状态下,荷载控制阶段无明显现象。加载至8 mm时,墙体开始出现明显的斜裂缝,主要集中在墙体底角部左侧,钢筋达到屈服。加载至16 mm时,墙体底部出现大量斜裂缝,右侧居多。加载至24 mm时,混凝土内部发出声响,且两侧底角部有混凝土轻微脱落。底部斜裂缝持续出现、变宽,形成交叉,并沿墙高由底部向中部蔓延;加载至32 mm时,底部两侧有大块混凝土脱落,钢筋外露,中部斜裂缝明显增多。加载至40 mm时,两侧底部混凝土大面积脱落,钢筋外露且已屈曲,斜裂缝持续增多;加载至48 mm时,混凝土底部两侧压溃,钢筋屈曲严重,如图8(a)所示。斜裂缝主要集中在墙体底部及中部,如图9(a)所示。说明剪力墙在面内加载下主要发生弯剪破坏。
面外加载状态下,加载至10 mm时,墙体底部出现多条水平裂缝;加载至20~30 mm时,水平裂缝持续出现、延伸,沿墙高由底部向中部蔓延;加载至40~50 mm时,出现较长的水平裂缝,沿高度方向由墙体中部向上部蔓延,墙体表面有混凝土轻微脱落;加载至60 mm时,面外倾斜严重,未有大块混凝土脱落等明显的破坏现象,如图8(b)所示。墙身遍布水平裂缝,如图9(b)所示,说明剪力墙在面外加载下主要发生弯曲破坏。
试件滞回曲线如图10所示。可以看出:2个试件屈服前,处于弹性阶段,荷载和位移呈线性增长。屈服后,滞回曲线显示出不同的受力特征。SW1的滞回曲线比较饱满,滞回环包络的面积较大。加载位移达到32 mm左右时,承载力达到峰值。之后随加载位移的增加,荷载逐渐降低,卸载时曲线下降缓慢。试件SW2的滞回曲线总体呈宽窄的弓形,滞回环包络的面积偏小。加载位移达到20 mm左右时,承载力达到峰值。随后荷载开始逐渐下降,下降幅度较大。
骨架曲线取每级加载的第一圈进行分析,如图11所示。可以看出:SW1和SW2均经历了开裂、屈服、峰值和破坏4个阶段,但二者承载力相差较大。在正向加载时,SW1的峰值承载力达到223.58 kN,峰值位移为32.47 mm,SW2的峰值承载力仅为13.58 kN,峰值位移仅为22.87 mm,峰值承载力相差16.46倍,峰值位移相差1.42倍;在负向加载时,SW1的极限承载力达到271.13 kN,峰值位移为31.07 mm,SW2的峰值承载力仅为14.08 kN,峰值位移为28.12 mm,峰值承载力相差19.26倍,峰值位移相差1.10倍。由此可知,剪力墙抵抗面外荷载的能力仅是其抵抗面内荷载能力的1/20~1/15。
对于普通剪力墙结构,尽管剪力墙在两水平向均有布置,但某一方向的剪力墙平面外的变形幅值与其平面内的幅值是相近的。对极限状态下的剪力墙平面内、外承载能力和延性进行对比意义重大。框剪结构的弹塑性层间位移角限值通常为1/100,对应本试件加载位移达到20 mm时的情况。由图11可知,当面内方向位移达到20 mm时,其承载力已接近峰值,随着变形增加,承载力变化不明显;当位移达到30 mm时,承载力才有所下降。面外方向承载力变化规律与面内一致,但位移达到20 mm后承载力便开始快速下降。在第三象限,两者的差异更为明显。可见在强烈地震下剪力墙面外抗震性能相对薄弱,更需受到重视。
各试件割线刚度随位移的退化曲线如图12所示。可以看出:2个试件前期刚度退化速度较快,后期刚度退化速度较慢,SW1的初始刚度为20.15 kN/mm,SW2的初始刚度为1.13 kN/mm,相差17.83倍。达到屈服时,SW1的屈服刚度为12.47 kN/mm,SW2的屈服刚度为0.62 kN/mm,相差20.11倍。加载至结束,SW1的最终刚度为2.99 kN/mm,SW2的最终刚度为0.13 kN/mm,相差23倍。由此可知,在整个加载过程中,剪力墙面外抗侧刚度仅为其面内抗侧刚度的1/25~1/10。
试件的耗能能力可直接由滞回环的耗能面积表征,其滞回环面积的试验值及有限元模拟值如表3所示。可以看出:面内加载耗散的能量明显大于面外加载。
地震损伤模型可以定量描述结构或构件的震损程度,量化结构损伤后的性能指标,为结构及构件的安全评估提供依据。因此,采用等效黏滞阻尼系数、改进Park-Ang模型[25]及弹塑性耗能差率[26]对试件耗能和损伤评估进行分析比较。其中,等效黏滞阻尼系数和弹塑性耗能差率主要基于能量耗散原理和钢筋混凝土构件恢复力特性进行计算,改进Park-Ang模型为位移项损伤和能量项损伤的线性组合,相较于Park-Ang模型,改进Park-Ang模型在计算公式中增加了与试件轴压比、配筋率及剪跨比相关的组合系数,修正了上下限不收敛的问题,确保大多计算结果不会超过阈值1.0。计算结果如图1314所示。
图13可知,面内、外的等效黏滞阻尼系数均随位移的增加而逐步增大,且面内的数值大于面外。图14中的损伤指数演变趋势表明面内加载的试件破坏程度远大于面外加载的试件。经分析可知,等效黏滞阻尼系数仅能表征试件的耗能情况,无法反映试件的损伤状态。改进Park-Ang模型是位移和能量双参数模型,其曲线呈指数函数型增长趋势,但其与变形的相关性更强,因此其在中等损伤之前的变化相对较小而在后期又易出现快速增大的情况,其数值和范围的物理意义不够严谨。弹塑性耗能差率呈对数函数型增长趋势,前期线性增长,后期增长缓慢且趋于水平,能够从耗能的角度反映损伤演变的趋势,且区分度显著、阈值范围更合理。
当剪力墙达到弹塑性层间位移角限值(20 mm)时,由改进Park-Ang模型计算的面内、外损伤指数均小于0.1,这与实际损伤明显不符。而由弹塑性耗能差率计算的面内损伤指数在0.8左右、面外损伤指数在0.5左右,能更准确地反映试件的损伤状态。另外,此时面内、外损伤程度较为接近,进一步表明剪力墙面外的破坏及损伤不容忽视。
试件正向加载的特征点及延性系数如表4所示。可以看出:SW1的开裂位移是SW2的2.03倍,开裂荷载为12.07倍。在屈服点,SW1的屈服位移是SW2的0.74倍,屈服荷载为13.54倍。达到峰值时,SW1的峰值位移是SW2的1.42倍,峰值荷载为16.46倍。达到极限时,SW1的极限位移是SW2的0.78倍,极限荷载为16.47倍。由此可知,SW1的屈服位移及极限位移均小于SW2,但SW1的开裂、屈服、峰值、极限荷载均大于SW2。两试件的延性系数较为接近,均具有良好的延性。
通过对上述性能参数的对比和分析,可以认为:剪力墙面外的刚度和承载能力均远小于面内。即使在结构两水平方向均布置剪力墙,在强烈地震作用下由于部分楼层的整体变形较大,相关剪力墙也存在着在小幅剪力下便发生较大面外变形和严重损伤的可能,对于单向少墙的结构体系此种风险更加显著。因此,需要重视剪力墙面外抗震性能的校核和提升。
为了验证现行面外承载力计算公式及采用不同本构进行截面弯矩曲率分析及有限元模拟的精确性,基于式(2)~(4)将前文中理论计算公式、截面弯矩曲率分析及构件拟静力加载模拟与试验结果进行对比,结果如表5所示。
表5可知,由式(2)计算的屈服荷载与试验值基本接近,误差为11%。由式(3)得到的屈服位移与试验值相差34%,式(4)与试验值相差58%。在屈服位移计算方面,两式均存在较大的误差,这是因为将剪力墙简化为杆件导致的偏差,使得基于悬臂杆计算得到的屈服位移大于试验值,今后需利用相关理论进一步对剪力墙面外承载力公式进行修正。
在进行截面分析时,利用条带法进行弯矩曲率分析,各模型的峰值受压强度及对应的应变、极限受压强度及应变等参数均由试验测得。对于面内加载,式(13)中AB的取值分别为0.01、0.85;对于面外加载,AB的取值分别为0.085、0.65。在进行构件有限元分析时,利用OpenSEES软件[27]模拟构件滞回性能,采用非线性梁柱单元模拟剪力墙构件,混凝土采用修正的Kent-Park本构模型(式(11)),钢筋采用Pinto本构模型(式(6))。
将计算得到的弯矩曲率曲线转化为荷载位移曲线,与试验第一象限骨架曲线进行对比,如图15所示。
对比由不同本构得到的荷载-位移曲线可知:在面内、外方向,拟合程度最好的是本文建议的本构及修正Kent-Park本构。可认为利用本文本构模型能够较为准确地预测构件面内、外方向的荷载-位移曲线,且面内、外加载时需对混凝土受压本构进行参数调整。模拟滞回曲线与试验值的对比参见图10,可以看出:二者较接近,可在此基础上进行变参数分析。
由于试验条件的限制,无法充分考虑各个因素对剪力墙面内、外抗震性能的影响。因此,利用有限元软件确定不同参数进行模拟分析,从而为剪力墙面内、外抗震设计提供可行性建议。主要考虑的参数包括:轴压比、墙体厚度、高宽比(宽度为1000 mm,改变高度)及混凝土强度。设计模型信息如表6所示。其中M0作为参照组,I表示面内方向加载,O表示面外方向加载。
模拟分析得到的典型滞回曲线和骨架曲线分别如图1617所示。由图1617可知:轴压比对剪力墙面内、外抗震性能均有显著影响。在面内、外方向,试件的承载能力随轴压比的增大而不断增加。轴压比为0.05、0.1、0.2的试件线性趋势一致,后期加载承载力下降缓慢。对于轴压比为0.3的试件,后期承载力下降较明显。可见较高的轴压比会造成剪力墙面内、外方向承载力的快速下降,尤其是面外方向。
随着剪力墙厚度或混凝土等级的增加,剪力墙面内方向的承载力略有提升,而面外方向的承载力提升明显。可见增加墙厚和混凝土等级可以明显提高剪力墙面外抗侧刚度及抗震性能,尤其以增加墙厚最为有效。试件的高宽比对剪力墙面内、外承载能力的影响均较为明显。在两个方向,随高宽比的增加,承载力逐渐下降,但其塑性变形能力逐渐增加,延性较好,由剪切变形向弯曲变形转变[28]。因此,应根据工程性能设计要求,结合延性需求对高宽比进行严格合理的控制和校核。
各模型的刚度退化曲线对比如图18所示。由图18可知:轴压比、墙体厚度、高宽比及混凝土等级对试件面内、外刚度退化的影响一致;轴压比、墙体厚度、混凝土等级越小,刚度退化越平缓;高宽比越大,刚度退化越平缓。各参数对面外的影响程度大于面内,尤以墙体厚度最为明显。
各模型等效黏滞阻尼系数对比如图19所示。由图19可知:轴压比、墙体厚度、高宽比及混凝土等级对墙体面内、外等效黏滞阻尼系数的影响一致;轴压比越大,等效黏滞阻尼系数越大;墙体厚度、高宽比、混凝土等级越大,等效黏滞阻尼系数越小。各参数对面外的影响程度均大于面内。
各模型基于改进Park-Ang模型及弹塑性耗能差率计算得到的损伤指数如图2021所示。由图可知:两种模型计算得到的损伤指数均随轴压比、墙体厚度的增大而增大,随高宽比、混凝土等级增大而减小。由弹塑性耗能差率得到的损伤指数区分度更显著,尤以面外方向更为突出,因此更适合推广。
为快速准确地对结构进行抗震性能评估,本文利用ESTEKANCHI等[29]提出的耐震时程分析法 (endurance time analysis,ETA)对结构体系进行非线性分析和损伤评估。ETA通过对有限元结构模型输入强度随时间增加而不断增大的人工地震波,能够有效地反映结构从弹性进入塑性直至发生倒塌破坏的全过程,且可通过结构的破坏特征和到达指定损伤阈值的时间进行不同结构体系的抗震性能对比。该方法改进了Pushover方法无法考虑地震动随机性和结构动力特性的局限,也避免了IDA方法计算效率过低的问题。
本文设计了2个13层的框架剪力墙结构体系。一个为传统框剪结构,沿结构外围布设剪力墙,沿长轴方向布设4片、沿短轴方向布设2片。另一个依据新西兰Grand Chancellor 酒店的平面布局[16]设计为单向少墙结构,沿长轴方向布设2片、沿短轴方向布设4片,如图22所示。该结构层高为4000 mm,混凝土强度等级为C35,钢筋均采用HRB400级热轧钢筋。框架柱截面尺寸均为500 mm×500 mm,框架梁截面尺寸为300 mm×600 mm,墙厚250 mm,楼板厚200 mm,如表7所示。恒载标准值为3 kN/m2、活载标准值为2 kN/m2。抗震设防烈度为7度,设计基本地震加速度为0.15g,地震分组为第一组,场地类别为Ⅱ类,抗震等级为三级。
框架柱、剪力墙沿高度分为4个单元,共5个积分点。框架梁沿长度分为4个单元,共5个积分点,楼板采用膜单元。截面采用patch划分方式,以剪力墙为例,具体划分方式如图23所示。整体模型为三维模型,共6个自由度,采用Transformation作为边界约束方程;Plain法作为结构自由度编号方法;BandGeneral作为方程的储存和求解方式;以位移收敛增量NormDispIncr作为判定收敛的方式;KrylovNewton作为计算法则;同时,采用Newmark隐式计算方法;Transient用于瞬态分析;分析步共3000步,时间步长0.01 s。
选取目标反应谱的水平地震影响系数最大值αmax=0.5,特征周期Tg=0.35 s,阻尼比ξ=5%,目标时间点取为10 s,人工合成总持时为30 s的耐震加速度地震波,典型波形如图24所示。分别沿结构X向、Y向及双向输入(幅值比为1∶0.85)。
为对比结构沿X向、Y向及双向输入下位移响应的差异,选取传统框剪结构一层中沿Y向布设的墙体,其面内、外方向的位移响应如图25所示。
图25可知,剪力墙主要沿其地震动输入方向发生较大的位移响应,且单向输入与双向输入所产生位移响应相差不大,因此,下文仅对结构体系在双向输入下的结果进行分析。
选取两个结构体系中的1层、4层、7层、10层及13层中一片沿Y向布设的墙体在其面内、外方向的位移响应进行对比,如图2627所示。其中,达到小震、中震及大震加速度幅值对应的耐震时间依次为2.4、6.8及14.4 s。
由以上结果可知,随耐震时间的增加结构位移响应也随之增大。传统框剪结构中剪力墙面内方向位移时程响应大于其面外方向的响应,而单向少墙结构则相反。进一步提取单向少墙结构中位移时程累积最大值(该时刻之前的位移时程绝对值最大值)进行对比,如图28所示。
图28可知,随时间的不断增加,剪力墙面外方向的位移时程响应均大于面内方向。在大震作用下剪力墙面内、外方向均超出弹塑性层间位移限值(40 mm),可认为结构已发生倒塌。随着震级的增加,各楼层相继达到倒塌状态,尤其以面外方向最为快速和严重。
基于弹塑性耗能差率对两种结构进行损伤评估,结构整体损伤指数时程曲线如图29所示,典型楼层损伤指数时程曲线如图30所示。
图29可知,传统框剪结构面内、外的损伤程度均小于单向少墙结构。在小震下传统结构基本完好,直至中震时才出现破坏,且剪力墙面内损伤大于面外损伤,但其面外发生破坏的时间早于面内。对于单向少墙结构,小震下已出现较明显破坏,之后其破坏程度逐渐增大,且其面外的损伤程度大于面内。在巨震下部分底层墙体出现面外倒塌,结构存在整体倒塌的风险。由图30可知,传统框剪结构面内、外方向受损严重部位均处于中部,且两方向损伤程度相当。单向少墙结构面内、外损伤程度沿高度方向逐渐减弱,面外损伤明显高于面内损伤。
综上所述,在剪力墙结构和框架剪力墙结构的多维抗震设计及分析中,除了进行传统的面内性能验证外,也需重视和开展剪力墙面外的抗震性能评估及损伤分析。
关于剪力墙面外抗震性能和损伤机理的研究相对薄弱,但研究意义和工程需求较显著。本文开展了剪力墙面内、外两个不同方向的低周往复加载试验研究和机理分析,通过试验得到了矩形截面剪力墙在两水平方向的破坏现象、抗震性能及耗能能力,结合截面分析和有限元模拟,得到以下结论:
(1) 在进行截面弯矩曲率计算时,利用本文建议的混凝土受压本构公式能较准确地预测剪力墙面内、外的承载能力及屈服点,可在剪力墙截面设计时,提供一种快速有效的计算方法。同时,Pinto钢筋本构及修正的Kent-Park混凝土本构在截面弯矩曲率计算时也具有一定的精度且被广泛应用在构件层次的有限元模拟中,更具推广意义。下一步将在构件层次的有限元模拟中验证本文所提本构的精确性。
(2) 通过低周往复加载试验可知:剪力墙面外方向的抗震能力明显低于其面内方向的抗震能力,其承载力及刚度仅为面内方向的1/20~1/10;面内方向刚度、耗能能力明显高于面外方向。试验现象、骨架曲线及损伤指数等均表明当面外方向的损伤积累到一定程度后,其承载力将快速下降。因此,需对剪力墙面外方向的抗震性能加以重视和校核。特别是对于单向少墙结构,少墙向剪力墙面内方向的刚度难以为多墙向剪力墙面外方向的变形提供足够的支持,存在安全风险。
(3) 通过有限元变参数分析可知:墙体厚度及高宽比是影响面内、外抗震性能异同的主要参数,需合理地控制剪力墙的墙体厚度、高宽比等指标。剪力墙进行抗震设计时,既要保证其面内抗震性能又要兼顾其面外抗震性能,需采用合理的措施提升剪力墙面外抗震性能。在确保满足规范中对最小墙厚的要求和控制经济成本的情况下,适当增加墙体厚度、高宽比和混凝土强度,宜在截面两端增加边缘构件并配置适量箍筋。
(4) 通过对结构体系进行耐震时程分析可知:结构体系的位移时程响应随耐震时间的增加而不断增大,可直观地预测结构发生破坏的全过程。且对于单向少墙结构,剪力墙的面外方向相较面内方向更容易发生损伤甚至倒塌,亟须予以重视。
(5) 弹塑性耗能差率相较其他损伤评估模型具有区分度显著、阈值范围合理、适用性强的特点,能更加真实、清晰地反映试件及结构的实际损伤。
(6) 与实际结果相比,现行的剪力墙面外承载力公式存在较明显的偏差,今后可根据剪力墙真实的受力状态,利用相关理论进行修正。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52378469)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.202306008
  • 接收时间:2023-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-02-09
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-05
  • 修回日期:2023-08-29
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52378469)
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    北京工业大学工程抗震与结构诊治北京市重点实验室,北京 100124

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何浩祥(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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